criminology board exam reviewer

Administration of Police Organization

Police - one of the pillars of the criminal justice system that has the specific responsibility of maintaining
law and order and combating crime within the society.

- comes from Latin "politia"-civil administration which itself derives from the ancient Greek police
"city"

Administration - an organizational process concerned with the implementation of objectives and plans
and internal operating efficiency.

Organization - a group of persons working together for a common goal or objectives.

Police Organization - a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in
the achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order, protection
of life and property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention of crimes.

Enforcement - means to compel obedience to a law, regulation or command.

Law Enforcement Agency - pertains to an organization responsible for enforcing the laws.

Objectives - refer to the purpose by which the organization was created. Refer to the goals of the
organization.
Supervision - means the act of watching over the work or tasks of the members of the organization to
ensure that desired results are achieved.

Management - the process of directing and facilitating the work of people organized in formal groups in
order to achieve objectives. Judicious or wise use of resources (manpower, material,money,equipment,

supplies and time).

Hierarchy - represents the formal relationship among superiors and subordinates in any given
organization. Serves as the framework for the flow of authority downward and obedience upward,
through the department.

Authority - the right to command and control the behavior of employees in lower positions within an
organizational hierarchy. Must be viewed in terms of prescribed roles rather than of individuals.

A particular position within the organization. Carries the same regardless of who occupies that position.

Management/Administrative Functions

1. Planning

2. Organizing

3. Directing

4. Controlling

5. staffing
6. Reporting

7. Budgeting

Principles of efficient Management

* Division of work - work specialization can increase

efficiency with the same amount of effort.

* Authority and Responsibility- authority includes the

right to command and the power to require

obedience. One can not have authority without

responsibility.

* Discipline - necessary for an organization to function

effectively, however, the state of the disciplinary

process depends upon the quality of its leaders.

* Unity of Command - subordinate should receive

orders from one superior only.

* Scalar Chain - the hierarchy of authority is the order

of ranks from the highest to the lowest levels of the

organization. Shows the vertical hierarchy of the

organization which defines an unbroken chain of

units from top to bottom describing explicitly the

 flow of authority.

Organizational Units in the Police Organization

1. Functional Units

Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a

large department; comprised of several divisions.

Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.

Section - functional unit within a division that is

necessary for specialization.

Unit - functional group within a section or the

smallest functional group within an organization.

2. Territorial Units

Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is

assigned for duty.

Route - a length of streets designated for patrol

purpose, also called line beat.

 Beat - an area designed for patrol purposes

whether foot or motorized.

Sector - an area containing two or more beat,

route or post.

District - a geographical subdivision of a city for

patrol purposes, usually with its own station.

Area - a section or territorial division of a large city

each comprised of designated districts.

EVOLUTION OF THE POLICING SYSTEM

ORIGIN OF THE WORD “POLICE”

POLITEIA – Greek word which means government of the city

POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the state or government

POLICE – French word which was later adopted by the English language
THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

1. HOME RULE THEORY

- policemen are regarded as servants of the community, who rely

for the efficiency of their functions upon the express needs of

the people.

- policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the

preservation of public peace and security.

2. CONTINENTAL THEORY

- policemen are regarded as state or servants of the

higher authorities

- the people have no share or have little participation

with the duties nor connection with the police

organization.

CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE

1. OLD CONCEPT

- police service gives the impression of being merely a

suppressive machinery

- this philosophy advocates that the measurement of

police competence is the increasing number of arrests,

 throwing offenders in detention facilities rather than

trying to prevent them from committing crimes

2. MODERN CONCEPT

- regards police as the first line of defense of the

criminal justice system, an organ of crime prevention

- police efficiency is measured by the decreasing number

of crimes

- broadens police activities to cater to social services

and has for its mission the welfare of the individual

as well as that of the community in general.

EARLY POLICING SYSTEM

1. KIN POLICING

- the family of the offended individual was expected to

assume responsibility for justice

- the family of the victim was allowed to exact

vengeance

2. EGYPT

- ancient rulers had elite unit to protect them

- created the MEDJAYS, a form of police force whose

duties include guarding of the tombs and apprehending

thieves

- introduced the use of dogs as guards and protectors.

3. ROME
 - created the first organized police force called

VIGILES OF ROME, or VIGILES URBANI (watchmen of the

city), which had the primary task of firefighting and

policing

- the Vigiles acted as night watch, apprehendinng

thieves, keeping an eye out for burglars and hunting

down runaway slaves, and were on occasion used to

maintain order in the streets

- the Vigiles dealt primarily with petty crimes and

looked for disturbances of the peace while they

patrolled the streets

- created a special unit called PRAETORIAN GUARDS, a

special force of guards used by Roman Emperors as the

Emperors' personal guards

- as personal guards of the Emperor, their primary duty

was to protect the Emperor from assassination and

other forms of attack against the Emperor.

4. ENGLAND

a) FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM/MUTUAL PLEDGE SYSTEM

- required all males aged 12 and above to join a group

of nine to form a TYTHING

- members of the tything are called a TYTHINGMEN

- a CONSTABLE served as a leader of ten tythings

- the primary task of the things was to protect their

village from thieves and animals

 - tythings were later organized into SHIRES

- a shire was headed by a leader called SHIRE REEVE,

which is the origin of the word “sheriff”

- their duty was to apprehend offenders

b) PARISH CONSTABLES

- a parish official charged with controlling crimes

- appointed to serve for one year

- duties included organizing watchmen to guard the

gates

- during trouble, the watchman would raise a “HUE AND

CRY”, a call to arms where the rest of the parish

would stop what they were doing and come to the aid

of the constable.

MODERN POLICING SYSTEM

1) ENGLAND

a. BOWSTREET RUNNERS - a group of men

organized to arrest offenders.

- organized by Henry Fielding, a magistrate in

London,in 1749 in London, England.

- the name was adopted from the name of the street

where the office of Henry Fielding was located.

- when Henry Fielding retired as magistrate, he was

replaced by his blind brother, John Fielding

 b. METROPOLITAN POLICE OF ACT 1829

- the law that created the first modern police force in

London England, called the Metropolitan Police

Service.

- this law was passed through the initiative of Sir

Robert Peel, a member of the Parliament

- the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service

is the Scotland Yard, now known as the New

Scotland Yard

SIR ROBERT PEEL - recognized as the father of modern policing system.

2. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

a. NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT

- created in 1845 in New York, USA

- recognized as the first modern style police

department in the US.

- the largest police force in the world

- modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service of

London

b. BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT

- the oldest police department in the US

- the first night watch was established in Boston in

1631.

- formally founded in May, 1854.

AUGUST VOLLMER - recognized as the Father of Modern Law Enforcement for his contributions in the
development of the field of criminal justice in the US

- author of the book, Police Administration, which

served as the basic guide in the administration of the

police organization in the US

- was the first police chief of Berkeley, California.

Important Personalities in the Evolution of Philippine Policing

Brig.Gen. Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917.

Col. Antonio Torres - the first Filipino Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department in 1935.

Col. Lambert Javalera - the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the Philippine
Independence from the United States of America in 1946

Dir.Gen. Cesar Nazareno - the first chief of the Philippine National Police.

HIGHLIGHTS OF RA 6975 – THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT OF

1990, RA 8551 – THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE REFORM AND REORGANIZATION ACT OF

1998 and RA 9708

A. THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL

GOVERNMENT (DILG)

- formerly Department of Local Government (DLG)

- reorganized under RA 6975

ORGANIZATION: - consist of:

a) the Department proper

b) existing bureaus and offices of the DLG

c) local government units (LGU)

1) provincial governors

2) city and municipal mayors

d) the National Police Commission

e) the Philippine Public Safety College

f) Philippine National Police

g) Bureau of Fire Protection

h) Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

- the PPSC, PNP, BFP and BJMP were created under RA

6975

- headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the

President and who shall serve at the pleasure of the

President

- the Secretary shall be assisted by two (2)

Undersecretaries and three (3) Assistant Secretaries

a) Undersecretary for Local Government

 b) Undersecretary for Peace and Order

- No retired or resigned military officer or police

official may be appointed as Secretary within one

(1) year from date of retirement or resignation

- the Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of the

National Police Commission

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DILG

1. Assist the President in the exercise of general

supervision over local governments;

2. Advise the President in the promulgation of policies,

rules, regulations and other issuances on the general

supervision over local governments and on public

order and safety;

3. Establish and prescribe rules, regulations and other

issuance's implementing laws on public order and

safety, the general supervision over local

governments and the promotion of local autonomy

and community empowerment and monitor compliance

thereof;

4. Provide assistance towards legislation regarding local

governments, law enforcement and public safety;

Establish and prescribe plans, policies, programs and

projects to promote peace and order, ensure public

safety and further strengthen the administrative,

 technical and fiscal capabilities of local government

offices and personnel;

5. Formulate plans, policies and programs which will meet

local emergencies arising from natural and man-made

disasters; Establish a system of coordination and

cooperation among the citizenry, local executives and

the Department, to ensure effective and efficient

delivery of basic services to the public;

6. Organize, train and equip primarily for the

performance of police functions, a police force that

is national in scope and civilian in character.

RELATIONSHIP OF THE DILG WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (DND)

- under RA 6975, the Armed Forces of the Philippines

(AFP) was in charge with external security while the

DILG was in charge with internal security

- under RA 8551, the Armed Forces of the Philippines

is now in charge with both internal and external

security with the PNP as support through information

gathering and performance of ordinary police

functions.

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

- an agency attached to the DILG for policy

coordination
- shall exercise administrative control and

operational supervision over the PNP.

VISION OF THE NAPOLCOM

"We envision the National Police Commission as a

highly dynamic, committed and responsive administering and

controlling body, actively and effectively facilitating the

evolvement of a highly professional, competent,

disciplined, credible and trustworthy PNP"

MISSION OF THE NAPOLCOM

"To administer and control the Philippine National

Police with the end in view of maintaining a highly

professional, competent, disciplined, credible and

trustworthy PNP”

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NAPOLCOM

A. Exercise administrative control and operational

supervision over the Philippine National Police (PNP)

which shall mean the power to:

1. Develop policies and promulgate a police manual

prescribing rules and regulations for efficient

organization, administration, and operation, including

criteria for manpower allocation distribution and

deployment, recruitment, selection, promotion, and

 retirement of personnel and the conduct of qualifying

entrance and promotional examinations for

uniformed members;

2. Examine and audit, and thereafter establish

standards for such purposes on a continuing basis,

the performance,activities, and facilities of all police

agencies throughout the country;

3. Establish a system of uniform crime reporting;

4. Conduct annual self-report surveys and compile

statistical data for accurate assessment of the crime

situation and the proper evaluation of the efficiency

and effectiveness of all police units in the country;

5. Approve or modify plans and programs on education

and training, logistical requirements, communications,

records,information systems, crime laboratory, crime

prevention and crime reporting;

6. Affirm, reverse or modify, through the National

Appellate Board, personnel administrative actions

involving the demotion or dismissal from the service

imposed upon members of the Philippine National

Police by the Chief of the Philippine National Police;

7. Exercise appellate jurisdiction through the Regional

Appellate Boards, over administrative cases against

policemen and over decisions on claims for police

benefits;
 8. Prescribe minimum standards for arms, equipment,

and uniforms and, after consultation with the

Philippine Heraldry Commission, for insignia of ranks,

awards, medals of honor;

9. Issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum in

matters pertaining to the discharge of its own

powers and duties,and designate who among its

personnel can issue processes and administer oaths

in connection therewith;

10. Inspect and assess the compliance of the PNP on

the established criteria for manpower allocation,

distribution and deployment and their impact on the

community and the crime situation, and thereafter

formulate appropriate guidelines for maximization of

resources and effective utilization of the PNP

personnel;

11. Monitor the performance of the local chief

executives as deputies of the Commission; and

12. Monitor and investigate police anomalies and

irregularities.

B. Advise the President on all matters involving police

functions and administration;

C. Render to the President and to Congress an annual

report of its activities and accomplishments during the

thirty (30)days after the end of the calendar year,

which shall include an appraisal of the conditions

obtaining in the organization and administration of

police agencies in the municipalities, cities and

provinces throughout the country, and

recommendations for appropriate remedial

legislations;

D. Recommend to the President, through the Secretary,

within sixty (60) days before the commencement of

each calendar year, a crime prevention program; and

E. Perform such other functions necessary to carry out

the provisions of R.A. 6975, as amended, other

existing laws and Presidential issuance's, and as the

President may direct.

COMPOSITION OF NAPOLCOM

1. One chairperson

2. Four regular commissioner

3. The Chief PNP as ex officio member

Note:

* shall serve a term of office of six (6) years

 without reappointment or extension

* three of the four regular commissioners shall come

from civilian sector and not former members of the

police or military

* the fourth regular commissioner shall come from the

law enforcement sector either active or retired

* at least one (1) of the four regular commissioners

shall be a woman

* from among the three regular commissioners from

the civilian sector, the Vice Chairperson shall be

chosen

* the Vice Chairperson shall act as the Executive

Officer of the Commission

* refer to the organizational structure of the

NAPOLCOM

Important dates in the history of modern Philippine Policing

1901 - ACT no. 175 of the Philippine Commission established the Philippine constabulary on august 8,
1901.

1905 - the Philippine constabulary school was established at the sta.lucia barracks in Intramuros on
February 17, 1905.

1908 - the Philippine constabulary school was transferred to Baguio City.

1916 - the Philippine constabulary school was renamed academy for officers of the Philippine
constabulary.

1917 - on December 17, 1917, Brigadier General Rafael Crame from Rizal Province, became the first
Filipino chief of the Philippine constabulary.
1926 - the academy for officers of the Philippine constabulary was renamed Philippine Constabulary
Academy.

1936 - the Philippine Constabulary Academy became the present day Philippine Military Academy.

1938 - The Philippine Constabulary became the existing and organized national police force of the
country pursuant to commonwealth act no. 343 dated June 23, 1938 and EO no. 389 dated December
23, 1950. This decree integrated local police forces into the Philippines constabulary operational and
organizational set up.

1966 - congress enacted RA no. 4864, the police act of 1966. This law also created the Police
Commission (POLCOM).

1972 - The POLCOM was reorganized as the National Police Commission.

1975 - PD 765 was enacted. This law is called the Police Integration Law of 1975. The Integrated
National Police was established with the Philippine Constabulary as nucleus under the Department of
national Defense. The NAPOLCOM, originally under the office of the President was transferred to the
Ministry of National defense.

1985 - The National Police Commission was returned to the office of the President pursuant to E.O 1040.

1989 - Executive order 379 placed the Integrated national Police directly under the command,
supervision and control of the President. This order vested the NAPOLCOM with the powers of
administrative control and supervision over the Integrated National Police.

1990 - RA 6975 was passed on December 13, 1990 establishing the Philippine National Police under a
reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). A new National Police
Commission was created under the DILG.

1998 - congress passed into law RA no. 8551 on February 25, 1998, otherwise known as the Philippine
National Police reform and reorganization act of 1998. This act strengthened and expanded
NAPOLCOM,s authority over the PNP to include administration of police entrance examination and
conduct pre-charge investigation against police anomalies and irregularities and summary dismissal of
erring police members.

FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS

- functions that carry out the major purposes of the

organization, delivering the services and dealing

directly with the public

- the backbone of the police department

- examples of the line functions of the police are

patrolling, traffic duties, crime investigation

2. STAFF/ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS

- functions that are designed to support the line

functions and assist in the performance of the line

functions

- examples of the staff functions of the police are

planning, research, budgeting and legal advice

3. AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS

- functions involving the logistical operations of the

organization

- examples are training, communication, maintenance,

records management, supplies and equipment management

ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. OPERATIONAL UNITS

- those that perform primary or line functions

- examples are patrol, traffic, investigation and vice

control,

2. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
- those that perform the administrative functions

examples are personnel, finance, planning and

training.

3. SERVICE UNITS

- those that perform auxiliary functions

- examples are communication, records

management,supplies.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

- the systematic arrangement of the relationship of the members, positions,departments and

functions or work of the organization

- it is comprised of functions, relationships,

responsibilities and authorities of individuals within

the organization

KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

1. LINE

- the oldest and simplest kind; also called military

- defined by its clear chain of command from the

highest to the lowest and vice versa

- depicts the line functions of the organization

- orders or commands must come from the higher l

level of authority before it can be carried out

- involves few departments

2. FUNCTIONAL

- structure according to functions and specialized units

- depicts staff functions of the organization

- responsibilities are divided among authorities who

are all accountable to the authority above.

3. LINE AND STAFF

- a combination of the line and functional kind

- combines the flow of information from the line

structure with the staff departments that service,

advise, and support them

- generally more formal in nature and has many

departments

ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES

FOUR PRIMAL CONDITIONS OF AN ORGANIZATION

1. AUTHORITY

- the supreme source of government for any

particular organization

- the right to exercise, to decide and to command

by virtue of rank and position

2. MUTUAL COOPERATION

- an organization exists because it serves a

 purpose.

3. DOCTRINE

- provides for the organization’s objectives

- provides the various actions, hence, policies,

procedures, rules and regulations of the org.

are based on the statement of doctrines

4. DISCIPLINE

- comprising behavioral regulations

ELEMENTS OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. UNITY OF COMMAND

- dictates that there should only be ONE MAN commanding

the unit to ensure uniformity in the execution of

orders

2. SPAN OF CONTROL

- the maximum number of subordinates that a superior can effectively supervise

Factors affecting the span of control:

a) Leadership qualities of the supervisors

b) Nature of the job and work conditions

c) Complexity of task

d) Education and skill of the employees

3. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
- conferring of an amount of authority by a superior

position to a lower-level position.

4. HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY

- the relationship between superiors and

subordinates

- serves as the framework for the flow of authority

downward and obedience upward through the

department

HIERARCHY - represents the formal relationship

among superiors and subordinates in any given

organization

5. SPECIALIZATION

- the assignment of particular personnel to particular tasks

SPECIALIZATION OF JOBS (AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION)

- the designation of certain activities or tasks as

ones that must be performed in a highly.

technological,scientific or precise manner

- areas of police specialization include undercover

works, crime scene operations, legal advising,

computer work, SWAT operations and others

SPECIALIZATION OF PEOPLE (SPECIALISTS)

- the designation of particular persons as having

expertise in a specific area of work

- signifies the adaptation of an individual to the

requirements through extensive training

6. CHAIN OF COMMAND

- the arrangement of officers from top to bottom

on the basis of rank or position and authority.

7. COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY

- dictates that immediate commanders shall be

responsible for the effective supervision and

control.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

The institution of police in the Philippines formally

started during the Spanish period. The establishment of

the police force was not entirely intended for crime

prevention nor peacekeeping. Rather, it was created as an

extension of the colonial military establishment.

Ancient Roots
The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of barangay chieftains to select

able-bodied young men to protect their barangay

during the night and were not required to work

in the fields during daytime.Among the duties of

those selected were to protect the properties

of the people in the barangay and protect their

crops and livestock from wild animals.

Spanish Period

Carabineros de Seguridad Publica – organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations

of the Department of State; this was armed

and considered as the mounted police; years after, this kind of police organization discharged the duties
of a port, harbor and river police.

Guardrilleros/Cuardillo – this was a body of rural police by the Royal Decree of 18 January 1836, this
decree provided that 5% of the

able-bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted in this police organization for

three years

Guardia Civil – this was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on 12 February 1852

to partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops of

their work in policing towns,it consisted of a body

of Filipino policemen organized originally in each

of the provincial capitals of the central provinces

of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor

American Period

The Americans established the United States Philippine

Commission headed by General Howard Taft as its first

governor-general. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan

Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No 70of the Taft Commission. This has become the
basis for the

celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every January 9th.

ACT NO 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the

Organization and Government of an Insular Constabulary”,enacted on July 18, 1901.

Henry T. Allen - Captain of the 6th US cavalry, a graduate of West Point class 1882. Father of the
Philippine Constabulary.The first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901.

ACT NO 183 - created the Manila Police Department, enacted on July 31, 1901.

CAPT GEORGE CURRY - the first chief of police

of the Manila Police Department in 1901.

Act No 255 – the act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into Philippine Constabulary,

enacted on October 3, 1901

Executive Order 389 – ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the four services

of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted on

December 23, 1940.

Post-American Period

RA 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966, enacted on September 8,
1966; created the Police Commission

(POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the

training and professionalization of the local

police forces under the Office of the President; later POLCOM was renamed into National Police

Commission (NAPOLCOM).

Martial Law Period

PD 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975,enacted on August 8, 1975;

established the Integrated National Police (INP)

composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC)

as the nucleus and the integrated local police forces

as components, under the Ministry of National

Defense

- transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of the

President to the Ministry of National Defense

Post Martial Law Regime

Executive Order No 1012 – transferred to the city and municipal government the operational

supervision and direction over all INP units assigned within their locality; issued on July 10, 1985
Executive Order No 1040 – transferred the administrative control and supervision of the INP

from the Ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission

RA 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990,

enacted on December 13,1990; reorganized the

DILG and established the Philippine National Police,

Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail

Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College.

RA 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act

of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law

amended certain provisions of RA 6975.

RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational

qualification for appointment to the PNP and

adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12 August 2009.

- An Act extending for five (5) years the reglementary period for complying with the minimum
educational qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system
thereof,amending for the purpose pertinent provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 and for other purposes.

Review Questions 1: Next Page

Related Readings:

1. Administration of Police Organization Review Questions 1

2. Intelligence and Secret Service Reviewer 1