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MATH 1211-Tutorial III Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

This document covers eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices. It includes examples of finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of various matrices, as well as related concepts like using eigenvalues and eigenvectors to diagonalize matrices and apply the Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Answers to example problems are also provided.

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Keshav Gopaul
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184 views3 pages

MATH 1211-Tutorial III Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

This document covers eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices. It includes examples of finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of various matrices, as well as related concepts like using eigenvalues and eigenvectors to diagonalize matrices and apply the Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Answers to example problems are also provided.

Uploaded by

Keshav Gopaul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 1211-Tutorial III

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

1. Consider the matrix A given by


 
5 2 −4
A =  7 −8 −7 .
−4 12 5

(i) Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of A.


(ii) Let B = A + kI. Show that if e is an eigenvector of A with cor-
responding eigenvalue λ, then e is also an eigenvector of B and
state the corresponding eigenvalue of B.
Hence, find the eigenvalues of B in terms of k and correspond-
ing eigenvectors of B.
(iii) Let C = A + 2I. Find the matrix Q and the diagonal matrix D
such that C 3 = QDQ−1 .

2. Consider the matrix A given by


 
2 1 2
A = 1 2 2 .
2 2 1

(i) Find the eigenvalues of A.


(ii) Determine the matrix P with columns of unit length and the di-
agonal matrix D such that A = P DP −1 .
(iii) Verify that P T P = I.
(iv) Show that A−1 = P D−1 P T and hence calculate A−1 .
(v) Use the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem to show that
2 1 −1
A−1

=I+ A −A .
5
2
Hence find A−1 .

1
3. Past Exams 2007:
(a) Consider the matrix given by:
 
2 3 5
A = 0 0 3  ,
0 3 0
and let I be the identity matrix of the same order as A.
(i) Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of A.
(ii) Write down the eigenvalues of the following matrix: A7 .
(iii) Find an invertible real matrix X for which X −1 AX is diag-
onal.
(iv) Use the Cayley-Hamilton theorem to find A−1 .
(b) Let u be the eigenvector of a square matrix M , associated with
the eigenvalue λ (λ 6= 0) of M . Show that u is the eigenvector of
M −1 , associated with the eigenvalue 1/λ.

Answers:
1. (i) The eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors are
     
54 3 1
λ1 = 2, eλ1 = 7 , λ2 = −1, eλ2 = −1 , λ3 = 1, eλ3 = 0 .
    
44 4 1
(ii) The eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of B are
     
54 3 1
λB
1 = 2+k, eB
λ1 =  7  , λ B
2 = −1+k, eλ2 = −1  , λ 3 = 1+k, eB
λ3 =  0 .
44 4 1
(iii)    
54 3 1 64 0 0
Q =  7 −1 0 , D =  0 1 0 .
44 4 1 0 0 27
2. (i) Eigenvalues of A are λ1 = 1, λ2 = −1 and λ3 = 5.
(ii) The eigenvectors are
     
1 1 1
λ1 = 1, e1 = −1 , λ2 = −1, e3 =
   1 , λ3 = 5, e2 = 1 .
 
0 −2 1
Thus
√1 √1 √1
   
2 6 3 1 0 0
− √1 √1 √1 
P =  2 6 3
, D = 0 −1 0 .
0 − √26 √1
3
0 0 5

2
(iii)
2
− 35 2
 
5 5
 3 2 2
A−1 = − 5 .

5 5
2 2
5 5 − 35

(iv)
17 8 8
− 25 − 25
 
25
− 8 17 8 
A−2 =  25 25 − 25 .
8 8 17
− 25 − 25 25

3.(a) (i) The eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors are


     
1 8 −2
λ1 = 2, eλ1 = 0 , λ2 = 3, eλ2 = 1 , λ3 = −3, eλ3 = −5 .
0 1 5

(ii) The eigenvalues of A7 are 128, 2187, −2187.


(iii)  
1 8 −2
X = 0 1 −5 .
0 1 5
(iv)  
9 −15 −9
1 
A−1 = 0 0 6 .
18
0 6 0

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