COMPRESSION MEMBERS: When a load tends to squeeze or shortened a member the stress produced are to be compressive stresses and the member is called a compression member. Types: column , top chord of trusses , bracing , compression flanges of rolled beams, built up section, ete. Strut (compression member) — is a short vertical member subjected to compressive loads. pedestal is a base or foundation that supports something like a statue or work of art Slenderness ratio - is a measurement of tendency of the member to buckle. The tendency to buckle is also affected other factors such 1.types of end connection 2. eccentricity of load application 3. imperfection of column material 4. initial crookedness 5. and residual stresses from manufacturer. Axial_ or concentrated load — loads that are exactly centered over a column. Residual Stresses - is the result of uneven cooling of shape after hot rolling The quicker cooling parts of the sections when solidifies resist further shortening while those parts that are still hot tend to shorten further as they cool. The areas which cooled more quickly have residual compressive stresses while the slower cooling areas have residual tensile stresses. The most efficient compression member is one that has a constant radius of gyration about its centroid, a property available in round tubing and square tubing Built-up is used as compression member when the member is long and support very heavy load or when there is connection disadvantage. EULER FORMULA: ( 1757 - Leonhard euler , a Swiss mathematecian) is the most famous of all column expression we r (ye effective length (1) —is the distance between of zero moment £ se by Thomas H. Johnson formula for pin connected compression | () members and, 25E >| - for flat or nearly fixed end (uFExample The 4x6 timber with the dressed dimension shown, has _a modulus of elasticity of 2,000,000 psi and a proportional limit of 5,000 psi. If the member is assumed to be pin connected, what are the critical axial load it can support for unsupported length of 15 ft, and § ft according to Euler formula? Solution Solving for the property of column, (3.5) (5.5) = 19.25 sq. in? 512" 1/12)(3.5)(5.5) = 48.53 int 1/12) (6.5)(3.5) = 19.65 int | je 312" 4 least r for fifteen-foot column: 4 _ (129015) r 1.01 178.22 P___wE __ (1)(2,000,000) A (ue (178.22)? P citical = (621)(19.25) = 11,954 Ib. = 621 psi < 5000 psi For five foot column: 1 _ (12)6) _ ro aor 78941 P _ (m)(2,000,000) = 5593 psi > 5000 psi A (59.41)? Euler formula not applicable. Euler's formula is fairly well accepted in the elastic range but in inelastic range it was necessary to use certain empirical formula. Inelastic buckling — buckling at stress above a proportional limit elastic buckling — buckling at stress below proportional limit Known formulae for compression members 1. Straight line formula (first proposed by WH. Burr in 1882 then by T.H Johnson 1886, and was use by AREA 1920) 5,000 50! r >\v2. Parabolic Formula (proposed by J.B. Johnson the taken by AASHTO Spec.) Pp 1? F = 16,000 -0.30 () (riveted ends) P 1? Fa =~ 16,000-0.38 () (pinned ends) 3. Gordon- Rankine Formula P 18,000 )? 48000 | 4. The Secant Formula (ASCE 1923) Pp Fy 4&1 eo pV AE 2r 5. The AISC formulae ‘The AISC expression were developed to incorporate the research information available concerning the behavior of steel columns. It takes into account the effect of residual stresses, the actual end restraint conditions of the column and varying strengths of different steel. It is consider economical and logical design of structural steel column, Itassume that because of residual stresses the upper limit of the elastic buckling is defined by an average stress equal to one-half of yield point (1/2 Fy). Then using the Euler formula Ce From steel Manual Ce = 126.1 for A 36 steel Ce= 116.7 for 42,000 yield point steels, etc. Fy For slendemess ratio less than Ce a parabolic formula (AISC Formula 1.5-1) is used. (AISC formula 1.5-1)For values of Kir greater than Cc The Euler formula is used with a safety factor of 1.92 (or 23/12) 1am E Fa= (AISC formula 1.5-2) 23 (Kl For Axially loaded bracing and secondary members when lir exceed 120. F,(by formula 15-1 or 15-2) 1.6- (AISC formula 200r 15-3) 6. AASHTO Formula (1977) 2 (“yr ya) 4 rea FS.) ane mn For inelastic range: F: For elastic range ( where Klir> Ce ) EFFECTIVE COLUMN LENGTH The Kl used in AISC_and AASHTO specifications is the effective length of the column. Itis defined as the distance between the inflection points of the column. This distance will vary depending upon the types of ends restraint. EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF MAIN MEMBERS ONLY (a) (b) (c) (a) (e) (f) Buckled shape L Le & boost be of column is T o shown by ’ f | \ ' dashed line i ‘ i i i t 1 / | \ \ i | | : 1 Theoretical K 05 oF 10 (07a 210a|=120 value Recommended design value when ideal 0.65 0.80 1.2 1.0 2.10 2.0conditions are approximated 4 Rotation fixed and translation fixed End condition ¥ Rotation free and translation fixed code @ Rotation fixed and translation free te Rotation free and translation free When translation of the tops of the columns is clearly prevented as by diagonal bracing, shear walls , attachment to adjacent building , etc. , symmetrical buckling will occurs and the structure is referred as_a braced frame. But for building without a positive system of lateral bracings, sidesway is appreciable, and such frame is referred as unbraced frames Maximum slenderness ratios: AISC Specification 1.8.4 Kir of all compression members may not exceed 200 AASHTO Specifications 1.7.5, for main members: not to exceed 120 For secondary structures whose purpose is to brace the structure for lateral or longitudinal forces or to reduce the unbraced length of the other members : not to exceed 140. The slenderness ratio for average column 10-15 ft. lengths range from 40 to 60. If load is not more than 500 k.(2224 KN ‘Sample problem 1, Determine the safe load of the column composed of C310 x 30.8 and W460 x 74 built as shown, if it has a yield strength of 250 MPa. E = 200 GPa Properties: SSNS 310x308 WA60 x 74 LLM LLL A= 3929 mm? A= 9450 mm? 305 mm 12.7 mm 72mm 3.7 x 10° mm* 61 x 10° mm 333 x 10 mm# 417 mm 16.6 x 10° mm 20.3mm 1x =188. mm x=17.7mm ry =41.9 mm. 57 mm 190 mm 145mm Omm 2. Asteel storage tank center is built up of two C310 x 30.8 a.) Design the most efficient built ~up section of the two channels considering that no lacing is allowed but only welding,b.) What is the allowable load that the most efficient built-up column can carry if its length is 0.6m and 3. The top chord of the roof is to be made of either 2 angles of structural tee, design to carry a ‘compressive axial load of 100 KN. The panel length of the chord is 3.6 m. Given the properties to the section being considered , which one would you consider fst? Is your choice a safe one? K=1 , 200,000 MPa, Properties of angle; Properties of structural tee; \=864 mm? , x =ly =4.69 x10° mm* 2200 mm? 5 mm cee secae matali nacre ro4 Fa= 110 — 0.483(L/r) as its allowable stress. » Prone fon ane: A087 Soran L J 5. A W14x 142 is used as a column having a length of 9 m. long. itis hinged at the upper end and fixed at the lower end but there is a lateral bracing perpendicular to the minor axis of the W section at ‘a point 5.4 m above the bottom support. It is assumed to be pinned connected at the bracing point, Using A36 and NSCP spec . Es =200Gpa. 1a.) compute the slenderness ratio b.) Compute the allowable axial load .) Compute the capacity of the column section. Properties of W 14 x 142 tw= 17.27 mm 1996.18 x10? mm? 695.11 x 10% mm* 160.53 mm ly =274.71 x10® mm* (00.84 mm Sx = 3719.86 x10? mm! 80 for 9 mlength 80 for 3.6 m length ky = 0.80 for 5.4 mlength 6. ) Determine the safe load of the column section shown, Ifithas a yield stress of 250 MPa . E =200 GPa Use NSCP Specifications. a) when the height is 6 m. b) when the height is 10m. Assumed K = 10 m, Properties of Channel. section: ‘Sy = 28.2 x10? mm? Properties of W460 x 74 A= 9450mm? w= 9mm Sy = 175 x10 mm* d= 457 mm Ik= 333 x 10mm! = 188 mm. bf=190 mm y= 166x109 mm? =41.9mm ~ 4.5 mm ‘Sx = 1460 x10% mm! 7:The semicircular statically determinate arch is formed of a W360 x 216 beam. Allowable stresses are, axial =70 MPa bending= 110 MPa. Find the maximum concentrated load P which may safely be applied. Assumed arch is suitably braced against buckling.( hint: write interaction expression in terms of © , maximize with respect to @ to find critical condition) 7 aad 712 x 10mm! ly = 283 x 10%mm# 3790 x 10°mm?The effective length factor is employed to facilitate the design of framed members by transforming an end-restrained compressive member to an equivalent pinned- ended member. Effective length factor K for column in Frame with Girder on Elastic Foundation & Kk Ge G Kk Ge ie se - ff ‘SIDESWAY INHIBITED ‘SIDESWAY UNINHIBITED AISC specifies G=10 for pinned support and G=1.0 for fixed support Ie Le =length of column Ce Ly=length of girder or beam Ga=—Tp 1. = moment of inertia of column ‘Lg J, = moment of inertia of girder 1. The frame shown has its side sway uninhibited and the far ends of the girders are fixed against rotation. a.) Compute the K factor for column AB. b.) Compute the effective length of column EF c.) Computer the slenderness ratio of column DE ifit has a radius of gyration of 71.16 mm. Member 1 (mm) 1 (ram) Te Ty Le Ly AB BC DEx Ope) g34aa8 $33333 393 4 ° ‘SIDESWAY UNINHIBITED SIDESWAY INHIBITED #948 8:99939.3.3. 3 o> GETS See Ge 8333 3 3 2 3 de Bret ‘SIDESWAY UNINHIBITED Or ee gaag 3898329 8 8 8 - SIDESWAY INHIBITEDECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS A. Bending in one direction Peso wen Bors Fa Fa when 250.15 Fa om=08-04 (a) Un) Mi/Me = ratio of smaller to the larger end moment, The ratio is positive when the member is bent in reverse curve and negative when itis bent in single curve. (Cm = 0.85 for member with restrained end Cm = 1.0 for members with no end restraints A. Bending in both direction pla ree ey, fa when £<0.15 Fa Fox Fa fe, Cais _CntbY 4.9 when “450.15 Fa ayn 0 yrpy ee Fe Fe 1. Investigate if the W250 x 89 section used to carry the loading shown is adequate or not using AISC spec. E= 200 GPA, Fy = 345 Mpa. Assumed that the column is braced at its ends against side sway bending in both of its bending planes. Properties: W250 x 89 ‘A= 11400 mm? d= 260 mm Sx = 1100 x 10? mm? Sy = 378 x 10° mm? r= 112mm ry = 65.1 mm retecten 2. An eccentric load of 230 KN is placed at a certain distance of 180 mm from the x axis and at a distance “e” from the y-axis. Determine its value using AISC Code with Fy= 345 MPa and E= 200Gpa. ‘The length of the column (W250 x 88) Is 4.5 m,