Structureof Power
System
by
L.Ramesh B.E., M.Tech., M.B.A., (PhD), MISTE,MIET,AMIE
Center for Power Distribution Research Chairman, The IET-
IET- UK
IETMGR Research Center Young Professionals Section Chennai
Assist Professsor,Dr.M.G.R University Contact at: raameshl@rediffmail.com
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EnergyHistory Milestones
Before 1700 – A Renewable Energy World: Biomass, Wind, Hydro
1698 - Thomas Savery - St eam-driven pump
1711 - Thomas Newcomen - Atmospheric piston-driven steam engine
for a pump
1785 - James Watt --More efficient, higher pressure, separated steam
engine – First to produce sufficient power for broad-scale use
1862 Beau de Rochas --Four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-ignited
internal combustion engine
1876 Baron Otto --Improved four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-
ignited internal combustion engine
1881 Brush Electric Light Co., First electric power plant Philadelphia
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1892 Rudolph Diesel Diesel engine
1896 Henri Becquarel Discovery of natural radioactivity
1903 Fisk St . Sta., Commonwealth First st eam turbine-driven
electric power plant ,Edison Co., Chicago
1932 James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron
1933 Irene and Frederic Jolio t-Currie Discovery of artificial
radioactivity
1938 Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassemann -- Discovery of
neutron-induced fission
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1942 Enrico Fermi First man-made critic al nuclear reactor
1951 Howard Zinn First nuclear electricity produced, by EBR-1
1954 Hynan Rickove r First nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus
1958 Atomic Energy Commission First commercial nuclear
electric power plant, Shipping port
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Structure ofPS
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PowerGeneration
•Heat (thermal) energy generated
from:(fossil fuels; coal ,petroleum
,natural gas)
•solar thermal energy
•geothermal energy
•nuclear energy
•Potential energy from falling
water in a hydroelectric facility
•Wind energy
•Solar electric from solar
(photovoltaic) cells
•Chemical energy from: fuel cells
,batteries
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Transmission Line
•Overhead Trans. Lines
(69KV-765KV)
•Subtrans. Lines
(34.5-69KV)
•UG Transm. Lines
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OverheadTrans. Lines
Transmission lines crossing the
Transmission lines above –
San Fernando Valley
sub transmission below
DC voltage transmission lines
345 kv transmission lines 11
Double set of transmission lines
Sub-Transmission Lines
Sub transmission lines above and
distribution lines below
Sub transmission lines with distribution Sub transmission lines with
primaries and secondary 12
distribution under build
UGTransmission Line
a tunnel cooling system
Transmission lines -installed -tunnel,
Cross section of underground
transmission line
Cable snaking through underground Underground transmission line13tunnel
transmission tunnel
SUB_STATION
•To switch Generators
•AC Volt one level to Other
•AC to DC
•DC to AC
1. Step-up Transmission
Substation
2. Step-down Transmission
Substation
3. Distribution Substation
4. Underground Distribution
Substation
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SS FUNCTIONS
•Changevoltage fromone levelto another
Regulate voltage to compensate for system voltage changes
•Switch transmission and distribution circuits into and out of
the grid system
•Measure electric power qualities flowing in the circuits
•Connect communication signals to the circuits
•Eliminate lightning and other electrical surges from the system
•Connect electric generation plants to the system
•Make interconnections between the electric systems of more than
one utility
•Control reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied to and the flow of
reactive kilovolt-amperes in the circuits
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Step-UpTransmission SS
High voltage (HV) 69 kV, 115 kV, 138
ac: kV, 161 kV, 230 kV
Extra-high voltage 345 kV, 500 kV, 765
(EHV) ac: kV
Step-up AC transmission substation
Ultra-high voltage
1100 kV, 1500 kV
(UHV) ac:
Direct-current high ±250 kV, ±400 kV,
voltage (dc HV): ±500 kV
Step-up transmission substation
16 to
AC transmission lines
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Step-DonTransmission SS usually 69 kV.
Step-down power transformer Step-down transmission substation
DistributionSS
distribution voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts.
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Distribution substation
UndergroundSS voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts.
Conduits
Duct Runs
Manholes
High-Voltage Underground Cables
Transformer Vault
Riser
Transformers
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SSEquipments
Air Circuit Breaker Distribution Bus Potheads
Batteries Duct Runs Power-line Carrier
Bus Support Insulators Frequency Changers Power Transformers
Capacitor Bank Grounding Resistors Rectifiers
Circuit Switchers Grounding Transformers Relays
High-Voltage Underground
Concrete Foundation SF6 Circuit Breakers
Cables
Conduits High-Voltage Fuses Shunt Reactors
Control House Lightning Arresters Steel Superstructures
Control Panels Manholes Supervisory Control
Control Wires Metal-clad Switchgear Suspension Insulators
Converter Stations Meters Synchronous Condensers
Coupling Capacitors Microwave Transmission Bus
Current Transformers Oil Circuit Breakers Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Disconnect Switches Potential Transformers
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Distribution System
•Industrial Customer
•Commercial Customer
•Residential Customer
•Transportation Customer
A typical distribution system can consist of:
Substations
Distribution Feeder Circuits
Switches
Protective Equipment
Primary Circuits
Distribution Transformers
And Services
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deliver voltages as high as 34,000 volts (34 kV) and as low as 120 volts.
Distribution primaries and secondary Distribution under build
on sub transmission pole
Typical residential service drop 23
Industrial facility distribution transformer Public transit train powered by overhead electric lines
Residential distribution transformer Distribution transformer to 24
and service drop 3-phase service - commercial facility
SWITCHES
•Circuit-breaker switches
•Single-pole disconnect switches
•Three-pole group-operated switches
•Pad-mounted switchgear
Air circuit-breaker switches
Pad mounted switchgear
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Single-pole disconnect switch combined
with a fuse is called a fused cutout
Protection Equipment
Pole mounted type - lightning arrester
Load-break fuse 26
ThankYou forKind Attention
Reference
www.osha.gov
Guide to Electrical Power Distribution Systems Sixth Edition
Anthony J. Pansini, EE, PE
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