EE8591 – Digital Signal Processing

UNIT - 1
INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL:
Defined as any physical quantity that
varies with time, space (or) any other
independent variable.

Ex:
ECG – Provides information about the
health of person’s heart.
EEG – Provides information about brain
activity of a person.

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SIGNAL Cont…
The signal is classified into three types:

Multidimensional
signals
Two dimensional
signals

One dimensional
signals

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SIGNAL Cont…
The signal is classified into three types:
1. One dimensional signals:
It depends only on one variable

Time

Independent variable: Time

The mathematical representation is
F(x) = Waveform
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SIGNAL Cont…
The signal is classified into three types:
2. Two dimensional signals:
It depends on two variables
y-Axis

x-Axis

Independent variable: x and y Sonograms

The mathematical representation is

F(x, y) = Image
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SIGNAL Cont…
The signal is classified into three types:
3. Multidimensional signals:
It depends on two or more variables

Independent variable: x, y, z and t

The mathematical representation is
F(x, y, z, t) = Animated movie

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 How to draw a Signal
Analog Signal Discrete Signal
T ºC T ºC

27 27
26 26
25 25
24 24
23 23
22 22

10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 t hrs 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 t hrs

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How to draw a Digital Signal
Discrete Signal T ºC
T ºC

27 27

26
25
24
24
23
22
21

10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 t hrs
10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 t hrs
T(10) = 25 T(2) = 26
T(10) = 24 T(2) = 24
T(11) = 26 T(3) = 25
T(11) = 24 T(3) = 24
T(12) = 27 T(4) = 24
T(1) = 27 T(5) = 22 T(12) = 27 T(4) = 24
T(1) = 27 T(5) = 22
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 How to draw a Digital Signal
Discrete Signal Digital Signal
T(10) = 25 T(2) = 26 T(10) = 24 T(2) = 26
T(11) = 26 T(3) = 25 T(11) = 26 T(3) = 24
T(12) = 27 T(4) = 24 T(12) = 26 T(4) = 24
T(1) = 27 T(5) = 22 T ºC T(1) = 26 T(5) = 22

28
Error decreased by 26
increasing Number
of levels 24

22

20

10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 t hrs
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SYSTEM:
A physical device that perform a
operation on a signal.

Ex:
Filter – Used to reduce the noise in the
information bearing signal.

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SIGNAL PROCESSING:
Any operation that changes the
characteristic of a signal.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM
1. Analog Signal Processing:

Analog Analog
Input Output
signal signal

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BLOCK DIAGRAM Cont…
2. Digital Signal Processing:

Analog Analog
Input Digital Digital Output
Input Output
signal signal
signal signal

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Advantages of DSP
It has several advantages over
analog signal processing.
 Greater Accuracy
 Cheaper
 Ease of Data Storage
 Flexibility in configuration

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 Applications of DSP
1. Telecommunication Fax

Modem

Telephone dialing

Cellular Phone Video Conferencing

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 Applications of DSP
2. Consumer Electronics

FM Stereo

Sound
recording

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 Applications of DSP
3. Instrumentation and Control

Spectrum analysis

Function generator
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 Applications of DSP
4. Image Processing

Image compression
Image
enhancement

Image analysis and

recognition

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 Applications of DSP
5. Biomedical
EEG

ECG

Computerized Tomography
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 Applications of DSP
6. Speech Processing
Automatic speech
recognition

Speaker verification and speaker identification

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 Applications of DSP
7. Military

Navigation

Radar signal
processing

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EE8591 – Digital Signal Processing
Syllabus
Classification of systems: Continuous, discrete,
linear, causal, stability, dynamic, recursive, time
variance; classification of signals: continuous and
discrete, energy and power; mathematical
representation of signals; spectral density;
sampling techniques, quantization, quantization
error, Nyquist rate, aliasing effect.

Reference Books:
1. Poorna Chandra.S, Sasikala.B , Tata McGraw hill
2. Ramesh Babu.P, SCITECH Publication
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Methods of Representing
Discrete-Time Signal
1 • Functional representation

2 • Graphical representation

3 • Tabular representation

4 • Sequence representation

5 • Mathematical representation
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Methods of Representing
Discrete-Time Signal
1 • Functional representation
–1 for n = –2
2 for n = –1
1.5 for n = 0
x(n) = –0.9 for n = 1
1.4 for n = 2
1.6 for n = 3
0 otherwise
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Methods of Representing
Discrete-Time Signal
2 • Graphical representation
X(n)
2

1.6
1.5
1.4

n
–2 –1 0 1 2 3

–1 –0.9

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Methods of Representing
Discrete-Time Signal
3 • Tabular representation

n –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x(n) –1 2 1.5 –0.9 1.4 1.6

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Methods of Representing
Discrete-Time Signal
4 • Sequence representation

x(n) = { –1, 2, 1.5, –0.9, 1.4, 1.6 }

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Methods of Representing
Discrete-Time Signal
5 • Mathematical representation
x(n) = –1 ; n = –2
2 ; n = –1
1.5 ; n= 0
–0.9 ; n= 1
1.4 ; n= 2
1.6 ; n= 3
0 ; n = other n
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Classification of Discrete
Time System:

Linear Time Causal

Static Stable
and Varient and FIR and
and and
Non- and Non- IIR
Dynamic Unstable
Linear Invarient Causal System
System System
system System system

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Static and Dynamic System

The static system sometimes called

as memory less property system.

i.e., The output depends only on

present state input is called static
system. Otherwise, it is known as
dynamic system.

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Static and Dynamic System Cont…
Example. 1: Find whether the system is
Static or Dynamic.
y(n) = x2(n)
Solution:
y(0) = x2(0)

The output depends only on

present state input.
Therefore the system is Static System.

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Static and Dynamic System Cont…
Example. 2: Find whether the system is
static or dynamic.
y(n) = x(n–2)
Solution:
y(0) = x(0–2)
= x(–2)

The output depends on past input.

Therefore the system is Dynamic System.

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Static and Dynamic System Cont…
Example. 3: Find whether the system is
Static or Dynamic.
y(n) = x(n).x(n–1)
Solution:
y(0) = x(0).x(0–1)
= x(0).x(–1)

The output depends on present

and past input.
Therefore the system is Dynamic System.

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Static and Dynamic System Cont…
Assignment. 1.1:
Find whether the following systems
are Static or Dynamic.
(i) y(n) = x(2n)
(ii) y(n) = x2(n) + x(n)
(iii) y(n) = x(n).x(n–2)

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Causal and Non-Causal System

The output of the system at time ‘n’

depends only on present state input
and past input is called as Causal
System.
If the output of the system not only
depends on present and past input,
but it also depends on future input of
the system is known as Non-Causal
system

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Causal and Non-Causal System Cont…
Example. 4: Determine whether the system is causal or non-
causal system.

Solution:
when, n = –1

when, n = 0

when, n = 1

For all the conditions, the output depends on present

state input and past input. Hence the system is a Causal
System.

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Causal and Non-Causal System Cont…
Example. 5: Determine whether the system is causal or non-
causal system.

Solution:
when, n = –1

when, n = 0

when, n = 1

For all the conditions, the output does not depend on

present state and past state input. Hence the system is a
Non-Causal System.

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Causal and Non-Causal System Cont…
Example. 6: Determine whether the system is causal or non-
causal system.

Solution:
when, n = –1

when, n = 0

when, n = 1

For all the conditions, the output depends on present

state input and past input. Hence the system is a Causal
System.

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Causal and Non-Causal System Cont…

Assignment. 1.2:
Test whether the following systems
are causal or non-causal.
(i) y(n) = x(n2)
(ii) y(n) = ex(n)
(iii) y(n) = ax(n) + bx(n–1)

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Summary
Today we learnt about.
 Introduction of DSP
 Advantages and Applications
of DSP
 What is Signal
 Classification of Signals
 How to draw a Analog,
Discrete and Digital Signal

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Summary
 Representation of Discrete Time
Signals
 Classification of Discrete Time
System
 Static and Dynamic System
 Causal and Non-causal System

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