5 Steps To Find Your Workflow
5 Steps To Find Your Workflow
To
Finding
Your
Workflow
By Nathan Lozeron
5 STEPS TO FIND YOUR WORKFLOW
3rd Edition
5 Steps to Find Your Workflow is a free guide written by Nathan Lozeron. You are welcome to
share it with anyone you think would benefit from reading it.
For more ways to optimize your productivity visit www.productivitygame.com
Table of Contents
Find Your Flow ......................................................................................................................... 2
STEP 1: Start Stupid Small .......................................................................................................... 4
10 Quick Tactics to Get Started: .......................................................................................... 7
STEP 2: Build Momentum .......................................................................................................... 9
10 Quick Tactics to Build Momentum ................................................................................ 12
STEP 3: Increase Feedback ...................................................................................................... 14
10 Quick Tactics to Increase Feedback .............................................................................. 17
STEP 4: Cycle Attention ........................................................................................................... 19
10 Tactics to Restore Your Attention ................................................................................ 25
STEP 5: Stop at 20% ................................................................................................................. 27
10 Questions to Challenge Perfectionism .......................................................................... 31
Summary ................................................................................................................................ 33
1
Find Your Flow
Mihaly Cziksentmihalyi, a researcher from the University of Chicago, traveled the world to find
out when people felt their best. After 20 years of research, Cziksentmihalyi identified the optimal
state of human awareness and attention ‐ he called it 'Flow'. Cziksentmihalyi came to define flow
as:
“A state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to
matter; the experience is so enjoyable that people will continue to do it even at
great cost, for the sheer sake of doing it.” ‐ Mihaly Cziksentmihalyi
When you experience 'Flow,' your inner critic goes quiet (that nagging voice in your head which
second‐guesses every decision you make). You become completely engaged in what you're
doing and lose track of time. Things seem effortless ‐ every action leads seamlessly to the next.
Everything just seems to flow.
People have used other words to describe the state of 'Flow':
Psychologists call it a ‘Peak Experience.’
Athletes call it being ‘In the Zone.’
Jazz musicians call it being ‘In the Pocket.’
A 10‐year McKinsey study1 of top business executives found that being in 'Flow' boosted
productivity by 500%!
“Major companies, including Microsoft, Ericsson, Patagonia and Toyota have
realized that being able to control and harness this feeling of Flow is the Holy
Grail for any manager.” ‐ Fast Company Magazine
Using the latest research and lessons gathered from years trying to pursue the elusive ‘flow’
state, I’ve discovered five ways to reliably get into a state of flow at work. Here are the five steps
to finding your ‘work‐flow’:
1. Start Stupid Small
2. Build Momentum
3. Increase Feedback
4. Cycle Attention
5. Stop at 20%
This eBook will help you develop the habits and mindsets you need to consistently enter a state
of flow at work so that you get more done and enjoy the process!
2
Footnotes:
1. McKinsey & Company, Increasing the ‘meaning quotient’ of work,
http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/organization/increasing_the_meaning_quotient_of_work
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STEP 1: Start Stupid Small
"Knowing is not enough; We must apply. Willing is not enough; We must do." ‐
Bruce Lee
If you struggle with procrastination, you’re not alone.
● 80%–95% of college students procrastinate on their school work1
● 1/3rd of the average college student’s daily activity involves some form procrastination2
● 15%–20% adults chronically procrastinate3
● 95% of all procrastinators wish they could reduce procrastination4
Most people try to beat procrastination by forcing themselves to get started. But that takes
willpower, and willpower is an exhaustible resource.
“Willpower is reliable, but only if you don’t run out of it.” ‐ Stephen Guise
Better to bypass willpower and focus on ‘just a few.’
"Just a Few..."
When you think, "I’ll get started for just a few minutes" your brain doesn’t put up any resistance.
● Need to do some research? JUST read for 5 minutes
● Need to start that report? JUST start writing for 3 minutes
● Need to clean your house? JUST start cleaning for 2 minutes
Every time I use this tactic I can’t help but think: “2 minutes of cleaning? Pfft, that's nothing... Of
course I can do that!”
Another form of "just a few” is “start stupid small”.
In his book, Mini‐habits, Stephen Guise explains: “If a step sounds stupid relative to the most you
can do, it’s perfect.”
Our objective is to identify a 'sub‐effort action' ‐ an action so small that doing it seems to require
no effort at all. The amount of effort required to do a task is a matter of perception. I once felt
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that going to the gym every day took a lot of effort, but now that it's a habit it seems effortless.
When you first started brushing your teeth it probably seemed like a lot of work, but now it’s
automatic.
Think about the next thing you should do and scale it back; make it small…then smaller…and
smaller until you feel the resistance to do it melt away.
“Make it so easy that you can’t say no.” ‐ Leo Babauta, author of Zen to Done
20 push‐ups, down to 10 push‐ups, down to 3 push‐ups, down to 1 push‐up...OK 1 push‐up seems
stupid small, perfect!
● Don’t tell yourself to "clean the kitchen," tell yourself to "just put away one dish".
● Don’t tell yourself to "go to the gym and exercise," tell yourself to "just put on my gym
clothes and get in the car"
● Don’t tell yourself to "make 5 sales calls today," tell yourself to "pick up the phone and
dial the first client on my list"
"Life by the yard is very hard; life by the inch is a cinch" ‐ Wolfgang Mieder
But you might be wondering: “How is doing something 'stupid small' or 'for just a few minutes'
going to lead to anything meaningful or significant?”
'Stupid small' & 'just a few minutes' activates the Zeigarnik Effect. The Zeigarnik Effect is a well
established psychological phenomenon that states: Once a task is started we feel compelled to
complete it.
In 1927, Russian psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik performed an experiment6 where participants did a
number of simple tasks (stacking wooden blocks and placing toys in a box). During the
experiment, she would allow some participants to complete the assigned task while stopping
others before they had a chance to finish.
At the end of the experiment, the participants who were stopped midway through the task
found it much easier to recall the exact details of the task than those who were left alone to
complete the task.
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“Once an activity is completed, your mind breathes an unconscious sigh of relief,
and all is forgotten. However, if you are somehow thwarted from completing the
activity, your anxious mind quietly nags away until you finish what you started.
If one can be persuaded (or tricked) to work on the activity for 'just a few
minutes,' they will often feel an urge to see it through to completion.” ‐ Richard
Wiseman, author of ‘59 Seconds’
Takeaway:
You should expect to feel motivated to complete a task AFTER you start, not before! By saying
“just a few minutes” or by starting with a 'stupid small' behavior that seems effortless, you will
flank procrastination and go from ‘unstartable’ to ‘unstoppable’!
Action Plan:
1. Set a Short Timer: Approach an overwhelming task with "just for a few minutes" by
setting a short timer on your smartphone.
2. Start Stupid Small: As the timer ticks down just focus on doing an initial 'stupid small'
behavior. If you don't know what that is, simply scale your actions back until you discover
a single motion that requires no effort at all (take one step, put away one thing, turn the
computer on, etc.)
Image to Remember:
Spanish athlete Miquel Suner swims across the English channel without a wet‐suit; taking 42,000
strokes to get from England to France in 15C water. He completes this endeavor by never
allowing his mind to go further than 'stroke, stroke, breath'.
6
10 Quick Tactics to Get Started:
❏ JUST start working for 2 minutes (without judging your work).
Set a timer for 2 minutes and see what you can do before the timer expires. Just think: ‘I can quit in 2
minutes’ OR ‘the pain will stop in two minutes.’
❏ JUST list 5 bad ideas.
Write down any 5 ideas that come to mind related to the task or problem you’re facing.
❏ JUST doodle for 2 minutes.
JFK was a doodler. Grab a piece of paper and a pen and start doodling words or simple objects
related to the problem you are struggling with.
❏ JUST mindmap for 2 minutes.
Write down a word related to the task or problem in the center of a blank page. Now draw lines from
that word to other related words that come to mind…soon you’ll have a map of ideas.
❏ JUST explain the situation for 2 minutes through writing.
Explain in detail how your future‐self has completed the task at hand – write fast and freely without
editing your work.
❏ JUST explain the situation for 2 minutes through speaking.
Get out your smartphone and use the voice memo app – hit record and describe the problem with as
much detail as you can.
❏ When Reading: JUST scan the book/article for 2 minutes.
Scan for anything you find interesting. Flip through pages of a book and feel free to start reading in
the middle of the book if something catches your eye.
❏ When Writing: JUST write 1 ‘true’ sentence
Write down one sentence you know to be true about this subject.
“Do not worry. You have always written before and you will write now. All you have to do is
write one true sentence. Write the truest sentence that you know.”‐ Ernest Hemingway
❏ When Cleaning: JUST put away 3 things
Put away 3 dishes. Put away 3 binders. Hang up 3 pieces of clothing.
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❏ When Exercising: JUST change in your workout clothes
After you put on your gym clothes it would be weird to change back into your other clothes without
having worked out first.
Footnotes:
1. Ellis & Knaus, 1977; O’Brien, 2002
2. Pychyl, Lee, Thibodeau, & Blunt, 2000
3. J. Harriott & Ferrari, 1996
4. O’Brien, 2002
5. On Finished and Unfinished Tasks By Bluma Zeigarnik, http://codeblab.com/wp‐content/uploads/2009/12/On‐
Finished‐and‐Unfinished‐Tasks.pdf
8
STEP 2: Build Momentum
Teresa Amabile, Professor from the Harvard Business School and coauthor of The Progress
Principle, observes a funny thing in her workshops:
"Many people freeze if they are given a blank sheet of paper and told to draw something creative.
But if they are given a blank sheet of paper with a squiggly line on it and asked to elaborate on that
squiggle, they often have fun turning out something pretty interesting."
Having that squiggly line starts the creative process because:
1. The line triggers an idea
2. An idea triggers an action
3. An action produces a change in the environment (adding a word or symbol to a piece of
paper)
4. The change triggers several new ideas
"Ideas that have been evoked trigger many other ideas, in a spreading cascade of
activity in your brain." ‐ Psychologist Daniel Kahneman, author of Thinking, Fast
and Slow.
When we externalize our ideas we create an opportunity for new associations to emerge by
establishing a creative feedback loop ‐ each idea we output is an input for the next idea.
Fumbling around with an idea in our mind takes up precious mental resources and prevents more
valuable ideas from emerging. A study in 1956 concluded that no more than about seven items
can be held simultaneously in working memory (Miller, 1956). The role of working memory is to
simply shuttle new ideas onto the page without judgment. Don't filter, just put them down.
“Your mind is for having ideas, not holding them,” ‐ David Allen, Author of
Getting Things Done
Simply start writing, sketching, or typing to initiate the creative process.
There is no delete key
When I write, I write fast and freely. If I make a mistake I simply keep writing. If I have a stupid
thought I just hit the return key. I don’t fix anything, I simply get my ideas out and trust that my
mind will provide me with the next idea. There is time for editing, but now is not the time.
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"Almost all good writing begins with terrible first efforts. You need to start
somewhere. Start by getting something ‐‐ anything ‐‐ down on paper. A friend of
mine says that the first draft is the down draft ‐‐ you just get it down. The second
draft is the up draft ‐‐ you fix it up. And the third draft is the dental draft, where
you check every tooth." ‐ Anne Lamott from Bird by Bird
When starting on that big project or that critical client email, let your inner child take over. Don't
censor yourself, just get everything out. You may find yourself 1000 words in before you have
anything useful. Sometimes you'll simply be moving your fingers and creating pure non‐sense.
That's OK. The key is to allow one sentence to lead to the next sentence. If a sentence has no
relevance to your subject just hit the return key and try again. You may get it wrong 20 times in a
row. Anne Lamott, author of Bird by Bird, reminds us that we should simply "let it all pour out
and then let it romp all over the place, knowing that no one is going to see it and that you can shape
it later."
You’ve learned to embrace starting for 'just a few minutes'. Now you want to spark creativity by
using those first few minutes to practice imperfection.
"Imperfectionism is determined by what you care about ‐ care less about doing it
right, care more about doing it at all. In general, the idea behind imperfectionism
is to not care so much about conditions or results, and care more about what you
can do right now to move forward.” ‐ Stephen Guise, author of How to Be an
Imperfectionist
For these first few minutes of your work require you to think differently. Think: 'action over
results', 'quantity over quality' and 'any action is better than the perfect action'.
You're only going to look stupid for a short period of time. Don't worry, you can go back to being
perfect in a few minutes.
An ideal imperfectionist is an improvisational (improv) comic.
When an improv comics is on stage she is forced to work with any suggestion the audience
shouts out. The audience may shout out a logical, straightforward suggestion...but often times
it's completely random and totally ridiculous. No matter how ridiculous the idea may be, the
improv comic needs to roll with it. The only response an improv comic can have is: “Yes! And…”.
They must accept the idea, see it as a gift, and build upon it.
Now you might be thinking: “Surely I can't just continue writing nonsense...when do I stop
pushing for creativity?”
Something strange occurs when once you get enough ideas onto a page: no matter how
nonsensical your ideas, your brain correlates the amount of ideas you've generated to the value
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of your work. Your brain can't help but think 'I produced a lot of ideas...this work must be
important!'.
This phenomenon is called the 'availability bias'.
Daniel Kahneman explains the phenomenon in his book Thinking, Fast and Slow ‐ "A professor at
UCLA found an ingenious way to exploit the availability bias. He asked different groups of
students to list ways to improve the course, and he varied the required number of improvements.
As expected, the students who listed more ways to improve the class rated it higher!"
When you start with imperfection and continue with improvisation, you go from an idiot to an
innovator. Making squiggly lines on a page leads to more lines, which eventually turns into
something legible, useful and brilliant. The moment you allow yourself to approach your work
like an improv comic (seeing every stupid idea as a gift and only allowing yourself to think "Yes!
And..."), you turn the ‘creative self’ ON.
The moment we find ourselves acting creatively, the feeling of being overwhelmed disappears.
Takeaway:
Build momentum by embracing imperfection and sparking your creativity. It’s impossible to feel
creative and overwhelmed at the same time.
Action Plan:
1. Dump: When starting your next task get all your initial ideas out of your head and onto
the page/screen in front of you.
2. Think like an improv comic: See each idea as a source for the next idea by thinking "Yes!
And..."
3. Draft: Make your first draft in a carefree, uninhibited and childlike way.
4. Satisfy: Stop when the amount of ideas you've generated seems satisfying and feels
valuable.
Image to Remember:
A sketch artist starts with a few seemingly random lines on a page. Those turn into objects. The
objects turn out to be facial features which are connected to form the image of the face.
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10 Quick Tactics to Build Momentum
❏ Write ‘fast & freely’.
Take out a piece of paper and record whatever is on your mind. Write so fast that you can hardly make out your
writing. Don’t stop until you fill 5 pages. Afterwards, look back at your writing and find 3 good ideas to continue
writing about. It helps to imagine that you are having a paper conversation with an expert in a given area – ask
questions and writing down answers.
❏ Type ‘fast & freely’.
Open a blank document and just start writing whatever is on your mind. Write so fast that you are making slight
spelling mistakes. Whenever you sense yourself going off track just hit the ‘return’ key and continue with
another thought. After 1000 words, look back and find 3 good ideas to continue writing about..
❏ Set a series of short timers.
Set a 90 second timer on your phone and work as fast and as hard as you can. When the timer goes off, write
down (or mental note) a number from 1‐10: 10 being massive progress, 1 being no progress at all. Then
immediately set the next 90 second timer and try to improve your progress.
❏ Work in a series of ‘1,2,3’ counts.
As you are executing the task count ‘1,2,3…1,2,3…1,2,3’ in your head. Move according to the beat and try to
execute the work more effortlessly each 1,2,3 count you make.
❏ Make a list of 25.
The first 10 ideas are obvious, next 10 ideas are stupid, last 5 ideas are gems. It helps to go for a walk and record
the list of ideas while you walk.
❏ Stand‐up whiteboard session.
Go to the white board, write the problem on the board and ask people to shout out ideas (or do it solo). Draw
arrows, stars and boarders around certain ideas. Keep going until the entire board is full of ideas.
❏ Pretend you’re a speed reader.
Grab a book or find an article on your phone and rapidly flip through it, seeing the content clearly but not fully
comprehending it. At the end of the book or article write down a list of keywords or questions that come to
mind. Now try to find answers to those questions and expand upon those keywords..
❏ Review a document and check each line.
Put a checkmark in front of each line as you review it. Checkmarks = progress.
❏ Put on some inspiring music that builds in intensity.
Move with the music. As the music picks up, start working faster.
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❏ Sketch out an entire page.
Grab a piece of blank paper and sketch out the intended outcome of your work (a prototype of your final
product). Then add details to that sketch until the page is full.
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STEP 3: Increase Feedback
Take a moment to think of a boring work task you've recently completed...
Did the task have a challenging time limit?
Did you receive constant feedback?
No matter how boring a task may seem, if we have a short time constraint and a clear visual
representation of progression, boredom dissolves and you become deeply engaged in your work.
The first step to becoming engaged in your work is to embrace constraints.
Constraints force us to think about what is valuable and what is not. Constraints generate
creative tension. This tension deepens our focus.
“We need constraint in order to fuel passion and insight...It is from the
interaction between constraint and the disregard for the impossible that
unexpected insights, cleverness, and imagination are born.” ‐ Marissa Ann Mayer
(Yahoo! CEO and previous Google homepage interface manager)
The power of constraints
Working for short time durations reduces the likelihood of being distracted or making poor
decisions.
Josh Waitzkin, 5‐time US Junior National Chess Champion and the basis of the movie 'Searching
for Bobby Fischer', found that his best chess games involved 2‐10 minute periods of deep focus.
His worst games included more than twenty minutes of intense thinking before making a move.
A number of long focus periods in a row led to a fatal decision that ultimately led to a loss. His
conclusion: "Pushing your focus causes your mind to become repetitive and imprecise."
A 1976 study found that students’ focus ebbed and flowed of during a typical college lecture
period. They observed the students attention minute‐by‐minute and determined that the
students needed a three‐to‐five minute period of settling down, followed by 10 to 18 minutes of
optimal focus. Then, no matter how good the teacher or how compelling the subject matter,
there would come an attention lapse.
After your initial burst of creativity (see Day 2 of the course for details), it's critical that you fixate
your attention on a given work task for no longer than 10 minutes at a time. I've experimented
with longer time durations, like the 25 minutes used in the Pomodoro technique, but my
attention remains highest throughout the day if I break my work into 10 minute sections. Ten
minutes is short enough for you to capture and postpone any distraction that might arise while
working in this 10 minute window.
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You may think that having an period of undistracted time in an office environment is next to
impossible ‐ you have email, phone calls and constant requests to 'chat' coming your way. The
beauty of the 10 minute work sprint is that you can always delay a request for 10 minutes ‐ if
someone needs something sooner than 10 minutes they are likely panicking and making you the
victim for their inability to plan ahead. We can only achieve consistent focus at work when we
learn to work in a 'responsive' way, rather than a 'reactive' way, Being responsive is turning your
email off for 10 minutes, putting your phone straight to voicemail for 10 minutes and turning your
phone to airplane mode for 10 minutes. At the end of a 10 minute timer you can turn everything
back on and respond to messages you missed. Doing so lets you to work on your time and allows
you to thoughtfully respond to other people’s requests instead of reacting to urgent demands all
day.
At the end of one or two 10‐minute timers take a short break ‐ stand up, getting a drink of water
and consciously taking few deep breaths. Micro‐breaks are all you need in a 2‐3 hour work span
(we will discuss the need for longer breaks a different points in the day during tomorrow's
session). Researchers1 at Virginia Commonwealth University found that taking a "1‐minute break
was just as effective as taking a longer break of 5 or 9 minutes."
Feedback
At the end of each work sprint take a brief moment to reflect on your work. Use the 'print
screen' function on your computer OR snap a quick photo with the camera on your smartphone.
The act of taking a 'snapshot' of your work allows you to gain a new perspective and causes you
to reflect on your progress.
"Our research (an examination of 12,000 journal entries from 238 knowledge
workers in 3 industries) revealed that the best way to motivate people, day in
and day out, is by facilitating progress ‐ even small wins. But the managers in our
survey ranked "supporting progress" dead last as a work motivator." ‐ Teresa
Amabile and Steven Kramer in The Progress Principle
When considering how to improve upon your work, ask yourself: "How would I rate my progress
on a scale of 1‐10?". When forced to rate something on a fixed scale your brain will automatically
search for reasons why something isn't a perfect 10 and what needs to be done to get there.
Whatever numbers comes to mind gives you a mental benchmark to improve upon. Having a
goal of constant improvement is highly motivating.
If you never take a moment to reflect on your progress the work can become frustrating and
exhausting. By taking 'snapshots' you can look back in your clipboard history (if you using the
'print screen' function on your computer) OR on your camera roll (if you used your smartphone
to take snapshots). Scrolling through photos provides a clear line of progression that you can be
proud of.
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Using short timers makes the work feel like a fun challenge by pressuring yourself to meet your
expectations. When you periodically reflect on your progress you begin striving for constant
improvement and eliminate the feeling of boredom.
Takeaway:
Working in a series of short time intervals to maximize attention (these short time intervals are
even shorter than those used in the Pomodoro technique).
Action Plan:
1. Time: start a short timer (usually 10‐minutes) and work with intense, uninterrupted focus
until the timer expires
2. Reflect: take a second to capture your work using the 'print screen' on your computer or
the camera on your smartphone.
3. Rate: think to yourself "how would I rate my progress on a scale of 1‐10?"
4. Micro‐break: take a micro‐break by standing up, taking a deep breath and having a drink
of water.
5. Improve: start the next interval and try to improve your progress ‐ repeat this process
until you feel fully engaged in your work and motivated to complete the task
Image to Remember:
The game of basketball uses a 30‐second 'shot clock' to limit the amount of time each team has
possession of the ball while on offense. The offensive team must take a shot in order to reset the
'shot clock'. Your 'shot clock' is a 10‐minute work sprint. You're forced to go on the offense and
move the ball up the court. You're required to take a shot (snapshot) in order to reset the 'shot
clock' and maintain possession of the ball.
Your attention can only survive so many short time sprints. Eventually, your focus will waver and
you will need to step away for longer than a few minutes. Tomorrow I will show you the art of
restoring and sustaining mental energy.
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10 Quick Tactics to Increase Feedback
❏ Smartphone Camera.
Bring out your smartphone and open up the camera app. Snap a photo of the work you’ve done up to this point.
The image will save in your phone and you can transfer that image to any other program or document you wish
(you can even email it to yourself or others).
❏ Desktop ‘Print Screen’ Function.
Just hit the ‘Prt Scr’ function on your keyboard to save a copy of the current state of your desktop ‐ make sure
you have your work open when you do so! You can paste the image inside a word document by right‐clicking and
then selecting ‘paste’.
❏ Skitch.
Download the free program from https://evernote.com/skitch/ and start capturing specific areas of your desktop!
❏ Screencast.
Download a free program called ‘Open Broadcast Software’ at https://obsproject.com/download and record
videos of your desktop and with a voiceover explain your work (using your computer’s microphone).
❏ Voice Recorder.
Bring out your smartphone and open up the voice memo app. Hit record and explain the work you’ve done up
that point. Keep adding to the same voice memo to get a complete recording of the work you’ve complete at
the end of the day.
❏ Physical Notebook.
Open up your paper notebook and write a line describing your work up to this point. Continue down the page
with more lines as you complete more work. This becomes your physical log book.
❏ Notepad (windows) OR TextEdit (mac).
Open up the default text editor on your computer and write a line describing your work up to this point.
Continue down the document with more lines as you complete more work. This becomes your electronic log
book.
❏ Smartphone Video.
Bring out your smartphone and open up the camera app. Go to the video recording option and start recording
an overview of the work you’ve completed so far – be sure to explain the work as you are recording.
❏ Digital Camera.
If you don’t have a smartphone just use your digital camera to snap photos of your work.
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❏ Email iDoneThis.
Setup a free account at https://idonethis.com/ and send an email to the custom address they provide you each
time you complete a section of work. This service will save and group together emails of completed work then
send them back to you the following day. It will also remind you weeks later of what you completed on this day ‐
giving you an unexpected productivity boost.
Footnotes:
1. Take five? Examining the impact of microbreak duration, activities, and appraisals on human energy and
performance by Andrew Bennett, Virginia Commonwealth University, http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3913/
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STEP 4: Cycle Attention
Imagine working all day without taking a single break...
“Nature has not intended mankind to work from eight in the morning until
midnight without that refreshment of blessed oblivion which, even if it only lasts
twenty minutes, is sufficient to renew all the vital forces.” ‐ Winston Churchill
It's not natural to be in 'focus' mode all day long ‐ you are not a productive machine. Like all living
things, you need to go through periods of stress and recovery to perform optimally. This is true
for muscle performance AND mental performance. Just as you increase your strength by
exposing your muscles to period of struggle followed by a period of rest (lifting weights in a
gym), you increase attention by working in periods of intense focus followed by a period of un‐
focus.
Jim Loehr, a doctor in performance psychology and co‐founder of the High Performance Institute
(a center for elite performers), wanted to discover what made the greatest tennis players in the
world so much better than other players. This is what he found:
“The best players had each built almost exactly the same set of routines between
points. These included the way they walked back to the baseline after a point;
how they held their heads and shoulders; where they focused their eyes; the
pattern of their breathing; and even the way they talked to themselves. It
dawned on Jim that these players were instinctively using the time between
points to maximize their recovery. Many lower‐ranked competitors, he began to
see, had no recovery routines at all.” ‐ The Power of Full Engagement by Jim
Loehr and Tony Schwartz
A dominant performer is one who has the ability to experience moments of serenity ‐ absolute
relaxation ‐ between periods of intense focus. The elite performers experience serenity between
shots (the Tiger Woods trance‐like walk between golf shots), serenity between points (Pete
Sampras picking at his racket and lowering his heart rate after a point is decided), serenity during
timeouts (Michael Jordan sitting on the bench with a towel over his head) and serenity between
matches (legendary UFC fighter Royce Gracie taking a nap just minutes before a championship
fight).
The human mind goes through a rhythm of attention throughout the day. Scientists refer to this
as the 'ultradian rhythm' and it is characterized by the following chart:
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Source: https://www.eeginfo.com/research/articles/David‐Kaiser‐ILF‐Ultradian‐Rhythms.pdf
The ultradian rhythm is a natural biological cycle of energy that our bodies experience
throughout the day. There are typically 10 ultradian cycles during the course of a single day. The
first part of each ultradian cycle is characterized by an increase in heart rate, hormone levels,
muscle tension and brain‐wave activity ‐ which increases overall alertness. After an hour or so
these measures start to decline. As authors Jim Loehr and Tony Schwartz explain in their book
The Power of Full Engagement:
"At the end of the cycle your body begins to crave a period of rest and recovery.
Signals include a desire to yawn and stretch, hunger pangs, increased tension,
difficulty concentrating, an inclination to procrastinate or fantasize, and a higher
incidence of mistakes. We are capable of overriding these natural cycles, but only
by summoning the fight‐or‐flight response and flooding our bodies with stress
hormones that are designed to help us handle emergencies." – Jim Loehr & Tony
Schwartz
After monitoring and recording my daily attention levels over the course of 3 weeks, I discovered
that my ultradian rhythm appears to peak around 7:30am, then again at 10:30am, and three more
times at 1:30pm, 4:30pm and 7:30pm. My ultradian cycles happen to be evenly spaced out, but
yours may vary slightly throughout the day. I find that my peak focus times remain the same day
after day unless I am traveling (jet leg really screws up ultradian cycles). I find that when I get 7‐8
hours of sleep, eat well and exercise regularly I amplify my attention periods, but am unable to
extend them without raising my stress levels.
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***Use this week to subjectively chart your alertness during each hour of the day on a scale of 1‐
10. Try to identify when you typically feel most alert.***
The most important thing to do is to identify your low points of attention ‐ determine the time
that falls in‐between your peak alertness times (for me: 9:00am, 12:00pm, 3:00pm, 6:00pm). At
those times I MUST ENSURE that I go mental rest ‐ go into 'unfocus' mode. If I don't step away
from my work my body will go into fight‐or‐flight mode, causing me to feel stressed, irritable and
distracted the rest of the day. Consistently using caffeine or sugar to override my need for
mental rest results in a permanent reduction of attention levels. Repeatedly rejecting your
bodies need for mental rest eventually causes burn‐out.
“The flame that burns twice as bright burns half as long.” ‐ Lao Tzu, Te Tao Ching
Honor your mental rest/recovery periods at all costs. I suggest blocking out 15 minute in your
calendar for each low alertness period.
What to do during mental rest/recovery periods
Engage in a task of low processing demands ‐ allow your 'thinking' mind to rest. Go from
directing your experience (using willpower and solving problems) to observing your experience
(being mindful).
Mindfulness is the best way to let your conscious mind rest. Mindfulness is simply focusing your
attention on your experience without trying to control it and letting everything else pass by like
clouds in the sky.
"You don't have to say a mantra, you don't have to visualize anything, you don't
have to develop any type of fondness for the iconography of Buddhism or any
other revision religion. Mindfulness is just paying attention to your experience in
the present moment." ‐ Sam Harris, Neuroscientist and skeptic
Don't evaluate. Don’t label. Don’t try to manipulate what you’re doing. As soon as you find
yourself trying to solve a problem or evaluate a decision ‐ interrupt that thought by returning
your attention to whatever it is that you are doing for the time being.
My five favorite mindfulness breaks:
1. Breathing mindfulness while sitting [focus on counting your breaths while allowing the
torrent of thoughts in your mind to simply pass by without engaging]
2. Walking mindfulness [focus on the your natural walking pace while allowing all other
thoughts to pass by without engaging in them]
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3. Social mindfulness [simply listening to what someone else has to say and let go of your
need to judge to come up with what you want to say next]
4. Music mindfulness [listen to the music and allow all thoughts, images and feelings to pass
by without engaging them]
5. Mundane Work Task mindfulness [focus on the movements required to complete a
repetitive and boring task ‐ cleaning, sorting, signing ‐ and allowing all other thoughts to
pass by without engaging them]
You might thinking: "It just seems like I'm wasting my time when I'm mindfully resting..."
Researchers from Drexel University found1 that the brain is very active during perceived
'downtime'. Wandering minds are highly active minds. Our brains were once thought to go
dormant when we daydreamed, studies have shown that activity in many brain regions increases
when our minds wander2.
The next time you see someone working on a task for a long period of time picture their brain
activity going dim. When you see them pausing, stepping away and being allowed to daydream
or be mindful, picture their brains turning back on.
Psychologists at Lancaster University found3 that when people took a break from their work,
they were more likely to “experience an increase in both problem‐solving speed and in the
likelihood of arriving at an insightful solution” upon returning back to their work (Sio & Ormerod,
2009).
But you might be wondering: "What if my break occurs in the middle of doing something?"
Ernest Hemingway, winner of the Nobel Prize in literature, would often stop writing mid‐
sentence.
"The best way is always to stop when you are going good and when you know
what will happen next. If you do that every day when you are writing a novel you
will never be stuck. That is the most valuable thing I can tell you so try to
remember it." ‐ Ernest Hemingway
It is better to stop when you have momentum, when the going is good. Doing so allows your
subconscious to come up with brilliant ideas while you rest.
According to psychologists at the University of Illinois, Continual focus renders work
unimportant:
“Constant stimulation is registered by our brains as unimportant, to the point
that the brain erases it from our awareness…deactivating and reactivating your
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goals allows you to stay focused. From a practical standpoint, our research
suggests that, when faced with long tasks (such as studying before a final exam
or doing your taxes), it is best to impose brief breaks on yourself. Brief mental
breaks will actually help you stay focused on your task” ‐ Ariga & Lleras 20101
In the book ‘Power of Full Engagement’ authors Jim Loehr and Tony Schwartz detail the story of
Dick Wolf, the executive producer of Law & Order. He once told a reporter:
"’The scary thing is that I've lost the ability to shut off, even on a weekend, even
when I'm up in Maine, where we have a vacation house away from it all, and even
if I have nothing to do when I'm there. I find myself feeling guilty if I'm not
working. I'll think, 'I really should be doing something.' And I'll almost always find
something to do. It's an inability to pull the plug and just vegetate.’”
“It never dawned on Wolf that what he called vegetating might actually be a
powerful way to refill his energy reservoir…” ‐ The Power of Full Engagement by
Jim Loehr & Tony Schwartz
Takeaway:
Find your periods of low focus/attention throughout the day (typically four times during the day),
and schedule mental rest activities during those times ‐ mindfulness is the best form of mental
rest. The anxious feelings you're having is your body telling you that you need to take a break ‐
not that you need to work more. Your ability to focus is determined by your ability to rest. The
deeper you rest the more intense you're able to focus.
Action Plan:
1. Reflect: discover your natural times of 'heightened distraction'.
2. Block Out: plan ahead and block them out in your calendar (start with 15 minute time
blocks) AND/OR set four alarms on your phone 10 minutes before every scheduled
downtime to remind you.
3. Disengage: during the break turn off your problem solving mind and simply be
mindful/observe your actions without controlling them (for example: go for a walk and
notice your natural pace and allowing all unrelated thoughts to pass by)
4. Re‐Focus: return to your work after a period of disengaged focus to experience a period
of enhanced mental clarity.
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Image to Remember:
The best tennis players in the world mindlessly pick at their racket in between periods of intense
focus, just when you think they should be focusing on how they will get the next point.
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10 Tactics to Restore Your Attention
❏ Walk & Listen to Stories.
Download the ‘audible’ app on your smartphone and purchase a highly rated fiction book. Listening to a fiction
book leads you to be immersed in a story and allows you to shift and reset your attention before returning to
your work.
❏ Sit Back, Close Your Eyes & Listen to Music.
Relax and listen to music, noticing whatever images come to mind while listening. For example, when I listen to
my favorite band I visualize being in the front row of their concert, seeing each person playing their instrument.
❏ Do Breathing Exercises.
Take 10 deep diaphragmic breaths, then practice box breathing until you feel a sense of mental clarity and
relaxation – breath in for 4 seconds, hold for 4 seconds, breath out for 4 seconds, hold for 4 seconds…repeat.
❏ Ask About Someone’s Experience.
Let someone tell you about a positive experience they recently had. Encourage them to provide vivid details –
this will make both of you feel as though you are re‐living the experience.
❏ Exercise – Strength or Aerobic.
Do some push‐ups, do some yoga, go to the gym or go for a run outside. Getting the blood flowing by exercising
is one of the best ways to mentally restore.
❏ Play Tetris or Candy Crush.
Studies show that playing a few minutes of Tetris of Candy Crush can help solders recover from ‘post‐traumatic
stress disorder’ by exposing their brains to a new visual intensive and over‐write the old traumatic images. This
is helpful for everyday office workers too – it allows one to temporarily stop worrying about a problem and allow
their subconscious mind to come up with solutions while they play games. After the game you can return to your
work with a fresh perspective.
❏ Write Messages of Kindness.
Take out a piece of paper and write a hand written thank‐you note to a friend or family member. You don’t need
to share them, the mere act of writing cause you to think deeply about others and allows your attention to shift
and reset. You could send an encouraging text message or a positive review on Amazon.com.
❏ Do Guided Meditation.
Put on your headphones and listen to guided meditation – an audio track that provides you with instructions on
how to focus on your breathing and reset your focus.
❏ Watch YouTube ‘Flow’ States.
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Watch a YouTube playlist of awe inspiring videos. Examples include: masters of a hobby you enjoy (golf, guitar,
drumming, etc.), the ‘Shots of Awe’ channel and motivational speakers.
❏ Take a Nap.
Set a timer for 25 minutes and try to sleep – either in a bed or in your office chair. A 1995 NASA study revealed
that a 26‐minute nap improved performance 34% and alertness 54%.
Footnotes:
1. The origins of insight in resting‐state brain activity by Kounios J1, Fleck JI, Green DL, Payne L, Stevenson JL,
Bowden EM, Jung‐Beeman M. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765273
2. Brain's Problem‐solving Function At Work When We Daydream, May 12, 2009, University of British Columbia.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090511180702.htm
3. Does Incubation Enhance Problem Solving? A Meta‐Analytic Review by Ut Na Sio and Thomas C. Ormerod,
Lancaster University. http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~unsio/Sio_Ormerod_meta_analysis_incubation_PB.pdf
4. Brief and rare mental “breaks” keep you focused: Deactivation and reactivation of task goals preempt vigilance
decrements by Atsunori Ariga & Alejandro Lleras.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027710002994
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STEP 5: Stop at 20%
When we strive for perfection, we become distracted by the urge to do 'just a bit more.' We
strive for the ideal result and try to address every issue that may surface when we release our
work for others to see. However, we fail to realize that striving for perfection is not a matter of
adding everything we think might be essential, but rather, removing everything that might be
deemed non‐essential. The need for perfection must be replaced by the need to not waste time
working on something no one will ever use.
"Perfection is not when there is no more to add, but no more to take away." –
Antoine de Saint‐Exupery
The sooner you let other people to see your work the quicker you'll be able to fix potential
problems. Time is like gasoline to a problem. The biggest risk in doing 'just a bit more' is
continuing to work on something nobody wants.
Excellence =/= Perfection
Perfection is flawlessness. Excellence is the constant improvement of flaws.
Adopt an experimental mindset towards your work ‐ collect data from your target audience. Aim
to ‘test’ your work and obtain feedback in order to refine it. Testing your unfinished product can
be scary. However, in the end, you'll be satisfied having produced something valuable and
thankful you doing hold back to simply protect your ego.
"Any additional work beyond what was required to start learning is waste, no
matter how important it might have seemed at the time.” ‐ Eric Ries, author of
Lean Startup
Most people fail to realize that their opportunity for valuable feedback occurs much earlier in the
work development process. Everyone have something functional/testable at the 20% completed
mark in any project. There is never a good reason to work beyond the 20% mark without an
external assessment or demonstration.
The 20% Rule
In 1896, Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto found that most things in life have an 80/20
distribution.
● 80% of the land in Italy was owned by 20% of the population
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● 20% of the peapods in Pareto’s garden contained 80% of the peas
This is known as the law of the vital few.
The majority of the value people will gather from your work will result from less than 20% of your
ideas. Therefore, it is critical to ensure to focus the first 20% of your expected project/task time
on the parts of the project/task deemed most essential (high level details, overall structure, key
features and critical components).
Consider everything required to get your current work task to 100%. If the task is straightforward
the 20% product may simply include an outline with high level details. If the task is complex you
may want to break it into its individual components and determine which 20% are deemed
essential to the product's success. For example, when working on a project proposal you may
find it valuable to only estimate the most expensive items and allow the client to determine if the
project is viable (high return on investment vs. risk). Completing a detailed 100 page estimate is
likely a huge waste of time. If the client could have determined the project was NOT viable with
a simple high level estimate you have just wasted 80% of your time. When writing a book it is
much better to send an outline to a friend then to complete the entire first draft. If your ideas
aren't interesting or innovative your draft will be rubbish.
When given tight time constraints it is important to realize that your work is never finished ‐ it's
simply the latest product revision. Even when you deliver a 'final' revision to the client, you use
the feedback from that client to create an addendum or improve the next project. You never
have a completely finished product ‐ everything can be improved upon, nothing is final. Thinking
this way can be liberating because it stops us from striving for that absolutely perfect result.
But you might be wondering: “How does a product ever get finished?”
When you stop every 20% and re‐focus on the next 20% you get the following results (from the
book Scrum: The Art of Doing Twice the Work in Half the Time):
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Several 20% iterations in a row result in a product that is far better than you or your client would
have initially predicted. The learning period after each 20% review provides clarity on exactly
what '100% done' actually means. You are likely to get to the 100% complete mark much faster
than you originally thought because you've developed the most important components first ‐
causing you or your end user to realize that completing other components may not be
worthwhile.
Establish an Outlet
Once you've established what level of detail needs to be included in your 20% product, you need
to establish an outlet for the product in order to obtain feedback. This could be a friend, co‐
worker, free‐lance editor, the client or simply your future self (you'll have a different perspective
a week from now). Give your outlet an exact time and date that you plan to deliver your 20%
product. Making a commitment to deliver on a certain date and establishing an initial 20%
product criteria steadies your attention and eliminates distraction.
Tucker Max, bestselling author and publisher urges his authors to stop editing and finally release
their work:
“At least one person, and probably many more, want to learn what your book
can teach them. You have an obligation to yourself and to your audience to stop
editing and put the book out. Give your wisdom to them, even if it’s not perfect.
They want and need it.”
Overcome the Fear of Rejection
“I am an old man and have known a great many troubles, but most of them
never happened” ‐ Mark Twain
Take out a sheet of paper and answer the following 3 questions:
1. What if my work gets rejected?
– Write out the scenario, make it a movie, make it as vivid as you can.
2. How would I recover?
– Write out the step by step sequence you would take to get back to where you
are. This may include apologies or making up for it with future work.
3. What if I simply did nothing or kept working away until it was perfect?
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– Write out the list of opportunities that pass you by, things that you never get to
experience.
Rate the potential damage of delivering early on a scale of 1‐10, with 10 being permanently
debilitating damage.
Rate the opportunity of delivering early on a scale of 1‐10, with 10 being an opportunity for a huge
positive impact on your life/business/career
"Potential failure is never as bad as you first think OR it is an opportunity to
begin again, this time more intelligently." ‐ Henry Ford
Takeaway:
When you continue working without seeking feedback there is an 80% chance your time and
effort will be a complete waste ‐ flushed down the toilet never to be seen again. Do you like to
waste your time? Of course not. Stop adding 'just a bit more' and start getting feedback from
others.
Action Plan:
1. Identify: find the 20% cut‐off for you current product/project.
2. Inform: make a social commitment to deliver your 20% product on a certain date.
3. Deliver: always deliver on time ‐ if you're falling behind reduce the scope and explore your
'worst case' scenario.
4. Iterate: incorporate external feedback and continuously focus on areas of highest
importance and end value.
Image to Remember:
You're planting seeds (producing ideas) in your garden that you hope will one day grow (be
valuable for others). In order for your seeds to grow they need proper water and sunlight. The
people around you can provide the sunlight and their feedback can act as water. Stop planting
sooner than you think, for more than 80% of the seeds you plant won't end up growing into
something valuable. If you never get your work out there you'll never know which 20% of your
seeds will grow.
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10 Questions to Challenge Perfectionism
1. If my worst fears came true would I be able to get back to where I am today (re‐achieving
the status quo)?
❏ Yes
❏ No
2. If I think back to a similar situation in my past, were the results actually as bad as I
originally thought?
❏ Yes
❏ No
3. Could any part of my work or upcoming performance be beneficial to anyone (provide
clarity, inspiration, instructional value)?
❏ Yes
❏ No
4. What if I did nothing and let this opportunity pass by ‐ would I have any regrets?
❏ Yes
❏ No
5. What is likely to feel more productive: delaying my delivery OR delivering what I have and
obtaining feedback?
❏ Delay
❏ Deliver
6. Am I willing to risk a temporary setback in the hopes of achieving something great?
❏ Yes
❏ No
7. If everything happened to work out just fine, will the benefits be worth the risk?
❏ Yes
❏ No
8. Am I willing to accept temporary discomfort in order to realize long‐term growth?
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❏ Yes
❏ No
9. Has anyone overcome similar fears in the past?
❏ Yes
❏ No
10. What advice do you think your future‐self would give you in this situation?
❏ Take the Risk
❏ Remain Paralyzed by Fear
Footnotes:
1. "What is 80/20 rule?". 80/20 Rule of Presenting Ideas. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013.
Retrieved October 4, 2015.
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Summary
1. GET STARTED by thinking “just a few” and “stupid small.”
∙ Picture the Spanish swimmer swims the English Channel thinking stroke, stroke,
breathe).
2. BUILD MOMENTUM by embracing a few minutes of imperfection.
∙ Picture a sketch artist turning a few random lines into an elegant drawing.
3. INCREASE FEEDBACK by setting short timers and reviewing your progress every the timers
expires.
∙ Picture a basketball shot clock counting down…hurry! Move the ball up court and
take a shot.
4. CYCLE ATTENTION with scheduled downtime and mindlessness.
∙ The top tennis players in the world mindlessly pick at their racket to calm their
minds down in‐between points.
5. STOP AT 20% and release your work by challenging your fear of imperfection.
∙ Plant more seeds and see which ones grow [the feedback you received is the sun
and the water you desperately need]. 80% of seeds won't grow anyways…
See ALL work tasks as an opportunity to practice and deepen your work‐flow, and learn to get
more done while enjoying the process!
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