Radiation Units Explained
Radiation Units Explained
Radioactive
materials
Nearly equal effects on
the human body
Units of Radiation Origin of Sievert
Sievert is expressed by the symbol "Sv."
● 1 millisievert (mSv)
= one thousandth of 1 Sv
● 1 microsievert (μSv)
= one thousandth of 1 mSv
Rolf Sievert (1896‐1966)
Founder of the physics laboratory at Sweden's Radiumhemmet
Participated in the foundation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection
Units of Radiation Relationship between Units
Source of radiation Receiving side
Effective dose Unit for expressing radiation doses in terms
Sievert (Sv) of effects on the human body
Units of Radiation Conversion from Gray to Sievert
Dose that each organ receives Dose that the whole
(equivalent dose) body receives
Absorbed dose
Effective dose
β‐particles
α‐particles One time
Twenty times
Neutrons
γ‐rays 2.5 to 21 times
One time
Grays Sieverts
Differences in effects Differences in sensitivity (Sv)
(Gy) depending on types of radiation among organs
Units of Radiation Various Factors
Equivalent dose (Sv) = Radiation weighting factor wR × Absorbed dose (Gy)
Tissue weighting
Type of radiation
factor wR
γ‐rays, X‐rays, β‐particles 1
Proton beams 2
α‐particles, heavy ions 20
Neutron beams 2.5〜21
Effective dose (Sv) = Σ (Tissue weighting factor wT × Equivalent dose)
Tissue weighting
Tissue
factor wT
Red bone marrow, colon, lungs, stomach, breasts 0.12
Gonad 0.08
Bladder, esophagus, liver, thyroid 0.04
Bone surface, brain, salivary gland, skin 0.01
Total of the remaining tissues 0.12
Sv: sieverts; Gy: grays Source: 2007 Recommendations of the ICRP
Units of Radiation Calculation of Equivalent Dose and
Effective Dose
When the whole body is
evenly exposed to When only the head is
1 mGy of γ‐ray exposed to 1 mGy of γ‐ray
irradiation irradiation
Effective dose = Effective dose =
0.12 X 1 (mSv): bone marrow 0.04 X 1 (mSv): thyroid
+ 0.12 X 1 (mSv): colon + 0.01 X 1 (mSv): brain
+ 0.12 X 1 (mSv): lungs + 0.01 X 1 (mSv): salivary gland
+ 0.12 X 1 (mSv): stomach + 0.12 X 1 (mSv) × 0.1: bone marrow (10%)
: + 0.01 X 1 (mSv) × 0.15: skin (15%)
+ 0.01 X 1 (mSv): skin :
= 1.00 X 1 (mSv)
= 0.07 millisieverts (mSv)
= 1 millisievert (mSv)
Units of Radiation
Concepts of Doses: Physical Quantities, Protection
Quantities and Operational Quantities
Physical quantities: directly measurable
Radiation intensity (Bq: becquerels) Absorbed dose (Gy: grays)
Number of nuclei that decay per second Energy absorbed per 1 kg of substances
Radiation fluence (s‐1m‐2: fluence) Irradiation dose (for X‐rays and γ‐rays) (C/㎏)
Number of particles incident on a unit area Energy imparted to 1 kg of air
Defined based
Doses indicating the effects of exposure on humans: not directly measurable
on physical
quantity
Protection quantities Operational quantities
Ambient dose equivalent (Sv: sievert)
Equivalent dose (Sv: sievert) Directional dose equivalent (Sv: sievert)
indicates effects on individual human Approximate value for protection
organs and tissues quantity used in environmental
≒ monitoring
Effective dose (Sv: sievert)
Personal dose equivalent (Sv: sievert)
indicates effects on the whole body by
Approximate value for protection quantity
combining effects on individual organs used in personal monitoring
and tissues
Units of Radiation Dose Equivalents:
Measurable Operational Quantities for Deriving Effective Doses
Dose equivalent = Absorbed dose at a reference point meeting
requirements × Quality factor
To substitute for "effective doses" that cannot be actually measured, "operational
quantities" that can be measured as nearly the same values as effective doses, such
as an ambient dose equivalent and personal dose equivalent, are defined under
certain conditions.
Ambient dose equivalent (1cm dose equivalent)
Dose equivalent occurring at a depth of 1cm from the surface
of an ICRU sphere, which is 30 cm in diameter and simulates
human tissue, placed in a field where radiation is coming from
one direction; Ambient dose equivalent is used in Gamma‐rays
measurements of ambient doses using survey meters, etc. ICRU sphere
Personal dose equivalent (1cm dose equivalent)
Dose equivalent at a depth of 1 cm at a designated point on the
human body; Since measurement is conducted using an
instrument worn on the body, exposure from all directions is
evaluated while a self‐shielding effect is always at work.
⇒ Personal dose equivalents are always smaller than survey
meter readings! ICRU slab
Units of Radiation
Difference between Values of Effective Dose
and Dose Equivalent
Ambient dose equivalent
Effective dose/air kerma (Sv/Gy)
Radiation
The ambient dose equivalent
Three months
Effective dose old measured with a survey meter is
One year old defined as the dose equivalent at a
(rotation irradiation)
Five years old depth of 1 cm from the surface of an
Ten years old ICRU sphere that is 30 cm in diameter.
Fifteen years The ambient dose equivalent is also
old
Adult called 1 cm dose equivalent.
Extract from the 9th meeting of the Atomic
Energy Commission of Japan in 2012 (a report by
Akira Endo of JAEA)
Photon energy (MeV)
Units of Radiation Doses in Units of Sieverts
Survey meter
(i) Whole‐body
exposure (iii) Local exposure
Effective dose Equivalent dose
Radioactive
(iv) Survey meter materials
readings (radioactive iodine,
radioactive cesium, etc.)
Personal dosimeter
(ii) Internal exposure
Committed effective
dose