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Constructors and Destructors: C++ 6 Sem, A' Div 2018-19 Prof. Mouna M. Naravani

Constructors and destructors are special member functions in C++ that are automatically called when objects are created and destroyed. Constructors initialize objects and guarantee initialization, while destructors destroy objects and release memory. There are different types of constructors like default, parameterized, and copy constructors. Destructors are called implicitly by the compiler when objects go out of scope and free any dynamically allocated memory.

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95 views19 pages

Constructors and Destructors: C++ 6 Sem, A' Div 2018-19 Prof. Mouna M. Naravani

Constructors and destructors are special member functions in C++ that are automatically called when objects are created and destroyed. Constructors initialize objects and guarantee initialization, while destructors destroy objects and release memory. There are different types of constructors like default, parameterized, and copy constructors. Destructors are called implicitly by the compiler when objects go out of scope and free any dynamically allocated memory.

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Mohan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Constructors and Destructors

C++
6th Sem, ‘A’ Div
2018-19
Prof. Mouna M. Naravani
A constructor guarantees that an object created by the class will be initialized automatically.
Ex: create an object
integer int1;
➢ Object int1 is created, and also initializes its data members m and n to zero.
➢ There is no need to write any statement to invoke the constructor function.
➢ If a normal member function is defined for zero initialization, we would need to invoke
this function for each of the objects separately.
➢ This would be very inconvenient, if there are a large number of objects.
Default Constructor
➢ Accepts no parameters.
➢ Also called as Zero Constructor.
➢ If no such constructor is defined, then the compiler supplies a default constructor.
Parameterized Constructor
➢ A constructor that takes arguments or parameters are called Parameterized constructors.
➢ We can pass the arguments to constructor function when object are created.
➢ We must pass the initial values as arguments to the constructor function when an object
is declared.
➢ This can be done in two ways:
By calling the constructor explicitly.
By calling the constructor implicitly.
By calling the constructor explicitly
integer int1 = integer(10, 100);
➢ This statement creates an integer object int1 and passes the values 10 and 100 to it.
By calling the constructor implicitly
integer int1(10, 100);
➢ Also called as short hand method, shorter, better and easy to implement.
Copy Constructor
➢ Copy Constructor is used to declare and initialize an object from another object.
➢ Ex:
integer I2 ( I1 );
➢ This would define an object I2 and at the same time initialize it to the values of I1.
➢ Another form:
integer I2 = I1;//it simply assigns the values of I1 to I2, member-by-memeber
➢ The process of initializing through a copy constructor is known as copy initialization.
➢ A copy constructor takes a reference to an object of the same class as itself as an
argument.
Multiple Constructors in a Class 1. Object declarations:
class integer integer I1;
{
int m, n; - invokes default constructor and set both
public: m and n of I1 to 0.
integer() //Default Constructor
{ 2. Object declarations:
m=0; n=0; integer I2(20, 40);
}
integer(int a, int b) - invokes parameterized constructor and
//Parameterized Constructor
{ set both m and n of I2 to 20 and 40
m=a; n=b;
} respectively.
integer(integer & i) 3. Object declarations:
//Copy Constructor
{ integer I3(I2);
m = i.m; n=i.n;
- invokes copy constructor which copies
};
} the values of I2 into I3.
• The actual parameter, when specified, overrides the default value.
Default Constructor Default Argument Constructor
A() { ---- } A(int = 0) { ---- }

➢ The default argument constructor can be called with either one argument or no
arguments.
➢ When called with no arguments, it becomes a default constructor.
➢ When both these forms are used in a class, it causes ambiguity for a statement such
as:
A a;
The ambiguity is whether to call A() or A(int = 0) --- ??
Destructors
➢ Used to destroy the objects that have been created by a constructor.
➢ The destructor is a member function whose name is the same as the class name but is
preceded by a tilde( ~).
➢ Destructor of class sample can be defined as;
~ sample() { }
➢ Destructor never takes any argument nor does it return any value(not even void).
➢ It will be invoked implicitly by the compiler upon exit from the program to clean up
storage that is no longer accessible. (No need to call it explicitly)
➢ Destructors releases memory space for future use.
➢ Destructors destroy the objects in the reverse order of creation.
➢ Destructors cannot be overloaded. (only 1 destructor in a class).
➢ Whenever new is used to allocate memory in the constructors, we should use delete to
free that memory.
➢ This is required because when the pointers to objects go out of scope, a destructor is not
called implicitly.
➢ Constructors.cpp
➢ Destructors.cpp
➢ DestructoroutofScope.cpp
➢ beforeDestructor.cpp
➢ CopyConstructors.cpp
➢ OverloadedConstructors.cpp
➢ ParameterizedConstructors.cpp
References

➢ Sourav Sahay, “Objected Oriented Programming with C++”

➢ E Balagurusamy, “Objected Oriented Programming with C++”

➢ P. B. Kotur, “Objected Oriented Programming with C++”

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