Noise is unwanted signals that are added to transmitted signals and distort the received signal. There are several types of noise including thermal noise, which is generated by electron agitation and is present in all electronic devices; intermodulation noise, which occurs when multiple signals share the same transmission medium; and crosstalk noise, which results from coupling between nearby signal paths. The signal-to-noise ratio is a measure of the power of the desired signal compared to the noise power, and higher SNR is needed to minimize error rates in digital transmission. Error probability is also related to SNR and modulation techniques such as PSK, FSK, and ASK.
Noise is unwanted signals that are added to transmitted signals and distort the received signal. There are several types of noise including thermal noise, which is generated by electron agitation and is present in all electronic devices; intermodulation noise, which occurs when multiple signals share the same transmission medium; and crosstalk noise, which results from coupling between nearby signal paths. The signal-to-noise ratio is a measure of the power of the desired signal compared to the noise power, and higher SNR is needed to minimize error rates in digital transmission. Error probability is also related to SNR and modulation techniques such as PSK, FSK, and ASK.
Noise is unwanted signals that are added to transmitted signals and distort the received signal. There are several types of noise including thermal noise, which is generated by electron agitation and is present in all electronic devices; intermodulation noise, which occurs when multiple signals share the same transmission medium; and crosstalk noise, which results from coupling between nearby signal paths. The signal-to-noise ratio is a measure of the power of the desired signal compared to the noise power, and higher SNR is needed to minimize error rates in digital transmission. Error probability is also related to SNR and modulation techniques such as PSK, FSK, and ASK.
Noise is unwanted signals that are added to transmitted signals and distort the received signal. There are several types of noise including thermal noise, which is generated by electron agitation and is present in all electronic devices; intermodulation noise, which occurs when multiple signals share the same transmission medium; and crosstalk noise, which results from coupling between nearby signal paths. The signal-to-noise ratio is a measure of the power of the desired signal compared to the noise power, and higher SNR is needed to minimize error rates in digital transmission. Error probability is also related to SNR and modulation techniques such as PSK, FSK, and ASK.
Mohammed Data Communication and Networking 4th Year
NOISE For any data communication events the received signal will consists of transmitted signal modified by various distortion imposed by transmission system plus additional unwanted signals. These undesired signals are referred to as noise.
Signal Transmitter Receiver + +
Noise
Signal to noise ratio
SNR= 10 log (S/N) dB S is the average power in the received signal (W) N is the noise power (W) For digital transmission: as signal to noise ratio be maximized, the probability of error will be minimized. This can be achieved either by eliminating the noise or by maximizing the signal power. The maximum bit rate of a channel is also related with SNR: S C B log 2 (1 ) bps N Where C is maximum bit rate or channel capacity bps B is the bandwidth (Hz)
1 Dr. Emad A. Mohammed Data Communication and Networking 4th Year
Noise classification Noise may be divided into the following categories: 1. Thermal noise. 2. Intermodulation noise. 3. Crosstalk noise. 4. Impulsive noise. 1. Thermal noise This type is generated by the electrons agitation. It presents in all electronic devices and transmission media and it’s a function of temperature. Thermal noise can not be eliminated and is referred as white noise. N0=KTe (W/Hz) N0 is the noise power density K is Boltzman constant = 1.3803*10-23 (J/K0) Te is the medium temperature (Kelvin) The total noise power (N) in watt is given as N=N0.B (W) B is the bandwidth in Hz When antenna is connected to the input of the receiver then: N= K (Ta+Te)BG Where Ta is the antenna temperature G is the antenna gain Example: Determine the antenna gain of a receiver that received signal to noise ratio of 10dB if the signal power is 1μW, channel bandwidth 100MHz, at temperature of 50c0 if the thermal noise is the only effective noise. Solution S/N=10
2 Dr. Emad A. Mohammed Data Communication and Networking 4th Year
2. Intermodulation noise When signals with different frequencies share the same transmission media it may cause intermodulation noise. The effect of the intermodulation is to produce signals at frequency that is the sum or difference of the two signals. 3. Crosstalk Noise It is an unwanted coupling between signals path. It can occur by electrical coupling between near by twisted pairs or coaxial cables carrying signals. 4. Impulsive noise It consists of irregular pulses or noise spikes of short duration and relatively high amplitude. It is generated from a verity of causes including external electromagnetic disturbance such as lighting.
Error probability performance
1. Unipolar baseband signal Eb 2 Pe Q Q A T 2 0 0 Eb=A2T/2 Where Pe is the probability of occurring error Q is the error complementary function Eb is the energy per bit
3 Dr. Emad A. Mohammed Data Communication and Networking 4th Year
2. Polar baseband signal
2 Eb 2 Pe Q Q 2 A T 0 0 Eb=A2T 3. OOK and ASK
Eb 2 Pe Q Q A T 4 0 0
Eb=A2T/4 4. PSK 2 Eb 2 Pe Q Q A T 0 0 Eb=A2T/2 5.FSK
