12.
BIOMECHANICSIN ORTHODONTICS
JY.' Translation occurs when centre of rotation is at Friction in the orthodontic appliance system can be
a) Infinite b) At 1/3,d of crown minimize/avoided, if a spring (loop/helices) is made
c) At root apex d) At CE junction in the arch wire. The arch-wire segments move, tak
ing the teeth with them instead of the teeth moving
Ans a (Ref: Q no. 5 and 6 for explanation) relative to the wire (spring of this type is called as
retraction spring, if they are attached to one tooth or,
9. During orthodontic tooth movement of maxillary cen closing loop if they are connects two arch wire seg
tral incisor, center of rotation is applied to apex then ment). When the loop/helices are made in the arch
it shows which type of tooth movement wire, it will make the system complicated, but anchor
a) Controlled tipping b) Uncontrolled tipping age control is better with this system.
c) Translation d) Intrusion
Ans a (Ref: Q no. 4 for explanation)
¥ Uniform loading of periodontal ligament occurs in
which of the following tooth movements
a) Tipping b) Torquing
J'-O. For translation of tooth a single force is applied at
c) Translation d) Expansion
which point of the tooth
a) At the apex b) At the center of resistance
Ans c (Ref: Seminar in orthodontics: 1995; 1:(1):3-5)
c) At the center of d) At the incisal edge
rotation In translation movement force is passing through the
center of resistance and the center of rotation is at
Ans b (Ref: Orthodontics: The art and science. S.I.Bhalajhi infinity. Also, in bodily movement/translation the points
3ed edi/p 199. Refer Q no. 5 for explanation) on the tooth move the same amount in the same
direction. For this to take place, uniform loading of
11. loops and helices are included in arch wire primarily to the periodontal ligament in the desired direction of
a) Align crowded teeth
tooth movement is very important.
b) Increase force of teeth
c) Increase the anchorage
d) Increase the activation range
Ans d (Ref: Contemporary orthodontics.Prottit.a" edi/
379-380)
Area of
compre ssion
Loops and helices are important part of orthodontic
system; they are incorporated into the orthodontic wire
and appliance to increase the flexibility, as more num
ber of wires is added while making the loop and heli .. Force
ces. This will increase the flexibility of the appliance
system, which in turn produces mild forces on the tooth
and the periodontal structure which are supporting it.
Loop and helices also increase the range of activa Fig. 12.5
tion of the wire or the appliance system, therefore
increasing its use without making new appliance. ~ An orthodontic tooth movement that takes place
One simple example for this "L" loop or boot loop along the vertical axis is
which is very frequently used in fixed orthodontic a) Tipping b) Intrusion
mechanotherapy for retraction of upper and lower c) Rotation d) Translation
anteriors during space closure stage. Here the wire is
made with boot-shaped spring in the rectangular arch Ans b (Ref: Bioengineering analysis in orthodontic
wire; this will increase the amount of wire incorpo mechanics.Nikoli.1st edi/p 149)
rated, which in turn increases the flexibility and apply
more of physiological forces during the space closure Orthodontic tooth movements can be observed in
by means of moving the upper and lower anteriors in three planes of space. They are:
distal direction. By applying the force which is within • Sagittaljantero-posterior direction-protraction or
the physiologic limit of the tissue, the tissue reaction retraction
is more favourable and taxing of anchorage is less or • Vertical direction/plane-intrusion or extrusion;
nil. tra nsverse pia ne/ di rectio n-expa nsion/ contraction
Description of orthodontic displacement is complex
and not easy to explain; this is mainly because of
the fact that the force or the load which is applied to
tooth is away from the long axis through the bracket.
Because of this reason, the orthodontic displacement
is divided into what is seen individually in the occlusal
plane and in two mutually perpendicular vertical
planes. Three forms of orthodontic translation are
_ f2 recognized'
"L"/Boot loop • In t r usro n
II Fxrr usron and
• Bodl y movement
"T" Loop
Fig. 12.4
