Database Management Systems(DBMS)

Course- KCS-501
Lec 1 – R. S. Kohli
 Lecture 1
• Introduction of Database System
• Database System vs File System
 Introduction
• DATABASE
• Organized collection of inter-related data that models some aspect of
the real-world.

• A shared collection of logically related data and its description, designed

to meet the information needs of an organization.

• DBMS.

• Provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use

• A software system that enables users to store data, view data, access
(query) data and manipulate data.
Note: Course focuses on Relational Database Management System
 Database Management System (DBMS)
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a bunch of software designed
to store and manage databases.

It is used to:
• Define, modify, and query a database
• Control access
• Permit concurrent access
• Maintain integrity
• Provide loading, backup, and recovery
• The DBMS is the software that interacts with the users’ application programs
and the database.
• DBMS allows users to create, manipulate, maintain data and control access
to database
• Users interact with the database through a number of application programs
that are used to create and maintain the database and to generate
information.
 Database Applications
Databases are the core component of most computer applications.

Databases touch all aspects of our lives

Database Applications:
• Banking: all transactions
• Airlines: reservations, schedules
• Universities: registration, grades
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
• Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
• Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
 Database
Database - is an organized collection of related data, usually stored on disk. It
typically

• Stores important data (for organizations Business)

• Shared
• Secured
• Well-designed
• Variable size

A modern database system is a complex software system whose task is to

manage a large, complex collection of data.
 Traditional File-Based Systems
A collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users,
such as the production of reports.

• Program defines and manages its own data

• Separation and isolation of data

When data is isolated in separate files, it is more difficult to access data that
should be available i.e to retrieve the appropriate data is difficult.

• Duplication of data
Owing to the decentralized approach taken by each department, the file-
based approach encouraged uncontrolled duplication of data
 Traditional File-Based Systems
• Fixed queries
As the requirement for new or modified queries come, a new
application has to be designed.

• Program and Data dependence

The data files record structures are defined in the application code.
This means that changes to an existing structure are difficult to make.

• Incompatible file formats

The structure of a file created by one program may be different from the
structure of a file generated by another program. The direct
incompatibility of such files makes them difficult to process jointly.
 Advantages of Database over File System
Drawbacks of using file systems (i.e. Purpose of Database)

• Data redundancy and inconsistency

-Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files

• Difficulty in accessing data

-Need to write a new program to carry out each new task

• Data isolation
-Multiple files and formats
-It is difficult for new applications to retrieve the appropriate data, which might be
stored in various files.

• Data Integrity
-Integrity constraints/data semantics (e.g., account balance > 0) become “buried”
in program code rather than being stated explicitly
-Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones in File System
 Advantages of Database over File System
• Atomicity : Atomicity of a transaction refers to “All or nothing”, which means
either all the operations in a transaction executes or none. It is difficult to achieve
atomicity in file processing systems.

• Concurrent access by multiple users

• Security problems
-Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data in file system
-Data should be secured from unauthorised access

• Integrity of data
Problems with data integrity is another disadvantage of using a file-based
system. It refers to the maintenance and assurance that the data in a database
are correct
Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems in file
system
Simplified database system environment

RDBMS products
• Db2 from IBM.
• SQL Server from Microsoft.
• Oracle database from Oracle
• MySQL – open-source database, also
from Oracle.
• PostgreSQL – the most advanced
open source database
 Key Terms
• concurrency: the ability of the database to allow multiple users access to
the same record without adversely affecting transaction processing
• data inconsistency: a situation where various copies of the same data are
conflicting
• data isolation: a property that determines when and how changes made by
one operation become visible to other concurrent users and systems
• data integrity: refers to the maintenance and assurance that the data in a
database are correct and consistent
• data redundancy: a situation that occurs when a field needs to be updated
in more than one file / database table
• database management software: a powerful software tool that allows you
to store, manipulate and retrieve data in a variety of ways
• file-based system: an application program designed to manipulate data
files