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Radiation Units Explained

1) The becquerel (Bq) is the unit used to measure the amount of radioactivity, indicating the number of nuclei that decay per second. The sievert (Sv) is the unit used to measure radiation exposure dose to humans. 2) To calculate the effective dose in sieverts, the absorbed dose in grays must be multiplied by the radiation weighting factor and tissue weighting factors to account for different biological effects of different radiation types and differences in organ sensitivity. 3) Operational quantities like ambient dose equivalent and personal dose equivalent, which can be directly measured, are used to approximate effective dose for radiation protection purposes since effective dose itself cannot be directly measured.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
61 views10 pages

Radiation Units Explained

1) The becquerel (Bq) is the unit used to measure the amount of radioactivity, indicating the number of nuclei that decay per second. The sievert (Sv) is the unit used to measure radiation exposure dose to humans. 2) To calculate the effective dose in sieverts, the absorbed dose in grays must be multiplied by the radiation weighting factor and tissue weighting factors to account for different biological effects of different radiation types and differences in organ sensitivity. 3) Operational quantities like ambient dose equivalent and personal dose equivalent, which can be directly measured, are used to approximate effective dose for radiation protection purposes since effective dose itself cannot be directly measured.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Units of Radiation Becquerel and Sievert

Becquerel (Bq) Sievert (Sv)


Unit of radiation exposure dose that a 
Unit indicating the amount of radioactivity
person receives
Associated with radiation effects 
One nucleus decays per second = 
1 becquerel (Bq)

Radioactive 
materials

1 mSv from outside  1 mSv from within 


the body the body

Nearly equal effects on 
the human body
Units of Radiation Origin of Sievert

Sievert is expressed by the symbol "Sv."

● 1 millisievert (mSv)
= one thousandth of 1 Sv
● 1 microsievert (μSv)
= one thousandth of 1 mSv

Rolf Sievert (1896‐1966)
Founder of the physics laboratory at Sweden's Radiumhemmet
Participated in the foundation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection
Units of Radiation Relationship between Units
Source of radiation Receiving side

Radiation  Absorbed dose*2 Amount of energy absorbed by a substance of 


unit mass that received radiation
intensity*1 Gray (Gy)
Becquerel (Bq) Absorbed energy (J)
Gy=
Mass of the part 
receiving radiation (kg)
Radioactive  *2: Energy absorbed per 1 kg of substances (Joule: J; 
1J≒0.24 calories); SI unit is J/kg.
materials
Differences in effects depending on types of radiation
*1: Number of nuclei that 
decay per second
Equivalent dose (Sv)
Differences in sensitivity among organs

Effective dose Unit for expressing radiation doses in terms 
Sievert (Sv) of effects on the human body
Units of Radiation Conversion from Gray to Sievert

Multiply Multiply Add up


Radiation 
weighting factor  Tissue weighting 
wR factor wT

Dose that each organ receives Dose that the whole 
(equivalent dose) body receives
Absorbed dose

Effective dose
β‐particles
α‐particles One time
Twenty times

Neutrons
γ‐rays 2.5 to 21 times
One time
Grays  Sieverts 
Differences in effects  Differences in sensitivity  (Sv)
(Gy) depending on types of radiation among organs
Units of Radiation Various Factors
Equivalent dose (Sv) = Radiation weighting factor wR × Absorbed dose (Gy) 
Tissue weighting 
Type of radiation
factor wR
γ‐rays, X‐rays, β‐particles 1
Proton beams 2
α‐particles, heavy ions 20
Neutron beams 2.5〜21

Effective dose (Sv) = Σ (Tissue weighting factor wT × Equivalent dose)
Tissue weighting
Tissue
factor wT
Red bone marrow, colon, lungs, stomach, breasts 0.12
Gonad 0.08
Bladder, esophagus, liver, thyroid 0.04
Bone surface, brain, salivary gland, skin 0.01
Total of the remaining tissues 0.12
Sv: sieverts; Gy: grays Source: 2007 Recommendations of the ICRP
Units of Radiation Calculation of Equivalent Dose and 
Effective Dose

Effective dose (sievert (Sv)) = Σ (Tissue weighting factor × Equivalent dose)

When the whole body is 
evenly exposed to  When only the head is 
1 mGy of γ‐ray  exposed to 1 mGy of γ‐ray 
irradiation irradiation
Effective dose = Effective dose =
0.12  X  1 (mSv): bone marrow 0.04 X 1 (mSv): thyroid
+ 0.12 X 1 (mSv): colon + 0.01 X 1 (mSv): brain
+ 0.12 X 1 (mSv): lungs + 0.01 X 1 (mSv): salivary gland
+ 0.12 X 1 (mSv): stomach + 0.12 X 1 (mSv) × 0.1: bone marrow (10%)
: + 0.01 X 1 (mSv) × 0.15: skin (15%)
+ 0.01 X 1 (mSv): skin :
= 1.00 X 1 (mSv)
= 0.07 millisieverts (mSv)
= 1 millisievert (mSv)
Units of Radiation
Concepts of Doses: Physical Quantities, Protection
Quantities and Operational Quantities
Physical quantities: directly measurable
Radiation intensity (Bq: becquerels) Absorbed dose (Gy: grays)
Number of nuclei that decay per second Energy absorbed per 1 kg of substances
Radiation fluence (s‐1m‐2: fluence) Irradiation dose (for X‐rays and γ‐rays) (C/㎏)
Number of particles incident on a unit area Energy imparted to 1 kg of air

Defined based 
Doses indicating the effects of exposure on humans: not directly measurable
on physical 
quantity
Protection quantities Operational quantities

Ambient dose equivalent (Sv: sievert)
Equivalent dose (Sv: sievert) Directional dose equivalent (Sv: sievert)
indicates effects on individual human  Approximate value for protection 
organs and tissues quantity used in environmental 
≒ monitoring
Effective dose (Sv: sievert)
Personal dose equivalent (Sv: sievert)
indicates effects on the whole body by 
Approximate value for protection quantity 
combining effects on individual organs  used in personal monitoring
and tissues
Units of Radiation Dose Equivalents:
Measurable Operational Quantities for Deriving Effective Doses

Dose equivalent = Absorbed dose at a reference point meeting 
requirements × Quality factor
To substitute for "effective doses" that cannot be actually measured, "operational 
quantities" that can be measured as nearly the same values as effective doses, such 
as an ambient dose equivalent and personal dose equivalent, are defined under 
certain conditions.
Ambient dose equivalent (1cm dose equivalent)
Dose equivalent occurring at a depth of 1cm from the surface 
of an ICRU sphere, which is 30 cm in diameter and simulates 
human tissue, placed in a field where radiation is coming from 
one direction; Ambient dose equivalent is used in  Gamma‐rays
measurements of ambient doses using survey meters, etc. ICRU sphere

Personal dose equivalent (1cm dose equivalent)
Dose equivalent at a depth of 1 cm at a designated point on the 
human body; Since measurement is conducted using an 
instrument worn on the body, exposure from all directions is 
evaluated while a self‐shielding effect is always at work.
⇒ Personal dose equivalents are always smaller than survey 
meter readings! ICRU slab
Units of Radiation
Difference between Values of Effective Dose 
and Dose Equivalent

Ambient dose equivalent
Effective dose/air kerma (Sv/Gy)

Radiation

The ambient dose equivalent 
Three months 
Effective dose  old measured with a survey meter is 
One year old defined as the dose equivalent at a 
(rotation irradiation)
Five years old depth of 1 cm from the surface of an 
Ten years old ICRU sphere that is 30 cm in diameter. 
Fifteen years  The ambient dose equivalent is also 
old
Adult called 1 cm dose equivalent.
Extract from the 9th meeting of the Atomic
Energy Commission of Japan in 2012 (a report by
Akira Endo of JAEA)
Photon energy (MeV)
Units of Radiation Doses in Units of Sieverts
Survey meter

(i) Whole‐body 
exposure (iii) Local exposure
Effective dose Equivalent dose
Radioactive 
(iv) Survey meter materials
readings (radioactive iodine, 
radioactive cesium, etc.)

Personal dosimeter

(ii) Internal exposure
Committed effective
dose

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