1) Scalars are quantities described by magnitude alone, like mass or time. Vectors are quantities described by both magnitude and direction, like displacement or force.
2) Distance is the total path length between two points, while displacement is the straight-line distance. Displacement is a vector and depends on direction, while distance is a scalar.
3) Speed is the distance covered per unit time. Velocity is the displacement covered per unit time and includes direction, making it a vector. Uniform circular motion, like a cyclist on a track, is accelerated even though the speed is constant due to changing direction.
1) Scalars are quantities described by magnitude alone, like mass or time. Vectors are quantities described by both magnitude and direction, like displacement or force.
2) Distance is the total path length between two points, while displacement is the straight-line distance. Displacement is a vector and depends on direction, while distance is a scalar.
3) Speed is the distance covered per unit time. Velocity is the displacement covered per unit time and includes direction, making it a vector. Uniform circular motion, like a cyclist on a track, is accelerated even though the speed is constant due to changing direction.
1) Scalars are quantities described by magnitude alone, like mass or time. Vectors are quantities described by both magnitude and direction, like displacement or force.
2) Distance is the total path length between two points, while displacement is the straight-line distance. Displacement is a vector and depends on direction, while distance is a scalar.
3) Speed is the distance covered per unit time. Velocity is the displacement covered per unit time and includes direction, making it a vector. Uniform circular motion, like a cyclist on a track, is accelerated even though the speed is constant due to changing direction.
1) Scalars are quantities described by magnitude alone, like mass or time. Vectors are quantities described by both magnitude and direction, like displacement or force.
2) Distance is the total path length between two points, while displacement is the straight-line distance. Displacement is a vector and depends on direction, while distance is a scalar.
3) Speed is the distance covered per unit time. Velocity is the displacement covered per unit time and includes direction, making it a vector. Uniform circular motion, like a cyclist on a track, is accelerated even though the speed is constant due to changing direction.
Scalars are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone. Eg/- mass, time, length, area, speed, distance, work, power, energy etc.
Vectors are quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction. Eg/- weight, displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum etc.
Distance versus Displacement
Distance Displacement
The complete length of the path joining Displacement is the length of the shortest any two points is called distance. path joining the two given points.
Distance is a scalar quantity as it only Displacement is a vector quantity as it
depends upon the magnitude and not depends upon both magnitude and direction the direction
Distance depends on the path chosen. Displacement depends only on the initial and the final points; does not depend on the path chosen.
Distance can only have positive values Displacement can be positive, negative and even zero.
Let’s understand with the following This change in position of an object is
diagram: known as
Distance here will be = 4m + 3m + 5m Displacement. Displacement will be
= 12 m 5m.
Displacement will be 5m.( shortest distance between
A and C)
SI unit of distance and displacement is meter.(m)
1 CLASS IX PHYSICS 2020-21 Prepared by: Sandhya.K
Speed and velocity
Speed Velocity
Speed is the distance covered by a body Velocity is the displacement covered by
in unit time. a body in a unit time.
It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
It Determines “How fast an object is It determines “In which direction an
moving”? object is moving”?
It is the rate of change of distance. It is a rate of change of displacement.
It cannot be negative. The velocity of moving Objects can be
negative, positive or can be zero.
SI unit of speed and velocity is m/s.
Other units are km/h, miles/s. To convert from km/h to m/s:-
Average Speed: The average speed of a body in a certain time interval is the distance covered by the body in that time interval divided by time.
Average Speed =
Instantaneous speed: The speed of an object in motion at a specific point in time is
known as instantaneous speed.
Instantaneous speed (v) =
Note:
1. Instantaneous speed is always greater than or equal to zero and is a scalar quantity.
2. For uniform motion, instantaneous speed is constant.
Acceleration: Acceleration is a measure of the change in the velocity of an object per
unit time and mathematically it is given as
2 CLASS IX PHYSICS 2020-21 Prepared by: Sandhya.K
If the velocity of an object changes from an initial value u to the final value v in time t, the acceleration a is given by,
A body has uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight line and its velocity increases by equal amount in equal intervals of time for example freely falling bodies, motion of ball rolling down the inclined plane etc.
A body has non uniform acceleration if its velocity increases or decreases by unequal amount in equal intervals of time.
If acceleration is in the direction of the velocity then it is positive acceleration and if
it is in the direction opposite to the direction of velocity then it is negative and the negative acceleration is termed retardation.
SI unit of acceleration is ms-2.
Equations of uniformly accelerated motion
There are three equations of bodies moving with uniform acceleration which we can use to solve problems of motion
First Equation of motion
The first equation of motion is v=u+at , where v is the final velocity and u is the initial velocity of the body.
First equation of motion gives velocity acquired by body at any time t.
Now we know that acceleration
Rearranging above equation, we get first equation of motion that is
3 CLASS IX PHYSICS 2020-21 Prepared by: Sandhya.K
Second Equation of motion
Second equation of motion is-
where u is initial velocity, a is uniform acceleration and s is the distance travelled by
body in time t.
Second equation of motion gives distance travelled by a moving body in time t.
Third equation of motion
Third equation of motion is-
where u is initial velocity, v is the final velocity, a is uniform acceleration and s is
the distance travelled by the body.
This equation gives the velocity acquired by the body in travelling a distance s.
These three equations of motion are used to solve uniformly accelerated motion problems and following three important points should be remembered while solving problems
a. if a body starts moving from rest its initial velocity u=0
b. if a body comes to rest i.e., it stops then its final velocity would be v=0
c. If a body moves with uniform velocity then its acceleration would be zero.
Uniform circular motion
When an object moves in a circular path at a constant speed then motion of the object is called uniform circular motion.
In our everyday life, we come across many examples of circular motion. For example cars going round the circular track and many more .Also earth and other planets revolve around the sun in a roughly circular orbit.
If the speed of motion is constant for a particle moving in a circular motion still the particles accelerates because of constantly changing direction of the velocity.
Here in circular motion, we use angular velocity in place of velocity we used while studying linear motion. 4 CLASS IX PHYSICS 2020-21 Prepared by: Sandhya.K Force which is needed to make body travel in a circular path is called centripetal force.
We know that the circumference of a circle of radius r is given by 2πr. If the body takes t seconds to go once around the circular path of radius r, the velocity v is given by ( using )
One thing we must keep in mind is that uniform linear motion is not accelerated but uniform circular motion is accelerated motion.
Examples of uniform circular motion are-
(a) Motion of artificial satellites around the earth (b) Moon, the natural satellite of earth, moves in uniform circular motion round the earth. (c) Cyclist moving on a circular track with a constant speed exhibits uniform circular motion.
