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OTC Materi

The document proves two results: 1) If a2 + b2 + c2 + 1 = abcd where a, b, c, d are positive integers, then d must equal 4. It proves this by considering d ≥ 5 and deriving a contradiction. 2) If an + bn ∈ Z+ for positive integers a, b, n where n ≥ 2, and k = (ab)n-1 + 1, then k must be an nth power of an integer. It proves the case n = 2 and argues other values of n lead to contradictions.

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Gregorius
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127 views3 pages

OTC Materi

The document proves two results: 1) If a2 + b2 + c2 + 1 = abcd where a, b, c, d are positive integers, then d must equal 4. It proves this by considering d ≥ 5 and deriving a contradiction. 2) If an + bn ∈ Z+ for positive integers a, b, n where n ≥ 2, and k = (ab)n-1 + 1, then k must be an nth power of an integer. It proves the case n = 2 and argues other values of n lead to contradictions.

Uploaded by

Gregorius
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VIETA JUMPING

1. Suppose a , b , c , d are positive integers such that


a 2+b 2+ c 2+1=abcd
Prove that d=4.
Proof.
Suppose that d ≥5, then we have
a 2+ a (−bcd )+ ( b2 +c 2 +1 )=0
Quadratic equations in a.
x 1+ x2=bcd
x 1 x 2=b 2+ c 2+1
b2 + c2 +1
x 2=bcd−a=
a
Suppose ( a , b , c ) has the minimal solution for a fixed value k.
WLOG a ≥ b ≥ c
2 2 2 2 2
bcd ± √ b c d −4 ( b + c +1 )
x 2=
2
Since it has the minimal a+ b+c solution, then
bcd+ √ b2 c2 d 2−4 ( b 2+ c2 +1 )
x 2=
2
Or else it has a smaller set of solution:
Thus,
b+c
a≥
2
( bcd −√ b2 c2 d 2−4 ( b2 + c2 +1 ) ) ( b+ c )
≥
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( bcd−b−c ) ≥ b c d −4 ( b + c +1 )
We will get
5 b2 +5 c 2 +2 bc+ 4 ≥ 2bcd (b+c )
Since d ≥5 ,
2 bcd ( b +c ) ≥ 10 bc ( b +c ) ≥ 6 bc ( b+c ) +4 ( b+c ) ≥5 b 2+5 c 2 +2 bc+ 4 (b+c )
Therefore, b+ c ≤ 1
Which is clearly forming a contradiction.
Thus, d ≤ 4

a 2+b 2+ c 2+1=abcd

Notice a , b , c , dcan’t be all even,


Suppose they can be at least one even.
Then RHS is even. Let us notice a 2+b 2+ c 2+1 ≡ 0(mod 2).
Then, there must only be 1 odd and 2 even.
Therefore,
a 2+b 2+ c 2+1 ≡2(mod 4)
contradicting the fact that 4∨abcd.
Thus, all of them must be odd
Notice that
a 2+b 2+ c 2+1
Is divisible by 4, when a , b , c odd. Therefore,
a 2+b 2+ c 2+1=dabc
Thus, 4∨d, and since d ≤ 4.
Then, we must have d=4.

2. Suppose that a , b , n, where n ≥ 2 are positive integers such that


a n + bn
∈Z
+¿¿
k= n−1
( ab ) +1
Prove that k is an nth power of an integer.
Proof.
Claim 01. If a , b ≥ 2 , then n=2
Proof. Suppose n ≥ 3, notice that we must have
( ab )n−1+1 ≤ an +b n
But, we must have
( ab )n−1+1 ≥ 2a n−1+2 b n−1
which is true since
( a n−1−2 ) ( bn−1−2 ) ≥ ( a 2−2 ) ( b2−2 )=4
Thus, we can’t have
k ∈ Z +¿¿
Suppose a=1, then
b n+1
k = n−1
b +1
Notice that
b n−1+1∨bn +1
b n−1+1∨bn−bn−1=b n−1(b−1)

b n−1+1∨b−1

b=1, we are then finished since k =1, which is an nth power of integer.
For n=2 , we have IMO 1988 ¿ 6 :
a2 +b2 2
+¿→ k ∈Z ¿
k= ∈Z
ab+1
Suppose
a 2−kab+ b2−k =0
a 2+ a (−bk ) + ( b2 −k ) =0
As a quadratic equation on a, we then have
x 1+ x2=bk
x 1 x 2=b 2−k
b2−k
x 2= =bk−a
a
Suppose (a , b) has the minimal solution.
WLOG a ≥ b
Now, note that we will be finished if k > 0 since
b2−k
<a
a
We are then finished.

ab+ bc+ ca
2
2 2
≥ 8 ( a2 b2 +a 2 c 2 +b2 c 2 )
a +b +c +16 abc
a+ b+c=1

x ( x−1 )2 +16 y 2 ≥ 4 y ( x−1 )( x +2 )

Jika x ≤ 1 , obv

Jika x ≥ 1

x
a 2+b 2+ c 2=1−
2

4
x=4 ( ab+ bc+ ac ) ≤
3

4
1≤x ≤
3

8 ( x−1 ) ≤ 9 y
2 2
x ( x−1 ) +16 y ≥ 4 y ( x−1 )( x +2 )

4
Take x ∈ 1 , [ ] 3

f ( y ) =x ( x−1 )2−4 y ( x−1 )( x +2 ) +16 y 2

f ' ( y )=32 y−4( x−1)( x +2)

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