LL TT ELecTRomagneriC FIELD THEORY = ‘ 19-07-18 Omse, a. RF > SODKH — 360M Mw > 360 Mig — 3606, mm waves — 30 Gilg — 39 atts, micrdwave adv onctages | ® Bandwidth @ fading effect (3) Antenna siging (LAA) © Gin (GAP Coverage Arca. LimHahions!— © line of sight © ostly equipments ® bossen in the medium. 23-07-18 ORTHOGONAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM suppose thee is three points Ww kus ingenexal > imebric coe(ficient- di = hide uy xAus = Ays —O Qa, x Qu, = Qu —@ Aus X Ay, = du. —@ 2 Aur dy, + Au, Gu, + Avg Gus — fhe ae oy F M9 Gu OQ Oy Oy = Muy dus = Auy-du, fry veetor cay be uritter cs! 2\"4 [ale (Aue taut + Aus)” —O =0 —@ Ay Aa, = Ay, bu, = us Guy -4 dlis hr duy —-@® —o | dtl= [Cauy Haus Cay" J ° J dle (Chidu,) + (hy dus)” + Chsdus)” J aN= dh dtd AV = bh, hs duduydus dsp = dhe dls dS) = Phas duydus, dS, = hyhs dudus dss = buhy “dea day CARTESIAN Co-ogpinate!— >] Sha he (UUs) = OC Y 29 Az Ardy + Ag dy + Azte Axx Oy = Op oy % 4, = 0% dSy = dyd2 a, X dy = ay Sy = dade dS, = dxdy. >There is no dV = dedy de cuny nature here t hye hye he = 4 CYLINDRICAL Co-ORDINATE 7 ~ (, Wy, U3) = ay x dy = dy Ay x dO, = Or oe a2 Gy = a6hi = ha 24 Goa we Cr, b, HED ha= ) ope : 27 F ducto cay h, oh, hy cof § \ y { dt = dva, + ¥ dba, + dea, dS = ¥ dodo dS, = dode dV = ¥dudpde. ds, = vdydo 25-07-18 Can A = Axdy + Ay ay + Ap A Cy? A= Ardy + Agdy Ax Ge Axe AeGx oe = (Ardy t Agag + Arde ) ax Ae = Ardy Oy + Ng dg Ix + Ay Oe, Ox & On = COSd Gy dy = coe (AZ +h) = -sNh hid = 0 Ars Ar cosh — Apsinb Ay os As dy ee = Ady dy + Ay yy + A224r aay = Cos (Jo-ch) = sing, Matrix form! — ay 4 = Osh Ax cosh + -sinb + o] fa, th dy = 0 Ay | - }sme cosh 0 las Ay = Av sind + Ap cos, Ae 2 cS Wy, Az = Ae Av cosh sind oo] Jar Aa | = | -sinb cos lla A ° ° Ar Notes- x= yusg E ' Yorsng z=2 ve Ferg? b= tan! (%_) Qu- A= dcop Fy -2FA_t SA, —vepaesent in Cartesian co-or. Sel”! Ax posh ea 0] [3.cosb Ay} = | smd Cos ° 2° | Ay Oo ° \ S Ax = 3cokh +245Inb : Ve yt Ay= 3cosh sind - rvcasb as P= ton'(%) Ace S Az 3x payee [229 won he = Taye oT En Oy + Say ia" Sphesical Conondinates—— ga 7 (Ur Wy Us) = Cr, 6.9) AES vines he=! | ey YANG hoe ; (7 8 4) h3= vsingé ax Og = dep Op X Oe =4, ByX Ay = Oe Us dra, +d0aq +46 4% ds, =v snO db.db ds = rsme-dr-db ds = vdyde AV = ¥sind drdO dy. - ~ = t= ¥sind. ‘i A= Aedy + Mode + AGdp ¥ dnd cosh a - - - Y= vane A= Acde+ Ay dy + Aad neve 2 = weose Ax Ady = Avdy dnt Aedes Or + Ag Op de Cord, = wn cos dod = cos8-cosp Og Ax. a -sinb Ax < Arsm@ash + Ag css ercsh + Apr- sindAy= Ax dy ay a No Ay dy v Ap dy Vy Ay es Ar sin 8 sind + Ae cosesng 4 Ag Cos Ap = Aros —- Agsind- Matrix form s— ; es Ne SnOcosh —smOsind —_coe9 Ax Ae | = \cos@cosd cos sing §— -sing Ay Ab “smh coo ° A Ax sin 8 cosh C688 cost “snd ] [ Ar Ay |= $8 sin cos sing cos | | Ae Ay 68 ~sm6 o |l4e te yay 8= tag! Grp a > = tw y x + 8 4 , : 8 e Ru: A position of a Pomt P> (8 20°, 330°) vepresent in @) Cartesian © Unda cat- fips (6 8,4) * (AB, 380,-4) Sl Ax M120: 405350 casOTS330— SMBBOTL A, Ay = Je Az Aeupweras Oey ~The move bi yer circle the mort “magnitude coming nea > IG-07-1% 3 A A A A= Axx tAyy +A, 2 B= Britt By +B? uv Yi? a a A+B = (ner Bx) % +(ry tBy)y + (Aa 48rd? & w Scalar UD Verto, Product !— Re = AB “+ AyBy 1 Ar Be A= ) t § 3 Me Ny Ae | = -B KA | Bx By Be Product of 5 vetos i - BR (axl) = BUA) = CAxB) R(Bxt) = ~A xB > 2a, 3,29, GA Rraxt = BAU) -7AR) & special variation af q scalar quantity in a pester clirection, scalan ——> vector: v= 2 F425 492 ax Yak —CAR) Rule- Gradi ent °~ vf = af fe of of du iy i 50 vt = Shea + af d hide hae HoCantesion'- yf = Fae 4 ob ay 4 OF gy “De a we (uu ug)= OCY®) hehichs=4. Gylindical~ Vie I ot Oy y9oF ap + 2b oF dy 7 yo Vita wy = 1, 6%) Wwe bse ee peroical' fe of g +1 Ff ag + OF gl aw > 20 evn reine (we us u) = Cy, 6, 6) h= | hav h3 = rind. (feed MP fn rao Aivagence 4 Curl. = applied om vector quash. ee 2 (nbs fi) $2 (hy hs fe , , f= hi a hs [= oun +d Rivrgence™ Us Peat i yy ihe 3 corte’ of 2 Oe yy 4 fe au oy oz cylindrical SP [es ate 4 dh 7 0 eo | spherical +, Oh) (osim8 fi oie a a@ ge | a esin6) 1 VT} PW sino 36 sind i —_——Cust \- eee, Setar So TXA= > 2 ) | cartesian |= mY Ok Ax Ay Ar a, i VAp a Cytindl . I Qa le ylindmeal '- 17% A = ia yD >| yy 29RD Ay TAp Ad | spherical a | Oy Yae ¥sin8 ag vx = — Jk 2 > y sine oy 10 ao Ay Ap wo Ad , ) Qu:- find Gradient - divergence £ wl. aa Vere erg Pe aye dy Ibe gal “ ofe gar cosup neh sina Feos2g® > gadiet- = 2TE cosrh ay- VE snr) Op + x7 cose de, a divergence’ — VP =z aye + BL: fe 4 ug Oy gules ER | a hee VP = ox oy o>Laplacian Operator '~ via vv. 2 ot a Do oy” er vf a Ttegral Operator’ - a - do Line “inteyra) ¥ Sia Copen conto ) GY Surface Integral - — GD Volume inteysal: \ ha dl (elased - »—) ¥ \ my, ({feaetav. fio} [fAed open i i > —F G aaa “closed Aivergence Theovern:- G i {lf eras Stokes Theosern !- b Red = Sf va) do.Nw ‘Adentity! - yx(vv)=0 Vv ( YXR ) =0. 30-07-18 : Qu.- pun fi xy a, —axay verify the stokes theovem je ove the quarter circular dise with a radius 3 in the fixct quordinate . y- Sol ay ker theorem feat = {{ (xR rda. 5 Ox Ay 42 vx ape 29 2 ox OY IE ty “yr 0 = 0-0 + XC 6X) = — Ay (xt+2) a i G42) de dy. s3 Lay (Cox) ds = if = (aia) dx dy I barton) y = (NOB sip PT —3( i) iy Linear-integra] fro, 6g _ ° : 5 (Fai = [etre al Pay : = 6 x] 7 / hy a 7 [p09 |- [ya amy] 3 0 -- (14% ("g) io - 830 x=0 ji Fed = T (/aydy) = dandy =Ofrom 074 y 0 ° Pu = { (ardx) = xydx [xvax =0. Elechie field !- A 4 peer 1 Unked with plarigation - for free space. = E= -¢- 1 yg t E =o ooh xo = -h = 88x10" fF /m | Didechic constant (C= _& | & Exx Exy fe |] & | = Elechic Aapisenent vector @). B= lee Gy ee (Ig =€€ 2 Sax Ley Eee} LER, t % pe — Homogentous mediuy oa

3Taping Aivegne theorem — {fos B)dvV = =f {s iif) — Snskegral form, used when wediuen is {{{ @B-p)W =o chowging abrubtly vb Pp =0 VB = Pf. Bee e-/ Vea oe > Ditfreutial form ov point form, median property should wot be chamiyed in rapid way, Gauss Law for Magnetic field! - > net rmagnectit flux cormmy out form the surface will be equal to wet ragnectic choage in euclosed seuface. | Fae = ° | > Inteyrol form. by divergence theorem, [jar 0 —_ [vee 0 | > ditferenti al form, > wel when mediun ic uniformed.Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction *~ Tota] clechomotive force abound a closed loop is eqaal. te the duced which rvake of chomye of flux magne Hic fied is pro opposed fhe orginal magnetic field: e pb — tolad flux entered by the lech » 7.) o ={fé.ae B (magnetic fluc deusity ot to make the system Stable the wragnetic fields will abvoyc bbe im opposite direction + ot. feat = - 26 ed = — deaw aty _ _agtegel [feat - - [ta by stokes theoreoy. [Jone da = - {[-2h @ > differcutiat form,Ampe's Circuit law !— Total meqgretomotic force will be equal to nef cusneub enclosed within the Loop 2 a F > conduction current dendity, 2 Ma eA 25 fiat = = Ties ie cdl = = [jie Fag = [Jia f Sntegral form apbly Stokes threw, {| (wx da = (J #.da i (vxi-T) da =o. \vxn 3] > Dilfercutia) form, 3 Pi fferential form camit be applied for digcontinuaily Cortinuity Equation; — —~ _y porvebime choy? duasity ‘ee uh cost: wt J[[fao= <5 (fen abely Arrnjzeuce » (\| ce alt = oF dv.(S] (v3 + HT) AY = =0 eae Je 7 4 > continuity equation, fom Armpen's- Law. VWRH = T take divergence on both side. Ve (vx) = wt 22, AFKD) = FT ) YT =o, | We F400 manwell contribution! ~ jr“ 5 J+ a von ~ af at VT = > (vb) ot vi= -v 2B dt ee — displacement current Density,Qu: Gal = O2- 08-18 * z- Ys Peay ehecbic flux density Da OX 4 3x7y2 find) change density & change confined within the surfece, inside cube of cide 2m countered ab the mangle ovigine usith its sides alowg the co-ordinate axis, 4 Be OX +X yz chonge density faw D = 3x0" ti y Q= ({fpav= [ff sade © {J g dyde = 3 { Qde = 2LKXAKR2= BC Qi fe oe” Che tind the total charge enslosed wwvvuvuerve wee ewe yee ry ~ - - | Ww SS = ' with in the sphe also find electric flux density rudiug Y= Im a-f = pn ; { losin (ey) dr do dg. ° i woe v dy dodo - ° Psindz : 2K * : Q= sof ad “(‘anade [ Oe dy- : 0 o L = DK ARK “LOST oad, = OA ¢ : is Dd: r yp De= Tooy? = 6.25 x C/o? Qu, Assuming thay a coud of & confived in a region bry two sphere FM = gm 2 Besa. has ) a change density of _ 7 } f= Bae cos? Sen fad the totwl change coutained futhab region, Sah Pe 7 Q: {J BAW cold y' sing dy dodp 4 . 09 002 il er { de. {4 dre 3x10" or —3xi0b {ol BAW ae Js ween le os a]06-08-18 ; F Qu: > Jn’ a conducting ediuy 472 aa 2(ctt) 29 We tind — Cray? 3 a) conduction current domity ab (2,0,-1)m. Wy curreut enclosed by a square oop. , Y=0 ; o02x¢1 5 02241 i fmp. gi | ; J = VXH REE eee A or = AGH + to vKR = FB W42DYy +o uniforued dichibi( at point, (2 ,0,-1) Gin vye Py z | C9 OF a Ye Simp. Qu. A (ong conding Spe cylivder of yadius a is placed ahovg the 2 axis amd T= Tov 2 “hg LO find H_ inside $ outside the conductor ee fia = [haHany = i Jo V2.2 drdd.v ° 0 He a BY, Qa. A sqv loop of 4m is placed im xy- plane with its coster iM ongin sides dlowg co- ordinate axis, if the magnetic flux density is given by e= (02% -0.34 -044) ot Wh hy? find emf induce im the loeb at t= ajo sec b= (fiat eff atte, ) “Si O4xe ON dad 2 eee i maa anf= 2b 64 exo v7 ; = 2 0b4xe “1 = VECUKL = Oo. 64 e = 64 \ooe; Qu Two changes Qn 2 Be are separated by dictame of ' 10M } Qe = towewt £ Qe= ~rocoswt we jo’ ¥ad/s find mag ncHte flux dewity at «a poiwt which is at a distomce of Jom for both the changes « SolM = Qa = 10 coswt Qs - distance = \OM- w= + (yxé) = E jw” = der 3 — ee JwHe | >y > WoPetty ae ea , ox * > aaay, = ics BOK WE Mo A — 0 coswt = S$ | snd= 2a lL 10 ae Ep = Eq sin® +e (30-6) =| 10 caswt an = fe ot Lo coswl- sin AK €0¥ UR eot Jo cow UR bot” xt 2) <> uoQui- dectrictidd im a perfect dieletic medium is given bye = Ex. pi (wt ~B EIU, Vimy wd find magneHc field @ intensity » GD Coleulade. the Field dewtlty (i) what should be the valacof & so that thie Hild is equal to wiHal given Hed. S(wt ~— 68) Uy nie - Sal’. = & & VXE = — 28 @ = un ot HOH ~yxt = Dd Ex u Qt 7 = 4 BEx, pi Lut -6#) My,09-08-18 Wave Equation 2 Basic Plane wave Solublca = Wave Cyuation < Fase i Solution iy Helmholt Equation }- as howogeurous : oxE = 2B L-jwun ‘setebic J see Tt LD Sow fee” ate we = AT 8 veyion- se: to = jwee —® take cus| of eq O £@. WxUxE = y-divection ~— (Y —E divecti on —> Wot -k2) 9 conctak,has ity) = : Phase weloctty' a as the velocity of wave of which a Fixed -face pein on which waves trowel + Ve = Az at = Mt couch pees Pade yd: 4 k pe eed |v aC Tue eer \ [co ech fietd (id worg neHe field Womelength ) diveclion of- (we-k2) — (we -Kl2+a)) = a7 eae Alt pend icu- de tes Sete LV | te tendon, k Ws f ar 2 J Ie Hy wi Dt Hy= + Ike = IKE Y a [e = eae, J whee wy ee - WH Lf wy eras Plane wawe in a General Loscy medium j— Wve = —JwueH =) es 2 mes weet “+k Take cual on oO, > ° és VXVXE = ~Iwu(vxt) = > jwy (Iwee tek) 2s ~VE = Wimee ~ jwuoe €= . ae attenuation cont v= APG B= phas comets 13-08-18 e Rae Wis’ wie i- repaysben JS cont in a pecticalay darc™+ ee! 1, Ex +26 327 a: fe pee ¥= K+J6 =e eo ONoz ¢ rior e “Kz os - cae Ses e 4 €-0: 2 € ext®? fomr- in tte domain. Ex (2) = Real (E'€ Geel ea ete € Meas Cutt fe oe ei? Sots eva Cine Sul ee FE eM) wove trowtlinyin FR direct 2 dine j is see ee Ho 1 (te -Ee") WH e OHInbincic Jmpedauee. (1) = SWHE Wes (Ee ee). i Plage Waves na Good Condastor 7, we) t= jw Sue fi- we Je=4 f a = jee ale 1 iwme [F J INE = 04+)) Jwuc a. x= WUT _ eas Skin depth = Goals = | + cowes into picture for Sw Swe higher. fre. General Plame wane Solutions :— Vet Res ve PE Fe ee Ix He ee c= ox Wee ae ko oO. Ye 2 © oe Gt Pe ee cae ox aye aE % Oo where (ay).f Method !- Separation of variables - @ Ex t=) = foo: 9G) bh Subshtde eg © WO & then divide by Fah- le. ris va Ke = 0. — ®& + | " i gt! 2 hk fink Leh be o-k Brey 2 a rs ke Sie ak =0 ate fh at —©O x: Laker te? re er BK — © tik ah Sandee an i (kat + ky eRe @ ZN F)- Ae BS Tap const, a 4 Ze eteyd eet kee kek + by) + be? if. . Cartes Gh y, b= Aen Aik? ‘ o (E225 be ad eee, Vel G é:*Ere Oh, = oh 4 9 4 x 3Yy oz eae (e = Ad vey?) Pa Glee) auEive ? ~ik? =-jkee” =0 only postible k L €- Tosthogowal y gee Ke & =0 vyxe = - JW — OVE (oe a ¥ wa Gm? € 2. Ep.er nt Bey : tke ik (vvee ) Ww = oh (xk ok") = othe KexEs one mi | aD: - eres Kxe 4HES geo for volume V Tine fey Stored Glechic Eveagy = We = 7 Re { €. tay —O V tf medium ig isotropic & Homogeweout then), q Vv Ting ~ ay stored wegnetfa Energy = Ww = 4 Re [fbav 8 B= uit Wa to [tev -@ 2». > => We de tee ae Kennduchivon VXE = -jwun — —€ é +7 muttply equt © by V* 4 mutiply the conj of @ by 2s => HS exe) = = jou lip Atm, E-(wxi) = €5* jue ep > E(VXH) = ET, + ofl jw lel We = zelecu —@ |we ( Exh") = Wh (wxé) = Ey x8") = ele + jwle er alAl®) - (E30 + W* Me). Volume integral ey both gides— [v (Exiyav = b exit ds N Iv T [Eas WK aye — b eet as = -e (rear + Je (eel actA Puk 2 €< je" 2 wey! ja" put tn eg O. tele = [ein sgh eua ‘ds _ fletav + +2 Fie (eler+ wl) N + jw 4 cen lat <] EV av akt"§ tes verter a R= 4 (eT + FO AV iV > Complex pauses delivered by the source J, 4 Mf,(lees e x { Ex ii" ds > complex power flew out of the ¢ f= sj rave mye] “4% (le yer pun) dv ’ 3s| Time ag power, dissipaled due fo conductivity dielecbic 4 mag netic losses. robes Belmw] ig {rit eet) ~ stowed wagneHte Lcletric emergy. ya uniform plonewave at fre ; q- of 300 MH travel | vacume along + y direcHion . the elechic aed if co al some instance given as E = 32 st phase, const of waurard also M the vector i magnetic ene (mM) field _— B= w fue = ant = In K 300x\0° c 3 x 108 = aK yall see. assume es He AL + Be en Brn: 2°40 3A+SB =0 —O tertrinsic impedomrce qe fel seo a SEON: Losed Surface -_———- 5 | 1Q0q= fest9 re 1 Tyre = 15-46 vier Af —@© c 3 ates as 4S on Saad Le oo high tth “20% woe agadlation Vaccum innpecete > 377-2 -o-l aa couded oo cartes je 7 Ante | a Time varying carrent (Acetuationt deeceleration) > Jmbalouee of the current of spatial Smbalaue. 4p gah & aKe ip eye dt F Fransmission ine !~ % Paomtes 9b 4 eos (loneCy dipole amteuna, oak b <1\ b EF — sealor Potential . Mee — Vector potential ~ a2 v6 =0 WXKAS magneHe vector potewhal. B= He TxA 5. se j= DB 2-8 = _vxW atwen h = yp t+ uel - ri FiCVA) VAS AT He ES TR MEN = —pTt MEVVT VIVA). Uo ae | HH medium is source Pre: > ee a Rue N oo uy MeyV+ V(~k) <0 Vl MEV VA) = 0. VR = - Mev E+4h-s - vv take divergence . “ 2 vetVne — Vv. 2 . WA = WHEN — $UEN = —yV 36-08-18 Lineas_wire Antenna ;- Lcd he ae ey. IQ) = I, a,detaming AFF. ene £ ME. S ~HJ (hovent's condit’on ) Vatk A= Ha = 14 (AVXA) fio gjun ye Gea Rage oS wHe ) gewave propapetten const» etek = -€m. Eps - ZXA) Hee cher 7 Cv) k=0. static 4 . 2 vA = ou —O Poison equ’ ¢— voer- © are lly fom gu" ©. eae> The ~ varying form of solution, Ags lt [% elke Nh An Stent larly, sky Fos Tk mM, & dv! AN y =>. re mM > Lnear density, os in ({% eo ds! Y An D> FY, somenatue uuiformed iy nature inside the wire. -iky e AK ¥ AzcH (xz j a used when source nehure is constantfor spherical co-ordinate!— (4,6, 6). z / + t ‘Ne } ao a ' \ ey \ be FN i ea ~be Cumiformed) - Ay = Ay cos ~> symmebrical fro § ple Ag = — Arne — asymmebical from 6 ple, ae 2,3) ,2” a re asin & $ j Nene |e 3 Ay the sind Ag \ 1 16 vind $ egg | fe 4 Mend ii 5 2 4My = 0 Hoe. 0 Hg = alt [ 2c atsine) - 2 tre 8) | ay or 50 ea tl ano fb} at yr Jwe ; | + ve wind 0 | wo gle jwe sind a MY 20 0 ° Ho = wth lA 4 a = "Ha - ¥O2 wwe vsind |% —y No cae H y 4 ty ee jwt~j 67 fe dl cosQ © a AR we 2, ye coz eal sine eivt- iB7 (ee ARE wy> radiation fied. (Ww freq.), BL ig wales Ww Cacceleration 4 deaccelesation of - changes ) (fan -feld Feyion ) al tees Induction field freq independent: t (de wrvent). | > elechostutte field: as +3 ' w ( presence ef electrostatic (Nea field region) changes )- — highs freq. Ye dominate 3 loww prey —. Va =i oe Class Left. 30-08-18 Somos... H-plone E- Plane. (_Agimuthal ) (Elevation ) = constant Seeof: amdenna. Radiation Palen. — graphical aeprectistation 4 i ; ae eS ( field alley scales & ne ie : (iy Powrr Patten > Amplitude yadtalton pattern Wind = Ay Me So 8 ae ri id Arq powtr+ | ba uv = AN As ( sin'@ 0. gS Pred, = ® favg = Prad { \ = = ad = fe BX | fb watds We Pow density yes power, lwtensity. Fos isotropic 80 Use Wo = Shag Ve = "hr Directivity (D)- p= lee) 2 Anv(e-b) Vo Prad Damar = Umar Uo D(dB)= 10 boy, Cd (diwewsionte cs) J Prtenna Efficiens S types of losses /~ (conductivity (2) dielechtc G3) Qupedone mismatch - aypause eeCd ee cd Cp ees 2 - eo IT) eed yadiation sywepog Yd & pany eee fed = efficiency. foo gre) The Zan Ze Zin Ze VewR= ole lil \-1t.| Wigle gle ee \4vswk, an G@= @4 Dd. losses !~ Cy impedauce mismatch Wfolmigation mismatch when this is concidered Polarization — Gai is caleutated . Ye Linear 3 Ae baa FO 2 Eye = 0 8. Ges 0 Eo fo C Go f 0 bye 4 oO Abcs tna NEON, 2S2s 2 Te Civcular Exo = Ys, poet (Ern)n ne0,1,2 -- PN RR mn SE ea ta ll aTH Elip eal rn bof bo Ad Zin7r @. Exo = Eye abet (gtx ~ector effective eugth actin > Ne os - 01718 class left. 06-09-18 Mougpole 2 Dipole fmtenna + UWF —~ 300MHg - 3GHg ale. fntenNr- 4 eof le Ou VHF = 30MHx; — 300MHs. ) (Radio. Groadeast ' ’ ) ) ) oe ) Tnage, Principle ' ? Fru only for the vow fie, , =o © , Q ssadiation pot ery , 7 FTTT ATT och ) | : a a: i seat hee i Ya ee form i | Ca) Opel Vide TY aren: te = hl wer Eo =.) Gotu piBR é ce a effective A. [vs (o-47A— 4d A) is aBu= a wide F(8) cos (6H 0058.) — pos pH Sind wed a4 - Ab Flo), =. os (%, tos 8) gadiahed sino powes Peed Vel cs (teal amy {( + Rising dodd - cao 2 = 7 =e ( “cot (F cos 40 sin % 01m x 1218 ~ 36:54 Tar a4 42 =a Read Rad = 73.4 Qy:- A small dipole of length ef OA oxacited with a peak current of Amp 1 Hew much powes will be radiated from Antenne ! leayth = old 0S Ap. Soli = peak current = & ike Pe HOR te Che Layne {sit (anyQu. A Wra {oug dipole aa yp current find were peak current 64ceu On tneM Gf the dipole is eriaded akon copy | oy the z-axis find the radiation field af R=\oom € A260" Goltt = LEV 2A Tig = 1 Ape R= oom + B= 60" Find ly, Fo 4 Hee gre aN yx O-6-a~ Ia = tin siuBH —« = b27n Imz —1- —— = of.70 ‘ sin (127%) fe be = 6014 (cos (v2. e080) ~ COS 2 ) R sind co = 009 Vy wee lel = 0:09 onl wa n 120% ‘ tn Qe ay = BA Fad divection of ull, ws Sa! cosOmd 2 tit MA H te ce WAS OS PP OM 0.9A 9. for ws m=0 Onl = of x me 4 ww = cos SE 93.62" & 4 56:38" me2 Bw = no values.Qui A 2omented “Hy dipole of length Jo uu. is exerted with @a sinuscidal current of 2A BL freq 19 Mig find the instartamesus elecic fidd af distomce of 1M alow x-axis at qsusec. also find the orientation of electote Fidd Salt OEM Ex =0 Qe sind ee Ree Eo= a oe ARKWe a [ Jf, Bc wr wre wee Ted _gind 6° ; Jo dl_gin E ( ~ Foam (wtp) + Ee es tat-p>} Eo= wr awe fo = 0.1932 Vw. 10-084 - 18 Antenna Aetoy = > The geometrical configusotion ef the overall array. 9 Relative displacement /y the elements. > Excitation Omp -of the ‘individual element- > Excitation phase u— Lo palanve paliean off aves Two dement. Array! duo Na © de ee,oe es ole. o ei kts eg —jp(v-deosp). Vit Ye>d_| v- nies [r-deoed a dosh xl overall field is — ow—~— --—— , rh th ine elke E= ke op O51 1, @ (Adee) 2 S$ ye Ct (% eee ids} ye etic wee sn by ‘@> ae of vaniatioy in “YQ” ae 4 S-&=0 Ved S.=0. Vy E= Ke a + elBedesd ) Bigs eibsuest 4 ont elteest = Ko elit eash. 8 cx oF) Radiation fo 4 if =m,=A, (max, direthvity?. Pdesh kat ryt Sh .- a Rey 2 BE d wsh= EA, bo ee 3 2 2 Sp 3A + SA == cos = 74 , + 24 - Lor “a As eee Ay no, null aa” a) i SS : ae gen 5th a te > temy SAO care A \& >] @-> Effect in vaniation of 2D Wehbe! Sistso © asa = Ko§ y+ te gy eS 2 E 2 Mo > “6 Wolo 29 UE 2 a if $= 2 aS eS > & )sSubtecbon for Ueda bosa phace diff. EHect of Ds; Weel -Sicd Sif $ an i (Bd eos 4 E: Ke ees Jpdeett S oo --jpdeasbts jBd cosh +6 - Skee a 5 @ 2 ye a $ Radiation Of, cos Satis Peo bum + a cost = - & 4 wr pr $200 fobs © ' S= + Bd / bun = Oo 7 ' 1-09-18 WW) Pacing : He eloments <= ww aac j Uae m Linear Array i C ) (ND ey i / ‘ i. / sol sep ite ar We ele Vas odeae oe ee theys © Arb > uniform ; ona © phase uniform oe Ume.s Uniforiy Uneor ® distace — uniform Array,ae ‘de ote sy 3 CBdcos dt ¢.) total phase aiff CY) ; P= (Pdeosh+ &), to Ld Fo Lipdesg +) & L&ed (Pd cost &) tool fild > € = B04 Cael i EB et fot ee viae - --- & olny - & t re ey re ad ery 2 Es Lie) - e*) = fe ee _ ee ey ay — Oe Len We | &. = € em L oe 0 Sh (%) je] = NE. : Yeo Array factor (AR) = Te \ove hi © Dorection of Max Radiation + oH ane i te tana of-w. of elements in the array Wo Pausht ¢ =0 —_$A cos Eg ee: Po Bda- and. = ws! (-SA_ bua = (1) a o End- fire vo d =-0 pi 7 ; W Broad-side Array 5-4 = Tg. @ Airection of Nulis }~ sio(at) = 0. CSGuu = Rag E_MA ww #0) f NY samy athe Ss fz se | Q wets | x pdosd,.,, FS = 0 ) ; pacosp FS = t os , ’ Bd 0S by — PAM ba = = ann ’ cosh = Cos + AK Fe e RAN psan A » , beOre f @uc- 4 @ & Steer 0-8 , ded & Naw find the { Possible value ef M. ‘ Sol’- d d ae cos eS : “ ‘ elle Corb + MA i aN 4 = 08 + md ‘ ds « 4 =e, Ow 4 5 g ‘ cas hy = 4itm 3 5 * OS duh = O8F0.2M, (mel-2--- VD 1 ¢ Qu: & dlement uniform arroy has F interfacing with spacing of € 034 4 $= 40° . Find the vadiation pattern Aivectfon.of § raon radiation for the awray - “ Bol M1 = x™o0 \ ae Yaar = cos ( ~ 40x ; gine am . 2 a ¢ oe = oS ( oe < AKT X03 ‘ W « = Be Ao% 3) : QNKK03 ' 4 Seos fost : ( FT] i ! « ‘ () Zyl, 7a ‘ aK ‘ 4 4le[= (NY) Pez Pdeosh + & sin (%) Qui tus dumeats of At LoS f spacing “bf elements Ag tind the diveeHon of man min fidd whew the array is excited with guo phase diffs alt= exon acs dis gtresd +) e= LEK +I gles) piper ) ba k& (i408 erent ) ee 3% COSY sax Ez win > = *4 ARM wig Ly Roost (9) Bao = Quin = OL ala i= 04-18 Muduod_Coupling fn Arrays’ — Mutual_Cor ( Coupling In Transmiscion_wrode := wo Coupliw in Reveiviug uaode! — & SS a PTO.Transmitting mode NX vo Antenna m Antenna fh, a ere wy = Q two cowet anvay of isotropic cmtennas is to be usted. to get wax radiation and a null aloug the artay axis iu the opposike direction. fred the array porameten, Salt - a12-05-18 kd= 7 Microstrip Antenna’, ke Ey diderdyic constant youyye > 2.2 4 Ey J 12. Kt est, ab * Adv: — 4, Low profile - CW OY conformable tp wouplawers surface. WW) divnple 4 inexperuive - @) Mechanic: robutt . © vey near Drs adv. y EM signature ar cevtaim T= & low pours (iy Lange 9 a are bandwidth. freq outside operating band, dv) iy Lage artoy tradeoff tho Bw € scam voulme + Note :- 168 Eng < Ey AONE | Traveling Woye amd Broadband Awtuwas, (W)Resonamt- Artoana « L=4 ; TH Sa Es(po ej, e¢ 2s ww a [K(E+a9), -4 < 20. ‘O Non- Resonant Anienna . i 1 * ~Skp2! J =a i,e°* ; ke fk 1 during lovy wire aukenng taminahon trawling wore, com be 1 genevated -Toweling Wowe Antennas : — onguan fg © Stow 4 we (We/e <1) Ve= Wh \ t @ surface ware ancdenmar, Radiation toukee pa ee Place ak won uniform tier » curvatures A discoutinuitres an e§. 9 wymotched tramamiseyon (fut = Bend. Gi) fastwave Ce /c > 1) CH) Leaky wave frotennas | continuo ly Lose © due +e wediotion G. Hole tn waneguide. fry chutennas tha couples power im Small incremest Per unit Lexgth > continuously loose energy dutte ~radiaHon . i a hawges from Stundivy wave to > yin t > wher curterk watwee chowg rowing . Aesiqu-> before. end ery [s!se4) > Define tne Mathematical Modeling of mutual coupling, Tn Artenna “Array - J- cused tet the: ditty N= frienna S dinectivity Cow ~ side tobe will be Rhombus Artenma s— ; — i's Arte: a “ven 3 , Naxteuny ows comes with these high 3 disad vomrtages . —_— oN ge —— high impedance Goo-B00-)13-03-18 it gives clrcalan polanizction : 4 Helix or Helical Antenna’ Helical Mode > elements which com affect the Antenna . GD Gd fire mode. (Wo of tuna @ diametes GB) spacing b/w wirt's each tum ve ivepedauce depeuds en 3 pitch angle. ~ sizeof conducting wire 2 Feeding points, Vagi - Uda S —> wo. of Limcar dipole elements, + Reflector spacivy € sage. 3 ney Ligible effect on forwayd gen 2 7 tage — —— = backward gain * The feeder length amd vadins + Directos sige f spaciyy . > forwend > backward 7 ip impedance. b » » b y __ Parormeters W Normal wode , , , , , , ’ , , , , ' , ’ ' ' HO- 09-18 Freq. Indepudenk _Antermgs, > Unear scabing im design > after Mo length current stats reducln, rapidly . Freq ramge— 10 — 40,00 MH7 Bondwidh ADt4 eben: Fractaas Avtena:- | a Jeteraulton — 0 _/)\. tteration 4 Trerakion — 2 if neo then algo leugth will bet. 03-10-18 ee Fransmission Live Theory s— LL / a | swostrate. wicasbip live , COOL Sak cn akote a eed1@t) 2 Seige OO, f: V@t) 3 — 45 —— ier = tlero2 ,t) + + Raz Lox z N (2) Gazj 7 OO <—____. DE V(2tort) . Wwhae, Ra series yesistance per unit levgth for both the conductors “in —% Ay (finite conductivity ) L> series enducte = — H ertes Enductamce Cutt Kauchonce 5 /m > Shunt conductance —,— § & Cdieleehic. tosses ia! yratestan) C 2 Shunt cabacitoue Close proximity of Conductors ) 1 — Flom. Abbly KVL i V(2A) — ROX (at) — LAX Vika _ V (Ez, at Apply EKCLE- —o =0 U2) — GAE V(RtAE tL) — CO¥ Ov (24024) at — t[@th2,t) =0 — ivi de by dz in OF @ Q take AE —+ 0. and) = —Rtiat) - Ldi(2 « de nen —@. 4 q Mey LL aL = GVt) - Cc out) ae): for +the sinusoidal steady Sete condition with cose based phasor Ferm + — dv@ 2 -(R+ wl) 1) aI@ _ - (@tjwe) VQ. dz for second order diff eq: ve) _ yr = ¥ ve) —6© fomule) dt” 212) 2 Peer O whee f= J Rew) Car jweJ propagation, sae = Vs we tive et @ aie UR) seer ee ©) A= | Eanes G+ we,—- ve T= V(vieot_ ce —@ (R+ jwhy compare, (@) £ @). Rw = KRtjwl - Re jwl Joa si ©. + Ve - iF R= ih —®o Ty equation (B) > cam be usvitlen as: — TR) = NE TE _ NS se —@D R 2 ‘ ‘Time Yor ing ‘ool Mt — Vt) = |v" | cosefine-Be +h] OM 4 [el cs [wt pes py] ee GE phase ongle. — ©. ee eras —® ay i‘ vee ee af —@. RENO Ge wAlteed «fo- 10-18 ne Supedonce Transformation! ~ A B eS Se: oO . __——-~ a nN 8 Nottag e Stomd ing —> wane leo yay= vtet@y yet —G& VWDH= Ye py et — (%). ~ Zo ° Reflection coefficieut: = = THe Ne vi et Tye Le _» vo = Vea rio] — @ ays - "Ui - THJ —ZU) = | a | a) ’ , , \-TW , : . ' Now iwvertiug 6} = FY RW-* _® , ZU) + Xe » at Ceo TH=T = Boh —@ ) 242, ; im @ - RE Te a vr » okamy point in Tx ime jvalues of veg Y. vey se VI S14 T 23 —_ @ We VM fi-pentz — a= eee) , ) , , , , , ’ ' nar C) O-T ej put T from Gino @) 2-2 “7 tl ZW: 2% Ce om © sot Bi- ee pT @ er— 2 Lo at ¢ Bs = + (20) 6% } ® (rt BIE Bay EH U5 X Ea +% (eh e") je Zeer TU) X cert ee)= aa sents J 6 Z.Sin hyt-+ 25 coshyl a= & rf fie | Luiy ; Zc toy hy) + 20 dl ug Ward =. 21 am be 2, 0 oF &, a i Geee@"- chovied tine [R=ol | S= ee = duos =e) bein RW.= Btn (hl), g= f+ inl “ Te tramsmierioy Une. (x = J6) toy WAL = tom jel = jtumpl AY = JR templ 2 Tle-1 & see | case (6) :- \a ee open ckt 2o Ree = anal for Losstets Line (X=0), Be = —jRcot Bl = 2 Jtom BL a ets Qe a | ae & =e | SHO a eis lk NeSelol A cen! Viz 0. Qy A wwttye wore at 4 GHe ic tootllivny on Th Une \y 2c diyectioy =the Primony const. oP tie One, R= 08 Pl = 0.2 Why = G@ = 0-1 oy = a0 PP fo wer hag 20° prose ab gts 0,L=0 4 find the phase Beg oc=s0cm amd t = | ddsec tt - _ == vy- [ost jwxo-2K10*) (0-1 + jw X Looxte D y= jf — (1) _ 2 223 F 9823 x Me. phase = iwittal pete + wh— Bx = 6269.60B vad. MH 10-18, Power Framsfer on a Tx time !— wosvreCl4+T a sae vie™ ‘ioe pot > Jte z Re (Cy. 1) Pov gainto load ey ates? = RefQE(1- mel N-T]} 7 wl Reg ein) vis 1 [tl - 2 2 v= el? ae a5 2. f= 11 [vary aes (" ner] Te Mv Ve _ +)2 Rep hel fi-iny). Qy A Tolig has the [a Te Olt He fay the line is Texminated f=) Sues)? at 2 = \wo- j30-% find the twpedauee at distaye from Leb Sy from the load. ou Ts wo - f30 - So— JS ates Taaiee aje (TR TT = Su 35) Te 3S (so— 28}=e egy os lee coe | “Wien att i sv- 353 ~ 2rd ads Bee ep lt Teens © pS) = cor si[ ——— asi _-afoinei ses oo 35h (sp 255 . 0-35) FET) = ee eo | \ — s-39) o Br) \So- 28) AUD = S73IS + 39-6619 jf LV. Qu ©, Ts o0set Jases f, Re = 10+ 0.03595 2 A= lot Wj a ab 8 GHy veflection coefficient Cat load end of the Une l= Oc Oat a disteme of 20 cm. b= Qoeq Sol": To 2 toeked = 0 o8ses ‘ 1020) + 1a + 0.0388 J = 14-9642 J 20 + Q0.03KH 5 at \*0 x) 2 trocar [tok Ne AOL V-O3SHY — 14. 9642) ale) = Ves 04194 oun;Teo] GHA 2Ao) = WO +9 0309) F Aor geo3eej a U-dHy eT ROE ROOD) MTeqorrj 7M % (20) = T= 0.31874 0.6149} of aly live W® calculate inductance pa mete, Line ie Ys T6 w phase cont, 3 2ad/ mela. ak lwo MHe. Sel tas Geo = R, ae sie B= witc= 3 We 24F= 2xnx texI0 = Jonny 10* X = tL yo 8 wy Cte ” we > Ba 3 7 —— = 68-2 PF/y “To X OVA X06 te Bc = Gos 3342 Miy, A Te line has pamary Gmetad “R= 0.1 -2 ny ts G = O01 ay Le ear: C= Ivy PF/ ae MH lag ™ ’“Thee oe two waver travellty opp direction at X=t=o , the phase f md worcis O 4 Om 18 AV. where as the quse cf Backward mare jc Zod omrp OSV. op freq, 2 GHZ Find. oO” twpedauce af the ime. © wa inctoutancous tdv of %=h cm t= I nsec QD Wher = What isthe Peak voltaye and peak ef at X= Im, Ad-10- 1B Stith Chast: - Normalized Impedance. Suductanel > comples ~Fplane Z= Zo v4$ Zo y+ju- a _ “) reistamce. couduckamee. 9 ef lection ye 2 cs cooffer Zt+z wea Se UeT T= 22. Grbo- I-T 2+) Grpo+4 = (wy tix . a Svensk \hoduce “Ts line sem. Makching'— inside the ck} to ‘Whe - Tepedonce a ond get Wmpedante wack ching « azanaaneanenncnann one ae141 Buastes wondeng th Teweformen ¢- fos resistive load. Xe get pune sesistve eke Onore Ma ra move Mot die = Ay vant Veohich wit je guy back-o inital petitioy. gin ue Se = Y, ‘ ‘Zon Zo worm alized — Zz Zoe {wpcdance — abcoluke Swpedance = EE am, 2 Zox = Rize1B) Sivgle~ Stub mtching “Technique! p> aJb admittance, Yojaan Bi J |e stub, / wasn live ~ becot comncth oy - eee ee ee © Qy i Ia privted ek amd inductamee of ee qo be realized at 6 GHa wisya sechon of Tx Line. The wowdlengih of the dgnal on PCB is Acm » Desigh Line CRE. as a stoctive element as oC. Cle mpedowne sv a2) Jrductamce = Ge X19 F a Tx Col™- is XD ome Gio X27x Bio! = 377-2 K =IZo cet 6 loc al “EX oe < za)= 4 “1 /=377 lo aa . 7 4 ( ttiby dittb, . [ate Hib. ° wy 7, T ef xy “if e yy — bs ——A S| Gt Cre. iba ge \erwele, yf tfload twp ase jane-d ¢.c stub >equl ved to Dy = Qy A SOR Tx line 15 connected + find the position cud length of worth the Lime Sa ( « Y= 0-954 ‘ =o A. « ( ( \ | oy a boad of tov +iso 2 1s gtvey is comnected to 7S Tk Gwe Fiad OT © & (wwe) @_ load addwittance YL ® Ry at 04) Ly the load © potitioy of Vaae A vniy With vesheck to load if Wwe |s 0.64 (©) Rn ad generator w= i WS 2 wy i Sol¥’. a Ti5e F 133425 0 T= 0654 L40 @ w= WAAL © Puswr) = 4. BS © (OW = 304 ~fagr-2 eee ae ae12/0/18 Acrvss tine EMF due to fr, > 0 E> Eat Through @ £@ EME ->0 Median 2 Es, D, S/N ]1B class waissed oy he ®. Rerss ne @ EMf dueto th, > 6 Bi Bob _When direction fF @4@ +2)Ot electro Mettverree nxH = Ty (E,- #6, L = 0 B-B, 20 —— @. ule \ w@ H2 1 My i | | s ~~ Hn, Hn \ ‘ loop area —> A (Wo te) L 2 Ta + 2Py yeh ar (He, - mL = J, nx (Hi, - Hu) = 7, —@®. Dielechic — Conductor medium — M-3 We bio, 2 & | [Pb \ \ fi=0 \ { Teo n m= fh Bn, = 0 &, <0 nx Hy =Ts@ A medium har oo conductivity tess than © G=S Myc2p for 270° If the cletncfield te Five by ~ fae E = tocar Canwest ~tox) 2 Tied susface change density 2 eunext ab location (2,30) ak L=o-e neec. ; Sol, ~ De co cos (axioht - 10x D2 - o> we = €,£, = 2-387 x10 Chyt 5 a “3A Ss= XH = 722X100 X A/ya he vxE Ea Oeee os (sxr0be = tox) gf avy papas. aes 3x08 {2-31-18 Unbound , Isotropic, Homogeneous . Sousce frte, region { - vd =o —O yVi8=so0 é 3 4 vre= 8 = - dH . 34 r (B-un) —~6) a 2 2 He i Deere cine! at Coa (b= 6) —®), wx (wxe) = — 9 VxH) ot YXUVKH)= € 9G xe) otq « Assumptions: q © E ic wsisform m SD space- ‘ 4 E= \ a4 2.7 not possible { TK = — WHER Cassumption @ is wrong) : oO = wruek, ( ue ( oaly K. 50. i ‘ \ ' D Eis uniform im a plone (qn vosedion 4 ys: plane) = yh E = (xx toyz $0 xy ov 12 2 20 Qn phaser ~formtens O®VXt = yw Hy VX = +jwee 3a] | = e ° - -jwuHs Feo mig ful cot be eho, \ Assumption Tv abso wongnearer @ € is uniform sin a plane. < » Dea D2 s0 7 2 fo E= G0) 2 at DY a x ga Pelee Coe _ jw Elo o after solving’ x (0) + SR: Eol2)? $2203 = 4 (Hee 4 s ae 2 hove) 0)) Hyd Hy = 7 2Eol 2) Wy yy —> this assumPHen will give valid Solution .at = Wd (Hd PHA HZ). io Rhos +3 Ser oe + 2403 = -jwy Sua tt Hy) +H? We ee ee 8 ee —\wy = jw ee ee Y= ye & gus © Fonword wie backward worwe- for forwendwave!s> 2 2 wi -wd 2+ [ails Y> ce [yw Cn a OL LM LLL LEPPLEEVEE, Toe Bo whte > yy Backwordwee— Ex wy Pa * 7 wy) a | € ne [ > dubrusic Jwhedaxce, for fre space > non, = [# = 120% = 377-2\El _ 1 IAL OL En 4 wow cy ae Zs 1 wave propayahon direction ), MF AL any we iastemtce it always trousres’ Ws widure. Comclasiut ~ t g H both axe veges in they plawe Qu re freq of 300 Mig. travel 4 vat wns he ei fidd ey wave at come inctot giver as Zeahesd find phue cut of wave ¢ vector magnetic fidd. SelM 2 300 Mtg VXE= ea YN = 120m Rist ce Y> divcchon, aS Av + gt wi in yr dinechiow. E £ ane orthogonal , BAt+SB =OJel. (Hy Y= 1207 \al = tel [ais : eas 0 WS-1 1-18 Dp veniation of field Wowe Polarrgation ;— Ev = E,wsott €) an ce secu t coswt = Ex weet = ty - cos wt co § — Tas simtot sing E a — = “Ex AS | \- ee Sing a ee \ * @ ey Bes fe . ee Ei = [‘- a sess +8 ee ‘ = [' - ©] Sis a oF te ody — 2 Eb EX be z a a a ee ee |frouD 2 - cs E ree & = 9 € Be bY 2 eae a aca ne svestical polarigation m a Uvea palom gation whey f-0 } Hovigoutal polarigators. @ caste & S=% frm Eft Y= EC érreuler polarization. fyo Eos ot TS) =W \s=%,] Defi nomdeg cireuloy, Polarizstion of hw ot Oe _——. ct [to] Polarization «WD Ze 1 g40 74 BAM EUiptical polarization Qy:- Fr wrform plane wave toe ug iy ow medium having dicebic constaut J has + peak efiel4 to vi The fy of wove GH find the wow leugth omd peak ma-fig rf wave if at some loceHoy PB 2-0 4 Some instent feo the e-fidd is S Vu - “find the mag. of etidld $ oa af 2o2m amd “L= SO weec. Assummy to wove | moving m tb direction. is Fo / Sol". E = Cos lLwt- pet 6) +2 dincefi cy , Sz wees b= 2 w= QAP > 2x Ixlol= 2103 pr we, = 200 vad” tl He JEL _ )20n a > 4on. n Ute x 19-11-18 A ee : Representation « of Plesi gation State: - FAR Left handed Rotatiog ° ARF —pR > Byte ; cot total Keproentation — (4R,Z) or Creother way of Represetin é= cot" (+ AR) ~ (éiz) By A wuiform pla wave travels iy PxXdirecttoy the phase etfidld for the wave is 34 +J c2) hey Find the eg of ellipe af polanigation, fiug max wag» of the fred. find seuse of vofattou. £ find tha lotitude & on the poiut cane gphene comvespemting to state of Poleriaction of the wewe- Lomgatud, | ' ' , , , > » Qolty~ bee Batch ™ Eye Sees wh jo = 3y4 582 “/y . Ee = Suaswh ity > 4 me & ral ) | > fys & dine | 2 | > L D En esa Cae oe > & Ee, G > D Farr K dete > eZ ; tay en i > ee acs eG ns » L >o > Ey Zeiss EL 3 ; : ae ; 4 iS) 5@ » 1 » i Ee a4 , i as ’ »a t1=0 fy23 &=0 4 At ro ptr’ = ZwswAt. Ea =feas(ust +7/2) ~> Anti deck wise: Rotatioy 2-8 ws WAt Ut Retakioy Ave ~ Max wag. - SM, aN Ae & © 9 ZEN €= cos'(%) = OKy xad/ oH (2t, 2€) = (A, 104) DADADANAD DAN