CHAPTER -

GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS OF

ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
1. METALLURGY
The chemistry of extracting metals from their ores is called metallurgy. The following steps are involved
in the extraction of metals
(a) Concentration of ore
(b) Conversion of concentrated ore into metal oxide
(c) Conversion of metal oxide into metals
(d) Purification of metal.

1.1 CONCENTRATION OF ORE

The metal ores obtained from mines are generally mixed with non metals, sand, lime, clay and rock
materials. These impurities are known as gangue or matrix. The removal of impurities from the ore is
called concentration of the ore. The common methods of concentration are as follows
(i) Gravity separation - This separation is based on the fact that specific gravities of metallic ore and
the earthy impurities are different. The finely powered ore is agitated with water or washed with a
running stream of water on a willley table. The lighter impurities are washed away leaving behind ore
particles on the table.
(ii) Froth flotation process - This method is generally applied to sulphide ores because sulphide ores
are preferentially wetted by oils. The finely powdered ore is introduced into water to which small
quantity of a suitable oil is added. Water is then agitated with a stream of air. The ore which is
preferentially wetted by oil rises to the surface along with the foams while the gangue which is
preferentially wetted by water remains in the water in the bottom. The foam along with ore is
separated. This process is called froth flotation process.
In froth flotation two types of substances are used - Frothing agent and flotation agent. Pine oil and
eucalyptus oil are generally used as frothing agents and sodium ethyl xanthate or sodium amyl
xanthate as flotation agents.
Depressants are those substances which are sometimes added to prevent certain type of particles
from forming froth with bubbles. For example, NaCN is added as depressant for separation of Au ore
containing ZnS and PbS. NaCN acts by forming a layer of Zinc complex — Na2[Zn(CN)4] on surface
of ZnS, thereby preventing it from the formation of froth.
(iii) Electromagnetic separation - This method is used only when impurities present or the metallic
ore are magnetic in nature. The finely powdered ore is dropped over electromagnetic rollers. At the
other end, the magnetic portion of the ore is attracted by the magnetic roller and falls nearer to the
roller while non magnetic impurities fall away from the roller.
(iv) Chemical method or leaching - This method depends upon the chemical nature of the ore. For
example bauxite ore of aluminium contains the impurities of iron oxide, titanium oxide and silica
etc. Bauxite is heated in a solution of NaOH at 150-200°C. It dissolves in the solution forming a
soluble complex while the impurities remain insoluble which are removed by filtration.
[1]
 [2] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

Al2O3 + 6NaOH  2Na3AIO3 + 3H2O

Sodium aluminate
The filtrate is boiled with water, aluminium hydroxide gets precipitated which on heating at high
temperature changes to alumina.
Na3AIO3 + 3H2O  AI(OH)3 + 3NaOH ; 2AI(OH)3  Al2O3 + 3H2O

1.2 CONVERSION OF CONCENTRATED ORE INTO METAL OXIDE

(i) Calcination - It is a process in which the concentrated ore is heated to expel the organic matter
and moisture present in the ore. The ores are heated in the absence of air below their melting point.
Ores are converted to metal oxide. This process is also used to remove water from hydrated hydroxide
ores and carbon dioxide from carbonate ores. The process is generally carried out in reverberatory
furnace. It renders the ore porous.
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
Lime stone
Al2O3.2H2O (Bauxite)  Al2O3 + 2H2O
2Fe2O3.3H2O (Limonite)  2Fe2O3 + 3H2O
(ii) Roasting - This process is generally done with sulphide ores. Sulphide ores alone or in the presence
of other substance are heated in the presence of air below their melting points. The impurities like
sulphur, arsenic, phosphorus etc. are removed in the form of their volatile oxides. This process is
generally carried out in reverberatory furnace or blast furnace.
2ZnS (Zinc blende) + 3O2  2ZnO + 2SO2 
2PbS (Galena) + 3O2  2PbO + 2SO2 

1.3 CONVERSION OF METAL OXIDE INTO METAL

(i) Carbon reduction method – Smelting - The roasted or calcinated ore is mixed with suitable
quantity of coke, the reducing substance and the flux and heated to a high temperature above the
melting point of the metal. The metal oxide reduces to metal and the flux combines with impurities
(gangue) to form easily fusible product known as slag. Slag is not soluble in molten metal. It is
lighter and can be easily skimmed off from the surface of the molten metal. This process is
done in reverberatory furnace or blast furnace.
SnO2 + 2C  Sn + 2CO 
Tin oxide Tin
PbO (Lead oxide) + C  Pb + CO 
ZnO (Zinc oxide) + C  Zn + CO 
Flux - Metal ore contains some acidic or alkaline impurities which can form fusible products by
combining with some substances. These substances are added during smelting and are called
flux. The fusible product is called slag. For acidic impurity basic flux is used and for basic impurity
acidic flux is’ used.
CaO + SiO2  CaSiO3
Basic flux Acidic impurity Calcium silicate slag
MnO + SiO2  MnSiO3
Basic impurity Acidic flux Manganese silicate slag

FeO + SiO2  FeSiO3

Basic impurity Acidic flux Iron silicate slag
Slag is generally a silicate or phosphate and melt before the melting point of the metal.
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [3]

(ii) Aluminio thermic process - (Goldschmidt thermite process) - A mixture of metal oxide and
aluminium powder (thermite) is ignited in a closed crucible by means of a lighted magnesium ribbon
having ignition mixtures (Mg + BaO2) at one end. This is an exothermic reaction. The temperature
of the crucible reaches to 3000°C. At this temperature metal oxide is reduced to metal by aluminium.
Cr2O3 + 2Al  2Cr + Al2O3
3Mn3O4 + 8 Al  9Mn + 4Al2O3
(iii) Precipitation method- More reactive element (more electropositive) replaces the less reactive
(less electropositive) element from its salt solution. For e.g. iron can precipitate Cu from copper
sulphate solution while copper can not precipitate iron from iron sulphate solution. This principle is
used in the precipitation method. Silver can be extracted from its ores by using this theory.
If zinc is added to a solution of silver complex, silver precipitates out.
Ag2S + 4NaCN  2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na2S
Silver glance Sodium argentocyanide
2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn  2Ag + Na2 [Zn(CN)4] Silver
(iv) Electrolytic method - If metal oxides, chlorides or hydroxides in fused state are electrolyzed, the
metals deposit at cathode. The reduction of active elements such as alkali metals, alkaline earth
metals and the oxides of Al with carbon is difficult because these form carbides with carbon at high
temperature.

2. PURIFICATION
Metals can be purified by following methods
(i) Distillation - The metals with low boiling points can be purified by distillation.
Examples - Zn, Cd, Hg etc.
(ii) Liquation - This process is used when the impurity is less fusible than the metal itself. The impure
metal is placed on the slopping hearth of the furnace and heated. The metal melts and drains away
leaving behind the impurities. For e.g. tin.
(iii) Oxidation method - This method is employed when the impurities have greater affinity with oxygen
as compared to metal. The impurities are oxidized to form scum. The scum is skimmed off. Some
times metal oxides are used as oxidizing agents. For e.g. copper oxide is added to impure copper.
(iv) Electrolysis - Most of the metals are purified electrolytically. The metal salt is taken as electrolyte,
impure metal rod as anode and thin pure metal rod or strip as cathode. On electrolysis pure metal
is deposited at cathode. Cu, Ag, AI, Zn, Cr etc. metals are purified by this method.

3. EXTRACTION OF COPPER, Cu
(a) Copper was named as cuprous by Romans because they obtained it from Cyprus island.
(b) It is also found in small quantity in pea, peacock feather and animal blood.
(c) Occurrence - It is found in nature in both free and combined state.
The Important ores of copper are
(i) Cuprite or ruby copper or cuprite red Cu2O
(ii) Copper pyrite (Chalcopyrites) CuFeS2 or Cu2S.Fe2S3
(iii) Copper glance Cu2S
(iv) Malachite Cu(OH)2.CuCO3
(v) Azurite Cu(OH)2.2CuCO3 76% of the copper is extracted from the ore copper pyrites.
(d) Indian Sources - Bihar (Singhbhum), Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka (Mysore), Sikkim, Orissa,
Rajasthan (Khetri and Dariba). In India Copper is extracted by Hindustan Copper Ltd.
 [4] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

(e) Extraction of Copper from Copper pyrites

(i) Concentration - The ore is concentrated by froth flotation method. .
(ii) Roasting - This process is done in reverberatory furnace. The Impurities of arsenic and antimony
are removed as volatile oxides. Sulphur oxidises to SO2.
2CuFeS2 + O2  Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2 (Main)
2Cu2S + 3O2  2Cu2O + 2SO2 (Side)
2FeS + 3O2  2FeO + 2SO2  (Side)
(iii) Smelting – Coke and sand is mixed with roasted ore and it is smelted in blast furnace. Cu2S
and FeS are oxidised fastly. FeO reacts with SiO2 to give slag ferrous silicate.
FeO + SiO2  FeSiO3 (slag)
Cu2O obtained in roasting reacts with FeS to give cuprous sulphide and FeO. This FeO again
reacts with SiO2 to give slag FeSiO3
Cu2O + FeS  Cu2S + FeO
FeO + SiO2  FeSiO3 (Slag)
This slag is removed.
Molten Cu2S and a small amount of FeS remains below the surface of slag. This mixture is
called matte. It is taken out from the furnace.
(iv) Bessemerisation - Molten matte i.e. mixture of Cu2S and FeS is transferred to a Bessemer
converter. Bessemer converter is a pear shaped furnace in which the inner lining is of CaO. or
MgO. A blast of air mixed with sand is blown through the molten matte. The following reactions
take place
2Cu2S + 3O2  2Cu2O + 2SO2 
Cu2S + 2Cu2O  6Cu + SO2
The molten copper thus obtained is cast into ingots. It is about 98% pure copper. It is called
blister copper because of blistered appearance due to escape of SO 2 gas during the cooling of
molten copper. This copper contains about 2% mixture of Ag, Au, Ni, Zn, Pb and Sn. etc.
(f) Refining
(i) Poling - The blistered copper is heated in the reverberatory furnace. Cuprous oxide present in
it oxidises the impurities. The impurities of sulphur and arsenic separate as volatile oxides and
the other impurities as slag. This copper still has the impurity of cuprous oxide. The molten
copper is then agitated with green wood bamboos. Cuprous oxide is reduced to copper by the
hydrocarbons obtained from the green wood bamboos.
(ii) Electrolytic refining
Anode - Blistered copper
Cathode - Pure copper
Electrolyte - Aqueous solution of copper sulphate.
On electrolysis
At cathode - Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu
At anode – Cu  Cu2+ + 2e–

4. EXTRACTION OF COPPER FROM OXIDE OR CARBONATE ORES

(a) Concentration- Gravity separation method is employed.
(b) Calcination - On calcination the volatile impurities are removed and the following reactions take
place
CuCO3  CuO + CO2
Cu(OH)2  CuO + H2O
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [5]

(c) Smelting- Calcinated ore is smelted by mixing the suitable flux

Cu2O + C  2Cu + CO 
CuO + C  Cu + CO 
(d) Purification - Electrolytic refining.

5. ALLOYS OF COPPER
(a) Brass - Cu, 60-80% and Zn, 40-20%
(b) Bronze - Cu, 75-90% and Sn, 25-10%
(c) Aluminium bronze– Cu 90% and Al 10%
(d) Monel Metal– Cu 30%, Ni, 67% and Fe + Mn, 3%
(e) Bell Metal – Cu, 80% Sn, 20%
(f) Gun metal– Cu, 87%: Sn, 10%; Zn, 3%
(g) German Silver – Cu, 50%, Zn 25%; Ni 25%
(h) Phosphorus bronze– Cu 85%, Sn 13%, P 2%

6. EXTRACTION OF SILVER
(a) Occurrence – Silver is found in free and combined state both. In free state it is generally found in
Mexico, Canada, and USA. In alluvial sand, it is found with gold and copper. Its important ores are
(i) Argentite or silver glance- Ag2S
(ii) Pyrargyrite or ruby silver- Ag2S. Sb2S3
(iii)Horn silver- AgCl,
(iv) Copper silver glance – Cu2S.Ag2S
(v) Stiphenite - Ag5SbS4
(vi) Argentiferrous galena (PbS) - It contains about 0.01 to 0.1% silver.
(vii) Silver can also be prepared from the anode mud obtained in the extraction of copper.
(b) Indian sources - Colar and Hatti (Karnataka) and Jawar mines (Rajasthan)
(c) Extraction of silver from its ores –
(i) Cyanide process or Mac Arthur forest process
(1) Concentration - Froth flotation process.
(2) Concentrated ore is reacted with dilute solution of sodium cyanide and the mixture is
agitated with air. Silver forms a soluble complex,
4Ag + 8NaCN + 2H2O + O2  4Na[Ag(CN)2] + 4NaOH
Free siIver Sodium argentocyanide
AgCl (Horn silver) + 2NaCN  Na[Ag(CN)2] + NaCI
Ag2S (Silver glance) + 4NaCN  2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na2S
The solution is filtered. Filtrate contains sodium argentocyanide.
(3) On addition of zinc powder, in sodium argentocyanide solution, silver precipitates out.
2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn  2Ag + Na2[Zn(CN)4]
(4) Silver precipitate is filtered and dried. It is then fused with borax or potassium nitrate for
purification.
 [6] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

(ii) Amalgamation process - Silver ore + Salt + roasted pyrites mixture is finely powdered. Salt +
roasted pyrite form ferric chloride which reacts with silver ore.
Ag2S (Silver glance) + FeCI3  2AgCl + 2FeCI2 + S
2AgCI + 2Hg  Hg2Cl2 + 2Ag
Silver chloride thus formed reacts with mercury to give silver which forms silver amalgam in the
excess of mercury. On distillation of amalgam mercury distills out and silver remains in the
container.
(iii)From Argentiferrous lead – The concentration of silver in argentiferrous lead can be increased
by the following methods.
(1) Parkes process - In the molten argentiferrous lead, a small amount of molten zinc is
added. The mixture is shaken well. Silver forms an alloy with zinc which on cooling solidifies
and is skimmed off while the lead still remains in the molten state. On distillation of this
alloy, zinc distills out and silver remains in the container. This silver contains the
impurity of lead.
(2) Pattinson’s process - This method is based on phase rule. When molten argentiferrous
lead is allowed to cool slowly, lead crystals separate out. This process is repeated many
times until the concentration of silver in the mixture rises to 2.5% when entire mass
solidifies.
From the concentrated lead silver mixture, silver is removed by cupellation.
Cupellation - The impure silver is heated in a small bone-ash crucible (cupel) in a blast of
air in a small reverberatory furnace. Lead gets oxidised to litharge (PbO) which is blown
away.
Purification - Silver so obtained is further purified by electrolytic method.
Anode - Impure silver
Cathode - Pure silver
Electrolyte - AgNO3 soln. + 1 %HNO3 On passing the current -
At anode - Ag  Ag+ + e
At cathode - Ag+ + e–  Ag

7. SILVER FROM COINS AND ORNAMENTS

(a) Coins and ornaments contain the impurity of Cu and Ni.
(b) These coins and ornaments’ are treated with HNO3, A mixture of nitrates of Ag, Cu and Ni is
obtained.
(c) On addition of HCl to this solution, a white precipitate of AgCl is formed which is filtered out.
(d) This precipitate of AgCl can be converted to Ag by anyone of following methods.
(i) Fusing with the excess of Na2CO3 – 4AgCl + 2Na2CO3  4Ag + 4NaCI + 2CO2 + O2
(ii) Reducing with Zn + conc. H2SO4 – Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + 2H
AgCl + H  Ag + HCl
(iii) Reducing with alkaline glucose
2AgCl + 2NaOH  Ag2O + 2NaCI + H2O
Ag2O + C6H12O6  2Ag + C6H12O7
Glucose Gluconic acid
Silver thus obtained is fused with borax or KNO3 for further purification. It is again purified by
electrolytic method.
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [7]

8. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
(a) Wholler prepared aluminium by the reaction of potassium metal with anhy. AlCI3 Bunsen and Deville
prepared it from the reaction of NaAlCl4 with sodium and also from the electrolysis of NaAlCl4
Charles M. Hall prepared aluminium from fused cryolite.
(b) Occurrence-Aluminium is. found in nature only in combined state. Its important ores are
(i) Felspar - KAISi3O8
(ii) Mica (Abhrak) - KH2Al2(SiO3)4
(iii) Kaolin - Al2O3.2SiO3.2H2O
(iv) Corundum - Al2O3
(v) Diaspore - Al2O3.H2O
(vi) Bauxite - Al2O3 . 2H2O
(vii) Cryolite-Na3AIF6
(viii) Alunite or alumstone – K2SO4. Al2(SO4)34Al(OH)3
(ix) Thrquoise - AlPO4.Al(OH)3- H2O
(x) Gibbsite-Al2O3.3H2O
(xi) Beryl - 3BeO. Al2O3. 6SiO2.
Indian sources - Mainly bauxite ore is found in India. It is found in U .P., M.P. Gujrat, Tamilnadu,
Orissa, Bihar and J & K. The production of aluminium is carried out by Indian Aluminium Company
Alvai, Madras Aluminium Co. Madras and Hindustan Aluminium U.P.
(i) Extraction of aluminium from bauxite Purification of bauxite
(1) Baeyer’ process - Finely powdered bauxite is digested with an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide in an autoclave at 150° C and 80 atmospheric pressure. Alumina present in
bauxite dissolves as sodium meta aluminate. The’ other impurities remain insoluble and
are filtered out.
Al2O3.2H2O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + 3H2O
The filtrate containing sodium metaaluminate is agitated with. freshly precipitated Al(OH) 3
for 36 hrs. Sodium meta aluminate hydrolyses to Al(OH)3, NaAIO2 + 2H2O  NaOH +
Al(OH)3 Al(OH)3 thus obtained is filtered, washed, dried and heated at about 1500°C. Alumina
is obtained.
2Al(OH)3  Al2O3 + 3H2O
(2) Hall’s method - Bauxite ore is. fused with Na2CO3 and the sodium meta aluminate’ formed
is extracted with water.
Al2O3.2H2O + Na2CO3  2NaAIO2 + 2H2O + CO2 
CO2 gas is passed through the sodium meta aluminate solution at 50-60°C Al(OH) 3 gets
precipitated. .
2NaAIO2 + CO2 + 3H2O  2AI(OH)3 + Na2CO3
Al(OH)3 thus obtained is filtered, dried and heated in a furnace at about 1500°C to obtain
Al2O3
(3) Serpek’s process - This process is used when bauxite contains relatively a large amount
of silica as impurity. Bauxite is heated with carbon at 1800°C in the current of N 2, AlN is
formed.
Al2O3.2H2O + 3C + N2  2AlN + 3CO + 2H2O
Aluminium nitride on hydrolysis gives Al(OH)3 which on heating at 1500°C gives Al2O3
2AIN + 6H2O  2Al(OH)3 + 2NH3
2Al(OH)3  Al2O3 + 3H2O
 [8] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

(ii) Electrolytic reduction of alumina- Pure. Al2O3 on electrolytic reduction gives aluminium.
The melting point of Al2O3 is about 2000°C. This is reduced by mixing fused cryolite (Na3AlF6) +
fluorspar (CaF2) to it. The melting point of this mixture is about 900°C. This mixture. is good
conductor of electricity. The inner carbon lining of the cell is used as cathode and the carbon
rods as anode.
The fused mixture of alumina + Cryolite + Fluorspar is taken in the cell whose temperature is
maintained at about 900 to 1000°C. This mixture is covered by carbon powder which maintains
the temperature of the cell. The carbon anodes are dipped in the mixture. Aluminium gets free at
cathode while oxygen at anode. Aluminium thus obtained is about 99.8% pure.

PURIFICATION OF ALUMINIUM
Hoope’s method - Aluminium is refined electrolytically. The refining cell consists of three fused layers
- (i) The bottom anode layer of impure AI + Cu + Si, (ii) The middle electrolyte layer of cryolite (Na3AlF6)
+ BaF2 and (iii) The top cathode layer of pure aluminium and forms cathode. On passing the electric
current, pure Al from the bottom layer rises to the upper layer.

ALLOYS OF ALUMINIUM
(i) Magnelium - Al 95%, Mg 5%
(ii) Duralium - Al 95%, Cu 4%, Mg 0.5%, Mn 0.5%
(iii) Y-alloy - AI 93%, Cu 4%, Ni 2%, Mg 1%

9. EXTRACTION OF IRON
(a) The important ores of iron are
(i) Haematite-Fe2O3
(ii) Magnetite-Fe3O4
(iii) Limonite-Fe2O3. 3H2O
(iv) Siderite - FeCO3
(v) Iron pyrites - FeS2
(vi) Copper pyrites - CuFeS2
(vii) Arsenickle pyrites - FeAsS
(viii) Vivianite- Fe3(PO)4)2. 8H2O
(b) Indian sources
The main ore of iron is hematite in india. It is found in Singhbhum, Mysore, Durg” Chand, Mayurbhanj.
Steel plants are located at Jamshedpur, Asansol, Bhadravati, Bhilai, Durgapur, Bokaro and Rourkela.
(c) Various forms of iron
(1) Cast iron or pig iron- It is least pure form of iron containing about 2.2 to 4.4% carbon. It is
brittle and can not be hammered.
(2) Wrought or malleable iron - It is the purest form of iron containing about 0.1 to 0.25%
carbon. It is malleable.
(3) Steel- It comes in between cast iron and wrought iron and contains about 0.25 to 2.0% carbon.
It is malleable. Its properties depend upon the quantity of carbon present.

EXTRACTION OF CAST IRON

(i) Concentration of ore – Iron ores are concentrated by magnetic separation method or washing with
water.
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [9]

(ii) Hematite and magnetite after concentration can be used directly. Sulphide ore is first roasted and
carbonate ore is calcined.
(iii) Smelting- In calcined or roasted ore, coke (reductant) and lime stone (Flux) is mixed in appropriate
proportion. This mixture is smelted in a blast furnace. The following reactions take place
C + O2  CO2 , H = - 97 kcal
1500°C
CO2 + C  2CO , H = 58 kcal
(iv) At 400-700°C in the reduction region, the following reactions occur –
Fe2O3 + 3CO  2Fe + 3CO2 
This reaction takes place in the following steps
3Fe2O3 + CO  2Fe3O4 + CO2 
Fe3O4 + CO  3FeO + CO2 
FeO + CO  Fe + CO2 
Iron thus obtained is in solid state and becomes porous. It is known as spongy iron.
(v) At 1000°C, silica present in ore combines with CaO obtained from lime stone to give slag CaSiO 3.
CaCO3  CaO + CO2 
CaO + SiO2  CasiO3 (Slag)
(vi) At 1300°C, spongy iron melts and absorb. C, P, SiO2 etc. Slag also melts at this temperature. Both
fall at the bottom of the furnace. The molten metal obtained from the furnace is called pig iron. It
contains 2.6-4.3% of carbon and varying amounts of Mn, Si, Sand P.
White cast iron - If the molten iron obtained from blast furnace is suddenly cooled, the carbon is
present in the form of cementite (Fe3C) and the white coloured cast iron is obtained.
Grey cast iron - If the molten iron obtained from blast furnace is cooled slowly, the most part of
carbon is present in the form of graphite and the grey coloured cast iron is obtained.
Cast iron is not rusted. Its melting point is about 250ºC less than the pure iron.

WROUGHT IRON
It is obtained by purifying cast iron by the process known as pudding. The cast iron is. heated on the
hearth of a reverberatory furnace lined with hematite (Fe2O3) or magnetite (Fe3O4). The impurities of C,
Si, P, Mn, etc. are oxidised.
3C + Fe2O3  2Fe + 3CO 
3Si + 2Fe2O3  4Fe + 3SiO2
3Mn + Fe2O3  2Fe + 3MnO
6P + 5Fe2O3  10Fe + 3P2O5
P2O5 forms slag ferric phosphate with hematite.
P2O5 + Fe2O3  2FePO4
After separation of slag, the iron is taken out in the form of balls and the slag squeezed out by hammering.
Wrought iron thus obtained retains about 0.2% C and traces of P and Si etc. in the form of slag. The
presence of slag gives strength and toughness to metal and make it resistant towards rusting.

10. STEEL
It can be made as follows
(a) By reducing the amount of carbon in cast iron.
(b) By adding some carbon to wrought iron.
[10] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

(c) By mixing the required amounts of cast iron and wrought iron.
(d) Directly from ore.
Generally steel is prepared from cast iron.

PRODUCTION OF STEEL FROM CAST IRON

(i) Acidic Bessemer process
(1) The Bessemer is lined with silica.
(2) In the acidic Bessemer, hot air oxidise Mn, Si and C impurities present in the cast iron.
2Mn + O2  2MnO
Si + O2  SiO2
2C + O2  2CO 
(3) MnO combines with SiO2 to give slag MnSiO3 which is separated. Carbon is oxidised to carbon
monoxide which burns with a blue flame at the mouth of converter.
(4) When the whole of the carbon is oxidised the blue flame suddenly stops.
The requisite amount of carbon is then added usually in the form of an alloy of Fe + Mn + C,
Called spiegel. The process is called spiegeleisen. The resulting product is manganese steel
which is harder and possesses much greater tensile strength.
(ii) Basic Bessemer process
(1) This process is used when cast iron contains comparatively the higher impurity of phosphorus.
(2) The Bessemer is lined with CaO or MgO.
(3) Cast iron and lime stone are taken in the Bessemer and hot air is passed through them. Mn, Si,
C and, P oxidise as
2Mn + O2 - MnO
Si + O2 - SiO2
MnO + SiO2 - MnSiO3
Slag
4P + 5O2 - 2P2O5
2C + O2 - 2CO 
3CaO + P2O5  Ca3(PO4)2
Slag
Ca3(PO4)2 is known as Thomas slag and is used as valuable fertilizer.
(4) Iron thus obtained undergoes spiegeleisen and steel is obtained.
(iii) Siemen’s Martin open hearth process
(1) Iron. ore hematites used for the oxidation of impurities.
(2) Scrap steel, wrought iron of low quality is added to reduce the quantity of carbon.
(3) Heat is reproduced for obtaining the high temperature.
(4) The hearth of the furnace is lined with silica or dolomite. (CaO. MgO) depending upon the nature
of the impurities.
(5) C, S, P, Si, and Mn are oxidised by hematite as
Fe2O3 + 3C  2Fe + 3CO 
2Fe2O3 + 3S  4Fe + 3SO2 
10Fe2O3 + 3P4  20Fe + 6P2O5
2Fe2O3 + 3Si  4Fe + 3SiO2
Fe2O3 + 3Mn  2Fe + 3MnO
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [11]

CO and SO2 come out and other oxides form slag as follows which are separated.
MnO + SiO2  MnSiO3
slag
CaO + SiO2  CaSiO3
slag
3CaO + P2O5  Ca3(PO4)2
slag

11. ALLOYS OF STEEL

Alloys Composition
1. Chrome steel 2-4%Cr, 98-96% Fe
2. Tungsten steel 10-20% W, 90-80% Fe
3. Stainless steel 12-14% Cr, 88-86% Fe or
2-4% Ni + 86-82% Fe
4. Manganese steel 10-18% Mn, 90-82% Fe
5. Nickel steel 3-5% Ni, 97-95% Fe
6. Vanadium steel 0.2-1% V
7. Invar 36% Ni, 64% Fe

12. HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS

The hardness and elasticity of steel can be controlled by proper heat treatment.
Annealing - If steel is heated to redness and then allowed to cool slowly. it becomes malleable, soft and
pliable. This operation is called annealing.
Hardening - If steel is heated to redness and is suddenly quenched by plunging into water or oil, it
becomes extremely hard and brittle. This process is called hardening.
Tempering - Hard steel is heated up to 270°C and then allowed to cool slowly. It becomes’ comparatively
less hard and less brittle.

13. IMPORTANT ORES OF VARIOUS METALS

Manganese
(a) Pyrolusite - MnO2
(b) Manganite - Mn2O3.H2O
(c) Braunite - Mn2O3
Zinc
(a) Zinc blende - ZnS
(b) Calamine - ZnCO3
(c) Zincite - ZnO
(d) Franklinite - ZnO .Fe2O3
Mercury - Cinnabar - HgS
[12] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

Calcium
(a) Limestone - CaCO3
(b) Gypsum-CaSO4.2H2O
(c) Fluorspar - CaF2
(d) Phosphorite - Ca3(PO4)2
Magnesium
(a) dolomite ~ MgCO3.CaCO3
(b) Magnesite-MgCO3
(c) Epsomite-MgSO4.7H2O
(d) Carnallite - KCI.MgCl2.6H2O
(e) Kieserite-MgSO4.H2O
(f) Asbestos- CaMg3(SiO3)4
Lead
(a) Galena - PbS
(b) Anglesite - PbSO4
(c) Cerussite - PbCO3
Tin- Cassiterite (Tin stone)-SnO2

14. NAMES AND FORMULAE OF SOME COMPOUNDS

(1) Washing Soda-Na2CO3.1OH2O .
(2) Baking soda-NaHCO3
(3) Common salt-NaCl
(4) Glauber’s salt-Na2SO4.10H2O
(5) Hypo salt-Na2S2O3.5H2O
(6) Chili salt petre-NaNO3
(7) Nitre or Indian salt petre - KNO3
(8) Salt cake-Na2SO4
(9) Salammoniac (Nausadar) - NH4CI
(10) Rock phosphate (Bone ash) Ca3(PO4)2
(11) Mohr’s salt - FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
(12) Calomel- Hg2Cl2
(13) Corrosive sublimate - HgCl2
(14) Philosopher’s wool-ZnO
(15) Blue vitrol-CuSO4.5H2O
(16) Green vitriol- FeSO4. 7H2O
(17) Lunar caustic - AgNO3
(18) White vitrol-ZnSO4.7H2O
(19) Litharge-PbO
(20) White lead-Pb(OH)2.2PbCO3
(21) Red lead-Pb3O4
(22) Chrome red - PbO.PbCrO4
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [13]

(23) Chrome yellow-PbCrO4

(24) Chrome alum - KCr(SO4)2.12H2O

1
(25) Plaster of Paris-CaSO4. HO
2 2
(26) Lithopone-BaSO4 + ZnS
(27) Microcosmic salt-Na(NH4)HPO4. 4H2O
(28) Hydrolith - CaH2
(29) Pink salt - (NH4)2SnCI6
(30) Laughing gas-N2O
(31) Spodumene - LiAI(SiO3)2
(32) Nitrolium - CaCN2
(33) Ferric alum-NH4Fe(SO4)2.12H2O

IMPORTANT ORES
Oxide Ore ZnO Zincite
MnO2 Pyrolusite
SnO2 Cassiterite
Cu2O Cuprite
Fe2O3 Hematite
AI2O3.2H2O Bauxite
FeO.Cr2O3 Chromite
Fe3O4 Magnetite
Fe2O3.3H2O Lymonite
3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2 Beryl
Sulphide Ore ZnS Zinc Blende
HgS Cinabar
PbS Galena
Ag2S Argentite or Silver glance
FeS2 Iron pyrites
CuFeS2.CuS.FeS Copper pyrites
Cu2S. Ag2S Copper silver glance
Ag2S.Sb2S3 Pyrargyrites, Rubi silver
Ag5,SbS4 Stifenite
FeAsS Arsenickel Pyrites
Halide Ore NaCI Rock Salt
AgCI Horn Silver
CaF2 Flour Spar
AIF3.3NaF Cryolite
KCI MgCl2.6H2O Camelite
Carbonate Ore MgCO3 Magnesite
CaCO3 Lime stone
[14] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

MgCO3.CaCO3 Dolomite
ZnCO3 Calamine
PbCO3 Cerusite
FeCO3 Siderite
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 Malachite
2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 Azurite
SrCO3 Strontianite
Sulphate Ore BaSO4 Barytes
PbSO4 Anglisite
CaSO4.2H2O Gypsum
MgSO4.7H2O Eypsomite
SrSO4 Celestine
K2SO4.AI2(SO4)3.24H2O Alum
K2SO4.AI2(SO4)3.4AI (OH)3 Alunite or Alumstone
Silicate Ore LiAI(SiO3)2 Spodumene
KAI Si3O8 Felsper
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O Caolin
(or China-Clay)
3BeO.AI2O3.6SiO2 Beryl
CaO.3MgO.4SiO2 Asbestus
K2O.3Al2O3.6SiO22H2O Mica
KH2.Al3.(SiO3)4
Nitrate Ore NaNO3 Chili-Salt Peter
KNO3 Salt peter or Indian salt peter
Phosphate Ore Ca3(PO4)2 Rock Phosphate
Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O Vivianite
AIPO4.AI(OH)3.H2O Terguoise

FAMOUS PROCESS AND RELATED METAL

Poling Cu
Perkes Process Ag
Pattinson process Ag
Cupellation process Ag
Baeyer’s Process Al
Serpek’s process Al
Hall’s process Al
Siemens Martin open halth furnace Fe
L.D. Process Fe
Temperine Fe
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [15]

CHIEF ORES OF ALUMINIUM

Bauxite Al2O3. 2H2O
Diaspore Al2O3. H2O
Cryolite AlF3. 3NaF or Na3AlF6
China clay/Caolin Al2O3. 2SiO2. 2H2O
Mica K2O. 3Al2O3. 6SiO22H2O
Felspar KAlSi3O8
Corundum/Ruby/Sapphire/emerald / Topaz Al2O3
Gibbsite Al2O3. 3H2O
Aunite or Alum stone K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3 .4Al(OH)3
Turquoise AlPO4. Al(OH)3.H2O
Beryl 3BeO.Al2O3. 6SiO2

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
(a) The series of elements obtained by arranging them in an decreasing order of reduction potential is
known as electrochemical seres. (M+n + ne–  M)
Table – 1 standard electrode potential (reduction potentail) at 25ºC

S.No. Metal ion Potential in volts

1. Li+ + e–  Li - 3.05
2. K+ +eK - 2.93
3. Ca+2 + 2e  Ca - 2.90
4. Na+ + e  Na - 2.71
5. Mg+2 + 2e  Mg - 2.37
6. AI+3 + 3e  AI - 1.66
7. Zn+2 + 2e  Zn - 0.76
8. Cr+3 + 3e  Cr - 0.74
9. Fe+2 + 2e  Fe - 0.44
10. Ni+2 + 2e  Ni - 0.23
11. Sn+2 + 2e  Sn - 0.14
12. Pb+2 + 2e  Pb - 0.13
13. Fe+3 + 3e  Fe - 0.04

1
14. H+ + e  H or H - 0.00 (Reference)
2 2
15. Cu+2 + 2e  Cu + 0.34
16. Hg++ + 2e  Hg + 0.79
17. Ag+ + e  Ag + 0.80
18. Pt+4 + 4e  Pt + 0.86
19. Au+ + e  Au + 1.69
[16] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

SOME IMPORTANT ALLOY

1.  - Iron – Fe (100%)
2. Bronze – Cu(75–90%) + Sn (10 – 25%)
3. Brass – Cu (60 – 80%) + Zn (20 – 40%)
4. Aluminium Bronze – Cu(90%) + Al (10%)
5. Gun metal – (Cu + Zn + Sn) (87 : 3 : 10)
6. German Silver – Cu + Zn + Ni (2 : 1 : 1)
7. Bell metal – Cu (80%) + Sn (20%)
8. Monel Metal – Cu : Ni : (Fe + Mn) (30 : 67 : 3)
9. Nichrome – (Ni + Cr + Fe) (24 : 26 : 28)
10. Alnico – (Al, Ni, Co)
11. Britania Metal – (Sn + Pb)
12. Babbit metal – Sn + Pb + Cu
13. Munz metal – Cu + Zn (60 – 62%) – (68 – 40%)
14. Type metal – Pb + Sn + Sb
15. Alloys of steel
(i) Vanadium steel V (0.2 – 1%)
(ii) Chromium steel Cr (2 — 4%)
(iii) Nickel Steel Ni (3 – 5%)
(iv) Manganese steel Mn (10 – 18%) Mn (10 – 18%)
(v) Stainless steel Cr (12 – 14%) & Ni (2 – 4%)
(vi) Tungston steel W (10–20%)
(vii) Invar Ni (36%)
16. 14 Carat Gold – 54% Au + Ag (14 to 30%) + Cu (12–28%)
17. 24 Carat Gold – 100% Au
18. Genny Gold or coil of Gold – Au + Cu (11 : 1)
19. Solder – Pb + Sn
20. Delta metal – Cu + Zn + Fe
21. Coin of Silver – Ag (92.5%) + Cu (7.5%)
22. Coin of aluminium – Mg + Al
23 Coin of Steel – 3.5% Ni in steel
24. Magnellium – Mg (10%) + Al(90%)
25. Duralumin – (Al + Mn + Cu)
26. Y-alloy – Al(93%) + Cu(4%) + Ni(2%) + Mg (1%)
27 Dutch metal – Cu (80%) + Zn (20%)
28. Artificial Gold – Cu(90%) + Al(10%)
29. Constantan – Cu(60%) + Ni(40%)
30. Rinman Green – CoZnO2
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [17]

% OF CARBON IN DIFFERENT TYPE OF IRON

Name % of C

1. Wrought iron/Meleable 0.1 to 0.25

2. Steel 0.25 to 2.0
3. Pig Iron 2.3 to 4.6
4. Cast Iron 2.6 to 4.3

SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS/ MINERALS/ MIXTURE & THERE FORMULA’S

1. Epsom salt – MgSO4.7H2O
2. Gypsom salt – CaSO4.2H2O
3. Glober’s salt – Na2SO4.10H2O
4. Lime water – Ca(OH)2(slaked lime)
5. Quick lime – CaO
6. Washing soda – Na2CO3.10H2O
7. Crystal carbonate – Na2CO3.10H2O
8. Soda ash – Na2CO3
9. Baking Soda – NaHCO3
10. Baking powder – NaHCO3 Tartaric acid
11. Plaster of pairs – 2CaSO4.H2O or CaSO4.1/2 H2O
12. Chile salt petre – NaNO3
13. Indian salt petre – KNO3
14. Brine or table salt or rock salt – NaCI
15. Potash ash or pearl ash – K2CO3
16. Nitre or Indian salt petre – KNO3
or chemical refrigerator
17. Norwegian salt petre – Ca(NO3)2
18. Salt Cake – K2SO4
19. Carnalite – KCI, MgCI2.6H2O
20. Hypo – Na2S2O3, 5H2O
21. Borax ) or Tineal – Na2B4O7,10H2O
22. Barytes or Heavy spar – BaSO4
or Barium meal
23. Baryta – Ba(OH)2
24. Magnesia – MgO
25. Microcosmic salt – NaNH4HPO4.4H2O
26. Nitrolim – CaCN2
27. Hydrolith – CaH2
28. Fusion mixture – Na2CO3 + K2CO3
29. Gun powder – KNO3
[18] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

30. Pink salt – (NH4)2SnCI6

31. Laughing gas – N2O (Nitous oxide)
32. Red Lead – Pb3O4
33. Blue vitreol – CuSO4 . 5H2O
34. Green vitreol – FeSO4.7H2O
35. White vitreol – ZnSO4.7H2O
36. Phiiosopher’s wool – ZnO
37. Oil of Vitreol – H2SO4
38. Mohr’s salt –
(Ferrous ammonium sulphate) FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
39. Lunar Caustic – AgNO3
40. Calomel – Hg2CI2
41. Corrosive sublimate – HgCI2
42. Potash alum – K2SO4.Al2 (SO4)3 .24H2O
43. Chrom alum – K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O
44. Ferric alum – Fe2(SO4)3.(NH4)2SO4.24H2O
45. Chrome lemon – PbCrO4
46. Pyrolusite – MnO2
47. Cementite (Iron Carbide) – Fe3C
48. Nessler’s reagent – K2Hgl4
49. Lead Sugar – (CH3COO)2Pb
50. White lead – Pb(OH)22PbCO3
51. Rock Phosphate – Ca3(PO4)2
52. Rochelle salt CH(OH)COONa
(Sodium potassium tarterate) I
CH(OH)COOK
53. Flour spar – CaF2
54. Anhydrone – Mg(CIO4)2
55. Asbestos – CaMg3(SiO3)4
56. Sorel’s cement – MgCI2.5HgO. H2O
57. Magnesia alba – MgCO3.Mg(OH)3.3H2O
(used in tooth powders and tooth paste)
58 Lithopone – BaSO4 + ZnS
59. Witherite – BaSO4
60. Tough pitch Copper – 99.5% pure Cu
61. Oxone – Na2O2
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [19]

PARAMAGNETIC COMPLEX ION, HYBRIDIAZATION AND GEOMETRY

1. [Cr(H2O)]+3 (d2sp3) (Octahedral)

2. [Cr(CN)6]–3 (d2sp3) (Octahedral)
3. [CoF6]–3 (sp3d2) (Octahedral)
4. [Ni(H2O)6]+2 (sp3d2) (Octahedral)
5. [NiCI4]–2(sp3) (Tetrahedral)
6. [Cu(NH)4]+2 (dsp2) (Tetrahedral) or [Zn(NH3)4]+2
7. [CoF6]–3 (sp3d2) (Octahedral)

DIAMAGNETIC COMPLEX AND HYBRIDISATION & GEOMETRY

1. [Ni(Co)4] (sp3) (Tetrahedral)

2. [Ni(CN)4]–2 (dsp3) (Square Planer) or [Pt (NH3)4]+2
3. [Co(NH)5]+3 (d2sp3) (Octahedral)
4. [Co(H2O6)]+3 (d2sp3) (Octahedral)
5. [Co(NO)2]–3 (d2sp3) (Octahedral)
6. [Co(CN)6]–3 (d2sp3) (Octhedral)
7. [Fe(CN)6]–4 (d2sp3) (Octahedral)
 [20] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
1. Ignite mixture in thermite process is
(1) Fe + Al powder (2) BaO2 + Mg powder
(3) Cr + AI powder (4) Fe2O3 + Mg powder
2. Froth flotation process is used in the concentration of following type of ore –
(1) Carbonate ore (2) Oxide ore
(3) Sulphide ore (4) Phosphate ore
3. The purpose of smelting of an ore is
(1) to oxidise it (2) to reduce it
(3) To remove volatile impurities from it (4) to obtain an alloy
4. If steel is heated to redness and is suddenly quenched by plunging into water or oil, it becomes -
(1) Hard and ductile (2) Soft and ductile
(3) Soft and brittle (4) Hard and brittle
5. Steel is heated to redness and then allowed to cool slowly. This process is called
(1) Hardening (2) Temperine
(3) Annealing (4) Brittleness
6. Gun metal is an alloy of -
(1) Cr and Al (2) Cu, Sn and Zn
(3) Cu, Zn and Ni (4) Cu and Sn
7. Bauxite is purified by
(1) Hall’s method (2) Baeyer’s method
(3) Both of the above (4) None of these
8. If the impurity of silica in bauxite is comparatively more, then it is purified by
(1) Hall’s method (2) Baeyer’s method
(3) Serpek’s process (4) Pattinson’s process
9. Mercury is purified -
(1) By converting into solid state (2) By vacuum distillation
(3) By the reaction with dil HNO3 (4) By electrolysis
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [21]

10. The silver obtained from argentiferrous lead, is purified by

(1) Distillation (2) Froth flotation method
(3) Cupellation (4) Reaction with KCN

11. In alumino thermite process, aluminium acts as-

(1) An oxidant (2) A flux
(3) A reductant (4) A solder

12. In the production of silver metal from argentite. ore -

(1) A mixture of fused Ag2S and KCI is electrolysed .
(2) Ag2S is reduced by CO
(3) Ag2S is roasted to Ag2O and then Ag2O is reduced with carbon
(4) Ag2S is treated with NaCN solution and then metal is replaced by Zn

13. The inner lining of a blast furnace is made of -

(1) Graphite bricks (2) Silica bricks
(3) Fire clay bricks (4) Alkaline bricks

14. Which of the following ores is concentrated .by froth flotation method -
(1) Bauxite ore (2) Haematite ore
(3) Cryolite ore (4) Sulphide ore

15. Most abundant element in earth’s crust is -

(1) Hydrogen (2) Oxygen
(3) Silicon (4) Carbon

16. Iron reacts with carbon to give

(1) FeC (2) Fe3C
(3) FeC2 (4) FeC3

17. The most stable oxidation state of iron is

(1) + 2 (2) + 3
(3) - 2 (4) - 3

18. The following process is necessary to obtain purest form of copper metal
(1) Carbon reduction (2) Hydrogen reduction
(3) Electrolytic process (4) Thermite process

19. The following metal can be extracted by Baeyer’s method

(1) Mg (2) Fe
(3) Cu (4) Al

20. The substance mixed for the removal of . impurities from ores is called
(1) Slag (2) Gangue
(3) Flux (4) Catalyst
 [22] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

21. Which of the following in a correct statement?

(1) Malachite is an ore of copper (2) Azurite is an ore of copper
(3) Both of the above (4) None of these

22. Which of the following is not a correct statement?

(1) Malachite is a carbonate ore (2) Azurite is carbonate ore
(3) Both ores are of copper (4) Malachite and azurite both are oxide ores
23. Formula of bauxite is
(1) AI2O3 (2) Al2O3.H2O
(3) AI2O3.2H2O (4) Al2O3.3H2O

24. Mercury does not form amalgam with

(1) AI (2) Zn
(3) Ni (4) Fe

25. Which of the following is an ore of iron?

(1) Haematite (2) Kieserite
(3) Malachite (4) None of these

26. The purest form of iron is

(1) White cast iron (2) Grey cast iron
(3) Wrought iron (4) Steel

27. Which of the following is not a property of metals?

(1) Metals are transparent (2) Metals can be beaten to sheets
(3) Metals have crystalline structure (4) Metals are good conductors of heat.

28. Smelting is a process in which

(1) Ore is heated in presence of air (2) Ore is cooled
(3) Ore is heated in absence of air (4) Ore is melted

29. In the electrorefining of metal its aqueous salt solution is electrolysed. Impure metal is taken as anode
and pure metal as cathode. This method can not be used for refining of -
(1) Silver (2) Copper
(3) Aluminium (4) Zinc

30. Sulphide ore is generally concentrated by

(1) Froth flotation method (2) Magnetic separation
(3) Gravity separation (4) by caching with hand

31. For the purification of bauxite by Hass’s method, it is

(1) Heated with NaOH (2) Fused with Na2CO3
(3) Both of the above (4) None of the above

32. The substance which forms fusible matter by reacting with gangue, is called
(1) Flux (2) Catalyst
(3) Ore (4) Glassy slag
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [23]

33. Zinc plating is

(1) Deposition of Zn over Fe (2) Deposition of Al over Fe
(3) Deposition of Sn over Fe (4) Deposition of Cu over Fe
34. The formula for feldspar is
(1) KAISi3O8 (2) AI2O3
(3) Na3AIF6 (4) AI2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
35. For obtaining silver from horn silver, it is-
(1) Boiled with caustic soda and glucose (2) reacted with Zn + H2SO4
(3) Both of the above (4) None of these
36. The purest form of commercial iron is
(1) Pig iron (2) Cast iron
(3) Wrought iron (4) steel
37. The product formed when AgCl is fused with Na2CO3 is
(1) Ag2CO3 (2) Silver carbide
(3) Ag (4) Ag2O
38. In blast furnace, iron oxide is reduced with
(1) silica (2) by CO
(3) By carbon (4) by lime stone
39. The natural substance from which metal is extracted economically is called
(1) Mineral (2) Ore
(3) Compound (4) Salt
 [24] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

LEVEL - II
1. Titanium containing mineral found in our country is [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(1) Bauxite (2) Dolomite
(3) Chalcopyrites (4) Elmanite
2. Ore pitch blende is main source of [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(1) Ra (2) Ce
(3) Th (4) Mg
3. Main ore of aluminium is [CPMT 1989, 91, 2001; Rajasthan PMT 1997; Rajasthan PET 1999]
(1) Bauxite (2) Corundum
(3) Cryolite (4) Magnetite
4. Which ore is used for the manufacture of iron [CPMT 1973; 79; Rajasthan PET 2000]
(1) Cryolite (2) Bauxite
(3) Haematite (4) Chalcopyrites
5. Galvanisation is the [CPMT 1980,86,91,99; MP PET/PMT 1988; Pb. PET 1999]
(1) Deposition of Zn on Fe (2) Deposition of Al on Fe
(3) Deposition of Sn of Fe (4) Deposition of Cu on Fe
6. Blister copper is [CPMT 1976, 85, 2002;MP PET 1995]
(1) Pure copper (2) Ore of copper
(3) Alloy of copper (4) 1% impure copper
7. In the electrolytic purification of copper some gold is found in the
[CPMT 1972; AFMC 1995; RPET 2003]
(1) Cathode (2) Cathode mud
(3) Anode mud (4) Electrolyte
8. The slag obtained during the extraction of copper from copper pyrites is composed mainly of
[MNR 1993; MP PMT 1997; UPSEAT 2000, 01; IIT Screening 2001]
(1) CaSiO3 (2) FeSiO3
(3) CuSiO3 (4) SiO2
9. If excess of NH4OH is added to CuSO4 solution, it forms blue coloured complex which is
[MP PMT 1971, 79; Bihar CEE 1995; RPET 1999; AFMC 2001]
(1) Cu(NH3)4SO4 (2) Cu(NH3)2SO4
(3) Cu(NH4)4SO4 (4) Cu(NH4)2SO4
10. In the metallurgy of aluminium, cryolite is mixed in the molten state because it [Roorkee 1995]
(1) Increases the melting point of alumina
(2) Oxidises alumina
(3) Reduces alumina
(4) Decreases the melting point of alumina
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [25]

11. In the commercial electrochemical process for aluminium extraction, the electrolyte used is [IIT 1999]
(1) Al(OH)3 in NaOH solution
(2) An aqueous solution of Al2(SO4)3
(3) A molten mixture of Al2O3 and Na3AlF6
(4) A molten mixture of AlO(OH) and Al(OH)3
12. Among the following statements, the incorrect one is [IIT 1997]
(1) Calamine and siderite are carbonates
(2) Argentite and cuprite are oxides
(3) Zinc blende and pyrites are sulphides
(4) Malachite and azurite are ores of copper
13. The only cations present in a slightly acidic solution are Fe3+, Zn2+ and Cu2+, The reagent that when
added in excess to this solution would identify and separate Fe3+ in one step is [lIT 1997]
(1) 2M HCl (2) 6M NH3
(3) 6M NaOH (4) H2S gas
14. Addition of high proportions of manganese makes steel us eful in making rails of rail-roads because
manganese [IIT 1998]
(1) Gives hardness to steel
(2) Can show highest oxidation state of + 7
(3) Can remove oxygen and sulphur
(4) None of these
15. Highly pure dilute solution of sodium in liquid ammonia [IIT 1998]
(1) Shows blue colour
(2) Produces hydrogen gas
(3) Produces sodium amide
(4) None of these
16. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct with reference to the ferrous and ferric ions [lIT1998]
(1) Fe3+ gives brown colour with potassium fer ricyanide
(2) Fe2+ gives blue precipitate with potassium ferricyanide
(3) Fe3+ gives black colour with potassium thiocyanate
(4) Fe2+ gives brown colour with ammonium thiocyanate
17. Assertion: Al(OH)3 is amphoteric in nature
Reason: Al - O and O - H bonds can be broken with equal ease in Al(OH)3 [IIT 1998]
(1) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
(2) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
(3) Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect
(4) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct
18. FeS2 is [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(1) Artificial silver (2) Fool’s gold
(3) Mohr’s salt (4) Cast iron
 [26] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

19. Which metal is soluble in boiling water [Rajasthan PET 1999]

(1) Bell metal (2) Gun metal
(3) Wood metal (4) None of these
20. The chemical processes in the production of steel from haematite ore involve [lIT Screening 2000]
(1) Reduction
(2) Oxidation
(3) Reduction followed by oxidation
(4) Oxidation followed by reduction
21. Electrolytic reduction of alumina to aluminium by Hall-Heroult process is carried out in the presence of
[lIT Screening 2000]
(1) NaCl
(2) Fluorite
(3) Cryolite which forms a melt with lower melting temperature
(4) Cryolite which forms a melt with higher melting temperature
22. Colourless solutions of the following four salts are placed separately in four different test tubes and a strip
of copper is dipped in each one of these. Which solution will turn Blue [MP PET 2002]
(1) KNO3 (2) AgNO3
(3) Zn(NO3)2 (4) ZnSO4
23. CuSO4 when reacts with KCN forms CuCN, which is insoluble in water. It is soluble in excess of KCN
due to the formation of [CBSE PMT 2002]
(1) CuCN2 (2) K3[Cu(CN)4]
(3) Cu[KCu(CN)4] (4) K2[Cu(CN)4]
24. Thomas slag is [Rajasthan PET 2003]
(1) CaSiO3 (2) Ca3(PO4)2
(3) MnSiO3 (4) CaCO3
25. Which one of the following ores is best concentrated by froth-flotation method [AIEEE 2004]
(1) Malachite (2) Cassiterite
(3) Galena (4) Magnetite
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [27]

SELF ASSESSMENT
1. Iron can be extracted by the following process
(1) Smelting process
(2) Roasting
(3) Aluminothermite process
(4) Electrolytic reduction of fused iron oxide

2. Limonite is an ore of
(1) Copper (2) Silver
(3) Aluminium (4) Iron

3. Powdered silver ore is mixed with NaCN solution, the product formed on passing air to this mixture is -
(1) AgCN (2) Ag
(3) Ag(CN)2 (4) Na[Ag(CN)2]

4. An alloy is an example of
(1) Gel (2) Aerosol
(3) Solid sol (4) Emulsion

5. Cyanide process is used in the extraction of

(1) Cr (2) Ag
(3) Cu (4) Zn

6. The ore of silver is -

(1) Argentite (2) Bauxite
(3) Malachite (4) Cuprite

7. Duralium is in alloy of
(1) Cu and Mg (2) Cu, Mg and Mn
(3) Cu and Mn (4) Mg and Mn

8. The frothing agent in the following is

(1) Pine oil (2) Sodium amyl xanthate
(3) Gangue (4) Sulphide ore

9. The number of metallic bonds, from Cr to Ni.

(1) Decreases continuously (2) Increases continuously
(3) Remains same (4) None of these

10. CuSO4 solution on reaction with KCN gives –

(1) Cu(CN)2 (2) Cu(CN)
(3) K2[Cu(CN)4] (4) K3[Cu(CN)4]

11. In the cyanide method of extraction of silver, silver ore is heated with
(1) Sodium cyanide solution (2) Silver cyanide solution
(3) Salt and roasted pyrite (4) None of these
 [28] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

12. In the Parkes process for the extraction of silver, molten zinc is mixed with molten argentiferous lead
because
(1) Molten lead and zinc are insoluble in each other
(2) Silver is more soluble, in molten zinc as compared to lead
(3) Silver and zinc alloy solidifies readily on cooling
(4) All of the above

13. The formula of calamine is

(1) ZnS (2) ZnCO3
(3) Ag2CO3 (4) Ag2S

14. The process of calcination is carried out in case of following types of ores
(1) Hydroxide ores (2) Carbonate ores
(3) Hydroxide and Carbonate ores (4) Hydroxide and sulphide ores

15. Which of the following is a correct statement?

(1) A mineral can not be an are
(2) All the ores can not be minerals
(3) All the ores are minerals
(4) All the minerals are ores

16. Which of the following ores is used in the industrial production of iron?
(1) Cryolite (2) Bauxite
(3) Hematite (4) Chalcopyrite

17. Which of the following metal contains maximum number of metallic bonds?
(1) V (2) Ti
(3) Sc (4) Ca

18. The total number of atoms present in a body central cubic unit cell is
(1) 2 (2) 8
(3) 1 (4) 12

19. Pig iron-

(1) Is the iron containing the carbon and other impurities
(2) Is a pure form of iron
(3) Is similar to wrought iron
(4) Is similar to steel

20. Refractory materials are used for the construction of furnaces because
(1) They are light in weight
(2) They can withstand high temperature
(3) They are leak proof
(4) They do not require to be replaced
General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements [29]

21. The substance used in the reduction of metal ores in thermite process is
(1) Aluminium (2) Thorium
(3) Hot platinum (4) Carbon

22. The blocks of automobile engines are made up of -

(1) Stainless steel (2) Nickel chromium steel
(3) Cast iron (4) Wrought iron

23. Malachite is a mineral of

(1) Magnesium (2) Copper
(3) Iron (4) Aluminium

24. Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O) is known as -

(1) Burmilon (2) Glauber’s salt
(3) Green vitriol (4) Mohr’s salt

25. Cupellation is used in the extraction of the following metal -

(1) Copper (2) Silver
(3) Aluminium (4) Iron
[30] Chemistry–XII–Unit-VIII

ANSWERS

EXERCISE

LEVEL - I
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (3)
6. (2) 7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (3)
11. (3) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (4) 15. (2)
16. (2) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (3)
21. (3) 22. (4) 23. (3) 24. (3) 25. (1)
26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (4) 29. (3) 30. (1)
31. (2) 32. (1) 33. (1) 34. (1) 35. (3)
36. (3) 37. (3) 38. (2) 39. (2)

LEVEL - II
1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (1)
6. (4) 7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (4)
11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (4) 14. (1) 15. (2)
16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (4)
21. (3) 22. (2) 23. (2) 24. (2) 25. (3)

SELF ASSESSMENT
1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (2)
6. (1) 7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (3) 10. (4)
11. (1) 12. (4) 13. (2) 14. (3) 15. (1)
16. (3) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (2)
21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (2) 24. (3) 25. (2)