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Inertial and Vibration Characteristics of a Cricket bat

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Inertial and Vibration Characteristics of a Cricket bat

V.Hariharan
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering-PG,
Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode - 638052 Tamil Nadu, India.
E-Mail: harimech@rediffmail.com
hariharan_vag@yahoo.com

Dr. PSS.Srinivasan
Principal, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology,
Trichengode,Namakkal Distric- 637209. Tamil Nadu.India
E-Mail: pssmech@yahoo.com

Name and address of the Corresponding Author

V.Hariharan
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering-PG,
Kongu Engineering College,
Perundurai, Erode - 638052
Tamil Nadu, India.
Phone: 04294-226052 (Office)
FAX:04294-220087(Office)
04294-224735( Residence )
Mobile : 094435 04469
E-Mail: harimech@rediffmail.com
hariharan_vag@yahoo.com

1
 Inertial and Vibration Characteristics of a Cricket bat
V.Hariharan1, PSS.Srinivasan2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering (PG), Kongu Engineering College,
Perundurai, Tamil Nadu, Indi-638052. E-Mail: hariharan@ kongu.ac.in
2
Principal, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Thiruchengode, Namakkal Dt., Tamilnadu, India – 637 209.
E-Mail: pssmech@ yahoo.com

Abstract

A number of popular sports such as tennis, badminton and baseball have benefited
from extensive research in sporting equipment . Bat performance means the ball exit
velocity obtained after hit. Experimental assessment of bat performance is costly and
tedious work. In this paper, a computational finite element modeling approach was
used to predict the performance of the cricket bat. The dynamic interaction of a cricket
ball and a bat are computationally modeled using commercially available software
ANSYS/LSDYNA. A finite element model of a ball is created using a Visco elastic
material model. When this ball model is used with finite element orthotropic model of
cricket bat the ball exit velocity is quantified. Modal analysis is also done to locate the
region between the two nodes of fundamental modes of vibration. The relationship
between the region between the nodes and the region which produces maximum velocity
is established. This modeling procedure yields a credible methodology for bat designers
to use finite element methods to characterise cricket bat performance. This paper will
provide an overview of the factors such as mass, moment of inertia, coefficient of
restitution(COR), location of fundamental vibration node, location that are relevant to
the design of cricket bats including related theoretical and empirical studies.

Keywords: Cricket bat, mass moment of inertia, COR, fundamental vibration node

1.0 INTRODUCTION

One of the most frequent questions asked by people interested in cricket bat history is how bats

have evolved since Bradman's era [8]. Bats used by Sir Donald Bradman and Sir Jack Hobbs were

much lighter than those used by most internationals. The weight was in the region of 0.96 Kg (2

lbs 2 ozs) to 1 kg (2 lbs 4 ozs). The shape constituted a very slim profile with thin edges not more
2
than 1.27 cm thick. The meat of the bat was also much higher up the blade to get the feather light

balance desired in this era. A classic example is the bat used by Aravinda De Silva of Srilanka his

bat weighs in the region of 1.36 kg (3 lbs) and have a longer blade with a very short handle.

Sachin Tendulkar of India is another batsman who has a bat that is 1.36 kg in weight. Tendulkar's

bats are standard short handle size and have a very large profile with extremely thick edges. Steve

Waugh of Australian cricketer he uses a bat that is a standard short handle and weighs in at about

1.14 kKg (2 lbs 8 ozs). Many cricketers playing high-level cricket today would choose to use a

bat of larger mass purely to make the ball travel further when hit. Those who use lighter bats

generally deflect the ball or stroke it, rather than hit it hard. It is not uncommon for a player to

have a selection of light bats for test matches and a couple of heavier and chunkier ones for one

day players.

1.1 Importance of Inertial and Vibrational Properties

Several inertial and vibrational properties of the bat are relevant to its effective use. Some of them

are mass, moment of inertia, coefficient of restitution, Location of the fundamental node. The

maximum cricket bat width is 10.8 cm. The maximum bat length is 96.5 cm. All bats used in

professional matches must be made of wood. The blade may be covered with material for

protection, strengthening or repair. Such material shall not exceed 1.56 mm in thickness, and shall

not be likely to cause unacceptable damage to the ball. Heavier bats have a slower bat speed than

lighter bats. The effort required to move the bat increases as the weight of the bat increases. A

lighter bat will allow faster bat speed and increase the chance of hitting the middle of the ball. A

heavier bat will not be quite as easy to hit the middle of the ball.

3
1.2 Mass and Moment of Inertia

Mass and moment of inertia determine the amount of effort required to swing the bat. There is an

inverse relationship between bat linear and angular acceleration to the mass and moment of inertia

of the bat respectively. Thus, the more mass and moment of inertia, the more impulse required to

produce a given change in bat speed or direction. In other words, greater mass and moment of

inertia compromise the batsmen’s ability to control the path of the bat as it moves toward the ball

as well as to generate bat velocity during the swing. Theoretical relationship between mass and

impact parameters indicate that lighter bats have been used by most skilled players would be more

effective. Bat manufacturers and retailers do not provide moment of inertia measurements with

their products; however, moment of inertia is a critical design parameter and is also used to

develop bat selection guidelines.

1.3 Coefficient of Restitution (COR)

The coefficient of restitution (COR) of two colliding objects, such as the ball and bat, is the ratio

of the difference between their velocities immediately after impact compared to the difference

between their velocities prior to impact. This ratio has been shown to be a function of collision

velocity as well as temperature. For simplicity, the COR of balls and bats are evaluated separately.

Ball COR is usually determined by impacting the balls with a wooden wall backed by concrete.

The COR of bats has been shown to be a weak function of impact location along the blade of the

bat. Thus, it does not play a significant role in determining the location of the sweet spot. The

sweet spot of the bat is the area of the blade where batsmen are looking to strike the ball to

achieve the largest ball exit velocity. If a given ball impacts with a bat under these conditions the

bat with the higher coefficient of restitution will produce the greatest post-impact ball velocity.

Improving the COR of bats has been the primary focus of the research and development efforts of

the major bat manufacturers during the past decade. The COR can be significantly improved

through the use of materials of higher strength/mass ratios.

4
The bat also exhibits important and relevant elastic properties during impact as well as during the

swing because the bat is not completely rigid. The vibrational behavior of a bat approximates that

of a uniform beam, described in detail in most engineering textbooks on vibrations. If we assume,

for simplicity, that a bat can be represented by a uniform rod rigidly suspended at the point of

contact with the hands, then the various normal vibrational modes are only those for a rigid

clamped rod.

This fundamental mode has only one node and it is located at the clamped point. The next highest

frequency mode has a node at the handle and another at ¾ of the length of bat. If the ball strikes

the bat at a node of a given vibrational mode (figure 1), then that particular mode will not be

excited. Since all modes have an anti-node at the unclamped end of the bat, all modes of vibration

can be excited when striking the bat at the end. Shorter bats and bats with greater strength/mass

ratios will have higher fundamental frequencies.

Fig. 1: Vibrational property

During impact, the vibration behavior of the bat corresponds to that of a free, non-supported bat

whether irregardless of the firmness of the grip. The approximate locations of the two nodes for

the first mode are 29% of the bat length from each end. The number of nodes for each

successively higher mode increases by one at each step. Also, the amplitude associated with each

mode decreases as the frequency increases and increases as the distance from the node increases.

The distal node of the fundamental mode has been identified as one of the determinants of the

5
sweet spot. Impacts on the node do not excite the low-frequency fundamental mode, resulting in a

higher-frequency and smaller vibrations of the bat handle. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that

nodal impacts would be more comfortable for the batsmen.

1.4 Literature review

The methodology used for baseball bat research is used for cricket bat. Lloyd Smith et al [1,10] in

their paper determined dynamic interaction of bat and ball. Linear elastic property was used for

bat and nonlinear property for ball. The bat and ball was given linear velocities. The effect of

impact location on ball exit velocity was presented. Rochelle Nicholls et al [7,8] analyzed the

dynamics of bat ball impact using finite element method. Kinematic input was obtained from

experimental setup. Aluminium and wood baseball bat was used for analysis. Linear elastic

isotopic model was used for bat. Both ends were assumed to be free to rotate and translate. Results

between ball exit velocity and impact location is plotted to determine the location of maximum

BEV. Sherwood et al [4,11] analyzed the change in the performance of bat due to changes in wall

thickness, handle flex, material properties, and weight distribution. Experimental data was

calibrated using finite element method. Mooney rivilin material model was used for ball.

Automatic surface to surface contact algorithm was selected. Aluminium bat made of C405 alloy

was considered and meshed using shell element. Solid wood bat was also used for analysis. Graph

was plotted between BEV and time for wood and aluminum bats. Aluminium bat had higher ball

exit velocity. Shenoy et al [2,9] compared the performance for wooden bat and composite bat.

The effect of bat constraints on stress and performance is determined. Graph were plotted between

hit ball speed and bat impact location and Bat impact location and axial stress. Larry noble [5,11]

provided scientific basis for examining and developing new bat design and manner in which bat is

swung and forces transmitted during swing and properties of bat were considered. Mass, Moment

of inertia, Coefficient of restitution, COP and Fundamental node of vibration were the properties

considered. The study is made on the cricket bat. The present concentrates the characterizing of

6
cricket bat and its performance. Various Graphs are plotted for ball exit velocity and impact

location from bottom of the bat.

2.0 PROBLEM FORMULATION

Assessment of performance of cricket bat by experimentally is a costly and tedious work.

Development of computational method to assess the performance of the cricket bats would be

helpful for designers. Computational methodology must be capable to predict the ball exit velocity

after impact. The objective of this paper is to determine the ball exit velocity for various impact

locations from the bottom of the bat and the region which produces maximum velocity by using

the computational methodology. Combinations of bat velocity and ball velocity is varied and its

effect on ball exit velocity is analysed. Modal analysis of the cricket bat is done to locate the node

points for the first two fundamental modes of vibration. The region between the two node points is

determined. The region determined by modal analysis is compared with the region which

produces maximum ball exit velocity by computational methods. This comparison is useful to

find out the relationship between the two regions.

2.1 Forces Between Bat and Ball

The impact between bat and ball is an extremely violent one, in which the bat imparts a huge force

on the ball thereby causing it to change directions and gain speed. Consider a baseball weighing

mass m kg which approaches the bat at a speed of vi m/s. After the collision with the bat, with a

contact time of ∆t seconds the ball has a speed of vf m/s in the opposite direction. Using Newton's

second law we can estimate the average force acting on the ball during the hit.

mvf − mvi
Favg =
∆t ( 1)

7
The force that the bat exerts on the ball is not a constant during the entire duration of contact, but

it follows more of a sine-squared time history, starting and ending at zero and peaking

approximately half way through the duration of contact. The figure 2 illustrates this.

Fig, 2: Force Vs Time curve

The area under a force-vs-time curve is the impulse provided by the force. The average force,

calculated is the constant force which acts for the same duration as the actual force, and encloses

the same area under its force-vs-time curve (providing the same impulse) as does the actual force.

2.2 Collisions

The impact between bat and ball is a collision between two objects. In its analysis the collision

may be taken to occur in one-dimension. In reality, most collisions between bat and ball collisions

require a two-dimensional analysis. The ball, m1, and bat, m2, both have initial velocities before

the collision (subscript "b"), with the ball's velocity being negative. After the collision (subscript

"a") both bat and balls have positive velocities. The before and after velocities and the masses of

bat and ball are related to each other through the physical relationship known as the conservation

of linear momentum illustrated in figure 3.

Fig. 3: Conservation of Linear momentum

8
Linear momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. If the net force acting on a

system of objects is zero then the total momentum of the system is constant. While the bat and

ball are in contact, the player is exerting a force on the bat that is the force needed to swing the

bat. But for a completely correct analysis, momentum is not constant because of this force exerted

by the player swinging the bat. However, the force on the bat by the player is very much smaller

than the forces between bat and ball during the collision, and the contact time between ball and bat

is very short (less than 1 millisecond). This allows us to ignore the force on the bat by the player

during the collision between ball and bat without significantly affecting results. If we ignore the

force by the player on the bat, we can express the conservation of linear momentum by setting the

total momentum before the collision equal to the total momentum after the collision.

m1v1b + m2 v 2b = m1v1a + m2 v 2a (2)

To determine the final velocities of the two objects after the collision, we need more than just the

conservation of momentum. Equation-2 is usually the conservation of energy. The conservation of

energy relates the change in kinetic energy (associated with motion), the change in potential

energy (associated with springs and position), and any work done by non conservative forces (like

friction) which act on the system. The change in kinetic energy includes information about the

velocities of the ball and bat before and after the collision. During the collision the ball undergoes

a significant amount of compression and damping forces which converts much of the ball's initial

kinetic energy into heat. The change in potential energy and work done by the friction describe

how much of the initial energy is lost during compression of the bat and ball. The manner in

which these energies are related during the bat-ball collision is rather complicated. However, the

effective relationship between the elastic properties of the ball and the relative velocities of bat

and ball may be summarized in terms of the coefficient of restitution (COR) (e)

9
 v1a − v 2a
e=− (3)
v1b − v 2b

The coefficient of restitution of a Cricket bat decreases with increasing incoming ball speed (v1b).

Assuming a constant initial velocity of ball, we can combine two equations 2 and 3 and do a little

algebra to solve for the velocity of the cricket ball after the collision:

(m1 − em2 )v1b + (m2 + em2 )v2b

v12 = (4)
m1 + m2

Equation-4 tells us how the batted ball velocity (v1a) depends on the mass of the ball (m1) and bat

(m2), the elasticity of the ball (e), initial velocity of ball (v1b) and the bat swing speed (v2b). The

properties of the ball may be treated as constants since they don't change during a turn at bat. The

batsman has no control over the pitched ball speed, and while it may vary considerably from pitch

to pitch we'll assume that it is a constant. The only two remaining variables which determine the

final velocity of the ball are the mass of the bat, m2 and the initial speed of the bat, v2b. If we know

these two parameters, we can predict the Ball exit velocity.

2.3 Modelling of Cricket Bat and Ball

The analysis is carried out for the cricket bat. The geometry of the cricket bat is measured and

modeled. Material properties of the bat are based on the type of wood used. Cricket ball

dimensions are also measured and modeled with two assumptions. First the bat is to move linearly

in order to reduce the computational time and the second one Cricket bat is assumed to be made of

English willow wood. Modeling of the cricket bat and ball is done using Pro-Engineer as shown in

Figure.4.

10
 Fig. 4: Bat Model

2.4 Method of Analysis

Computational analysis of bat ball impact can be performed in ANSYS /LS-DYNA. It combines

the LS-DYNA explicit finite element program with the powerful pre- and post processing

capabilities of the ANSYS program. The explicit method of solution used by LS-DYNA provides

fast solutions for short-time, large deformation dynamics, quasi-static problems with large

deformations and multiple nonlinearities, and complex contact/impact problems. Using this

integrated product, the model in ANSYS can obtain the explicit dynamic solution via LS-DYNA,

and review results using the standard ANSYS post processing tools. SOLID164 element is used

for the 3-D modeling of solid structures. The element is defined by eight nodes having the

following degrees of freedom at each node: translations, velocities, and accelerations in the nodal

x, y, and z directions. Orthotropic Elastic and Viscoelastic properties are effectively represented

by this element. Meshed model is shown in figure 5

Boundary conditions: The bat is assumed to be free-free beam and moved in linear direction.

The ball is moving with velocity with linear path and angular path.

Fig. 5: Finite Element Bat Model

11
There are numerous material models available for use in an explicit dynamic analysis. Orthotropic

model is selected for bat and proper material properties are defined as in Table-1

Table 1: Material properties of Cricket bat

S.No Property Value

1 Density 450 kg/m3

2 Elastic modulus 9.8 e9 N/m2

3 Shear modulus 6.7 e9 N/m2

4 Poisson ratio 0.3

A cricket ball is a complex object consisting of many nonlinear materials such as leather, twine or

yarn and cork/rubber pill. A purely linear-elastic ball cannot be used in the modeling because it

does not account for the nonlinear properties that a real ball exhibits with respect to the stiffness

of the ball. In reality, a cricket ball gets stiffer the more it deforms .Viscoelastic material model

was selected for the ball defined from a time dependant shear modulus as

G(t ) = Gα + (Go − Gα )e− βt

and constant bulk modulus K. The Visco elastic material constants G∝, Go, β and their values are

defined as in Table -2

Table 2: Material properties of Cricket ball

S.No Property Value

1 Density 150 kg/m3
2 Bulk modulus K 69 e6 N/m2
3 Shear modulus Go 41 e6 N/m2
4 Shear modulus Gα 11 e6 N/m2
5 β(material Constant) 9000

12
A contact surface in ANSYS LS-DYNA allows to represent, a wide range of types of interaction

between components in a model. Bat surface and ball surface is selected as contact entities.

Automatic Surface-to-Surface algorithm is selected to effectively represent the realistic contact.

Bat is subjected to various combination of impact such as 30-30, 40-30, 30-40 impacts and

angular impacts of Ball. 30-30 impact means ball is given the velocity of 30 m/s and bat is given

30 m/s. Ball exit velocity (BEV) obtained after is noted for various locations from the bottom of

the bat and graph is plotted for all combinations. Sequence of impact of ball with the bat for

various time sub step is given below in the figures 6 - 9.

Fig. 6: Velocity plot for Time step 1

Fig. 7: Velocity plot for Time step 3

Fig. 8: Velocity plot for Time step 5

Fig. 9: Velocity plot for Time step 7

13
3.0 MODAL ANALYSIS

Modal analysis is done to determine the node points for the first two fundamental modes of

vibrations. The first two fundamental frequency of the cricket bat is given in the Table-3. The

mode shapes for the first two fundamental nodes are given in the figures 10 and 11. The boundary

conditions are one end pinned and other end is free. The bat is positioned like cantilever beam and

fixed at handle and free at other end.

Fig. 10: Mode shape for First Natural Frequency

Fig. 11: Mode shape for Second Natural Frequency

Table 3: Natural Frequency of Cricket bat

Sl.No Frequency Value

1 First Natural Frequency 164.228 Hz
2 Second Natural Frequency 665.936 Hz

14
 Fig. 12: Sweet spot

The two node points are located at 0.12m and 0.18 m from the bottom of the bat. Thus the region

between the two nodes is 0.06 m. Thus the region which produces maximum ball exit velocity is

in the region between the two nodes of vibration. Therefore there exists the relation between these

two regions. Thus this region is called as sweet spot as shown in figure 12.

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Ball exit velocity is determined for various impact locations from the bottom of the bat for

different combinations of bat and ball speed. The graph is plotted between ball exit velocity and

impact location so as to determine the region of impact which produces maximum ball exit

velocity.

When ball and bat both are subjected to 40 m/s linear velocity the maximum ball exit velocity of

78 m/s is obtained. From the figure 5.5 the ball exit velocity is found to be maximum in the region

of 0.13 m to 0.15 m from the bottom of the bat. (Figure-13)

When ball and bat both are subjected to 30 m/s linear velocity the maximum ball exit velocity of

54 m/s is obtained. From the figure 5.6 the ball exit velocity is found to be maximum in the region

of 0.13 m to 0.17 m from the bottom of the bat (Figure-14)

15
When ball is subjected to 30 m/s and bat is subjected to 40 m/s linear velocity the maximum ball

exit velocity of 69 m/s is obtained. From the figure 5.7 the ball exit velocity is found to be

maximum in the region of 0.12m to 0.15m from the bottom of the bat. (Figure-15)

When ball is subjected to 40 m/s and bat is subjected to 30 m/s linear velocity the maximum ball

exit velocity of 60 m/s is obtained. From the figure 5.8 the ball exit velocity is found to be

maximum in the region of 0.12m to 0.15m from the bottom of the bat. (Figure-16)

When ball is subjected to 40 m/s inclined at angle of 45ο and bat is subjected to 30 m/s linear

velocity the maximum ball exit velocity of 55 m/s is obtained. From the figure 5.9 the ball exit

velocity is found to be maximum in the region of 0.11m to 0.14m from the bottom of the bat.

(Figure-17)

When ball is subjected to 40 m/s inclined at angle of 45ο and bat is subjected to 40 m/s linear

velocity the maximum ball exit velocity of 55 m/s is obtained. From the figure 5.10 the ball exit

velocity is found to be maximum in the region of 0.11m to 0.14m from the bottom of the bat.

(Figure-18)

For all the above mentioned cases ball exit velocity was found to be maximum between the region

0.11m to 0.17m from the bottom of the bat. Thus the region between 0.11m to 0.17m from the

bottom of the bat can be called as the region which produces maximum ball exit velocity.

40 ball 40 bat impact

80
Ball exit velocity(m/s)

70
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Impact locations in m from bottom of bat

Fig. 13: BEV Vs Impact Location for 40-40 impact

16
 30 ball 30 bat impact

60

Ball exit velocity(m/s)

50

40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Impact locations in m from bottom of bat

Fig. 14: BEV Vs Impact Location for 30-30 impact

30 ball 40 bat impact

70
Ball exit velocity(m/s)

65
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Impact locations in m from bottom of bat

Fig. 15: BEV Vs Impact Location for 30-40 impact

40 ball 30 bat

65
Ball exit velocity in m/s

55
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
impact loca tion in m from bottom of bat

Fig. 16: BEV Vs impact Location for 40-30 impact

45 Degree Inclination 40 ball 30 bat impact

55
Ball exit velocity(m/s)

50
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Impact locations in m from bottom of bat

Fig.17: BEV Vs Impact Location for 45o Angle

40-30 impact

17
 45 Degree Inclination 40 ball 40 bat impact

75

Ball exit velocity(m /s)

65
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Impact locations in m from bottom of bat

Fig. 18: BEV Vs Impact Location for 45o Angle

40-40 impact

CONCLUSIONS

Using this computational method the ball exit velocity is quantified. Ball exit velocity is

determined for various impact locations. By changing the combinations of ball and bat velocities

the region which produces maximum ball exit velocity is between the range of 0.1m and 0.17m

Modal analysis is carried out to locate the node points and the region of location of this node

points. Relationship between the nodes and the region which produces maximum Ball Exit

velocity is established. It is found that region between the two nodes produces the maximum ball

velocity. This region is called as sweet spot. This region is lies between the 0.12m and 0.18 m

from the bottom of the bat. This value is very nearer to the location of the ball exit velocity at

different impact condition as shown in the Table-4.

This finite element models provide an excellent simulation of the bat-ball impact and can be used

to investigate the ball exit velocity. This modeling procedure yields a credible methodology for

bat designers to use finite element methods to characterize cricket bat performance.

18
 Table 4: Comparison of the region of the maximum
Velocity from bottom of the bat

Region of
Maximum Ball Exit Modal Analysis
Sl.No Impact Condition
Velocity in m
in m
1 40-40 impact 0.13 - 0.15
2 30 -30 impact 0.13 - 0.17
3 30 -40 impact 0.12 - 0.15
4 40-30 impact 0.12 - 0.15
40-30 impact with 0.12-0.18
5 45Degree Inclination 0.11 - 0.14
of Ball
40-40 impact with 45
6 degree inclination of 0.11 - 0.14
the ball

NOMENCLATURE

V1a Velocity of ball after collision in m/s

V2a Velocity of bat after collision in m/s
V1b Velocity of ball before collision in m/s
V2b Velocity of bat before collision in m/s
m1 mass of the ball in Kg
m2 mass of the bat in Kg
e Coefficient of Restitution

REFERENCES

[1] Brody,H.(1986), “The sweet spot of a baseball”, American Journal of Physics,54, pp. 640-643

[2] Brody,H.(1990), “Models of baseball bat”, American Journal of Physics,54, pp. 756-758

[3] Kirkpatrik,P. (1963). “Batting the ball” American Journal of Physics,31,pp. 606-613

[4] Lloyd V. Smith, John C. Hermanson, Sudarsan Rangaraj, Donald A. Bender (2000) ‘A

Dynamic finite element analysis of wood baseball bats.’, School of Mechanical and Materials

Engineering, Washington state University

19
 [5] Mahesh M. Shenoy, Lloyd V. Smith, JohnT. Axtell. (2001) 'Performance assessment of wood,

metal and composite baseball bats’, Composite structures. pp, 397–404.

[6] Mahesh M. Shenoy, Lloyd V. Smith, JohnT. Axtell. (2001) ‘Simulated composite baseball bat

impact using numerical and experimental techniques’, School of Mechanical and Materials

Engineering, Washington state University

[7] Mustone, T.J., Sherwood, J.A. (1998).’Charactersing the performance of baseball bats using

experimental and finite element methods.’ Engineering of Sport research Development and

innovation, Blackwell science, Oxford. Pp.377-388.

[8] Noble, L. (1998), ‘Inertial and vibrational characteristics of softball and baseball bats: research

and design implications.’ International Society of Biomechanics in Sports: conference

proceedings.

[9] Noble,L., Walker, H. (1994). “Baseball bat Inertial and Vibrational Characteristics and

Discomfort following ball bat impacts”, Journal of Applied Bio-mechanics 10, pp. 132-144

[10] Rochelle L. Nicholls, Karol miller, Bruce C. Elliot, (2001) ‘Bat design and ball exit velocity

in baseball implication of player safety’. Australian conference of science and medicine in sport,

Perth

[11] Rochelle L. Nicholls, Karol miller, Bruce C. Elliot, (2003) ‘A New method for assessment of

Baseball bat Performance,’ IX International Symposium computer simulation in Bio Mechanics

20

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