Answers

Chapter 1 16 a 1306 b 2.085 c 1085 d 2.487

e 0.0008 f 6.19 g 0.04513 h 0.0045
Check in 1 17 a 1760 b 93
1 a Four thousand b Four hundred 1.1A
c Four tenths d Four thousandths
1 £3.60
2 a – 2.5
–3 0 +4 2 a 5 mm
b i 5.05 cm ii 3.55 cm iii 12.3 cm
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
c i 5.1 cm ii 3.6 cm iii 12.35 cm
3 a CON 26 000, LIB 3000, LAB 26 000, UKIP 6000
b −3, −2.4, −1.8, 0, +1.5, +5, +6 b CON 26 000, LIB 2700, LAB 26 100, UKIP 5700
1.1S 4 a No. Difference = 0.24 s < 0.25 s
b 4th place.
1 a One thousand, three hundred and seven
c Adams and Bolyai.
b Twenty-nine thousand and six
5 a 86 × 57 b 44 × 29 c 73 × 55 d 121 × 90
c Three-hundred thousand
e 2%
d Six-hundred-and-five thousand and thirty
*6 "3 = 1.732 051... 253 = 15 625, 1.73 × 15 600 = 26 988
2 a 8043 b 70 000 000 c 200 051 d 2010
Ian has rounded values at each stage, not just at the end.
3 a 0.1, 0.3, 1, 1.3, 2, 3.1 b 6.07, 7.06, 27.6, 77.2, 607 9 9
7 3.118 > 3.112, 3.118 ⩾ 3.112, 4.5 ⩽ 2 , 4.5 = 2 ,
c 7.03, 7.08, 7.3, 7.38, 7.8, 7.83 9
4.5 ⩾ 2 , 3.004 > 2.9961, 3.004 ⩾ 2.9961
d 2.18, 2.4, 4.18, 4.2, 8.24, 8.4
8 1.45 ⩽ x < 1.495 or 1.505 ⩽ x < 1.55
4 a 8000.6, 6008, 6000.8, 862.6, 682.8
9 Yes. The upper bounds (in kg) are 85, 95.5, 96.55, 72.5 so the
b 97.4, 94.7, 79.4, 74.9, 49.7, 47.9
upper bound for the total weight is 349.55 kg < 350 kg.
c 18.7, 18.16, 17.6, 17.16, 16.7, 16.18
d 13.2, 13.145, 2.5, 2.38, 1.1, 1.06 1.2S
3
5 a 250 > 205 b 1.377 < 1.73 c 8 < 0.4 1 a 22 b −12 c −2 d −14
5
d −17 > −71 e −0.09 < −0.089 f 8 = 0.625 e 12 f 12 g 19 h −15
6 a 4.52, 5 tenths > 0 tenths. b 5.5, 5 tenths > 0 tenths. i 11 j −61 k 344 l 49
c 16.8, 8 tenths > 7 tenths. d 16.8, 8 tenths > 1 tenth. 2 a −10.8 b 0.7 c 13.5 d −0.7
7 a F b T c T d T e −38.2 f 112.7
e F f T 3 a 10 b 10.1 c 10.3 d 11.1
8 a i 3050 ii 3000 iii 3000 e 16.4 f 7.5
b i 1760 ii 1800 iii 2000 4 a 7.77 b 5.25 c 3.6 d 3.9
c i 290 ii 300 iii 0 e 2.13 f 13.04
d i 50 ii 100 iii 0 5 a 2.5 b 2.1 c 2.2 d 3.9
e i 40 ii 0 iii 0 e 1.4 f 0.7
f i 740 ii 700 iii 1000 6 a 0.74 b 1.05 c 1.51 d 7.14
g i 2960 ii 3000 iii 3000 e 1.08 f 0.64
h i 1450 ii 1500 iii 1000 7 a 35.96 b 34.61 c 96.35 d 104.42
i i 20 ii 0 iii 0 e 14.931 f 10.401 g 26.211 h 63.836
j i 24 600 ii 24 600 iii 25 000 8 a 10.68 b 0.43 c 4.097 d 0.76
k i 16 340 ii 16 300 iii 16 000 e 2.12 f 4.19 g 2.04 h 5.7
l i 167 730 ii 167 700 iii 168 000 9 a 2.63 b 0.45 c 24.32 d 14.72
9 a i 39.1 ii 39.11 b i 7.1 ii 7.07 10 a 3.97 b 0.095 c 12.44 d 58.34
c i 5.9 ii 5.92 d i 512.7 ii 512.72 11 a 2.6 b 7.86 c 5.9 d 92.54
e i 4.3 ii 4.26 f i 12.0 ii 12.01 e 0.97 f 24.27
g i 0.8 ii 0.83 h i 26.9 ii 26.88 12 a 13.896 b 19.45 c 359.79 d 7.683
i i 0.1 ii 0.08 e 0.326 f 11.42
10 a i 0.1 ii 0.07 iii 0.070 13 See question 12.
b i 15.9 ii 15.92 iii 15.918 14 a 4.1 b 40.2 c 11.288 d 5.968
c i 128.0 ii 128.00 iii 127.998 e 0.892 f 0.469
d i 887.2 ii 887.17 iii 887.172 15 a 99.88 b 28.986 c 14.54 d 8.6757
e i 55.1 ii 55.14 iii 55.145 e 457.75 f 93.79 g 19.802 h −42.0705
f i 0.0 ii 0.01 iii 0.007 16 a When borrowing from the column to the left, instead of
11 a 200 b 2000 c 5 d 10 subtracting 1 from this number add 1 to the number below
e 0.0005 f 100 000 it. This will have the same effect when the numbers are
12 a 480 b 1200 c 490 d 14 000 subtracted.
e 530 f 15 000 g 0.36 h 0.42 b i 1
6 7 . 3 6 2
1 ii 1 1 1
6 0 . 0 0 9
i 0.057 j 0.0047 k 1.4 l 0.0000042 4
− 2 3 . 4 5 4
6
− 21 3 2 . 4 3 4 7
13 a 9.73 b 0.36 c 147.5 d 29
e 0.53 f 4.20 g 1245.400 h 0.004 4 3 . 9 0 8 4 7 . 6 6 2
i 270 j 460.0
14 a 167 b 248 c 7.16 d 10.95 1.2A
e 2430 f 2813 1 73
15 a 21.4 b 6.73 c 410.6 d 20.07 2 a £150.01 b £120.01 c £55 d £24.50
e 0.6025 f 8.6 e £79
3 a ‘Ants’, ‘Cows’, and ‘Bees’. b ‘Ants and ‘Cows’.

481
 c Two copies of ‘Cows’ and one copy of ‘Bees’. 8 a 647 × 49 = 5823 + 25 880 = 31 703
4 119.43; 57.97; 26.09 and 35.37; 19.15 and 3.45 b 65 772 ÷ 18 = 3654
5 a 11 688 b 18 340 c 567 × 483 = 1781 + 45 360 + 226 800 = 273 141
c 292 (291 would only equal Lockton)
Review 1
6 a, b, c Name Score Ahead of next
person by 1 a 24.3 < 24.5 b −0.5 > −0.9
Bryony 12 653 5303 c 0.5 > 0.06 d 1.456 < 1.46
Callum 7350 350 2 a False, 0.85 ÷ 10 = 85 ÷ 1000. b True
Edward 7000 477
c True d False, 32 > 3 × 2. e True
Asha 6523 5559
Dora 964 3 a 45.9 b 0.08 c 0.085 d 2000
TOTAL 34 490 e 78 000 f 3.5
d 11 690 points (11 689 to be in equal first place). 4 a 8300 b 25.9 c 310 d 5
7 a 342 and 1026 b 724 and 1448 e 76.4 f 5.49 g 0.085 h 0.008
c 342 and 432, 522 and 1026. 5 a 3842 b 192 c 309.32 d 53.053
8 a 3249 + 3073 = 6322 b 36.58 − 27.79 = 8.79 e 7726 f 34.6 g 917.4 h 9.91
c 21.7 + 91.5 + 94.9 = 208.1 d 42 006 − 11 438 = 30 568 6 a 540 b 63 c 0.56
d 500 e 51.522 f 2.65335
1.3S g 1.9 h 290
1 a −25 b −32 c −72 d −20 7 a −11 b −241 c 12.6 d −0.43
e 30 f 49 g 16 h −20 e −42 f 5.5 g −17 h 5
i −18 j 26 k −42 l −48 8 a 1 b 40 c 112 d 112
2 a −2 b −5 c 5 d 4 e 10.2 f 30
e −22 f −1 g 40 h 4 9 a 56.8112 b −1
i 5 j −17 k −3 l 27 Assessment 1
3 a 98 b 152 c 273 d 323
e 308 f 609 g 2499 h 296 1 a 57.6 < 303; 0.8, 1.9, 3.3, 44, 57.6, 303
i 1136 j 3599 b −2.19 < −0.07; −2.19, −0.07, 30, 43.56, 188.0, 194.7
4 a 56 b 259 c 716 d 53 2 Yes, 0.42, 3, 4.236, 51.6, 4200, 216 000.
e 22 f 430 g 300 h 56 3 a No, LB = 271.75 cm < 271.78 cm.
i 51 j 123 b No, Yao Defen UB = 233.345 cm > 233.341 cm.
5 a 9.3 b 700 c 12.2 d 10.6 4 a Yes
e
1390
f 130 g 570 h 0.416 b No, Dave 40, Jane 50 (1 sf ).
3
1 c Dave 45, Jane 53
i 8000 j 0.0000121 5 a Abena 13 000, Edward 8100 (2 sf )
6 See questions 3–5. b 15 395.8 km
7 a 24.91 b 4.284 c 105.84 d 130.8985 c The estimate would be smaller, the approximation for
e 42.9442 f 369.5328 g 22.1778 h 0.0359784 Abena’s x value would decrease more than Edward's value.
8 a 3.87 b 0.775 c 0.916 d 7.53 6 2.125 km
e 18.13 f 3.45 g 4.15 h 7.74 7 a 25 sweets b 25 000 (nearest 1000)
i 4.08 j 2.35 8 a 30, −20 b 7
9 a 5.26 b 28.88 c 1384.29 d 175.56 c Students’ answers, for example, 2 correct, 8 wrong;
e 28.65 f 111.51 g 0.04 h 861.30 1 correct, 4 wrong, 5 unanswered; 10 unanswered.
10 See questions 7−9. 9 Sue 19.9, Clive 27.8, Ben 61.7, Henry 1.83
11 a 28.81 b 28.81 c 4.3 d 0.067 10 Yes
e 10 f 100 11 a −2.2, −4.5, −7.8 b 7.49, 3.67, −3.82
12 a 196 b 4 c 18 d 289
13 a 121 b 39 c 18 d 5.29 (3 sf ) 12 −2 3 −8 5
−7 4 −1 2
e 10 f 18 g 8 h 1533
7 −6 1 −4
1.3A 0 −3 6 −5

1 a 136 b 56 13 Students’ answer, for example, Amanda (more accurate, not

2 a £24 b £312 enough money), Gardener (less accurate, enough money).
c Other months have 30 or 31 days (more than 4 weeks). 14 a 1
3 a 24 bags b £113 b 0, 1 ÷ 0 is undefined.
1
c 4 separate bags cost 50p more than 5 bags. c Students’ answers < 1, for example, 2 < 2.
4 £1087.30 15 a (3 + 4) × 5 = 35
1
5 a (8 − 4) × (3 − 1) = 8 b (4 ÷ 3) + 5 = 63
b 16 ÷ (2 × 3 − 2) = 4 c 5(2 + 0.4) ÷ (4 − 3 × −1) = 6
3

c (5 × 3 − 3 × 9) ÷ (3 − 6) = 4
d ((4 − 2) × 2)2 ÷ 22 = 4
e 2 + 32 (4 + 3) = 65
6 a 7 small, 15 medium, 15 large, 16 rectangles.
b £882.85
c £1063.40
*7 £32.14

Answers
482
Chapter 2 2.2S
Check in 2 1 26
2 a 16 b 511 = 48828125
1 a 45 b 52 c −26 d 196
3 a 125 b 1024 c 1
e 7 f 13 g −50 h 30 1
d 36 e −1 f 4
2 a 9 + 6 = 15 b 8 + 7 = 15
4 a 3 6
b 2 9
c 57 d 67
c 5 × 3 = 15 d 27 − 12 = 15
e 79 f 1110 g 54 h 36
3 a 3 b 4 c 10 d 6
i 85 j 27 k 6−4 l 2−1
e 4 f 25 g 33 h 7
5 a 26 b 524 c 321 d 816
2.1S e 7−8 f 2−6
1 5x + 8y 6 No, the answer is a7, Ken should add the indices.
2 2b − 3a 7 a a6 b y10 c b4 d p−7
3 No – the correct answer is 7d + 7e e h12 f s3t9 g x15 y5 h x5 y−1
4 a 2a + 2b b 6t + 3s i p4 q7 h p2 q2r
c d + 6e d 6y + 8w 8 No, the answer is 8y7. Tracey should multiply the coefficients.
e 5p + 4f f e + 2f + 3g + 4h 9 a 3x7 b 5y7 c 12b8 d 2p11
g 7k + 4 + 2d h 10y + 16 e 30h11 f 4!3s3t4
i 5p + 2q + 4 j 8b + 5 − 2a + 6ab 10 No – the answer is 4p8. Andy should divide the coefficients.
5 a 4d b 3q c 7a d 4y 11 a 2y4 b 2a6 c 5k4 d 3p5
e t f 0 g 3k + 4 e 0.5x6 f !3y4
h 6y + 6 i 7 − 4p j 8b + 4d − 12 + 4bd 12 a a6 b y12 c k15 d p56
6 Eric is partly correct – the correct answer is 3k. Ian is incorrect. e a8 f q8 g 16a6 h 729y12
7 No – the correct answer is 3a2 i 32k15 j 4p28 k 3"3a9 l 25"5a20
8 a 2d2 b 4b2 c 9a3 d 3y2 + 4y 13 a a−8 b b6 c 27c−9 d 60d−1
e 3t3 f 2m2 + 5m g 3k3 + 4 h 8y2 − 2y + 6 e 3e6 f 2f−9 g g40 h 2
9 a 2ad2 b 13ab2 c 9xy3 1 1
14 a 1 b 5 c 16 p−2 d 16 p−4
d 3xy2 + 4xy e 5s3t − 2st3 f 6m2n + mn2 e 5!a f 2!d 3

g 5gh2 + 4g2h − 2gh h 8y2 − 5y − 2x + 11x2 *15 a 16!2x−4

9
b
1 4
A 16 B 5 y15
16

10 Multiple answers possible, for example 16 a x = 5 b x=3 c x = −2 d x = −2

2(a2 + b2) + b2, 5a2 + b2 − 3a2 + 2b2.
11 a 3ab b 3ab c 3ab d 6b 2.2A
e 20a f 4pq g 2!3 p h 4a2 1 a 52x3y3 b 10a4b2
i a2b j a2b2 k 2ab2 l 3!2a2b 2 a 40p3q4 b 21s2t–1 c 2v2(3u2 + 4u–1)
3 a 5 2m
12 a a b 3 c p d 5 3 52a2 b6
e
y
f
5b 4 49a6b–2
"3 "3
4b
5 30w–9
13 a a b 4!3b 6 a a6b2 = (a3)2 × b2
1
b c3d(c7d3 ÷ c5d3) 2 = c4d
14 a 24 b 32 c 144 c e3f–2 = e4f–6 × e–2f 6 ÷ e–1f 2
d 432 e 4 f 2 7 –(xy2)101
15 a −4 b 4 c 4 8 27x6
−1
d 12 e 5 or −0.2 f −5 9 a False, 3x × 3y = 3x + y.
*16 7b − 26 b Yes, if x + y = 0 then 3x × 3y = 9x + y = 1.
17 4p + 7q, 4p + 7q, 4p + 2q, 6mn, 10mn, 6mn, 2d, 2, 2d, 10 5t2 × 10t–4 ÷ (5t–3)2 = 2t 4 instead of 2t–6.
2n – 8, 2n, 2n – 8 11 a 1 b 2
1
c 2
7
d 2
1

u2
2.1A 12 b i 33x + 3x + 2 ii 32x − 3–x c u4 − 9
1 a i 8(p + 2), ii 32p b 3x by 2y 13 1 = x1 ÷ x1 = x1 – 1 = x0, x0 ÷ x1 = x0 – 1 = x–1, !x × !x = x and
2 20p + 22q + 10 1 1 1 1
x2 × x2 = x2 + 2 = x
3 21st cm2 14 a 4 b 16 c 9x4 d 8x6
4 a i £4 ii £7.25 iii £3.10 b 10p 15 X = x, Y = 8x y , Z = 2x y
2 2 –1 –2

5 £175
2.3S
6 Abdul
7 Paul, 2x2 = 2 × 36 = 72 1 a 4y + 8 b 6b + 42 c 7y + 21
w
8 a 3m + 10; 2m + 5, m + 5; 2m, 5, m; m − 5, m + 5, − m, 2m d 36d + 60 e 15t + 24 f 2 +5
b 4a + 7b; a − 2b, 3a + 9b; a + 2b, − 4b, 3a + 13b; 3b, 2 No, 5(x + 4) = 5x + 20. Sandra should multiply both terms in
a − b, − a − 3b, 4a + 16b the bracket by 5.
9 a 9a = 4a + 3a − −2a 3 a −4x − 20 b −6b − 18 c −t − 2
b (5b + c) = (3b + 7c) + (3b − 2c) − (b + 4c) d −3d − 24 e −30t − 80 f −32w + −72
c 16d + 3e = 3d × 4 + 4d + 8e ÷ 2 − e 4 a −3x + 15 b −2b + 16 c −t + 8
10 x + 2y − 2, y − 4, 2x + 6; 2x − y + 8, x + y, 3y − 8; 2y − 6, d 7d − 70 e 81 − 18t f −48 + 40w
2x + y + 4, x + 2 5 a y2 + 2y b b2 − 7b c −y2 − 3y
d 2d2 + 5d e 3t2 − 8t f 2sw − 5w
6 No, x(x + 4) = x + 4x. Karl should multiply both terms in the
2

bracket by x.
7 a y3 − 2y b b3 − 6b2 c 3y2 + 9y d 2d2 − 10d
5 15
e 7t2 − 56t f 63w − 9w2 g a2b + 5ab2 h 2 st + 4 t2
8 a 9x + 42 b 13y + 9 c 13t + 6

483
 d 13p − 43 e 8b − b2 f 9m3 − 34m2 + 3 + 4x
9 Sally is incorrect 2x + 2x 4+ 3 = 2 2xx(2x
(
8x + 6
= x(2x + 3)
)
+ 3)
g x2 + 22x + 27 h 0 7x + 4 8x − 3 8x + 13
i 2rs + 2rt + 2st j 0 10 a x(x + 2)
b x(x − 1)
c (x + 2)(2x + 3)
9 b 8 c 7 d 6 e q2 d
2
x − x + 4
e
2( x + 8) (3x − x2 − 6)
(x + 2)(x − 3) (x − 2)(x + 3) f (x − 1)(x − 3)
f 3r g 9s2t2
8 5 2 4
10 a 4(p + 2) b 5(y + 2) c 3(d + 7) d 9(k + 8) 11 a 9 b 3 = 13 c 11
e 6(b + 4) f 6(w + 9) 11 9 1 133 7
d 13 e 8 = 18 f 9 = 149
11 a 6b(1 + 4c) b 6w(1 + 9y) 21x2 15
c 8b(2a − 5) d 15(q − 3p) 12 a 10 b 6 c x2
6x 189y3
e p(p + 8) f y(1 + 6y) d yz e 6y z 2 2
f 4x3z3
g w(1 + 4w2) h ab(1 – 4b) 13 a
10
b
3
c
9
x(x + 2) x − 1 2x + 3
i 6b(b + 4c) j 12xyz(x + 3y) 2 10(x + 3)
k 5m(3n – 1 + 2m2) l fc(mu + r) d 1 e x + 2 f y g (2 − 3x)
m me(icky + ous)
2.4A
12 No. The highest common factor is 4p so the complete
3(3x + 7)
factorisation is 4p(3 + 5q). 1 a −3(x − 5) = −3x + 15, (x − 5)(2x + 1)
13 a (p + 1)(p + 3) b (2q + 3)2(2q + 4) b The second fraction should have been turned upside-down,
3x(x + 2)2
c 32(2r + 1)(r + 1) d 9s2(u + v)3(3tu + 3tv + 2s) 4x − 10 = 2(2x − 5). 2(2x − 5)2
5x
2.3A 2 A and E, C and G, D and F, B and 12 .
x+7
1 Clare 5x × 0 = 0 ≢ 5x, Ben 3 × 1 = 3 ≢ 3p, Vicky 7p × 14 3 6
3x
= 98p ≢ 21p, 7p × 7q = 49pq ≢ 14pq. 4 (x + 3)(2x − 3)
2 a (x + y)(a + b) b (d + m)(c + b) c (a + 2)(a + b) 5 Common difference = (x + 1)2
(1 − x)

d (c − m)(d + e) e (a2 + c3)(b + d4) f (x + 2)(x2 + y) x

3 a p = −4, q = 21 b p = 3, q = 6 c p = −2, q = 2 6 a 2
d p = 3, q = 11 e p = 1, q = −10, r = 2 4(x2 + xy + 2y2)
b xy2
f p = 4, q = −3, r = 9 8(2p − 3)
4 a 4(x − 1) b 25(b + 2) 7 a (p + 1)(p − 3)
5 3(2x − 1) = 15 ⇒ 6x − 3 − 15 = 0 ⇒ 6(x − 3) = 0 b Cannot divide by 0, the width must be positive.
6 a 5(4x + 7) b 1
8 a 12y b 6y(3x + 4)
c Students’ answers, for example, (5x + 5) + (15x + 30).
6x(x − 3)(x + 1)
2y(y + y + 2) 9 a b Cannot divide by 0
7 a 2 b 2y(y + 1) x−2
6 5 (x + 1)2 1
8 a 6 b 16.5 c 58.6 d 33.2 10 25, 25(x + 1) , 4(x + 1) ,
2
12 , 15
9 Area = 4(3x + 2) −2(2x − 1) = 8x + 10 = 2(4x + 5) 11 1
10 a Students’ results. 4x(2x + 1)
12
b i The result is always 2 (2x − 3)(5 − 2x)
ii The result is always the starting number.
Review 2
c i x S 2x S 2x + 4 S x + 2 S 2
ii x S 2x S 2x + 1 S 10x + 5 S 10x S x 1 a 3 b 7 c 1
11 a xz + yz b x(x + y) + y(x + y) 2 a 13y b 7xy c 3x d y3
x
c x2 + 2xy + y2 e 2 f 5xy
d i 4x2 + 12x + 9 ii 2x2 + 13x + 20 3 a 6a – 3b b 2 − 5a + 7b c 4a + 4a2
12 (x + 3)(x + 4) d 5a2b − 5ab2 e 6ab + 3b − 9 f 2a − a2
13 Area A = 18x + 24y = 3(6x + 8y), Area B = 6x + 8y 4 a 10 b −21 c −4 d 28
1
e 12 f −14 g 13 h 3
2.4S 5 a 10 b 32
1
1 11 1
1 a 3 b 19 c 6
6 a a7 b b5 c c6 d 20d9
d
3
e
1
f
1 e 4e6 f 6
10 4 11
t2 p7q3 20xy
7 a x5 b y2 c 8z6 d 1
2 a 3 b r3 c 3 e 28u4 f 5p–2 g 27r–6
1
h 4 s–4 t6
1 8 a 10a + 15 b 18b − 9c c −32d + 8cd
2
3 a 2x + 3 b x+5 c x d 3
4 No, he cannot cancel only part of the numerator. d y − y2
This expression cannot be factorised. 9 a 5x(x + 2) b 7a(3b2 − 2) c 15p(2p + q2 − 3q3)
1 x + 2 x
5 a x b p c y 10 a 4 b x + 1
6
d y−1 e 3 f This cannot be simplified 11 a
3
b
b
c
3
d
3d − 2
1 a 40 2c 4d2
6 a y+2 b x−4 c x+3 3f + 5d 5 ab
1
e df f a g 3
d (p−1)2 e y+4 f ( b − 2) 3 a
h (a + 1)(a + 2)
5 3 7 1
7 a 8 b 7 c 6 = 16
Assessment 2
1 29 31
d −18 e f
54 42 1 a 157 cm2 b 3.58 m c 3.27 in
5p 10q 2
8 a 7 b 9 c 3r 2 10z3
d
6s−5
e
48t + 35
f
6v − 25u 3 a The sum of the areas of the rectangles should equal the area
s2 20t2 5uv
of the square.
4y + 28 + 7y + y2 = y2 + 11y + 28 > y2 as y > 0.
This sum is greater than the area of the square so George
must be incorrect.
Answers
484
 b SADC = 4y − 28, ATED = 28, DEUB = 7y − 28, 3 a a = 68° (AA), b = 180° − 68° = 112° (IA), c = 68° (CA),
CDBV = y2 − 11y + 28 d = b = 112° (VO), e = 180° − 81° = 99° (ASL),
4 a i 80 m ii 245 m f = 81° (CA), g = 360° − 81° = 279° (AP)
b 8 seconds. b i a, c and f ii b, d and e iii g
5 a Correct. iv a and b, b and c, c and d, d and a,
b Not complete. abc2(ac − b3 + a4b2c2) e and f are supplementary.
c Incorrect. 6p3q2r4(2r5 − 3q3r − 5p2q5) 4 a = 75° (CA)
d Correct. 3b = 180° − a = 105° (ASL), b = 35°
e Incorrect. g(g2 + g − 1) 2c = 114° (AA), c = 57°
f Incorrect, this cannot be factorised. d + 30° = 114° (VO), d = 84°
g Not complete. 2(p − q)[2 − 3(p − q)] e = 180° − 120° = 60° (IA)
h Incorrect. 3(y + 2z)2[1 + 3(y + 2z)] 6f = 360° − e = 300° (AP), f = 50°
i Not complete. −2(x − 2)(x − 1) 4g = 120° (VO), g = 30°
6 a 2y2 + 80y 5 a s = 98° (VO), t = 98° (CA),
b No. The volume is y × y × 20 = 20y2 and 20y2 = 200 cm3. u = 180° − 98° = 82° (ASL),
Thus y2 = 10 so y = "10. p = 73° (CA), q = 73° (VO),
7 a i 5W − 10 ii 5(W − 2) r = 180° − p = 107° (ASL)
b i 8W + 4 ii 4(2W + 1) b a = 57° (CA), b = a = 57° (AA),
8
1
w = 5, x = 83 c = 180° − 57° = 123° (ASL), d = c = 123° (CA)
9 a 32p2 − 22p b 2p(16p − 11) 6 66°
5 11 13 2q 7 70°
10 a b c d
9 20
p
18
27a2
5
z − 4
*8 ∠MNR = 74° (AA), ∠MNS = 180° − 74° = 106° (IA)
e 5x f 2q g 2 h 6 ∠YNR = ∠MNS = 106° (VO)
10z − 9 59 − 44y
11 a 24 b 35
*9 a ∠EFB = 96° (CA)
7x + 11 13(p − 2) b ∠GFB = 180° − 96° = 84° (IA)
c (x + 1)(x + 2) d (2p + 3)(3p − 2)
a(7a + 12) 6x − 1
c ∠AFG = ∠EFB = 96° (VO)
e (a − 2)(2a + 9) f (2x + 1)3 d ∠CGH = 96° (VO)
4( w + 3) e ∠DGH = 180° − 96° = 84° (ASL)
12 a 5 b w = 12 c 4 and 3

Chapter 3 3.1A

Angle rules will be abbreviated in the following way: 1 a Sam 027°, Kate 117°, Neil 222°, Sonja 310°
VO Vertically opposite angles are equal; b 132° anti-clockwise (to his left) or 228° clockwise
CA corresponding angles are equal; (to his right).
AA alternate angles are equal; 2 a i 150° ii 135° iii 52.5° iv 102.5°
IA interior angles sum to 180°; b i 2964° ii 247°
ASL angles on a straight line sum to 180°; 3 a 234° b 116° c 347° d 015°
AP angles at a point sum to 360°; 4 a L 031°, P 282°, Y 240°. b L 221°, P 102°, Y 060°.
AST the angle sum of a triangle is 180°; 5 025° to S, then 270° to R
ASQ the angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°. 6 a 180° b 118° to B, then 225° to P
7 x = a (AA)
Check in 3 y = b (CA)
1 y a + b + c = x + y + c = 180° (ASL)
8 a Using interior angles gives: angle
5
F C Q = angle S = 116° and angle R = 64°
4 b Any two of: Opposite angles are equal.
E A
3 The angles add up to 360°. Adjacent angles sum to 180°.
*9 a 000° ⩽ x < 180°
2 b For bearings ⩾ 180°, subtracting 180° from the bearing of A
D
1 from B gives the bearing of B from A.
G c Let α be the bearing of A from B and β be the bearing of B
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x from A.
–1 β = α + 180° or α – 180°
H so if α becomes α + x, β = α + 180° + x or α – 180° + x.
–2
B 10 Let the angles of a parallelogram be (in anticlockwise order) a,
–3 b, c, and d.
2 a = 56°, b = 112°, c = 235°, d = 160° a + b = 180° (IA), a + d = 180° (IA)
3 e = 72°, f = 63°, g = 118°, h = 75° so a = 180° – b = 180° – d, b = d.
3.1S c + d = 180° (IA), c = 180° − d = a
1 a = 360° − 20° − 90° = 250° (AP) reflex, 3.2S
b = 180° − 90° − 54° = 36° (ASL) acute, 1 a i a = 39° ii b = 24° iii c = 96° iv d = 214°
c = 54° (VO) acute, b i c ii d
d = 180° − 54° = 126° (ASL) obtuse 2 a p = 128° b q = 69°
2 a 3p = 180° − 63° = 117° (ASL), p = 39° c r = 124°, s = 56°. d t = 102°, u = 66°.
b 6q = 360° − 90° (AP), q = 45° e v = 90°, w = 82°. f x = 117°, y = 63°.
c r + 90° = 180° − 36° (ASL), r = 54° 3 x = 35°, y = 90°, z = 55°.
s − 20° = 144° (VO), s = 164° 4 x = 30°, y = 40°, z = 50°.
4t = 36°(VO), t = 9°

485
 5 a i ∠ABC =
180° − 84°
= 48° (AST, equal base angles) b 216 cm2
2
ii ∠BCD = 48° − 23° = 25° (exterior angle of triangle 8 a 8.75 cm b 78.125 cm2 c 687.5 cm3
= sum of 2 interior opposite angles) *9 a PS = 4 cm b PQTS = 21 cm2
b Triangle BCD is not isosceles because it does not have 2 3.3A
equal base angles.
1 a PQ = RQ (equal sides of isosceles triangle) and PS = RS
6 a i 58° ii 64° iii 32°
(S is the mid-point of PR).
b Isosceles.
Triangles PQS and RQS are congruent (SSS)
7 a ∠BCD = 81°, ∠BAD = 121° b Trapezium
b ∠PSQ = ∠PSR
3.2A 2 × angle PSQ = 180° (angles on a straight line add to
1 c = a = 50°, d = b = 70°, e = 60°. 180°), so angle PSQ = 90°
2 a a = 44°, b = 224°. 2 a AD = CB, DC = BA, DB = BD (side common to both
b p = 75° q = 42° r = 117°. triangles). Triangles ABD and BCD are congruent by (SSS).
3 ∠RST = 148° b i ∠CBD ii ∠DBA
4 A = 85°, B = 60°, C = 35°. 3 In triangles ABC and ADC
C
5 ∠P = 75°, ∠Q = 85°, ∠R = 95° and ∠S = 105°. AB = AD and BC = CD
6 An obtuse angle is greater than 90°, so two obtuse angles would Triangles ABC and ADC are congruent
have a total of more than 180° = angle sum of a triangle. (SSS), so, angle B = angle D. B D
2
7 Students’ answers. 4 a 9.6 cm b 63 cm
a Rhombus, 4 equal sides + right angles = Square 5 32 cm long, 16 cm wide and 60 cm tall.
b Rectangle, 4 right angles + equal sides = Square 6 The Mini size is similar to the Medium size
5
c Parallelogram, parallel sides + equal sides/right angles scale factor 3
= Square (or equal width : height ratio 4 : 5). A
8 a (1, 2) b (4, 8) c (6, 4) The Small size is similar to the Extra Large
9 A kite contains one pair of equal angles. size scale factor 2
If 50° is part of a pair, the fourth angle is 360° – 50° – 50° – 130° (or equal width : height ratio 3 : 4).
= 130°. If 130° is part of a pair the fourth angle is 360° – 130° 7 a Angle RSQ = angle RQS R
– 130° – 50° = 50°. In each case the shape has two angle pairs. (base angles of isosceles
The unknown two angles must form a pair: 2x = 360° – 130° – triangle RQS)
50° = 180°, x = 90°. Angle RSQ = angle PQS (AA)
*10 ∠A = ∠D = 60°, ∠C = ∠E = 120°. Angle PQS = angle PSQ (base
*11 ∠QTR = 150° angles of isosceles
12 a One cut gives 2 identical scalene triangles or 2 different triangle PQS) S Q
isosceles triangles. So all the angles marked in red T
Two cuts gives 2 pairs of identical right-angled triangles. are equal.
b One cut gives 2 identical obtuse-angled isosceles triangles Using similar reasoning proves
or 2 identical acute-angled isosceles triangles. that all the angles marked in
Two cuts gives 4 identical right-angled triangles. yellow are equal.
c One cut gives 2 identical right-angled triangles. Also the sides PQ, QR, RS and
Two cuts gives 2 pairs of triangles-one pair are identical SP are all equal. P
isosceles acute-angled triangles and the other pair are The 4 triangles are all congruent (ASA)
identical isosceles obtuse-angled triangles. The 4 angles at T are equal and total 360°, so each angle is 90°.
d One cut gives 2 identical right-angled isosceles triangles. b i square, kite A
Two cuts gives 4 identical right-angled isosceles triangles. ii For the square the proof is the
13 a A square b A rhombus same as the proof in part a as
c A rectangle d A rectangle a square is a special kind of
e A parallelogram f A parallelogram rhombus.
For the kite:
3.3S D B
Triangle ADC is congruent to
1 a B and F, A and E triangle ABC by SSS, so
b C and D, F and H, B and H, A and G, E and G ∠DAE = ∠BAE. Triangle
2 a A is congruent to B (RHS) AED is congruent to AEB
b K is not congruent to L because the marked sides are not by SAS. Therefore ∠AED =
corresponding. ∠AEB = 180° ÷ 2 = 90° (ASL).
c P is not congruent to Q because the equal angles are not Triangle DCE is congruent to
between the equal sides. triangle BCE by SAS so ∠CED
d S is congruent to T (ASA). = ∠CEB = 180° ÷ 2 = 90°
3 B is congruent to C. C
(ASL).
The angles of each triangle are 90°, 39° and 51° and both have 8 Height 40 cm, base diameter 33 cm and top diameter 70 cm.
hypotenuse 8 cm (RHS). A is not congruent to either B or C 9 a 50 cm b 704 cm2
because the 8 cm is not on the hypotenuse. *10 a i EF = 28.8 cm
4 a 4 b 16 c 64 ii BC = 48 cm
5 a 6.25 b 15.625 b 1300 cm2
6 a Angle ACB = 37° (VO), Angle DEC = 53° (AST). *11 PU = PS (equal sides in triangle PUS)
Triangles ABC and DEC have equal angles so are similar. PQ = PR (equal sides in triangle PQR)
b DE = 12 cm, AC = 8 cm. ∠QPU = ∠RPS (both equal 60° – ∠TPS)
7 a i CD = 15 cm ii BD = 20 cm Triangles PUQ and PSR are congruent (SAS)
Answers
486
3.4S *10 Triangles ABC, CDE, EFG and GHA all have two equal sides
(equal sides of regular octagon). They also have the included
1 81°
angle equal (equal angles of regular octagon)
2 150°
These triangles are congruent (SAS)
3 Angle sum of pentagon = 3 × 180° = 540°
So AC = CE = EG = GA
5x = 540° − 90° − 95° − 110° = 245°
∠FEG = ∠FGE = (180 – 135) ÷ 2 = 22.5° (isosceles triangles
x = 245° ÷ 5 = 49°
have equal base angles). As the isosceles triangles are congruent
Angle sum of hexagon = 4 × 180° = 720°
∠DEC = ∠FEG = 22.5 so ∠GEC = 135 – 22.5 – 22.5 = 90°.
6y = 720° − 149° − 156° − 121° = 294°
The same argument can be used to show that ∠ECA = ∠CAG
y = 294° ÷ 6 = 49° = x
= ∠AGE = 90°.
4 Triangle 3, 120°, 60°; quadrilateral 4, 90°, 90°; pentagon 5, 72°,
3 4 ACEG has equal sides and equal angles so is a square.
108°; hexagon 6, 60°, 120°; heptagon 7, 517°, 1287° ; octagon 8, 11 a E.g. 1 hexagon and 4 triangles, 2 hexagons and 2 triangles, 2
45°, 135°; nonagon, 9, 40°, 140°; decagon 10, 36°, 144°. squares and 3 triangles, 2 octagons and 1 square.
5 106° b Schlafli tessellations are described using the number of sides
6 a 156°. of each of the regular shapes. For example a tessellation
b Exterior angle = 360° ÷ 15 = 24°, Interior angle = 180° − may be given by 3, 42, 6 (one 3-sided polygon, 2 four-sided
24° = 156°. polygons and one 6-sided polygon at each vertex where
7 a Rotational symmetry of order 5 and 5 lines of symmetry. they meet)
b Rotational symmetry of order 8 and 8 lines of symmetry. 12 a Yes.
c Rotational symmetry of order 10 and 10 lines of symmetry. b When a side is extended at the point where the shape is
8 85° concave, the angle formed is inside the shape, rather than
9 a x = 40°, y = 70° outside it. If angles turned through at such points are taken
10 y = 55° to be negative, the sum of these and the other exterior
11 ∠APB = 36° angles is still 360°.
*12 ∠BXC = 100° 270°(n − 2)
*13 ∠RWS = 22.5° *13 ∠ACD = n − 90°
*14 Angle sum of hexagon = 4 × 180° = 720° *14 ∠HGC = 168°
E D
∠BCD = interior angle = 720° ÷ 6 = 120° Review 3
∠BCA = base angle of isosceles triangle
180° − 120° 1 a = 105°, b = 60°, c = 120°
∠BCA = = 30° F C 2 a = 105° (CA)
2
∠ACD = ∠BCD − ∠BCA b = 75° (ASL)
= 120° − 30° = 90° c = 65° (AA)
15 30 sides A B 3 a 243° b 321° c 025°
4 40°
3.4A 5 a = 70°
1 Equilateral triangle 6 A(1, 1), B(3, 3), C(5, 1) should be plotted and labeled. The
2 20 sides. triangle is isosceles and right-angled.
3 120 sides. 7 a Trapezium b Rhombus
4 12 sides. 8 No, in triangle ABC the hypotenuse is 13 cm but in triangle
5 20 sides. EFD it is one of the shorter sides which is 13 cm. Since the
6 a z = 150° triangle is right-angled these sides cannot both be
b A square and equilateral triangle will fit the space. 13 cm so they are not congruent.
A dodecagon (12-sided polygon) would fit in the space. 9 x = 2.25 cm, y = 18 cm2.
7 a 10 b Decagon 10 a 5 × 180° = 900°
8 a i Yes, 36 sides. b Geometrical proof that the interior angles sum to 540°
ii Yes, 40 sides. Interior ∠s = 540 ÷ 5 = 108°.
iii Yes, 45 sides. Exterior v = 180 − 108 = 72°.
iv No, 360° ÷ 7° is not a whole number, so it is not possible Sum of exterior ∠s = 72° × 5 = 360°
to have a regular polygon with exterior angles of 7°. Assessment 3
b It is only possible to have a regular polygon with a given
exterior angle when that angle is a factor of 360° 1 a 182.5° or 177.5°
b At 1:05 the hour hand is on a bearing of 032.5° and the
S
minute hand is on a bearing of 030°.
At 1:06 the hour hand is on a bearing of 033° and the minute
hand is on a bearing of 036°.
T R The minute hand is on a lesser bearing than the hour hand
at 1:05 but a greater bearing than the hour hand at 1:06 so
the two must be on the same bearing at some point between
the two times.
2 103° anti-clockwise.
P Q 3 a 130° b 255° c 215° d 310°
*9 Interior angle of a pentagon = 108°. 4 Rafa was south of Sunita.
180° − 108° 5 a Incorrect. a = 62° (IA).
∠TPS = 2 = 36° (base angle of isosceles triangle PST)
b Correct (CA).
∠SPQ = ∠TPQ − ∠TPS = 108° − 36° = 72°
c Correct (CA, ASL).
∠SPQ + ∠PQR = 72° + 108° = 180°
d Incorrect. d = 87° (ASL, CA).
PS is parallel to QR (interior angles add to 180°)

487
 e Incorrect. e = 88° (exterior angles of a polygon). 7 Pie chart with the following angles. Bat the Rat: 30°, Hook a
f Incorrect. f = 92° (ASL). Duck: 25°, Smash a Plate: 35°, Roll a Coin: 80°, Tombola: 70°,
g Correct (isosceles triangle has base angles 52°, ASL). Break 1: 60°, Break 2: 60°
h Correct (ASQ). 8 a 20°
6 a False. Two obtuse angles add to more than 180° which is the b i 7 ii 10 iii 1
sum of the three angles in a triangle.
4.1A
b True.
1 The vertical scale does not start at 0.
2 A pie chart shows the proportion not the number of jars sold.
c False. One right angle = 90° and one obtuse angle is more There is no information about what sauces are in the ‘other’
than 90°. This comes to more than 180° before the acute category. The angles for BBQ, Chili and Pesto are similar so it is
angle has been added. difficult to compare the number of jars sold.
d True. 3 a There are too many categories. A pie chart does not show
how many drinks were sold.
7 a 93° b 170° c 73° d 174° b It is easy to compare the frequencies of two or more drinks.
8 a 108° b 25 slabs. c 72°, 54°, 54° A bar chart shows how many drinks were sold.
9 120 cm 4 a No, the angle for German is the same as the angle for Spanish.
10 a ∠PTS = ∠PQR (CA). ∠PST = ∠PRQ (CA). ∠SPT = b No, Lydia doesn’t know how many students are represented
∠RPQ (common angle). in each pie chart.
AB
b The ratio of shorter to longer parallel sides is 10 in 5 a Pie chart with angles. Monday 60°, Tuesday 100°,
AB AB AB
Wednesday 60°, Thursday 40°, Friday 80°, Saturday 20°.
trapezium ABFE and 15 in trapezium ABFE. 10 > 15 . b Pie chart with angles. Monday 80°, Tuesday 40°,
The ratios between sides are different so the shapes are Wednesday 0°, Thursday 40°, Friday 80°, Saturday 120°.
not similar. c Pie chart, the angles represent the proportion.
c 15 cm d Bar chart, the heights of the bars show the frequencies.
11 a 2 cm b 18 cm2 c 2 cm2
d FD = AB = 6 cm and FD is parallel to AB so ABDF is a 4.2S
parallelogram and DB is parallel to FA. 1 a 8 b 9 c 2 d 6
∠DBC and ∠FAB are corresponding angles so are equal. e 2 f 24 g 18 h 104
i 15 j 5
Chapter 4
2 a i 5 ii 10 iii 35 iv 98
Check in 4 v 2
1 a 222 b 21
1
c 6 d 21 b Set ii, the outlier has not affected the median.
2 a 29, 45, 55, 65, 66, 89, 90, 98, 101, 112 3 a Mode = 1, Range = 10 b Mode = 8, Range = 3
b 7.88, 8.78, 8.87, 8.9, 8.95, 9.0, 9.8, 10.9, 11.25, 11.3 c Mode = 11, Range = 4 d Mode = 25, Range = 15
e Mode = 8, Range = 3 f Mode = 5, Range = 3
4.1S Part a contains the outlier −6 which increases the range but
1 8 does not affect the mode. Part d contains the outlier 36 which
55 30
2 Yes, 60 > 40 . increases the range but does not affect the mode.
3 Bank holidays by country 4 a 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5. Mean = 3.75, mode = 3, median = 3.5,
range = 2.
Spain b See part a.
5 a 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5.
County

Iceland
Italy Mean = 3.28, mode = 5, median = 4, range = 4.
UK
b Range = 4, mode = 5, median = 4, mean = 3.28
6 a i 7 ii 6 iii 5.82 iv 6 v 2
0 5 10 15 20
Number of b i 75 ii 63 iii 60.1 iv 63 v 27
Bank Holidays c i 8 ii 96 iii 95.6 iv 96 v 2
4 Cost of air travel d i 71 ii 22, 37 iii 40.4 iv 37 v 38
120 e i 26 ii 88, 89 iii 84.2 iv 87 v 7
110
100
f i 72 ii 27 iii 46.9 iv 34 v 37
90 g i 8 ii 105 iii 105.2 iv 105 v 3
80 7 a 1, 6, 8, 2, 8, 5, 6, 9, 3, 5, 7, 4, 4, 5, 5
70
Cost (£)

60 b i 8 ii 5 iii 5.2 iv 5 v 3
50 c Range and IQR stay the same, other values decreases by 100.
40
30 4.2A
20
10 1 a 2, 4
0
Crete
b The amount of bottles delivered to number 47 varies more.
Lisbon Malta Menorca Cyprus
Resort 2 a 1, 3, 4, 1, 1
5 a 30° b Boys 210°, Girls 150° b Mean = 1.8, mode = 2, median = 2
c Pie chart with angles given in part b. c On average, houses in Ullswater Drive have more cars than
6 a 6° those in Ambleside Close.
b Sunny 90°, Cloudy 108°, Rainy 84°, Snowy 18°, Windy 60° 3 23 or 42
c Pie chart with angles given in part b. 4 −3.1, −2.6, 3.5, 4.1, 4.1
5 Students’ answers, for example, 0, 1, 2, 6, 7, 6, 14 or 6, 6, 6, 6, 7,
11, 20 or 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 9, 17. In general, a, b, c, 6, d, b + 5, a + 14
Answers with a, 1 ⩽ b ⩽ c ⩽ 6 ⩽ d ⩽ b + 5.

488
 6 Four of the numbers are 6, 6, 8, and 16 and the fifth lies between 4 a 10 b 4, 18, 53, 20, 10 c 105
8 and 16. At its lower bound this gives a mean of 8.8, at its 5 a 5, 8, 11
upper bound this gives a mean of 10.4 b Masses of apples
2.4
7 a Mean = 6, mode = 4, median = 6, range = 7,
interquartile range = 4 2.0

Frequency density
b Mean = 6.2, Mode = 4, Median = 6, Range = 8, 1.6
interquartile range = 4 1.2
8 41 years old.
0.8
9 14 raisins.
*10 78.6% 0.4

4.3S 0
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Mass (grams)
1 a 4, 9, 16, 11, 10 b 50
2 a 8, 6, 7, 10, 3, 6 b 40 Review 4
3 a 8, 8, 13, 6, 5 1 11
b Height of people 2 a Pie chart with labeled sectors.
Number of people

15
Children’s Services 80°, Corporate/Finance 40°,
10
Adult Social Care 140°, Transport 30°, Resident’s
5
Services 70°.
0
130 140 150 160 170 180 b £648 000
Height (cm) c Heights of bars (£1000s):
4 Depth of reservoir
144, 72, 252, 54, 126
Number of days

15
10 3 a i 36.1 s ii 55 s
5
b i 37 s ii 40 s iii 29 s
c 11 s
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 4 a i 47 ii 22
Depth (cm)
b i 37 ii 25
5 Student exam marks
15 c The women are younger in general and their ages vary more.
Number of
students

10 5 Lengths of cars
100
5 90
Frequency density

80
0 70
1–20 21–40 41–60 61–80 81–100
Exam mark (%) 60
50
6 a i 2 ii 1 40
b 85–90 m c 70–75 m d 10 athletes 30
20
4.3A 10
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 a Class width: 2, 1, 1, 1, 3 Length, L (meters)
Frequency density: 6, 17, 19, 11, 6
Assessment 4
b Reaction times
20
1 a 8°
Frequency density

16° 12 min
15
25° 11 min
10 103° 10 min
30°
9 min
5 42° 8 min
0 7 min
71° 64°
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 min
Time, t seconds 5 min
2 a Class width: 5, 5, 10, 20, 20, 40;
Frequency density: 1.2, 2, 2.3, 1.45, 1.2, 0.2 c i 5 min ii 7 min
b Customer spending d 7 min 1 second
2.5
2
Frequency density

Glasses No glasses
2.0 Left-handed 1 4
1.5 Right-handed 14 16
1.0 3 a Number of coins in till
18
0.5 16
0 14
Frequency

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 12
Amount spent, £a 10
3 a Time, t minutes: 90 ⩽ t < 120 8
6
Class width: 10, 20, 20, 30 4
Frequency: 16, 28, 39 2
0
Frequency density: 0.8, 0.3 1p 2p 5p 10p 20p 50p £1 £2
b Time spent walking dog Value of coins
Frequency density

2.0
b 50p c 20p d 47p
1.5
4 a Walk b Car c 20% d 120
1
e 300
0.5
5 a i 103 miles ii 99.5 miles iii 88 miles
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 b Yes, if she completes approximately one journey per day she
Time (t minutes) travels approximately 103 miles per day.
c i 107 miles ii 52.25 miles

489
 d Mean increases by 1, because the total has increased but 7 £425
not the number of journeys. Median increases, because 98 2
8 5
replaces 90 as one of the two middle numbers. No mode as 3
9 10
each number occurs once. Range, stays the same because
the highest and lowest numbers are unaffected. 10 120
6 a 9 b 2 c 8 d 0 11 Oldest gets 9, middle gets 6, youngest gets 2. 9+6+2 = 17.
e 1.2 Strictly speaking they do not get the exact fractions of their
7 a Ages of club members father’s wishes, but at least no horses were injured in the share out!
6 12 59%
5
Frequency density

5.2S
4
3 3
3
1 a 5 b 1 c 1 d 5
2 3
2 e 3 f 5
20 18 35 25
1 2 a 30 b 42 c 45 d 40
3 35
0 e 9 f 42
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 3 5 11 3
Age, Y (years) 3 a 10 b 6 c 20 d 8
17 37
b 32 c 31 d 59 e 20 f 56
8 a 70 b 60 c 360 4 a 14
1
b 15
4
c 18
5
d 44
1

Chapter 5 7 23 14 18
5 a 4 b 16 c 9 d 7
Check in 5 33 25 111 496
6 a 10 b 8 c 14 d 53
1 a 6 squares shaded b 8 squares shaded 27 3 39 69
e f g h
c 9 squares shaded d 10 squares shaded 20 4 20 14
3 4 1 1
e 7 squares shaded 7 a 20 b 27 c 14 d 4
1 3 4 19
2 a 2 b 4 c 45 d 20 e
20
f
1
g
12
h
1
63 12 65 15
3
e 4
i 5
21 j
1
12
3 a 20 × 30 = 600 b 360 ÷ 60 = 6
3 3 4 4
c 1200 − 800 = 400 d 7000 + 6000 = 13000 8 a 4 b 4 c 5 d 15
1 3
5.1S e 37 f 24
3 3 1 13 5 1 2 1
1 a 34 b 15 c 33 d 15 9 a 32 b 8 c 21 d 48
2 17
e 25 f 125 e 20 f 9 g
25
h
77
2 3
2 a 10 b 21 c 12 d 13 i 9
e 22 f 8 1 1 1 1
3 a 24 m b 36 m 10 a 3 b 4 c 6 d 4
8 45 2 8
4 a 15 litres b 180 cl c 48 cl d 250 ml e f g h
9 56 9 21
5 a 30 m b 8 km c 16 mm d 90 m 27
i 28
2 1 1 2
6 a 13 b 52 c 42 d 3 9 11 16
11 a 8 b 10 c 225 d 3
1 4
e 93 f 285 115 17 43 112
2 1 1 3 e 24 f 14 g 22 h 27
7 a 23 miles b 333 miles c 122 miles d 34 miles 49 5 165 2
8 a 6.7 m b 5.3 mm c 8.7 cm d 14.9 km 12 a 8 b 8 c 16 d 3
9 a 10.5 b 126 c 240 d 99 13 a
10
b
35
c
15
d
697
3 64 38 160
e 300 f 132 g £225 h 990 m
10 a 135 b 91 c 744 d 18 5.2A
e 387 f 192 g 1104 mm h 1952 kg 5
1 8 inch
i €1443 j £493 1
11 a 0.5 b 0.6 c 0.25 d 0.51 2 a 38
e 0.64 f 0.22 g 0.15 h 0.7 b Asif has added the numerators (1, 1, 1, and −1) and added
i 0.07 j 0.085 k 0.0015 l 0.0001 the denominators.
12 a 5.7 b 200 c 15.93 d 99.84 3 £59.38
1 5 1 1 5 1 3 4 3 5
e 16.81 f 20 4 a 2 + 2 , 22 + 2 , 2 + 22 b 4 ×3 c 5 ×2
13 a £3.84 b £53.55 c £13.95 d £170.10 3 3 3
d 4 = ×28 e 28
e £28.16 f £15.90
1 5 1 1
14 a £9 b £2.70 c £4.20 f 8 goes in to 20 times.
2 g 2 and 8
5 3 7 2 2 5
5.1A 5 a i 14 , 7 , 8 ii 7 , 3 , 6
3 17 2 3 5 5 7 11
1 £82.90 b i 4 , 40 , 5 , 8 ii 6 , 8 , 12 , 24
6 6 1 1 1 4 1 1 1
2 1.8 pints 6 11 . 11 − 2 = 22 and 2 − 9 = 18 , 22 < 18 .
3 These times add up to 25 hours 24 min so Phil cannot be 7
12
35
correct. 3 1
8 8 , 10 . These are the smallest fractions in the list.
4 £6656 1 2 1
9 No. For example, 4 > 2 but 4 < 4 = 2
5 5.225 g 2 3 1 3 2
6 24° 10 First row 3 ; second row 10 , 2 , 20 ; third row 3 . ✶ is ×.

Answers
490
11 28 18
1
81
28 15 28 28 28
12 a Kara: ÷ 35 = 15 Lara: 5 ÷ 3 = 28 ÷ 15 = 15 , Mara
35 19 a 45% b
1
c
10
d
7
6 81 40
4 3 4 7 3 7 28
5 = Ans × 7 ⇒ 5 × 3 = Ans × 7 × 3 ⇒ Ans = 15 5.3A
ad bc ad ad ad
b Kara bd ÷ bd = bc Lara b ÷ c = ad ÷ bc = bc , Mara 1 a 10D b 10B
a c a d c d a d ad 1
b = Ans × d ⇒ b × c = Ans × d × c ⇒ Ans = b × c = bc 2 a 0.33,
. 33.3%, 333 %, 33
5.3S b 0.4 %, 44.5%, 0.45, 0.454 .
c 22.3%,
. . 0.232, 23.22%, 0.233, 0.23
1 a i 0.5 ii 50% d 0.65, 0.66, 66.6%, 0.6666, 3
2

b i 0.75 ii 75% . 1 51
e 14%, 14.1%, 0.142, 7 , 350
c i 0.4 ii 40% 5 6 .
d i 0.1 ii 10% f 6 , 7 , 0.866, 0.86, 89%
4
e i 0.2 ii 20% 3 29
800 − 46
f i 0.25 ii 25% 4 No. 800 = 0.9425 = 94.25% of customers wait longer than
g i 0.125 ii 12.5% 5 minutes < 95%.
h i 0.625 ii 62.5% 5 a The two shops charge the same price.
2 a 62.5% b 80% c 87.5% d 60% b H W Jones is cheaper
9
e 37.5% f 12.5% g 18.75% h 21.875% 6 6400 .. 3 .. 3
4 a i 0.0625 ii 6.25% 7 It is equidistant from both. 0.63 − 0.5 = 22 , 0.5 − 0.36 = 22
b i 0.28 ii 28% 59
8 165
c i 0.056 ii 5.6% 1 1 1
d i 0.075 ii 7.5% 9 a 1, this is 3 × 3 . b 2 , this is 0.4 + 10 × (part a).
e i 0.4375 ii 43.75% 10 a 91.4 g b 70 g fat, 19.3 g saturates, 6.7 g salt
f i 0.03125 ii 3.125% c 66.5 g
1 49
g i 0.5125 ii 51.25% 11 a x = 9 b x = 110
h i 0.20625 ii 20.625%
Review 5
5 a No, the denominator has prime factors 2 and 5 only.
b No, the denominator has prime factors 2 and 5 only. 1 a 4 b 15 c 12 d 24
c Yes, the denominator has prime factor 11. 2 a 21 b 10.2 c 1 d 5
20 16
d No, the denominator has prime factors 2 and 5 only. 3 a 7 b 11
# # # # # 2 1
6 a 0.1 b 0.5 c 0.75 d 0.346 4 a 29 b 77
# # ##
e 0.765# f 0.16 # 5 a
1
b 3 c
7
d
5
5 2 7
7 a i 0.3 # ii 33.3# % 1 27 3 2
b i 0.16 ii 16.6# % 6 a 10 b 8 or 38 c 3 d 18
# 1 1 17 41 13
c i 0.6# # ii 66.6# % # e f g h or 128
2 2 33 28
d i 0.1# 42857 ii 14.2# 85714%
e i 0.1 # ii 11.1# % 7 a 0.8 b 0.85 c 0.03 d 0.375
f i 0.83 ii 83.3% e 0.22 f 0.004 g 2 h 0.055
# # .. 7 107 9 1
8 a 10 b c 25 d 100
g i 0.09 # ii 9.0# 9% 500
3 3 111 1
h i 0.083 ii 8.3% e 25 f 2 g 250 h 500
# # #
8 a 0.428571 b 0.1875 c 0.2125 d 0.5 9 a 60% b 65% c 0.7% d 45%
. . .
e 0.16 f 0.714285 g 0.328 h 0.916 e 35%
. f 80%
. . g 9% h 180%
10 a 0.2 b 0.857142
10 a 0.43 b 0.86 c 0.94 d 0.455 8 7
11 a 9 b
e 0.0375 f 1.05 30
.
9 5 2 1
1 1 1 1 12 a 16 , 8 , 3 b 5 , 22.2%, 0.2
11 a 2 b 4 c 5 d 8
3 9 Assessment 5
e 4 f 10 11
51 43 413 719 1 a 50
12 a 100 b 100 c 1000 d 1000 b Labour £5.60, materials £2, advertising £8, profit £4.40.
91 871
e 100 f 1000 c £20.09
13 a
8
b
11
c
11
d
31 2 a Blue sky b Space c Chat-chat
25 20 25 200
16 53
d No, 8 is 32% of 25 but 40% of 20.
e 25 f 200 3 a 36.4% (3 sf ) b 14%
49 53 73 81 4 a 0.12 b 4th c 3rd
14 a 100 b 100 c 100 d 100 1
37 19 5 12 hectares
e f
100 100 6 8.5 yards
11 31 21 13
15 a 20 b 50 c 25 d 20 7 a 540 m2. b 252 m2
10
e
18
f
37 8 33
25 200
9 Yes, % increase = 60%.
7 2 5 17 1
16 a 9 b 3 c 33 d 33 10 7 is not exactly 14%. Doubling 14% also doubles the error.
41 4 1 7 1 2
e 333 f 27 g 30 h 45 = 14.2857…. % so 7 = 28.5714……% = 29% (nearest %).
7
1 7 27 19 11 If 102 people represent exactly 34% of the total, total = 102 ÷
i 36 j 110 k 110 l 135
1 1 1 111 0.34 = 300, and 66% of 300 = 198 not 200.
17 a 3 b 90 c 2250 d 550
1 5 3
12 33.3%, 333 %, 0.334, 0.34, 14 , 8
1 1107
e 540 f 11000

491
 1 .
13 = 0.3 = 0.3333 ...
3 l x = ± "5T − 2
1 1 1
1=3+3+3 7 a p= 2
A − 5 A −
b p= 2
d
c p=
A + 6
3
0.333333…+ H
0.333333…+ d p= 4d e p = 4(H − t) f p = 4H − t
w2 − D
0.333333… g p = 5W 2 h p= w
.
8 x = 10 − y
0.999999… . = 0.9 . p − n b + d
14 a i 0.2. . ii 0.52 iii 0.916 iv 0.35 9 a x=m−o b x=a − c
v 0.63 vi 0.6875 c x=h+e
g − f
d x=
t − r
u − s
b If the denominator of a fraction has a prime factor other 3y + 2
*10 x= y−1
than 1, 2 and 5 the decimal expansion will be recurring.
qz + py t + 5k
14 19 425
c 30 , 99 , 612 11 a x= p+q b x= k − 1
2 4 34 4165 3q − 4p (a + 16b)
15 a 11 b 15 c 333 d 9999
c x= 7 d x= − 15
5 3479
e 22 f 9900 e x=
2
"4n + 3m
11
30(p + 5)
Lifeskills 1 *12 R = 15 − 2p
1 a Ages of people surveyed
6 6.1A
5 Women
Frequency

S
4 Men 1 a 511 185 932.5 km2 b r = "4π
3 c 1737.3 km (1 dp)
2 V
1
2 a r = "πh b 4.2 m (1 dp)
0 S − 2πr2 S
10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 3 a h= 2πr = 2πr − r
Age group
− πr S 2S
b h = " Q S    πr 
2 2 2
Overall, the men interviewed were older than the women. R − r = " Q πr R − π
2

b Yes, but the difference is small. Women’s mean = £28.60, uv uf

4 a f=u+ b v=u−
men’s mean = £30. v f
P V
2 a £222 222 b P = R − G − S − C 5 a V=I b R= c E = VIt d E = IRQ
I
c 52 222 d S=R−G−C−P e E = I2Rt
c − 6.99
S = £97 778 6 a c = 0.64d + 6.99 b d = 0.64 c $65
3 (16–24) 38, (25–49) 93, (50–64) 36, (65+) 33. 7 a i 11.6 cm2 ii 29.4 cm2 (1 dp)
7
4 a 40 iii 7.9 cm2 (1 dp) iv 63.7 cm2 (1 dp)
b Pie chart angles: A 144°, R 90°, J 63°, M 63°. 8 a 1243.6 cm3 b R = 15 mm, r = 7 mm
c Abigail £20 000, Raheem £12 500, Juliet £8750, Mike £8750.
6.2S
5 a i £21 061.82 ii £19 963.55
b i £7121.89 ii £7513.69 1 a f(x) = 3x b f(x) = x − 2
c 10.4% c f(x) = 2x + 1 d f(x) = x2
1 5
1 5 1 5
1
1− a b 1− a b
1− a
1+i
b e f(x) = x f f(x) = x3
A 1+i A 1+i A
d C = 1+i £ ≥ = 1+i £ ≥ = 1+i × i 2 a 5 b 11 c −5 d 1
1 1+i−1
1− a
1+i
b
1+i 1+i 3 a 2 b 7 c −1 d 0
A 1 5 4
= i A1−A 1+i B B −2 −12
Ci 0 f(x) −2
e A=
1 5
1 − Q 1+i R 3 13
4.5 20.5
Chapter 6
1 1 2
Check in 6 5 a 4 b 2 c 5
1 a i 12 ii 15 iii 8 iv 45 v 1 d Not possible/undefined
b x 6 a f−1(x) = x − 4 b g−1 (x) = x + 3
x
2 a 4n + 7 b 3(n − 6) c 10 − n2 d
3n − 6 c h−1(x) = 2x d f−1(x) = 5
2 x + 3 x − 2
e n5 e g−1(x) = 2 f h−1 (x) = 7
g f (x) = 3(x + 4)
−1
h f (x) = 2x − 5
−1
6.1S 1
7 a f−1(x) = x b g−1(x) = 2 − x
1 a 23 b 30 c 28 d 81 The inverse is the same as the function.
e 162 f 3 8 a 17 b 80 c 27 d 36
2 a 18 b 4 c 6 d 2 e 43 f 44 g 8x + 3 h 8x + 12
e 5 9 a (3x + 1)2 b 3x2 + 1 c x =3
1

3 77°F 10
x − 5
f−1(x) = 4
4 a A=p+6 b A=m−5 x − 5
2k ff−1(x) = 4 Q 4 R + 5 = x − 5 + 5 = x
c A= 7 d A = 6 + 5t
e A = 3d + 7 f A = 3(t + 7) *11 For example: As a function maps an input ‘x’ to an output ‘y’
g A = !y + 8 then the inverse function maps ‘y’ back onto ‘x’.
25 12 For example: for the function f(x) = x2, 3 will map to 9 but so
5 a T = 2π"9.8 = 10 s (3 sf ) b 52.2 cm (3 sf )
y will −3, Therefore, the inverse function might map 9 to 3 or −3.
6 a x=y−3 b x=y+c c x=5
y − P The domain has to be restricted to ensure a one-to-one mapping.
d x= 3 e x = 5y f x = c(y − d) x − 1 x + 2 x + 3
g x = ± "y h x = y2 i x=" 3
y 13 a 2 b 3 c 6x − 3 d 6
x + 3
j x = y3 k x = (y − 2)2 e 6 f (fg)–1(x) = g–1f–1(x)
Answers
492
6.2A 2 c i f(x) = 2(x − 1) d i f(x) =
x − 1
2
1 a i ii y = 3x ii y
ii y
1 3 5 y = 2(x –1) 5
y = 2(x + 1)
4
2 ×3 6 3
4
3
2 y = 1 x+1
0 0 1
2 2
1 (x –1)
x y=
2
3 9 –6–5–4–3–2–10
–1
1 2 3 4 5 6
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 6
x

–2
4 12 –3
–2
–3
–4
–4
–5
iii f(x) = 3x iv y –5

14 iii The inverse function is

12 always a reflection in
10
8
the line y = x
y y
6 3 a b
4 7 5
6 4
2 3
5
x 4
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 1
3 x
2 –6–5–4–3–2–1 0
b i 0 2 ii y = x + 2 1
–1 1 2 3 4 5 67
–2
x –3
2 4 –4 –3–2–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+2 –1
–2
–4
–5
−3 −1 –3 –6
–4
5 7 –5

1 3 y y
c d
10 5
iii f(x) = x + 2 iv y 8 4
8 6 3
2
7 4
1
2
6 x
x
5 –12–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 –6–5 –4–3–2 –10 1 2 3 4 5 6
–2 –1
4 –4 –2
3 –6 –3
2 –8 –4
1 –10 –5
x –6
– 4– 3– 2– 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 Each function and its inverse have the same graph
–1
–2 4 a is a many-to-one function, every value in the domain is
1
c i ii y = 2 x + 1 mapped to one value in the range.
4 3
b is not a function as 0 maps to more than one value in
2 ÷2+1 2
the range.
1 1.5 5 a y
−2 0
6 4 y = f –1(x )
5
1
iii f(x) = 2x +1 iv y 4
5
4 3
3
2 2
1
x 1 y = f (x )
– 3– 2 – 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
d i 0 1 ii y = 2x + 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x − 1
b Many answers possible, for example f(x) = 2
3 × 2 +1 7 6 8
1.5 4 7
6
2 5 5
4
1 3 3
2
iii f(x) = 2x + 1 iv y 1
8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 f(x) is one-to-many so is not a function.
4 7 a f(x) = x or f(x) = c – x
2 b f(x) = x or f(x) = c where c is a number.
0 x 8 a fnfm(x) = fn(xm) = (xm)n = xmn = xnm = fnm(x)
1 2 3 4
b i m × n = n × m, fnfm(x) = xmn = xnm = fmfn(x)
1
2 a i f(x) = 3x b i f(x) = x − 2 ii Let fn–1(x) = fm(x).
1
ii y
ii y fnfm(x) = fmfn(x) = fmn(x) = xmn = x1, mn = 1 so m = n
5
4
y = 3x
5
4
fn (x) = fm(x) = f1 (x)
–1
n 1
3 3 9 a g(x) = 3x + 2 b g(x) = 2 x – 2
2 2
1 y =1 x
y = x+2 1
y = x–2 c g(x) = 3x – 4 *d g(x) = 3x – 5
3 x
x 0
0 –6–5–4–3–2–1–1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 6
6.3S
–2 –2
–3 –3
–4 –4 1 x + 3 < 10 inequality, x(x + 3)≡ x2 + 3x identity, 2x + 1 = 6
–5 –5
equation, x2 + 3x expression, v = u + at formula.

493
 2 Multiple answers possible, for example 6.4S
a 3x + 2 b 4x − 5 = 7
1 a x2 + 8x + 12 b x2 + 8x + 15
c F = ma d 3x < x + 2
c x2 + 6x − 16 d x2 − 4x − 12
e x(x + 2) = x2 + 2x
e x2 − 2x − 15 f x2 − 6x − 16
3 a No, 4(a + 2) ≡ 4a + 8 b Yes, 3(x + 2) ≡ 3x + 3 × 2
2 a x2 + 7x + 10 b x2 + 7x + 12
c Yes, 5(y − 2) ≡ 5y − 5 × 2 d No, y(y + 3) ≡ y2 + 3 × y
c y2 − 5y − 14 d y2 − 36
e Yes, x(x − 4) ≡ x2 − 4 × x
e b2 + 5b − 24 f b2 − 81
4 a 5(a + 2) ≡ 5 × a + 5 × 2 ≡ 5a + 10
g a2 + 6a + 9 h a2 − 14a + 49
b 3(x + 4) ≡ 3 × x + 3 × 4 ≡ 3x + 12
3 a 2x2 + 9x + 10 b 3x2 − 5x − 12
c 5(y − 3) ≡ 5 × y − 5 × 3 ≡ 5y − 15
c 6y2 + 20y + 14 d 9y2 − 36
d y(y + 3) ≡ y × y + y × 3 ≡ y2 + 3y
e 8b2 + 26b − 24 f 25b2 − 81
e x2(x − 4) ≡ x2 × x1 − x2 × 4 ≡ x3 − 4x2
g 4a2 + 12a + 9 h 9a2 − 42a + 49
5 a 4a + 8 + 2a + 2 ≡ 6a + 10
4 a x2 − 8x + 12 b x2 − 8x + 15
b 3x + 6 + 4x − 4 ≡ 7x + 2
c x2 − 10x + 16
c 5y − 10 + 3y − 9 ≡ 8y − 9
5 a x2 − 7x + 10 b x2 − 7x + 12
d y2 + 3y + 2y + 6 ≡ y2 + 5y + 6
c y2 − 4y + 4 d y2 − 12y + 36
e x2 − 4x + x2 + 2x ≡ 2x2 − 2x
6 a 3x2 − 11x + 10 b 2x2 − 10x + 12
6 a a = 7, b = 9 b a = 7, b = 6
c 6x2 − 16x + 10 d 8x2 − 22x + 12
c Multiple solutions possible including a = 1, b = 8
e 25x2 − 20x + 4 f 4x2 − 20x + 25
d a = 1 and b = 2 e a = 3 and b = 10
7 x (x + 12) = x2 + 12x
f a = 6 and b = −22
8 a x(x + 5) b x(x + 7) c 2x(x + 6) d 6x(2x + 1)
7 a No, LHS ≡ a2 + 7a + 10
9 a (x + 2)(x + 3) b (x + 2)(x + 5)
b No, LHS ≡ x2 + 7x + 12
c (a + 3)(a + 8) d (a + 12)(a + 1)
c Yes, b2 + 2b + 6b + 12 ≡ b2 + 8b + 12
e (x + 7)(x + 13) f Cannot be factorised
d Yes, y2 + 3y − 2y − 6 ≡ y2 + y − 6
g (x + 3)(x − 2) h (x + 5)(x − 2)
e No, LHS ≡ 2y2 − 4y − 6
i (y + 4)(y − 3) j (y + 5)(y − 3)
f No, LHS ≡ 3p2 − 9p + 6
k (b − 12)(b + 1) l (a − 8)(a + 3)
8 a 8(1 + 3p) b 9(2q − 3) c 5(5r + 11) d 4s(s +−3)
m (p − 6)(p − 3) n (x − 20)(x + 1)
e 7t(3 + 4t) f 18u2(3v + u)
10 a (2x + 1)(x + 3) b (2y + 3)(y + 1)
9 a Formula b Identity c Equation d Equation
c 3(b + 2)(b + 1) d (3b + 2)(b + 3)
e Equation f Identity g Identity h Formula
e (2x − 3)(x + 2) f 2(x + 3) (x − 1)
i Formula j Equation k Identity
g (4x + 3)(x + 4) h 2(x − 2)(2x + 1)
10 Student’s own answer.
i (3x − 2)(5x − 7) j (2x + 5)(9x − 4)
6.3A 11 a (x + 3)(x − 3) b (y + 5)(y − 5)
c (b + 10)(b − 10) d (h + 9)(h − 9)
1 a i 5(a + 2) ≡ 5a + 10 ii 5a + 10 = 80
e (y + 8)(y − 8) f (a + 15)(a − 15)
b i 7(b + 5) ≡ 7b + 35 ii 7b + 35 = 105
g 4(x − 5)(x + 5) h (3x + 8)(3x − 8)
c i 2(c + 1) ≡ 2c + 2 ii 2c + 2 = 24
i 5(b + 5)(b − 5) j Cannot be factorised
d i 12b + 120 ≡ 12(b + 10) ii 12(b + 10) = 240
1 1 7 7
2 a i x < 10 ii 190 − 7x ≡ 120 + 7(10 − x) 12 a Qx + 2 R Qx − 2 R b Qx + 9 R Qx − 9 R
iii Student’s suggestion, e.g. x = 5 c (20x + 13)(20x − 13) d (x + !2)(x − !2)
iv Student’s suggestion, e.g. 190 − 7x = 155 e (3x + 2y)(3x − 2y) f
y y
Q 5x + 3 R Q 5x − 3 R
b i x < 11 4 8 4 8
g Q 7x + 9y R Q 7x − 9y R h x (x − 16)
2
ii 132 − 4x ≡ 88 + 4(11 − x)
iii Student’s suggestion, e.g. x = 4 13 a (x + 2y) 2
b Cannot be factorised
iv Student’s suggestion, e.g. 132 − 4x = 116 c 5xy(1+ 2xy) d −(x + 5)(x − 2)
3 a 2(g + 7) ≡ 2g + 14 e −(2x − 3)(4x + 1) f −y(3x2 − 15x − 2)
b 2(m + n) ≡ 2m + 2n g (x2 − 3)(x + 2)(x − 2) h (2x2y2 − 3)(x2y2 + 2)
c a(b + c) ≡ ab + ac 6.4A
d f(3 + b + d) ≡ 3f + bf + df
1 a 3x(2x + 3) ≡ 3x × 2x + 3x × 3
e (2a)2 ≡ 4a2
b (2x + 6)2 ≡ 2x × 2x + 6 × 2x + 2x × 6 + 6 × 6
f (a+b)2 ≡ a2 + 2ab + b2
2 (2n + 5)(2n − 1) + 3 × 3 ≡ 4n2 + 8n + 4 ≡ (2n + 2)2
4 a Sometimes true b Always true
Yes. You can make a square with side 2n + 2.
c Always true d Sometimes true
3 a 3400 b 480 c 240 d 1000
e Never true f Never true
e 3596 f 1551 g 2491 h 2484
g Sometimes true h Sometimes true
4 a (a + b)2 ≡ a2 + 2ab + b2
5 a Student’s own examples e.g.
b i (1.32 + 2.68)2 = 16 ii (21 − 11)2 = 100
3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 = 25 = 5 × 5
5 Let n2 and (n + 1)2 be two consecutive square numbers
b n + (n + 1) + (n + 2) + (n + 3) + (n + 4) = 5n + 10
Then (n + 1)2 − n2 ≡ n2 + 2n + 1 − n2 ≡ 2n + 1 ≡ n + (n + 1)
= 5(n + 2) which has 5 as a factor.
6 Let (2n)2 and (2n + 2)2 be two consecutive even square numbers
6 a 7 + 3 = 10 = 2 × 5 b 5 + 7 = 12 = 2 × 6
(an even square number must have an even square root).
c 0.52 = 0.25 < 0.5 d 7 × 8 = 56 = 2 × 28
Then (2n + 2)2 − (2n)2 ≡ 4n2 + 8n + 4 − 4n2 ≡ 8n + 4
7 a (2n)2 ≡ 22 × n2 = 4n2
≡ 4(2n + 1)
b n(n + 1) −n ≡ n2 + n − n ≡ n2
c 2n(2m + 1) ≡ 4mn + 2n ≡ 2(2mn + n)
d (2n + 1) + (2m + 1) = 2n + 2m + 2 = 2(n + m + 1)

Answers
494
 7 Let (n − 1), n, (n + 1) be three consecutive numbers. 6 9
(n − 1)(n + 1) ≡ n2 + n − n − 1 ≡ n2 − 1 < n2 7 a i No, p2 − 11p + 28. ii No, 26v2 − 38v − 47.
8 The nth term formula is (n + 1)(n + 2) −n(n + 3) b i Yes ii No, (v + 10)(v − 10).
≡ n2 + 3n + 2 − n2 − 3n ≡ 2 iii No, (6x − y)(5x + 3y).
*9 a 14 b 1 c 19 8 a i (2.4 − 3.6)(2.4 − 3.6) ii 1.44
d 13 e 14 f 31 b i = (89 − 11)(89 + 11) = 78 × 100 = 7800
*10 (a + b)(a − b) (a2 + b2) ii = (6.89 − 3.11)(6.89 + 3.11) = 3.78 × 10 = 378
*11 a i a2 + 2ab + b2 9 (x − 4)2 + 14
ii a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 10 a F 5 × 4 = 20 b F 5 has 2 factors, 1 and 5.
iii a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4 c T Let the two numbers be 2x and 2y. 2x + 2y = 2(x + y)
b When written in the standard way (descending powers of a so the sum is even.
or descending powers of b) the numerical coefficients of the d F 02 = 0 e F 2 × 7 = 14
terms in (a + b)n are the numbers from the (n + 1)th row of f T Let the numbers be 2x, 2x + 2 and 2x + 4.
Pascal’s triangle. 2x + 2x + 2 + 2x + 4 = 6x + 6 = 6(x + 1), is divisible by 6.
12 a (x2 − 1)(x + 1) ≡ x3 + x2 − x − 1 g F x2 has 3 factors, 1, x and x2.
x
b (x2 + x − 2)(x + 2) ≡ x3 + 2x2 + x2 + 2x − 2x − 4 11 a y = 4x + 1 b y=3−2
x + 1
≡ x3 + 3x2 − 4 12 a No, g−1(x) = 2
c x3 + x2 + x − x2 − x − 1 ≡ x3 − 1 b i 17 ii 107
13 a a = 1, b = 3, c = 11 b a = 1, b = 5, c = 22 Revision 1
3 11
c a = –1, b = –3, c = 23 d a = 2, b = 2 , c = 2
e a = –6, b = –3, c = 78 1 The teacher would save £17.50 − £15 = £2.50
14 a i Smallest value ii −3 iii 11 2 a £4928.40 b 30 096 miles
b i Smallest value ii −5 iii 22 3 a i 18x + 9 ii 9x − 18
c i Largest value ii 3 iii 23 iii 2x2 + 51x − 20 iv 18x2 − 27x − 18
d i Smallest value ii −2
3 11
iii 2 b 76.6 cm3 (3 sf )
e i Largest value ii 3 iii 78 4 a i QRS = 28° (Isosceles △) so QSR = 180 − 90 − 28 = 62°
*15 a
x + 5 2y − 3
b y − 10 c 5
x − 3 2( x + 4)
d x+3 (Angles in a △); PSQ = 62° (Angles in a △) so
4
x + 4 x + 2
RST = 180 − 2 × 62 = 56° (Angles on a straight line);
e x − 2 f 3x − 2 RSP = 2 × 62 = 124°
16
1 ii SP = SR, ∠PSQ = ∠RSQ and QS is common to both
p − 4
triangles so the triangles are congruent by SAS, PQ and
Review 6 QR are corresponding sides. (Other reasons possible)
1 a −11 b 20 c 9 d 5 b i Isosceles
A − 3 3C + B
2 a X= 2 b X= A ii ∠ABD = 72°, ∠DBC = 36°
20Z − Y iii No. It has different angles.
c X= d X = 4Y 2 − 4
3 5 a i Correct. HBD is an isosceles right-angled triangle.
2
e X = ±"L + 2K ii Incorrect. HBDF is a square.
3 a i 35 ii −2 iii Incorrect. HBGC is an isosceles trapezium.
x
b i 5 ii x − 3 b i One of the following: OPF, OBQ, ODQ
c i 5x + 3 ii 5(x + 3) ii One of the following: HOF, HOB, BOD, FOD, BHF, BDF,
4 a v2 = u2 + 2as b 3(x + 2) ≡ 3x + 6 HBD, HFD, ACO, CEO, EGO, GAO.
c 5x2 + 3 d 7a + 5 = 19 c i ∠ABC = 135°
5 a x > −2 b y⩽0 ii ∠POF = 45°
6 5(2x + 3) + 2(4 − 5x) ≡ 10x + 15 + 8 − 10x ≡ 23 iii ∠HOC = 135°
7 Let n be an integer. iv ∠ABH = 22.5°
n + (n + 1) + (n + 2) ≡ 3n + 3 ≡ 3(n + 1) 6 50 Series 1
8 a x2 + 11x + 18 b x3 − 13x2 + 42x 40
c 3x2 + 31x − 22 d 12x2 + 2x − 2
9 a (x + 9)(x − 9) b (4x + 7)(4x − 7) 30
c x(x − 7) d 7x(3x + 4) 20
10 a (x − 4)(x + 1) b (x − 2)(x − 5)
c (x − 1)(x + 9) d (2x + 1)(x + 3) 10

e (2x + 3)(3x − 1) f 2(2x − 3)(2x − 1) 0

x − 4 x − 1
11 a x + 2 b x+4 c x+1 O B A F G K M

Assessment 6 18° 9° O
1 22.5° B
1 a Stina, s = 2 (−4 + 12)8 = 32.
27° A
b Stina, v2 = 02 + 2 × 2 × 16, v = "64 = 8.
a h h − a h − a − a
2 a n2 = −x + n2 , x = n2 , n2 = x , n = "h x
36° 180° F
t 1 − e t2 1 − e 2 G
b x = "1 + e , x2 = (
1 + e, t 1 + e) = x2(1 − e),
67.5°
x2 − t2 K
t + et = x − ex , e(x + t ) = x − t , e =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x2 + t2
1 r R (r + R) M
c S = Rr + Rr = (Rr)
3 a C = 15p + 12q + 14t b £5.08 c £13.55 7 a i 6.5 ii 7 nights.
4 a 58.8 m (1 dp) b 44.7 m c 101 km/h b i 11 ii 5 nights
5 a 10.4 km b 5.73 m c Yes 8 a 22 450 b 31.2%
c Maximum = 35 271, Minimum = 35 216

495
 9 a 55.7 b 69 4 a, b Several methods are possible, three are given below.
1
10 a 5 y y y
b i 16 ml ii 4 ml 6 6 6
B
c i Acid: 64 ml, Water: 16 ml 5
A
5 5
A
ii Acid: 16 ml, Water: 84 ml 4 4 4
B C C
11 No, for example, if x = −1, 10x = −10 < −1 = x 3 3 B 3
B A
2 2 2
12 a 248.5 ft b 88.2 ft (3 sf ) c 68.9 mph (3 sf ) A A
1 1 1
d Yes. He will pass the train in 2326 ft < 5280 ft. x 0 x 0 B x
0
Chapter 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Total area Total area = 6 + 6 + Total area = 9 + 2 +
Check in 7 = 4 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 4 1 + 6 = 19 cm2 2 + 6 = 19 cm2
1 a i 16 cm ii 160 mm iii 12 cm2 = 19 cm2 1600 mm
b i 18 cm ii 180 mm iii 20.25 cm2 5 125 cm2 4
c i 19.1 cm ii 191 mm iii 14 cm2 6 No number of tiles = 4 × 2 + 8 × 4 = 40
Jim needs 8 packs of 5 tiles. 8 3200 mm
2 A(3, 2), B(5, 5), C(4, −1), D(−2, −3), E(1, 6) 1600 mm 4
3 a x=3 b x=5 c y=x Cost = 8 × £29.50 = £236 > £200 2 4
d y=2 e y = −1 2400 mm
7.1S 7 Area of map = 30 × 20 = 600 cm2
Area more than 4 cm from edge = 22 × 12 = 264 cm2. This is
1 a Distance = 205 km ± 10 km, Bearing = 062° ± 4° less than half of 600 cm2, so Amy is correct – more than half of
b Distance = 120 km ± 10 km, Bearing = 258° ± 4° the map is within 4 cm of the edge.
c Distance = 85 km ± 10 km, Bearing = 116° ± 4° *8 a 44 badges (using a tessellating pattern) b 15.5% (3 sf )
d Distance = 85 km ± 10 km, Bearing = 296° ± 4° *9 S R
e Distance = 60 km ± 10 km, Bearing = 210° ± 4°
2 a 75 km, 010° b 200 km, 160° Y
2h
c 125 km, 200° d 160 km, 309°
h
e 105 km, 240°
3 a 250 m b Length = 225 m, Width = 100 m P b XN Q M
c i 20 cm ii 5 km Let the base of triangle PYX be b and the height h, then area of
1
4 Different scales may be used. If the scale 1 : 50 is used the triangle PYX = 2 bh
lengths will be as follows. 5.6 m (11.2 cm), 4.2 m (8.4 cm), Base of parallelogram = 2b (X is mid-point of PQ)
4.1 m (8.2 cm), 2.7 m (5.4 cm), 2.9 m (5.8 cm), 1.9 m (3.8 cm), Height of parallelogram = 2h (similar triangles)
1
3 m (6 cm), 2.1 m (4.2 cm). Area of parallelogram PQRS = 2b × 2h = 4bh = 8 × 2 bh
1
7.1A So area triangle PXY = 8 area of parallelogram PQRS
10 a 20 cm2 b 17.5 cm2
1 a 486 miles, 184°
b The distance from A to B would increase, the bearing from 7.3S
B to A would increase. 1 y 2 y
2 Incorrect, the lifeboat is 2.5 km further away from Kim than 4 4
3
from Liam. 3 c P
2 2
3 a i Estimated cost of fencing £2250 b T 1
1
ii Area ≈ 130 000 m2 x x
–4 –3–2–10 1 2 3 4 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
b Make the scale diagram 10 times larger. –1 a –1
4 a ≈ 850 km b 5 hours c ≈ 24 063 km2 –2 b
–2
a
–3 –3
5 a Check students’ drawings. b i 048° ± 2° ii 329° ± 2°
–4 –4
7.2S 3 pentagon y
1 6
1 a i Area = 2 (25 + 43) × 24 = 816 cm2 5
1
ii Area = 25 × 24 + 2 × 18 × 24 = 816 cm2 4
1 b(i)
b i Area = 2 (60 + 24) × 30 = 1260 mm2 b(iv) A
3
1 1 2
ii Area = 30 × 24 + 2 × 30 × 8 + 2 × 30 × 28 = 1260 mm2
1
2 a 112.5 cm b 5.1 m
2 2
x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 Rectangle height = 15 mm, parallelogram base = 40 cm, –1
triangle height = 2.5 m. –2
–3
4 a 90% b 87.8% (to 3 sf ) –4
b(iii)
5 7 cm b(ii)
–5
6 Height of rectangle = 9 cm –6

7 Length = 18 cm 4 rhombus y
*8 75.3% (to 3 sf ) 6
5
9 70.2 m2 4
10 a 300 b 2400 3
2
7.2A 1
b(ii) X b(i)
1 Yes, 2540 m2 > 2500 m2 x
–6–5–4 –3–2–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
b The assumption that the measurements are accurate. –2
2 a 15 cm b The minimum width would reduce. –3
1 1 2 1 b(iii)
3 a 2 b 2 c 3 d 3 –4
–5
Answers –6

496
5 2 a All co-ordinates are multiplied by 3
b Enlargement, centre (0, 0), scale factor 3
a y
3 a
6
F 5
4
C 3
2
c D 1
b x
–6–5–4–3–2–10 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
S
–2
–3 T
–4
6 a i S ii S –5
R R –6
T T 1
b Enlargement, centre (2, 0), scale factor 4
4 Yes, (1, 4) is equidistant from each vertex of triangle A and
P Q the corresponding vertex in triangle B and each edge has been
P Q rotated 90° clockwise.
5 a Translation by vector A 40 B, Reflection in x = 3 Rotation 180°
clockwise (or anti-clockwise) about (3, 3)
b No points are invariant under the translation, the points on
iii iv
S the line x = 3 are invariant under the reflection, the point
T R (3, 3) is invariant under the rotation.
S *6 a Reflection in y = x
T R b Rotation 90° clockwise (or 270° anti-clockwise) about (3, 3)
P Q c Reflection in x + y = 6
*7 a Reflection in BD b Reflection in AC
P Q c Rotation of 180° clockwise (or anti-clockwise) about the
b i The mirror line is the line through S, perpendicular to centre of the square.
PQ (the line of symmetry of the pentagon). d Rotation of 90° clockwise (or anti-clockwise) about the
ii Q centre of the [Link] of 270° clockwise (or anti-
7 a kite y
clockwise) about the centre of the square.
7
C4
6
D2 *8 a Reflection in y = x + 2
C 5 A2 C2 b Rotation 90° clockwise (or 270°
D4 D B B4 4
3
B2 anti-clockwise) about (−1, 0)
2 9 a i (x, y) ⇒ (x, −y)
A
A4
1 ii (x, y) ⇒(−x, y)
x
– 7– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1–01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 iii (x, y) ⇒ (y, x)
C3 y = –1
–2 iv (x, y) ⇒ (−y, −x)
–3 D3 B3
A1 *v Reflection in x = a: (x, y) ⇒ (2a –x, y)
–4
–5 A3
Reflection in y = b: (x, y) ⇒ (x, 2b – y)
D1 B1 – 6
b i The point (x, y) is transformed to (y, –x)
C1 –7
ii The point (x, y) is transformed to (–x, –y)
8 a trapezium iii The point (x, y) is transformed to (–y, x)
y

7 7.4S
6

Q1 R1
5
y=X 1 a, b Reflection in y = −x followed by reflection in y = x − 1
4 y
Q3 P3
3 4
S2 2 y=x– 1
S1 3
S 1 2
P1 R3 T
x 1
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R2 –1 x
– 4 – 3 – 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4
–2 R –1
– 3 S4 B –2
R4 S3 –3
–4 A y = –x
P2 Q2 –4
– 5 P4
P Q4 Q
–6 c The order does not affect the final result. T has again rotated
180° about the point (2 ,−2 )
–7 1 1
1 1
7.3A d (2 ,−2 )
2 2 a Rotation of 180° clockwise (or anti-clockwise) about (0, 0)
1 a Translation by vector A −4 B
b y
b Rotation 90° clockwise (or 270° 6
S
anti-clockwise) about (−4, 3) R
5P
c Rotation 90° anti-clockwise 4
Q
3
(or 270° clockwise) about (−1, 2) y=2
2
d Reflection in y = 3 1
P1 Q1
x
e Reflection in x = 4 – 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1 S
f Rotation 180° clockwise –2
R1
y=– 3 S1
(or anti-clockwise) about (4, 3) –3
S2
–4
g Enlargement, centre (0, −2), scale factor 2 R2
3 –5
h Enlargement, centre (−3, −6), scale factor 2 –6
P2 Q2
0
Translation by vector A−10 B

497
 3 a b *8 a i y
y y
7 y=x+3
6 B3
6 A 6
5 1 5 C3
C4 C4 C2 A3 5 y=x−1
C
3 3 4
2 B1 2 3
B2
A B 1 C1 A B A21 B2 2 A
x x 1
– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 0 C21 2 3 4 5 6 – 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 10 1 2B13 4 5A6 A2 C2
–1 –1 1 x
–2 –2 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–3 B2 –3
–4 –4 C1
–5 A2 –5 ii Reflection in the line y = x + 3
–6 –6
b y
Rotation of 90° anti-clockwise Translation by vector A 40 B C2
8
(or 270° clockwise) about (2, 2) 7
y
4 Q2 P2 6
6 A2 B2
S R 5
5 C
C 4 y=x−1
4
3 3
P Q 2
2 A B
R2 S2
1 1
x x
– 6– 5– 4 – 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
– 1 S1 R1
–1 B3
–2
–2
–3
P1 Q1 –3
–4 A3 C3
–5 –4
–6
7.4A
Enlargement, centre (2, 4), scale factor −2
y 1 a i
5 a A2
M N
6 T
5 D2
4
B2 3 C2 ii Translation right by six squares.
2
1
b The translation is to the left, rather than the right.
x 2 a i N
– 6 – 5 – 4 – 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 M
–1 reflection in
D C–2 M then N T
A1 reflection in
A –3
M
–4 D1
–5 45°
B –6 C1
B1
ii Rotation of 90° anti-clockwise about the point of
Rotation of 90° clockwise (or 270° anti-clockwise) about (3, −2) intersection of the mirror lines.
b Rotation of 90° anti-clockwise (or 270° clockwise) about The angle of rotation is twice the angle between the mirrors
(3, –2) b The rotation changes direction to clockwise 90° about the
6 a, b K
y same centre of rotation.
1
6
5
c 1 4 lines of symmetry and rotational
2
K 4 symmetry, order 4
3
2 M M1 3

1
4
x
– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1 L2
L –2 3 Enlargement, scale factor 2, centre at the centre of the hexagon
–3 (starting with the smallest hexagon)
–4 M2
1
–5
K2 Enlargement, scale factor 2 , centre at the centre of the hexagon
L 1
–6 (starting with the largest hexagon)
c Enlargement, centre (13 ,−13 ) scale factor −2
2 1 1 4 a
2 1
d i Enlargement, centre (13 ,−13 ) scale factor −2
2 1 P Q
ii (13 ,−13 )
*7 a i M b M
Translation right by distance 2PQ
P P1 P
b
Q
P1 C P2 C P
C
P2

Rotation of 180° about C

ii Reflection in a mirror line 5 a Multiple answers possible, for example a translation by the
through C that is rotated 60° 1
vector A 43 B followed by a translation by the vector A −4 B.
clockwise about C from M’s position.
Answers
498
 b There are an infinite number of possible pairs of Assessment 7
translations. In all pairs the x components of vectors total 5
1 a ÷100 000 b ×1000 c ÷1 000 000
and the y components total −1.
2 a Check student’s drawings.
6 Rotation of 180° clockwise (or anti-clockwise) about (0, 0).
b i 6.5 cm (± 3 mm) ii 60° (±3°)
*7 There are many possible pairs. Each pair must include a
iii 135° (±3°)
reflection; the other transformation could be a translation or a
0
c Kite d Rectangle
rotation. For example, translation by the vector A −8 B followed by
3 a Yes b No, right angle.
reflection in the line y = −x − 7.
c Yes d Yes
Reflection in the y axis followed by rotation 90° anti-clockwise
e Yes f No, acute.
about (4, −3)
g No, right angle. h No, acute.
*8 a PQT is mapped onto RQT by reflection in TQ or by rotation
i Yes j No, acute.
of 90° anti-clockwise about T
k No, reflex.
PQT is mapped onto PST by reflection in TP or by rotation
4 a Check students’ drawings. b 15.9 cm2 (3 sf )
90° clockwise about T.
5 a i 195° ii 110° iii 015° iv 290°
PQT is mapped onto SRT by reflection in a line through T
v 245°
parallel to PQ or by rotation of 180° clockwise (or anti-
b The bearings differ by 180°.
clockwise) about T or enlargement, centre T, scale factor −1.
6 a 49
b Let triangle ABC have AB = BC and ∠ABC = 90°. The
b i No, 2 × 2 = 4 and 4 is not a factor of 49.
resulting quadrilateral has four sides of length AC, and
ii No, 3 × 3 = 9 and 9 is not a factor of 49.
diagonals which bisect each other. Each vertex has interior
c No. Each side has length 7 m so must include two 2 × 2 slabs
angle 2∠BAC = 90° so it is a square.
and a 3 × 3 slab. There are exactly three ways of arranging
10 a Always true b Never true
slabs around the edges, all of which include gaps or overlap.
c Sometimes true – usually, but not in the case of 2 half turns
of 180° (see Skills Q3b) or full turns of 360°
d Sometimes true – usually not true, but true when the
translation is perpendicular to the mirror line
e Sometimes true – always except when the rotation is a full
turn of 360°.
Review 7 (Other lines of reasoning possible.)
1 a 063° b 243° c 17.5 km 7 a 74.25π mm2 b 233 mm²
2 a 60 m2 b 30 cm2 c 2.25 mm2 d 49.5 cm2 8 a i 264.5π mm2 ii 831 mm² (3 sf )
e 32.5 m2 b 16.3 mm
3 a, b y 9 Check students’ drawings.
6 10 a, c
c
5
C
4
A
3 a
2
1
x 25 15
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 b a b d a b
–1 45 20
B
–2 40 25 15 40
e a b f a b +a b =a b
c Reflection in the line y = −x 65 45 20 65
0 11 a Rotation 180° about the point (2, 2).
4 a y b Translation by vector A 9 B
b, c y d Reflection in the line y = 0.
1
4
x A
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1 C
2
C –2 1
–3 x
– 3 – 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4
y –1
5 a, b –2
10 D –3
–4
A
5
Chapter 8
B Check in 8
x
– 15 – 10 –5 0 5 10 15 3 3 5 7
1 a 5 b 7 c 8 d 11
–5 5 9 23 5
e 6 f 20 g 24 h 8
C
– 10 2 a 40 b 40 c 21 d 56
3 a 0.7. b 0.75 c 0.375 d 0.4
.
– 15 e 0.3 f 0.0625 g 0.1 e 0.625
c Enlargement of scale factor 0.5 centre of enlargement
8.1S
(−10, 6).
6 a The centre of rotation. 1 a 0.5 b 0.3
1
b The points on the mirror line. 2 a i 5 ii 0.2 iii 20%
c None. b i
7
ii 0.175 iii 17.5%
40
d The centre of enlargement, assuming scale factor ≠1. 13
c i 40 ii 0.325 iii 32.5%

499
 d i 10
3
ii 0.3 iii 30% b 0.38
3 a 15 times. b 5 times. 7 Dominika’s method is best.
1
4 a Bag A. In bag A the probability of getting a red is 3 8.2A
1
compared with 5 in bag B. 14 7 9 3
1 a 30 = 15 b 30 = 10
b Bag B. Bag A only contains 1 red ball so it is impossible to
take two reds without replacement from this bag. 2 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 are factors of 12, 5 is not a factor of 12. The
1
5 a 50 theoretical probability of getting a 5 is 6 = 0.17 and the
b i 50
9 7
ii 25
27
iii 50 experimental probability of this is (100 − 71) ÷ 100 = 0.29.
c 2 red, 3 green, 5 blue. The experimental probability is a lot higher than the theoretical
d Increase the number of trials. probability so there is reason to believe the dice is biased towards 5.
1
6 9 days. 3 8
7 14 shares. 4 0.785 (3 sf )
8 a Students’ results 3 13
b There are infinite possible outcomes with decreasing 5 a 5 b 32
1
probabilities. 6 6
9 e.g. Roll the dice 600 times and record the number of times 7 The experimental probability suggests the following:
each side comes up, compare this with the expected frequencies (17 ÷ 80) × 19 = 4.0 4 white sectors
of 100 for each side. A large difference between expected and
obtained frequencies suggests bias. (32 ÷ 80) × 19 = 7.6 7.6 black sectors

8.1A (31 ÷ 80) × 19 = 7.4 7.4 red sectors

1 No. The results should start to reflect these proportions after a Given that there are equal numbers of black sectors and red
higher number of trials. sectors, these results suggest two possibilities. There could be 7
2 a Xavier’s statement is consistent with his experiment but his black sectors, 7 red sectors and 19 − 2 × 7 = 5 white sectors, in
sample size is too small to be reliable. which case the experiment results suggest the spinner is biased
b No. This is an estimate, not a fact. against white. There could be 8 black sectors, 8 red sectors and
c i This estimate combines all the results (115 reds) and 19 − 2 × 8 = 3 white sectors, in which case the experiment results
divides by the total number of trials (125). A higher suggest the spinner is biased in favour of white.
number of trials gives a more reliable probability. 8.3S
ii Not necessarily, this is an estimate only. 1 a Not mutually exclusive. b Mutually exclusive.
3 a Colour Red White Blue c Not mutually exclusive. d Not mutually exclusive.
Frequency 10 5 10 2 a Not mutually exclusive b Mutually exclusive
Relative Frequency 0.4 0.2 0.4 c Mutually exclusive d Mutually exclusive
1 2
The relative frequencies sum to 1. 3 a 0 b 1 −3 = 3
b A or C. B could not be Alik’s as his table shows that white was 1 1
4 a 6 b 2
an observed result and this spinner does not include white. 1 1
c Multiple answers possible provided they include the colours 5 a 3 b 2
1 3 11
red, white and blue. 6 a 7 b c 21 7
4 Keith may need a larger and more diverse sample before a 7 a 0.2 b 0.6 c 0.5
1 2 4
difference in numbers becomes apparent. The difference 8 P(green) = 7 P(blue) = 7 P(white) = 7
between weekend and weekday births may be too small to be Green, white and blue are mutually exclusive options so
1 2 4
observable in this sample. P(green or white or blue) = 7 + 7 + 7 = 1
5 a 10 Green, white and blue are exhaustive, there can be no other
b More often; white balls make up a higher proportion of the colours in the bag.
total in the blue bag than they do in the red bag. 9 a P(green) = 0.1 b P(white) = 0.6
6 a 6 times. b 50p per go.
8.3A
8.2S 1 a 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 a 6 b 6 =3 c 6 =2 d 6 =3
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
1
2 a Yes, each outcome has probability 6 . 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
4 3 2 1 0 1 2
b No. It is more likely that the pin will land point down due to
5 4 3 2 1 0 1
the instability of the object. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1
c Yes, each outcome has probability 7 . 10 5 6 1
d No. Getting 999 tails in a row is less likely than getting b i 36 = 18 ii 36 =6
6 10 20 5
4 tails in a row. iii 1 − 36 − 36 = 36 =9
e No, some letters are more common than others. For 2 No, taking a green, taking a blue, and taking a black ball are
example, ‘e’ and ‘t’ are more common than ‘x’ and ‘q’. 1 1
mutually exclusive events P(green or blue or black) = 4 + 3 + 2
1
3 6 black counters. 3 4 6 13
= 12 + 12 + 12 = 12 > 1
9
4 a Highest relative frequency 20 = 0.45. A probability cannot be greater than 1 so Serena must be wrong.
3 1 1 1 3
Lowest relative frequency 20 = 0.15 3 a 6+3+8+8=1
b Total 6’s = 161, total throws = 24 × 20 = 480; Arinda may be correct as her probabilities do not exceed 1.
relative frequency = 161÷480 = 0.34 b If Arinda is correct there are no other colours. Her
1 4
5 a 6 b 9 c 1 probabilities indicate P(green or blue or white or black) = 1
6 a 0.5, 0.45, 0.47, 0.43, 0.38, 0.38, 0.41, 0.4, 0.39, 0.38, 0.39, 0.39, so the probability of another colour is 0.
0.38, 0.38 4 a 2
1
b 12
5
c 12
5

5 a C and D b C and D
Answers
500
 c A and C are not mutually exclusive because the number 2 is 9.1S
both even and prime.
1 a i 8 ii 8.4 iii 8
6 a True, a student cannot be both male and female.
b i 20 ii 18.8 iii 19
b True, a student must be either male or female.
c i 40 ii 35.8 iii 36
c False, there are 9 students in the class who are both male
d i 300 ii 278.7 iii 279
and dark-haired.
e i 1 ii 1.4 iii 1
d True, there are no students in the class that are both female
f i 4000 ii 3894.8 iii 3895
and have red hair.
g i 0.008 ii 0.0 iii 0
7 a 1 2 3 4 5 6
h i 2000 ii 2399.9 iii 2400
1 0 −1 −2 −3 −4 −5
i i 9 ii 9.0 iii 9
2 1 0 −1 −2 −3 −4
j i 10 ii 14.0 iii 14
3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3
k i 1000 ii 1403.1 iii 1403
4 3 2 1 0 −1 −2
l i 100 000 ii 140 306.0 iii 140 306
5 4 3 2 1 0 −1
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
2 a 10 b 5 c 7
4 1 1 35
3 a 8 b 540 c 0.008 d 10
b i 36 = 9 ii 36 iii 36 e 4 f 45 g 16 h 340
8 a 0.1 b 0.3 c 0.5 i 2 j 5 k 30 l 40
9 a 0.001 b 0.500 m 2 n 25 o 50 p 230
Review 8 q 12 100
4 a 1.4 b 2.8 c 3.2 d 3.9
1 a 0.15 b 10 e 4.5 f 5.1 g 5.7 h 6.7
2 a 0.15 b Red 0.15; Green 0.15; Yellow 0.45 i 8.4
c 60 5 a 100 b 1.5 c 900 d 60
3 a
6
b 0 c 1 e 6.3 f 7.1
19
1 1 6 a The denominator would become zero, and you can’t divide
4 a b
9 18 by zero.
9
5 20 b 1.52 and 1.49 are both close to 1.5 so their difference is close
7 6 12
6 a b c to 0, when rounded their difference is approximated by 1.
25 25 25
. 1 . 1 7 a 6000 b 3500 c 100 d 44
7 a 0.23 b 6 c it would be close to 0.16 = 6
e 250 f 12.8 g 2.5 h 10
Assessment 8 i 100 j 3.86 k 5 l 15
1 No, the probability of this event is greater than zero. 8 a 55, larger. b 3.4, larger. c 4200, larger.
2 P(H) = 0.5 because each throw is an independent event. d 4900, larger. e 15, smaller. f 2, smaller.
3
51 10 47.3≈50, 18.9≈20, 8.72≈10
100
4 a 200 b 2 c 4 9.1A
5 a If x = 0.2 then the total probability = 1.02 > 1, x = 0.19
1 a 108
b 52 c 128 d 118
b No, 2.54 × 36 = 91.44.
6 a i 0.18 ii 0.17
This estimate is 16.56 cm too large. This is a large diff erence
b Ben’s, because he sampled more packets.
1 1 relative to 91.44.
7 a 5 b 2
2 a 4 pots.
8 9 packets
Fence area≈100 m2. One pot covers 30 m2, so 3 pots covers
9 a Yes, P(Late) = 0.51 > 0.49 b 70
3 8 7 11 90 m2, not enough. 4 pots cover 120 m2.
10 a i 25 ii 25 iii 25 iv 25
3 a, b
b P(Blue 4) = 0
2 1 1 3 i 700 (overestimate as values rounded up, exact value 620)
11 a 5 b 5 c 2 d 5
ii 2 (underestimate as numerator rounded .down
12 a i No, 102 is a multiple of 3. ii No, 5 is prime. . and
denominator rounded up, exact value 2.370)
iii Yes, no white numbers are multiples of 7
iii 12 000 (underestimate as values rounded down, exact
b i No, 81 is a multiple of 3. ii No, 29 is prime.
value 13 279.86)
iii No, 84 is a multiple of 7.
iv 30 (underestimate as positive value rounded down and
13 No, sunny and snowing are not mutually exclusive events.
72 1 negative value rounded up, exact answer 31.9)
14 a P(blue) = 360 = 5
4 He is wrong – out by a factor of 10.
b All angles are equally likely to be chosen.
20 × 200 = 4000, 4000 ÷ 4 = 1000
Chapter 9 5 a 4 jars b 50 ml (16.99 ml)
Your estimates may differ from the estimates given here. In some 6 a 70 (notice 490 is a multiple of 7, so work out 490 ÷ 7)
questions exact values are given in brackets. (76.00 (2 dp))
b 250
Check in 9
7 £3500 (£3525.10)
1 a i 38.5 ii 39 8 i 2 × 5 = 10, so 10.10 is a reasonable answer.
b i 16.1 ii 16 ii 20 × 550 = 11 000, so 90 000 is not a reasonable answer.
c i 103.9 ii 100 iii 10 ÷ 20 = 0.5, 1.7 is not a reasonable answer. The value
d i 0.1 ii 0.082 must be less than 1 as 12.15 < 17.55
e i 0.4 ii 0.38 9 a 35 litres (32.33 litres)
2 a 954 b 337.415 b Less c 3.30
c 48.99 (2 dp) d 22.37 (2 dp) 10 240
e 105.59 (2 dp) f −45.19 (2 dp)

501
 9.2S 9.3A
1 a 21, 20.1 b 19, 18.6 c 13, 12.5 d 9, 9.8 1 a 11 cm b 4.9 m
e 10, 11.1 f 3, 3.1 g 400, 412.4 2 a 1:45 pm b £1.35
2 a 71.1 b 29.624 c 2.07885304659 3 a No, mass = 449 kg.
d 186.408 e 0.1508856039 f 19.05 b No, each person could be 0.5 kg heavier, so the overall load
3 a 5.8 b 1.3 c 1.7 d 2.2 could be 452 kg, which is not safe.
4 a 13 hours, 53 minutes, 20 seconds 4 Jayne could be correct, maximum volume = 3.453 > 40 cm3,
b 1 day, 3 hours, 46 minutes, 40 seconds minimum volume = 3.353 < 40 cm3.
c 5 days, 18 hours, 53 minutes, 20 seconds 5 a 14 hours 54 minutes. b 25 mph
80
d 1 week, 4 days, 13 hours, 46 minutes, 40 seconds 6 Yes, Ben’s maximum speed = 10.25 = 7.80 (2 dp) > Adam’s
e 16 weeks, 3 days, 17 hours, 46 minutes, 40 seconds 50
minimum speed = 6.45 = 7.75 (2 dp).
f 49 weeks, 4 days, 5 hours, 20 minutes 7 a 6 m3 b 144 00 kg (or 14.4 tonnes)
5 a 5.6 b 73 c 0.085 d –35 c £792 d 1.25 m3 (2 dp) e 1.1 m3 (1 dp)
e 110 f 38 *8 a 42 mph
6 a 464.5923967 b 0.4536084142 b 50 litres = 11.1 gallons, 11.1 × 45 = 500 miles.
7 a 178.4123835 b 0.1967089505 No. The car should have done 185 miles more than it did if
c 3.210178253 d 3.350190476 the advert was correct.
e 1.157007415 f 0.1356045007 9 Yes, assuming the rod contains only one type of metal. Using
8 a i T(2) = 2.25, T(3) = 2.37037, T(10) = 2.593742, T(100) the implied degree of accuracy the density lies between
= 2.704816, T(1000) = 2.716924 7497 kg/m3 and 8226 kg/m3. Steel is the only metal in the table
ii T(2) = 4, T(3) = 4.62963, T(10) = 6.191736, T(100) = with a density in this range.
7.244646, T(1000) = 7.374312 *10 a 5.4 cm b 1.7 cm
b T(n) in part ii is the square of T(n) in part i.
Review 9
9.2A
1 a i 93021.00 ii 93 000
1 a Correct b i 27.94 ii 28
b i Not correct ii (36 ÷ 2.5) + 5.5 = 19.9 c i 0.01 ii 0.0063
c i Not correct ii 36 ÷ (2.5 + 5.5) = 4.5 d i 0.90 ii 0.90
d Correct. 2 a i 64 ii 106 iii −1.1 iv 2
2 a £23 b £13.20 b i 61.13 ii 108.26 iii −3.67 iv 2.22
3 a £120 b £128.28 c £71.37 3 a e.g. centimetres, millimetres
d No. She would need another box of style C. b e.g. grams, kilograms
4 a D b C (56) c B (119.02) d A (−2.63) c cm3, m3 d millilitres, litres
5 a £21.13 b £16.37 4 a 6.72 litres b 0.205 litres c 3.5 litres
c Yes, she would pay less under the new deal in both February 5 20:15
and March. 6 16:25
*6 a 35.3 ft/s (3 sf ) b 757 mph (3 sf ) 7 300 cm3
9.3S 8 a i 12.55 cm ii 12.45 cm
b i 11.55 kg ii 11.45 kg
1 a Tonnes b Milligrams (mg) c i 1.005 m ii 0.995 m
c Centimetres (cm) or millimetres (mm) d Litres (l) d i 0.0255 km ii 0.0245 km
e Millilitres (ml) 9 84.95 ⩽ x < 85.05
2 a 2 cm b 4m c 4.5 m d 4 km 10 a 11.55, 5.95 b 0.37 (2 dp), 0.23
e 5 mm f 4500 g g 6 kg h 6.5 kg c 225, 90.25 d 4.31 (2 dp), 3.60 (2 dp)
i 2.5 tonnes j 3000 ml 11 a 20.625 cm2 b 27.625 cm2
3 a 2.5 m/h b 32 km/h c 80 km/h
4 a 2 hours 30 minutes Assessment 9
5 37.5 miles 1 a 3.23 (3 sf ) b 29 (2 sf )
6 a 70 km/hr b 14 km/litre c 0.2 (1 sf ) d 310 (nearest 10)
7 a 480 kg/m3 b 41.7 g/cm3 c 200 kg/m3 d 3.9 kg/cm3 e 5700 (nearest 100) f 256000 (nearest 1000)
8 a 333.3 m/min b 5.56 m/s 2 a Bart b Bart c Christian d Ahmed
9 a 5 g/cm3 b 87.88 g e Christian
10 a 9.4575 kg b 6.15 l 3 6 × 60 × 25 = 9000, Esther used 25 as an estimate for the
11 a 5.75, 5.85 m b 16.45, 16.55 l number of hours in a day.
c 0.85, 0.95 kg d 6.25, 6.35 N 4 14
e 10.05, 10.15 s f 104.65, 104.75 cm 5 a 2 × 22 = 8, 2
g 15.95, 16.05 km h 9.25, 9.35 m/s b 0.1911090054, the difference is larger than his estimate.
12 a 6.65, 6.75 m b 7.735, 7.745 l 6 40
c 0.8125, 0.8135 kg d 5.5, 6.5 N 7 60% (63%)
e 0.0005, 0.0015 s f 2.535, 2.545 cm 8 a 4.6 + (4.1 + 1.2) × 2.6 = 18.38
g 1.1615, 1.1625 km h 14.5, 15.5 m/s b 14.9 – 6.8 ÷ (3.7 − 1.2) – 12.18
13 a 32.5 − 37.5 mm b 37.5 − 42.5 mm c (3.4 × 1.6) + (5.9 − 2.8) = 8.54
c 107.5 − 112.5 mm d 42.5 mm, 47.5 mm d 2.6 + 7.56 ÷ (1.8 − 0.72) = 9.6
e 21.75 cm, 22.25 cm f 0.9975 m, 1.0025 m e (12.3 − 5.2 × 1.6 + 3.4) × 2 = 14.76
g 0.4975 m, 0.5025 m h 0.0029975 km, 0.0030025 km 9 a ≈ 100 − 1000 litres b ≈ 20 kilograms
14 a Max: 174 kg, min: 162 kg b Max: 28.4 kg, min: 27.6 kg c ≈ 2 grams d Students’ answers in metres

Answers
502
 e ≈ 150 metres f ≈ 50 − 300 tonnes 3 Angles 40°, 60°, 80°
g ≈ 30 millilitres h ≈ 15 millimetres 4 Square side length 8 m, rectangle 10 m by 6 m
i ≈ 75 litres j ≈ 40 kilometres 5 22 m, 22 m and 16 m or 13 m, 13 m and 7 m, or 14.5 m, 14.5 m
k ≈ 15 centimetres l ≈ 300 millilitres and 17.5 m.
10 a 66 km/h b 41.7 km/h c 481.25 km d 3410 miles 6 a 160 b 878 c −8
e 17 min 52 s 7 x = 373
2 1 1 2
Set 1: 743 , 115, 1923 , 2633 , 222, −653
1

11 a Yes, 0.81 g/cm3 < 1. b 2.28 cm3 (3 sf ) 1 2 2

Set 2: 106, 196 3 , −243, 228, 162 3
c 5400 tonnes
12 a LB 221455, UB 221465 b LB 85 cm, UB 95 cm 8 Rectangle 64 m by 49 m, square side length 56 m.
c LB 452.5 g, UB 457.5 g 9 5m
d LB 3 min 28.75 s, UB 3 min 28.85 s 10 32
e LB 238 bags, UB 242 bags 11 7.2
f LB 27.5 tonnes, UB 28.5 tonnes 15
12 11
g LB 585.5 mm, UB 586.5 mm
13 35
13 a 390.1625 cm3, 261.4375 cm3
14 Lengths: 3 m and 4 m, 1 m and 4 m
b 0.293 g/cm3 (3 sf ), 0.194 g/cm3 (3 sf )
10.2S
Chapter 10
1 a −3, −2 b −4, or x = −3 c x = −5, −3
Check in 10 d −4 e −17, −1 f −13, −2
2 19 1 17 7 1
1 a 5 b 45 c 2 d 530 e 12 f 38 g −3, 2 h −4, 3 i −6, 3
2 a 9 b 4 c 30 d 10 j −11, 2 k 3, −2 l 4, −3
3 a x + 16y b 9x2 + 3x m 5, −3 n −2, 8 o 15, −2
c 7p − 9 d 24x − 27 p 7, −4 q 6, 4 r 7, 5
2
e 5y + 11 f 3x2 − 2xy s −1, −5 t −3 , −4 u 3
1
g x2 + 2x − 63 h 6w2 − 32w + 32 v −4 , 3
i p2 + q2 − 2pq 2 a −5 b −3 c 4
4 a (x + 2)(x + 3) b (x − 6)(x + 4) d 8 e −17.31, −0.69 f −7.6, −2.4
c (x − 3)2 d (x − 10)(x + 10) g −4.4, 1.4 h −8.4, 1.4 i −13.3, 1.3
j −11.7, 0.7 k −0.5, 5.5 l −1.2, 3.2
10.1S 3
3 Greta needs to factorise first, 2(x2 + 3x − 2 ).
1 a 16 b 8 c 5 d 5 4 a −4, 5 b 1, −13 c −4, 2 d −7, 3
2
e 7 f 8 e 5, 9 f 3, 10 g −1.5, 2 h 3, −3
2 a 4 b 3 c 9 d 24 i −3, −7
e 4 f 16 g −11 h 4 j 1, 4
3 a 20 b 45 c 60 d 16 5 a −11.2, 2.2 b −5.1, 2.1 c 0.8, 7.2
4 a −8.5 (±0.1) b −0.5 (±0.1) d 0.5, 6.5 e −22.0, 2.0 f −13.2, 0.2
c 4.5 (±0.1) d −8 g −1.5, 0.5 h −2.4, 1.0 i −2.9, 0.9
5 a y b i 5 j −3.9, 1.2
30 ii 4.5 6 Using the formula, the discriminant (b2 − 4ac) is negative and
20 iii 8 so the square root cannot be calculated.
iv 2 Or the graph of y = x2 + 4x + 20 does not cross the x axis.
10
7 a −3, 0 b −3.6, 0.6 (±0.1)
x
0 2 4 6 8 10 c −4, 1 d −2, −1
Equation 1: y = 2 x + 3 8 a −0.4, 3.1 (±0.1) b −0.3 (±0.1), 3
6 a y b i 9 c The graph does not intersect the line y = −9.
ii −9 *9 x = −4.4 (±0.1) or x = 1.4 (±0.1)
5
iii 0 10 a Applying Pythagoras’ Theorem:
iv 3 x2 + (x − 14)2 = (x + 1)2
0
x x2 + x2 − 28x + 196 = x2 + 2x + 1
–10 –5 5 10
x2 − 30x + 195 = 0
–5
b x = 9.5 or x = 20.5 (±0.1)
x x = 9.5 is not possible as (x −14) would be negative.
Equation 1: y = 3 – 1
Longest side = 20.5 + 1 = 21.5
7 a 7 b 5 c −2 d −3
e 5 f −7 g −2 h −2
1 10.2A
8 a 3 b 1 c −2 d 2 1 a w(w + 7) = 60
3
e 3 f 5 g 2 h 5 w2 + 7w = 60
9 a −7 b 2 c 47 d
13
117 w2 + 7w − 60 = 0
1 9 4 b 5 cm, 12 cm
e 3 f 93 g 914 h 23
2 p = –3 – graph has just one solution so touches axis but doesn’t
i −4 j 2
go below.
*10 a −13 b 1
3 No solution since root of a negative number cannot be calculated.
*11 a −2.25 b 9 c 5 d 3
4 a 9, 13 b 17, 21 c 6.16, –0.16
10.1A d 0.6, –0.5 e 8, 15 f 10
1 a Lengths: 1 m, 14 m 5 a Surface area = 5 × 2πr + 2πr2 = 100, πr2 + 5πr = 50,
2 a Angles 40°, 70°, 70° πr2 + 5πr − 50 = 0

503
 b 4.42 cm b Yes, if at least one of the equations is non-linear (e.g.
6 a 8 cm, 15 cm b 34 cm quadratic) two graphs can cut in more than one place.
c 25 cm d Cylinder has largest volume 7 (1, 7)
7 a −1 or 0.3 b −0.5 or 0.6 8 a 2.56, −1.56 b 1.62, −0.62 c 3, −1
c −2.36 or 0.76 d −0.32 or 2.32 d 2, −1 e 2, −2
e −3, −2, 2 or 3 9 a x = −3, y = 2 or x = 3, y = −2
8 ax2 + bx + c = 0 b p = −1, q = 6
b c
x2 + a x + a = 0
b b2 c 10.4S
Qx + 2a R 2 − 4a2 + a = 0
b b 2
4ac 1 a 1.4142 b 1.6180 c 2.2056
Qx + 2a R 2 = 4a2 − 4a2 d 4.5698 e 7.9344 f 3.3219
b "b2 − 4ac 2 a i 1, 1.5, 1.4167, 1.4142, 1.4142, …
x + 2a = 6
"4a2
−b "b2 − 4ac
ii 1, 3.25, 2.5103, 2.0407, 1.8247, 1.7800, 1.7783, 1.7783, …
x= 2a 6 2a b i !2 ii !4
10
10.3S 3 a −2.627
b −2.6273 − 5 × −2.627 + 5 = 0.00573 > 0. This solution is
1 a i Multiple solutions possible, for example x = 5, y = 1; not exact but is very close to the true value.
x = −3, y = 17; x = 4.5, y = 2. 4 a x3 = −2.1044754, x4 = −2.1117932, x5 = −2.1139788,
ii Multiple solutions possible, for example x6 = −2.1146306, x7 = −2.1148250
x = 4, y = 3; x = −1, y = 33; x = 3.5, y = 6. b These values appear to converge to −2.115.
b x = 4, y = 3 c 1.8608
2 a (1, 3) b (5, 2) c m = 4, n = 2 3
5 a xn+1 = !6xn − 3
d (2, 5) e (4, −1) f e = 1, f = 3 3
x=! 6x − 3
g m = 4, n = 2 h (3, −2)
x3 = 6x − 3
3 a x = 6, y = 1 b x = 7, y = −2
c p = 6, q = 1 d a = 7, b = 1 b 2.1451
3
4 a x = 6, y = 1 b x = 7, y = 2 6 a xn+1 = ! 5 − 2xn b 1.328
40
c p = 11 , q = −11
41
d a = 5, b = −3 7 a x4 = 2x + 8
4
5 x = −0.3, y = 1.4 x=! 2x + 8
4
6 a (1.4, 0.9) b (0.6, 2.7) xn+1 = ! 2xn + 8
c (−0.5, −2.5) d (2.5, 0.5) b 2 (or −1 or −2) c 1.849
7 a x = 6, y = 2 b a = 8, b = –1 8 x = 1.0000762
9 (7*A1 + 1)^(3 )
8 7 1
c p = 819 , q = – 19 d s = 12, t = –8
8 a (−3.37, 11.37) and (2.37, 5.63) 10.4A
b (−3.85, 12.85) and (2.85, 6.15)
1 12 000(1 + A)3 = 6000(3 + 3A + A2)
c (−1.45, 4.23) and (1.20, 2.90) 2(1 + 3A + 3A2 + A3) = 3 + 3A + A2
d (−1.84, 6.76) and (1.09, 2.37) 2A3 + 5A2 + 3A − 1 = 0
e (−0.38, 1.69) and (1.58, 0.71) 2(0.225)3 + 5(0.225)2 + 3(0.225) −1 < 0 and 2(0.235)3 +
f (0, 2) and (1.6, 1.2) 5(0.235)2 + 3(0.235) − 1 > 0 so the answer lies in the interval
0.225 < A < 0.235, A = 0.23 (1 dp).
g (3.53, 3.23) and (−10.20, 10.10) 1 − 2An3 − 3An
b No, the formula should be An+1 = # 5
h (0.84, 3.58) and (7.16, 0.42) c 23.4%
i (3, 7) and (5, 17) j (−2, −1) and (2, 1) 2 a 1000(1 + 0.04n) = 1000(1.03) n

9 Graphical: The graphs do not intersect. Algebraically: The 1 + 0.04n = 1.03n

quadratic x2 − 6 = x − 8 has a negative discriminant so 1 = 1.03n − 0.04n
cannot be solved. b 19.5 years
10 a x = −2, y = 1 c
Establish x0, x1 such that f(x0)
b y = 2x + 5 is a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 5 and f(x1) have different signs.
*11 a One − the only point of intersection of x − y = 2 and y = x3.
1
b Two − the graphs of x + y = 5 and y = x intersect twice.
12 62 and 73. 1
Let x2 = 2 (x0 + x1)
10.3A
1 a 17 pence b 6.4 cm
For the last term in the
2 a 17, 24 b 17, 23
sequence, xn, does f(xn)
c 4 large coaches, 1 small coach.
have the same sign as
d 37.5°, 37.5°, 105°
f(xn−1)?
e Paperback £5, hardback £10.
92
3 a 14, 9 b 4, −2 Yes No
4 1 1
= 29 = 17104 92 Let xn+1 = 2 (xn+ xj) Let xn+1 = 2 (xn + xn−1)
where j < n is the
2 3 largest integer such
5 a 0 and 2 or −5 and 15
b James 1 year, Isla 3 years. 104 that f(xn) × f(xj) < 0.
6 a The lines y = 2x − 1 and y = 2x + 4 do not intersect.
3 a 1.414215686 b 2.00001
Answers
504
4 a 1.75 b The sequence oscillates between 1 and 3. *12 y
5 a 240, 278, 312, 340, 360 8
b Rapid growth over the first few years, then the rate of 6
4
growth decreases.
2
c 400 x
– 10 –5 0 5 10
10.5S –2
–4
1 n = −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 –6
2 a x>6 b x<8 c x<7 d x⩽6
e x < 14 f x⩽6 g 5⩽x
2
h −3 < x 13 34 years old.
i 5>x>1 j 0 < x <8 k 3 ⩽ x < 7 l 1<x⩽6 10.5A
m −1 ⩽ x ⩽ 4 n −1 < x < 2 2
o −5 < x < 8 p −5 < x < −4 1 a x > 73 b 8
3 a 9 b 18 c 7 d 4 2 These simplify to x ⩽ 6 and x > 6, a number cannot be
e 4 f 2 simultaneously smaller than or equal to six and greater than six.
4 No, it is not possible for x ⩽ 0 and x > 2. 3 a y b y c y
6 2
2
5 a i x
b i x 5 1
x 1
1 2 3 4 5 –1 0 1 2 3 4 ‒2 ‒1 0 1 2 x
‒1 0 1
ii y ii y 3
‒2
‒1
4 4 2 ‒2
2 1
2
x
x ‒6 ‒5 ‒4 ‒3 ‒2 ‒1 0 1
0 x ‒1
5 10 –5 0 5
–2 –2 d y e y f y
–4 1 2 4
–4
x 1 3
c i d i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 2
x x ‒1 ‒2 ‒1 0 1
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 –4 –2 0 2 4 ‒1 1
ii y ii y
‒1 0 1 2 3
x
‒1
1 6
x ‒2
–5 0 5 ‒3
4
–2
y
2 g h y
–4 9
x 3
–6 –5 0 5 8 2
–2 7
1
6 x
–4 5 ‒1 0 1 2 3 4
‒1
6 a −2 ⩽ x < 3, 3 < y ⩽ 6 b x ⩾ −2, y ⩽ 6, y > x 4
3
c y ⩽ 7, y > x, x + y ⩾ 5 2
d x + y < 5, y > x + 3, y ⩽ 4x + 10 1
x
e y > x2, x + y < 5 f y < 4 − x2, x + y > 2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
–1
7 Required region is unshaded 8
y 4 a y > 2x + 4 b y ≥ 3x − 1
a y b
5 a x2 ⩽ y ⩽ 9 b (x + 2)(x − 3) ⩽ y < 12
8 8
6 6 6 a (−1,−4), (−1,−3), (−1,−2), b (3,0), (3,1), (4,0)
4 4
2
(−1,−1), (−1,0), (−1,1), y
2
x
– 10 – 5 – 20
x (0,−1), (0,0), (0,1)
– 10 – 5 – 20 5 10 5 10 4
–4 –4 y 3
–6 –6
3 2
c y d y 2
1
8 8 1
6 6 x 0 x
4 ‒2 ‒1 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 ‒1 –1
2 2
x ‒2
x
– 10 – 5 – 20 5 10 – 10 – 5 – 20 5 10 ‒3
–4 –4 ‒4
–6 –6
8 a −8 < x < 8 b x < −1, x > 1 7 a y

c x < −2, x > 0 d 0⩽x⩽6 3

2
e −4 < x < −2 f −4 < x < 3
1
g −0.5 ⩽ x ⩽ 3 h No solutions
x
9 Several solutions possible, for example x2 ⩽ 1 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3
10 No – the inequality simplifies to x ⩾ 7 which is an incomplete –2
solution. The correct answer is x ⩾ 7 and x ⩽ −7. –3
11 Graphical: The graph of y = 3x2 + 2 does not touch or cross –4
the x-axis. 8 a x ⩾ 0, y ⩾ 0 as you cannot hire a negative number of
Algebraic: It is not possible to find a real square root of the coaches.
2
negative number −3 . The number of people accommodated by the coaches is
given by 20x + 48y, this must be at least equal to the 316
students and adults. 20x + 48y ⩾ 316 which simplifies to
5x + 12y ⩾ 79.

505
 16 adults can supervise at most 16 ÷ 2 = 8 coaches so total c y
number of coaches x + y ⩽ 8 5
y 4
3
8 2
7 R
1
6 x
5 ‒1 0 1 2 3 4 5
‒1
4
3
Assessment 10
2
1 1 a 8.75 kg b Albert 3, Oliver 9 c 154 g
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 d Brendan €740, Arsene €370, José €890
9 a For example, x ⩽ 0, y ⩽ 0, x + y ⩾ 2 e Fizz 4, Milo 3 f 147 miles
y 2 a 5k − 2(30 − k) = 115, k = 25 b 9 km
3 a 1 + 3!11 b 53, 59 c 100
3
4 a 1 s, the ball is going up or 3 s, the ball is coming down.
2 b 2 s, the ball has reached its greatest height.
1 c 25 = 20t − 5t2, t = 2 ± !−1, !−1 is not real and 25 m > 20 m.
x
‒1 0 1 2 3
d t = 4. t = 0 is the start, t = 4 the ball hits the ground.
‒1 5 12
b For example 1 ⩽ y ⩽ 2, y ⩽ x, 2y + x = 7 6 No, 0.47 or −8.53.
y 7 a x = 4, y = 6 and x = −6, y = −4
b x = 4, y = −3 and x = −3, y = 4
4
3
8 a i £6.50 ii £4.50 b 50 g
2 c i 72p ii 63p d i £4.99 ii £11.95
1 e i £250 ii £500 f i 4p ii 3p
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9
x
–1 0 1 2 3
Review 10
10 y
1 a 14 b 100 c −3 10
d 6 e 12 f 3.5 9
2 a 2x + 0.6 = 7 8
7
b Sam = 3 hr, 12 min; Andy = 3 hr, 48 min 6
3 a (x + 3)(x − 4) = 0, x = −3, 4 5
b (x − 5)(x − 7) = 0, x = 5, 7 4
3
c (x + 6)2 = 0, x = −6 2
11 11
d (4x + 11)(4x − 11) = 0, x = − 4 , 4 1
3 x
e 3x(2x − 3) = 0, x = 0, 2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011
4
f (3x + 4)(x + 1) = 0, x =−3 −1 –2
3 2 11 a 22 g ⩽ 345, g ⩽ 15.7 (3 sf ) b 100, 101 or 102
g (2x − 3)(5x − 2) = 0, x = 2 , 5
3
c i f = 3, p = 5; f = 4, p = 6; f = 5, p = 7
4 (2x + 3)(x − 5) = 0, x = −2 , 5 ii f = 5, p = 7 iii f = 3, p = 5
5 a i (x − 2)2 − 5 ii (x + 32 )2 − 14
Lifeskills 2
b i x = 2, 8 ii x = −6, 2 1 a 10 000 : 1
6 a x = −1.14, 6.14 b x = −2.26, −0.736 b, c
7 a x = 3, y = −1 b v = 0.5, w = 1.5
c (−1, 1) and (2, 4) d (−5, 0) and (1, 6) 100 m C
8 a 2.888939
3
b x=! 27 − x
x = 27 − x
3 High street
x3 + x − 27 = 0
9 a x>5 x b x ⩽ −3 x
4 5 6 7
R B
−5 −4 −3 −2
x
c x<4 T
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

d x>6 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

e −7 < x < −1 x
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
A
x
f x ⩽ −6, x ⩾ 3 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

10 a y b 6
R
5 Key
2
T – train station
1 R 4
x R A, B, C – competitor restaurants
‒2 ‒1‒10 1 2 3 4 3 R – the new restaurant

2 a 7.24 cm2 b 45.25 cm2 c 640

3 a x + y ⩽ 32
Answers x ⩽ 8y
506
 81
b 32 b i (9π + 90) m ii ( 2 π + 648) m2
28 7 1640 mm2 (3 sf )
24 8 a 8.00 m (3 sf ) b 3.85 m2 (3 sf )
20
9 a i 28.6 cm (3 sf ) ii 49.1 cm2 (3 sf )
x+y = 32
b i 6.71 m (3 sf ) ii 2.93 m2 (3 sf )
16
*10 (408 + 60π) mm2
12
11.1A
8
1
4 x = 8y 1 a Yes, 2 × π × 3.2 + 2.6 + 1.6 + 2.6 = 11.8265… m < 12
b No. Area = 9.7812… m2
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Weight of fertiliser = 9.7812… × 35 × 6 = 2.054 kg
c 28 1 1 1
2 a Total perimeter = 2πD + 2πd + 2π(D − d) = πD
4 a Style B. b Style A 1.54 m2, Style B 1.62 m2. 1 D 2 1 d 2 1 D − d
b Total area = 2π A 2 B + 2π A 2 B − 2 π A 2 B 2
c Multiple answers possible. 1
5 a 11 = 4 πDd
b Upper bound 97.0025 m2, lower bound 95.0025 m2. 3 a 123 m (3 sf ) b 56.5 m
1760 × 36
c No. If the lower bound is accurate the tables will be less 4 No, number of revolutions = 26π = 775.696… < 100
1
than 1 m apart which does not meet the requirements. 5 2 π(2s) + 2s = 2πr
6 a Juliet (π + 2)s = 2πr
b 20 2π
s= r
c Multiple answers possible e.g. they call at similar times to 3
π +2
6 π
the previous week, they don’t repeat calls to people who are
7 a i 600
rarely in. 120 × 80 − 600(4π)
ii Yes, % waste = 120 × 80 × 100 = 21.46% < 25%
2247.49...
Chapter 11 b 3.95 cm, would still give 600 badges % wasted = 9600 ×
100 = 23.41… % < 25%. Sally is correct.
Circle rules are abbreviated as follows. 2501.746...
4.05 cm, would only give 551 badges % wasted = 9600 ×
ACC Angle at centre is twice angle at circumference; 100 = 26.06… % > 25%. Sally is incorrect.
ASC Angle in a semicircle is 90°;
*8 13.0 in (3 sf )
ASE Angles in same segment are equal;
*9 a Area of circle = πr2 Area of square = 2r × 2r = 4r2
OAS Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral sum to 180°;
Shaded area of2circle = 4r2 − πr2 = r2(4 − π)
TPR Tangent and radius at a point are perpendicular; r (4 − π) (4 − π)
b Percentage = 4r2 × 100% = 4 × 100%
TEL Tangents from an external point are equal; (4 − π) 1
PBC The perpendicular from the centre bisects the chord; π > 3, so 4 < 4 and the percentage is less than 25%.
AS The alternate segment theorem. 10 Let d1, d2, d3, d4, d5 and d6 be the diameters of the smaller
Angle rules will be abbreviated in the following way: semicircles, the diameter of A is (d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 + d6).
1
VO Vertically opposite angles are equal; Length A = 2 × π × (d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 + d6)
CA corresponding angles are equal; 1 1 1
Length B = 2 × π × d1 + 2 × π × d2 + … + 2 × π × d6
AA alternate angles are equal; 1
= × π × (d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 + d6) = Length A
IA interior angles sum to 180°; 2

ASL angles on a straight line sum to 180°; 11.2S

AP angles at a point sum to 360°; 1 a 8π b 10π c 8π d 54π
AST the angle sum of a triangle is 180°; 2 a 6.28 mm, 28.3 mm2 b 1.88 m, 0.754 m2
ASQ the angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°. c 7.70 cm, 6.73 cm2 d 1.25 km, 0.144 km2
3π
3 a i (π + 6) m ii 2 m2
Check in 11 b i 14π + 24 cm ii 84π cm2
1 a = 43°, b = 107°, c = 233°, d = 139° 4 900 − 225π cm2
2 e = 102°, f = 29°, g = 123°, h = 73° 5 a
1573π
4 or 1240 mm2
3 a 17.5 cm2 b 15 m2 c 50 m2 1573π
b 4 − 420 or 815 mm2 (3 sf )
3π 2 3π
11.1S 6 a 4 m b ( 2 + 2) m
1 a i <900 ii >4900 iii >90 iv >200 7 a (4π + 24) cm b 16π + 32 cm2
b i 729 ii 5110 iii 94.3 iv 209 8 50 cm 2
1
2 a Circumference = 126 cm (3 sf ) 9 93 3 cm
Area = 1260 cm2 (3 sf ) *10 80%
b Circumference = 201 mm (3 sf ) 11 a 7.09 m (3 sf ) b 2.62 m2 (3 sf )
Area = 3220 mm2 (3 sf ) 11.2A
c Circumference = 11.3 m (3 sf )
1 24π + 96 inches
Area = 10.2 m2 (3 sf ) 3π
2 15.6 − 2 = 10.9 cm2 (to 3 sf )
d Circumference = 1.32 km (3 sf ) 90
3 a Length of arc = 360 × 2π × 20 = 10π cm
Area = 0.139 km2 (3 sf )
Perimeter of leaf = 20π cm
3 28.0 cm (3 sf ) 90
b Area of one pink section = 400 − 360 π × 202
4 0.74 m (3 sf )
Area of leaf = 400 − 2(400 − 100π) =
5 a 12 cm, 37.7 cm, 113 cm2
200π − 400 or 200(π − 2) cm2
b 2.3 m, 14.5 m, 16.6 m2
4 Pipe A: Area of water = 64π − 128 mm2
c 15.6 mm, 31.2 mm, 764 mm2
Pipe B: Area of water = 192π + 128 mm2
d 2.20 m, 4.40 m, 13.8 m
25 Difference = 192π + 128 − (64π − 128)
6 a i (5π + 24) cm ii ( 2 π + 70) cm2
= 128(π + 2) mm2

507
 30 1
5 a Area of large sector = 360 × π × R2 = 12 πR2 6 AP = AS, BP = BQ, CR = CQ and
1 DR = DS (TEL)
Area of small sector = 12 πr
2

1 1
Adding gives AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS
A = 12 π(R2 − r2) = 12 π(R + r)(R − r) (AP + BP) + (CR + DR) = (BQ + CQ) + (DS + AS)
3
b 2π AB + CD = BC + DA
45π
6 2 *7 ∠ABC = ∠ACB (base angles of
7 a 144° isosceles triangle ABC)
b Yes. Let a be the angle turned through by the small cog and ∠ABC = ∠CAQ (alternate segment
b be the angle turned through by the large cog. theorem)
a So ∠ACB = ∠CAQ B C
(360 × 16π) 2a
b= × 360 = 5 so 2.5b = a. AQ must be parallel to BC (alternate
40π
*8 a 19.1 m (3 sf ) angles are equal) P Q
113 1 The tangent at A is parallel to BC. A
b Yes, area of entrance = 360 × π × 3.62 + 2 × 2 × (1 + 3) ×
3 = 24.8 m (3 sf ) > 24 m
2 2 *8 Let ∠PQR = x
*9 Area = 1600 − 400π mm2 ∠APQ = ∠PQR = x
(alternate angles equal, BA parallel to RQ)
11.3S ∠BPR = ∠PQR = x (AS)
1 a = 2 × 55° = 110° (ACC) b = 240° ÷ 2 = 120° (ACC) ∠PRQ = ∠APQ = x (AS)
c = 90° (ASC) d = 2 × 50° = 100° (ACC) ∠DQR = ∠PRQ = x
2 a = 52° (ASE) b = 180° − 84° = 96° (OAE) (alternate angles equal, CD parallel to PR)
c = 180° − 98° = 82° (OAS) d = 61° (ASE) ∠RPQ = ∠DQR = x (AS)
e = 180° − 61° − 87° = 32° (AST) f = e = 32° (ASE) So the angles of triangle PQR are all equal to x and PQR is an
g = 180° − 113° = 67° (OAS) h = 90° (ASC) equilateral triangle.
i = 180° − 90° − 67° = 23° (AST) Q
C x D
3 x = 90° (TPR) y = 180° − 90° − 18° = 72° (AST) x
180° − 64°
4 p= 2 = 58° (base angle of isosceles triangle formed by A
equal tangents)
q = 180° − 58° = 122° (ASL)
r = 180° − 90° − 90° − 140° = 40° (ASQ, TPR) xx
P
x R
5 a = 48°, b = 72° x
6 ∠QOS = 150° ∠QRS = 75° ∠OQR = 36°
7 ∠ACD = 64° ∠CAD = 26° ∠ADF = 64° ∠CDE = 26°
*8 ∠PTS = 78° ∠QRS = 127° ∠PQR = 131° B
∠TPQ = ∠RST = 102°
Check: Angle sum of pentagon = 3 × 180° = 540° and 102° + 9 ∠OPT = 90° (TPR)
131° + 127° + 102° + 78° = 540° ∠ACB = 90° (ASC)
∠CBA = 180° – 90° – 48° = 42° (AST)
11.3A
∠OBT = 180° – 42° = 138° (ASL)
1 a i ∠AOC = 180° − 2x (AST, isosceles) ∠BTP = 360° – 112° – 138° – 90° = 20°
ii ∠AOD = 2x (ASL) 10 AB = AC, OA = OB = OC (radial lines).
b ∠BOD = 2y Triangles AOB and AOC are congruent (SSS).
c The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is OAB = OAC, BAC = OAB + OAC = 2 × OAC
equal to twice the angle subtended at the circumference. BOC = 2 × BAC (ACC)
d i Each angle at the circumference is half of the angle at the BOC = 2 × 2 × OAC = 4 × OAC
centre, so they must equal each other.
11.4S
ii When the angle at the centre forms a diameter, the arc
is a semi-circle, the angle at the centre is 180° and so the 1 a b
angle subtended at the circumference is half of this, 90°. 2 cm 2 cm

2 Let ∠PQR = x, then ∠PSR = 180° − x (OAS) P P

∠PST = 180° − (180° − x) = x (ASL)
a locus b locus
3 a ∠PQO = ∠PRO = 90° (TPR) OQ = OR as both are radii
OP is in both triangles. 2 P Q
locus
Triangle PQO is congruent to triangle PRO (RHS) R S
b The line joining the centre to the point of intersection of the 3 4 a, b, c Q
tangents bisects the angle between the tangents. A
P
4 In triangles OMA and OMB locus
B
MA = MB since M is the mid-point of AB
A 7.8 cm B
OA = OB as both are radii
R
OM is in both triangles
Triangle OMA is congruent to triangle OMB (SSS)
∠OMA = ∠OMB = 90° (equal angles, ASL) 5 a b
OM is perpendicular to AB.
5 a ∠BAX = 90° − x (TPR) Q
∠BXA = 180° − 90° − (90° − x ) = x (AST) 90° 45°
X Y X P R Y
∠BCA = ∠BXA = x (ASE)
b ∠PAC = ∠ABC

Answers
508
6 a b *14 D

C
12 cm
5.2 cm
Y

c
A 12 cm B

15 Two solutions are possible, the first triangle has angles 30°, 108°
and 42°. The second has angles 30°, 12° and 138°.
C
C
6 cm
7 6 cm
3 cm A 8 cm B

A 6.4 cm B A 8 cm B

locus

8 16 a b
locus of P This curve is
5 cm P locus of Q
4 cm called a cycloid. Q
locus
X 7 cm Y
P P ruler
πd Q Q ruler
9 11.4A
3.5 cm 1
Scale: 1 cm represents 2 km
P 4.5 cm L
2.5 cm
3.5 cm
locus 45°
10 a locus b K
N
A B
1 cm
4 cm
2 cm
7 cm
locus 2 Scale: 1 cm represents 5 km
5 cm
D C
4.6 cm
Bramley
11 a, b A 3 cm B Ayton 60°

locus 5.8 cm
mast N

Collingford
D 4 cm C
Distance to each village = 5 × 3 = 15 km
12 C
3 a Scale: 1 cm represents 2 m
R

2.5 cm
house

5 cm S
P 1 cm 5 cm
locus 7 cm
6 cm
lawn

7.5 cm Q
A 3 cm B

*13 C b Length need to reach Q = PQ

PQ = 7.9 × 2 = 15.8 m
Length need to reach R = PS + SR = 10 + 3.5 × 2 = 17 m
X
Cable needs to be at least 17 m long

A B

509
 4 a Scale: 1 cm represents 10 m 6 a = 70.5°, angles in an isosceles triangle
D C
b = 39°, alternate segment theorem
7 a, b check students’ drawing.
N
Ann & Ben 8 Check circle of radius 4 cm.
meet here
7 cm 9 Check students’ drawing.
Assessment 11
1 a i A, 61.58 ÷ 2π = 9.80 cm (3 sf ) = x
ii C, 314.16 ÷ 2π = 50.0 cm (3 sf )
A 6.4 cm B
iii B, 2.01 ÷ 2π = 0.320 cm (3 sf )
b No. Ben has walked 3.2 × 10 = 32 m and Ann has walked b i B, "176.7 = 7.50 m (3 sf ) ii A, "81.1 = 5.08 m (3 sf )
π π
4.7 × 10 = 47 m. Ann has walked further in the same space
iii C, "0.407 = 0.360 m (3 sf ) = y
of time so is faster. π
2 63.7 times
5
3 a 233 mm2
0.25 m 1.5 m b Outer = 59.7 mm, inner = 25.1 mm.
0.5 m
4 36 589 times
5 24 minutes
2m 6 a 44.0 cm (3 sf ) b 117 cm2 (3 sf )
θ 360
7 r = 360 × 2 × π × r, θ = 2π = 57.3°
8 p = 55.5° (isosceles triangle), q = 90 − 55.5 = 34.5° (angle in a
Total area = 0.946 m2 (to 3 sf )
semicircle is 90°), r = q = 34.5° (isosceles triangle).
6 a 110 ft2
9 ∠BOC = 90 – 34 = 56°
b The goat will reach most grass if the rail is in the centre 1
∠BCO = 2 (180 − 56) 62° (Isosceles triangle)
of PS.
∠ABC = 90° (Angle in a semicircle)
This gives an extra quarter circle which cannot be given by
∠CAB = 180 − 62 − 90 = 28° (Angle sum of a triangle)
any other position along the perimeter.
10 x = 90° (angle in semicircle), w = 49° (Alternate Segment
Calculation for this area:
1 1 Theorem), v = 41° (angle sum of a triangle).
= 18 × 5 + 4 π × 52 + 4 π × 52
1 11 ∠ABO = 90 − x (tangent perpendicular to radius), ∠OAB
= 90 + 2 π × 52 = 129.269… = 129 ft2
= 90 − x (isosceles triangle), ∠AOB = 180 − 2(90 − x)
*7 a
bisector of = 2x (angle sum of a triangle), y = x (angle at centre)
R
S angle RPQ = 2 × angle at circumference
12 a A Scale 1 mile : 1 cm b A Scale 1 mile : 1 cm

P Q
30º
Jamie is correct.
10 cm
In triangles PRS and PQS 11.5 cm
PR = PQ (equal radii), RS = QS (equal radii). P1 (7 cm from A
and from C)
PS is a side in both triangles. 60º
B
Triangles PRS and PQS are congruent (SSS). 5.8 cm C
Angle RPS = angle QPS, so PS bisects angle RPQ. 30º
b i AB = rA = rB, C B C

so ABC is an equilateral triangle P2 (6.7 cm from A and 3.3 cm from B)

with angles of 60° rA rB c 7.5 miles (±0.5 miles). d 3 miles/second
ii AC = AD = BC = BD
13 a Angles in triangle: ∠LPF = 107°, ∠PFL = 29.5, ∠FLP =
Quadrilateral ACBD is a rhombus.
43.5.
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each A B
LP = 21.3 cm, PF = 29.7 cm (different scales possible)
other at 90°.
b 413 (± 10) miles on a bearing of 285° (± 10°).
So CD is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
C
Chapter 12
Check in 12
A B 1 a 80 b 21 c 19.6 d 168
7 13
2 a 60% b 20 c 20 d 0.35
perpendicular
bisector of AB
3 a 1:3 b 1:6 c 2:3 d 5:2
D
12.1S
Review 11 1 a 93.75 g b 5.625 g c 125 g d 156.25 g
1 a 133 cm2 b 40.8 cm 2 a 90 cm3 b 228 cm3 c 1.2 m3 d 168 cm2
2 14.3 cm 3 a 60 g b 36 mm c 380 g d 31.2 km
1
3 a 124 m2 b 48.0 m 4 a i 3 ii 33.3%
1
4 a 45.8 cm2 b 11.4 cm c 27.4 cm b i 2 ii 50%
5 a = 65°, angles in same segment are equal 3
c i 10 ii 30%
b = 33°, angles in same segment are equal 1
c = 90°, angles in semi-circle are 90° d i 4 ii 25%
2
d = 36°, angles in triangle add up to 180° e i 5 ii 40%

Answers
510
 f i 2 ii 200% 12.2A
1
g i 8 ii 12.5% 1 a 66.7% b 360 cm
1 2 a 120% b 102 kg
h i 16 ii 6.3%
1
3 a 72 g b 115 g Copper, 69 g Aluminium
i i 12 ii 8.3% 4
11
50
j i
1
ii 25% 5 a 300 m b 120 m
4
3 5
6 75 cm by 200 cm
5 a i 10 ii 30% b i 8 ii 62.5% 7 a 4 m, 6 m, 12 m b 72 m2
4 5
c i 9 ii 44.4% d i 12 ii 41.7% 8 0.7
7 9 a £280 b £80, £200
6 a i 20 ii 35% 10 a 3 :6 : 2 b $20 ($60 compared to $40)
2
b i 25 ii 8% 11 8 sides
3 12 P = 55, Q = 125
c i 10 ii 30%
d i
3
ii 7.5% 12.3S
40

e i
9
ii 22.5% 1 a 0.5 b 0.6 c 0.25 d 0.085
40
3
e 0.0015 f 0.0001
f i 20 ii 15% 2 a £40 b 260 cm c 3.2 kg d 20 m
2
g i 63 ii 666.7% e 190 p f £35 g 3 kg h £6.20
1 3 a 325.35 kg b $120 c 10.35 kg d 5.88 kg
h i 22 ii 250%
e £21.70 f 78.2 m
103
i i 25 ii 412% 4 a £224 b £385.20 c €1458 d £77
j i
2
65 ii 640% e €13.35 f £465.83
5 10% of £350 (£35 > £30)
7 a 135 kg b 32.085 m c £105 d 22.5 cm3 6 8% of £28 (£2 < £2.24)
e 510.15 g f £16.50 7 a £549.60 b £2519 c £842.72 d £1167.90
8 A 30%, B 25.9%, C 23.3%, D 20.8% 8 a £790 b £1109.25 c £54.60 d £132.43
12.1A 9 a 1.2 b 1.3 c 1.45
3 10 a 0.6 b 0.4 c 0.65
1 a 25 b 12% 11 a £495 b 672 kg c £756 d 392 km
8
2 a £2100 b 15 , or 53.3% e £658 f 256 m
3 a 64 cheeses 12 a £275 b £2264 c £18 060 d £2520
b 32% e £4.23 f £2000
4 a i Maths ii English 13 a £385 b 70.3 kg c £550.20 d 491.4 km
71
b Overall score = (48 + 39 + 55) ÷ (60 + 50 + 70) = 90 e 1128 kg f £216
5 50 cars 14 a £397.80 b 524.9 kg c £1758.96
(45 × 1 + 60 × 2) 3
6 Yes, 220 =4 d 599.56 km e $3423.55 f 2154.75 m
7 Yes. Tropical ~ 0.124 g/ml > Pineapple ~ 0.115 g/ml,
Blackcurrant ~ 0.117 g/ml. 12.3A
8 a 40, 50 b 50 employees. 1 a 60% b 48% c 60%
9 No, the shapes are both half shaded. 2 a 51.35% b 28.57% c 3.83%
5
10 16 3 a 20% b 20%
12.2S 4 a 12.5% b 20%
5 10.8% per year
1 a 1:3 b 3:1 c 1:3 d 7:2 6 £56 is 80% of the original price, the original price is not 120% of
e 1 : 100 f 6 : 125 g 2 : 13 h 4:5 £56. The original price is £70.
i 5:8 j 37 : 3 k 7 : 19 l 16 : 19 7 £5
2 a 2:5 b 11 : 16 c 5:2 d 5:3 8 a 50 b 40 c 80 d 110
e 5:3 f 8:5 9 a £6 b £80
3 a B b D c A d C 10 a Francesca £13.13, Frank £12.80. Francesca has the bigger
4 a £27 : £63 b 287 kg : 82 kg pay increase.
c 64.5 tonnes : 38.7 tonnes b £78.03
d 19.5 litres : 15.6 litres 11 a £50 b £30.94
e £6 : £12 : £18 12 £8450
5 a £40, £35 b £350, £650 c 260 days, 104 days 13 13 600
d 142.86 g, 357.14 g e 214.29 m, 385.71 m 14 a £321.63 b £1749.60
6 a £100 : £250 : £150 b 180° : 45° : 135°
c 900 m : 400 m : 700 m Review 12
7 a 1:3 b 1:4 c 1:2 d 1:5 1 a
16
b 36% c 45
25
e 1:2 f 1:3 g 1:5 h 1:3 1
i 1:2 j 1:5 k 1:2 l 1:6 2 a 3 b 1:2
8 a 1000 m b 4000 m c 5000 m 3 a 2:3 b 5:3 c 1 : 250
d 250 m e 7250 m 4 a £35, £7 b £22, £44, £33
1
9 a 325 m b 0.6 cm 5 a 2:1 b 2
2
10 a 50 m b 4 cm 6 a 400 g milk, 600 g flour b 300 g c 5
11 a 200 m b 12 cm 7 a 35 m b 962 m2
12 a 116 m b 180 cm 8 a 8 km b 3.125 cm

511
 9 a 80.4 b 80.64 9 a, b c 1 Lupin, 2 Stocks.
10 £6114 y
11 a 6.6% b £464 000 c 232% 6
5
12 a £1.24 b £9060 4
3
2
Assessment 12 1
x
1 a N = 1, W = 4 0 12 34 56
–1
b Brazil nuts 60%, walnuts 25%, hazelnuts 15% –2
c Hazelnuts d Brazil nuts 10 4 cm × 25 cm
3 1
e 75% f 4 g 4 11 26 10p coins and 15 50p coins.
2 a i 0.52 = 52% ii £117 000 b £13 110 12 r < 100
3 Chocolate 27, plain 36. 13 a 21.5%
4 a [Link] b Butter 45 g, cheese 67.5 g b i 9 ii 11
5 a Small 150 cm3, large 600 cm3. 14 a ∠ABD = 120° (ASL), AB = AD (TEL), thus ∠BAD =
b Small 250 ml, medium 625 ml. ∠BDA = 30° (Isosceles △). Thus ∠DEA = 30° (AST),
5
6 a 6:5 b 3:1 ∠EDA = 90° (ASC) so ∠EDF = 180 – 90 – 30 = 60° (ASL).
7 a Girls 32, boys 56. b Girls 44, boys 77, 44 : 77 = 4 : 7 b ∠DOA = 2 × ∠DEA = 60° (ACC). Thus ∠OAD = ODA
8 a 3:4 b 9 : 16 = 60° (Isosceles triangle), so △ODA is equilateral and AD
9 a 9.1 s b 21.1 s = AO = OD = r.
10 a 40.5 miles b 25.6 in c 236 miles πr
c Arc AD = 3 , area of sector AOD = 6
πr2
11 a 200 m b 1.17 km c 4.8 cm 15 a, b B A c B A
d Distance = 0.2 × 20.75 = 4.15 km. Time = (4.15 ÷ 80)
hours = 187 seconds (3 sf ) < 200 seconds.
5.2 cm
12 a Gavin 12 cm
7.2 cm
I
b Multiply by (100% − 45.4%). 550 × (1 − 0.454) = 300.3 ml 7.5 cm
13 a 42.22% b 31%
14 a £2 712 500 b 90.8% C D
9 cm
c Yes, (35 − 24) ÷ 24 = 45.83% > 45%.
15 a 230 b 217 Scale 1cm : 1 m
16 a £4236.31 b £2480 c £237.11 C D
M
Revision 2 No. The point of
1 9 intersection of the two
2 72 cm2 arcs is not in the shaded
3 a N b 90° c 30 km2 region.
C d
N 12 km

45°
A 135°

5 km
12.8 cm 12 cm
B
4 a 39 609 m2 b 3.96 Ha (3 sf )
5 a Enlargement, scale factor 3, centre (0, 0)
y
b 4 B 9 cm M
3 A Range = 12.8 m
2 D
1 16 a 56 men and 48 women.
x
– 4– 3– 2– 1 0
A′ –1
1 2 3 4 b The numbers become 70 men and 60 women. 70 : 60 = 7 : 6
–2 so the ratio does not change.
–3
B′ C′
–4 c 70 men and 60 women.
6 y d 52 men and 52 women.
6
5 17 7.3 inches
4
3
A 18 a 2.97% (3 sf ) b £10 669 (nearest £)
2
1
19 a 1 can pair with any of the five remaining cards, 3 can pair
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x with any of the four remaining cards (as the pair 1 and 3 has
–1
–2 already been counted), and so on. Number of pairings =
–3
–4 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15
–5 2 4
–6 B
b i 15 ii 15
–7
–8
–9 Chapter 13
Rotation 90° clockwise about (0, 0) and enlargement of scale Check in 13
factor 1.5, centre (0, 0) (either order).
1 a 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
7 a 120 cm b 40 000 g or 40 kg
b 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30
c Length = 110.2 cm, mass = 41 800 g or 41.8 kg.
c 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, 120
d Percentage error for length = 8.89%, percentage error for
d 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 45, 60, 72,
mass = – 4.31%
90, 120, 180, 360
8 a LB 76.637 m3, UB 75.880 m3
2 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67,
b Upper bound = 214 583.6 kg = 215 tonnes (3 sf )
71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97
Lower bound = 212 464 kg = 212 tonnes (3 sf )
Answers
512
3 a 27 b 33 c 57 d 62 b
e 73 f 44
4 a 1 b 1 c 5 d 0.5 A B C

13.1S P Q

1 a 12 b 8 c 4 d 6 Let A, B and C be the products of the numbers in each

2 a 77 = 7 × 11 b 51 = 3 × 17 section.
c 65 = 5 × 13 d 91 = 7 × 13 P = A × B, Q = B × C, P × Q = A × B2 × C
e 119 = 7 × 17 f 221 = 13 × 17 HCF = B, LCM = A × B × C, HCF × LCM = A × B2 × C
3 9, 3, 3; 18 = 2 × 3 × 3 as required.
6 a 9, 15, ... (lots more)
4 a 225 b 40 c 441 d 300
b 2 (the only one that isn’t odd)
5 a 36 = 22 × 32 b 120 = 23 × 3 × 5
c i 6 − 1 = 5, 12 − 1 = 11, 18 − 1 = 17
c 34 = 2 × 17 d 48 = 24 × 3
(there are lots more)
e 27 = 3 3
f 105 = 3 × 5 × 7 ii 36 − 1 = 35 (there are more)
g 99 = 32 × 11 h 37 = 37 7 Both online at 9:40.
i 91 = 7 × 13 8 120 seconds
6 a 22 × 263 b 29 × 5 9 18 cm
c 3 × 52 × 11 d 5 × 11 × 13 10 a e.g. 8, 12, 105
e 7 × 11 × 13 f 3 × 73 b e.g. 16, 24, 36, 54, 81
g 172 h 23 × 5 × 71 c e.g. 108, 112, 120, 162
i 5 × 72 × 11 j 7 × 13 × 19 d e.g. 64
k 2 × 32 × 11 × 17 l 22 × 11 × 13 × 17 11 15 × 11 × 11, 33 × 5 × 11, 55 × 3 × 11, 3 × 5 × 121
m 2 × 5 × 7 × 13 2
n 22 × 23 × 31 12 HCF = x – 1
o 33 × 13 × 29 LCM = (x + 1)(x − 1)(2x + 1) = 2x3 + x2 − 2x − 1
13 a 11x b 22x
7 36
14 a 4 b 12 c 12 d 5
8 a 20 b 36 c 30 d 60
e 6 f 9
e 70 f 40
15 a b x+ 2
9 a 5 b 16 c 3 d 5 13
2(x 2 + 2x) 3x 2 – 5x – 2
e 14 f 15 182 585
10 a 48 b 800 c 66 d 416 14 45 2x 3x – 1
630 6x 2 – 2x
e 280 f 5040
11 a 1260, 60 b 8085, 7 c 1680, 48 d 9216, 2
e 314 706, 2 f 82 944, 16 13.2S
12 a HCF = 6, LCM = 1890 b HCF = 2, LCM = 34 650 1 a 4.5 (1 dp)
c HCF = 1, LCM = 510 510 d HCF = 1, LCM = 27 588 b i 6.3 (1 dp) ii 7.7 (1 dp) iii 9.7 (1 dp)
13 a The digits sum to a multiple of 3 so it is divisible by 3 and 2 a i 2.7 (1 dp) ii 3.7 (1 dp) iii 4.3 (1 dp) iv 5.3 (1 dp)
the last digit is 5 so it is divisible by 5. 3 a ±36.67 (2 dp) b ±6.21 (2 dp)
b The three-digit sequence 262 is repeated in this six-digit c ±84.22 (2 dp) d ±15.32 (2 dp)
number. 262 262 = 262(1000 + 1) 4 a 23 b −6 c −4.12 (2 dp) d 0.25
14 Abundant: 72, 40, 30 Perfect: 6, 28 Deficient: 86, 50, 64, 27 5 a 65 b 49 c 117 d 1
e 312 f 910
13.1A
6 a 72 b 84 c 3 d 46
1 Let p be prime. The only factorisations possible are p3 = 1 × p3 e 1 f 122
= p × p2 so the only factors of p3 are p3, p2, p and 1. 7 a 34 b 312 c 312 d 1
2 The factors of the square of a prime p2 are 1, p and p2. Sum of e 318 f 318
proper factors = 1 + p. 8 a 85 b 55 c 26 d 92
1 + p < p2 if 0 < p2 – p – 1 for any prime p. e 813 f 729 g 418 h 64
From the graph, 0 ⩾ p2 – p – 1 for
1 − "5
⩽p⩽
1 + "5
only, 9 a 3 b 510 c 42 d 72
2 2
e 88 f 919
and there are no prime numbers in this region so we have the 10 a 42 b 92 c 8 d 56
result. e 65 f 816
y
11 a 33 × 44 b 7142 × 83 c 56 × 64 d 23 × 52
8
e 78 × 911 f 56 g 24 × 910 h 38 × 87
3
12 a 873 × 52 b 62 × 72 c 52 × 62 d 515 × 722
2 8
y = p2 – p – 1 e 32 f 47 × 54 g 64 × 72 h 44 × 75
1
x 13 a 15.21 b 4.41 c 0.49 d 175.56 (2 dp)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 e −157.46 (2 dp) f 970.30 (2 dp)
–1
g −0.001 h 4784.09 (2 dp) i 31.01 (2 dp)
1−√ 5 1+√ 5 14 a 16 b 64 c 32 d 100
2 2
e 1000 f 27 g 8 h 9
3 Other possibilities are 450 and 60 or 90 and 300.
15 a 92 b 53 c 27 d 105
4 45
e 34 f 73
5 a Any pair of numbers will support the statement.
16 a 4 b 3 c 3
17 2.1 (1 dp)

513
 13.2A 2√⎯1⎯0 !30
e 5 f 20
1 Many answers possible including a = 2, b = 3 or a = 3, b = 5
2 Many answers possible including p = 3, q = 6 or p = 4, q = 21 13.3A
3 a 20 b 45 1 a Perimeter = 4"5 + 2, area = "5 + 5
1
c Kiera. Her probability of getting full marks is 1024 compared b Perimeter = 4, area = 2"3 − 3
1 3"2 + 6 54 + 36"2
with 2187 for Ben. 2 a b
5 25
4 (–3, 2), (–3, 6), (–1, 0), (–1, 8), (3, 0), (3, 8), (5, 2), (5, 6) 4"7 "9023
5 a 2.645751 is a rounded answer, the exact value has a decimal 3 a 7 b 7 + 5"7
expansion that goes on forever without falling into a pattern. 4 a 1.414 + 1.732 = 3.146
As 2.645751 is not exactly equal to !7 its square will not b "2 × "5 ≈ 1.414 × 2.236 = 3.162
equal 7. c 5"5 ≈ 5 × 2.236 = 11.18
b 56 and 57 d 2"2 × "5 × "3 =10.95
3 3 3
6 2 < !27 < 4 < !20, !125, !210 < 6 < !50 < 8 < !75, 5 e.g. "6 ≈ 1.414 × 1.732 = 2.449, "12 ≈ 1.4142 × 1.732 =
3
!81, !999 < 10 3.463, "5 − "3 ≈ 2.236 − 1.732 = 0.504, "20 ≈ 2 ×
7 a 27 2.236 = 4.472
54 + 27!3
b No. Taking one condition away results in a non-unique 6 B, A, C. The expressions can be written A 36 ,
answer. 60 − 36!7 80 + 44!5
B 36 ,C 36 . 80 > 54, 60 and 44!5 > 27!3, −36!7.
Multiple of 9 and less than 40: 9, 18, 27, 36.
60 − 36!7 = 54 + 6 − 36!7, 6 − 36!7 < 0 and 27!3 > 0.
Cube number and less than 40: 1, 8, 27.
Multiple of 9 and cube number: 27, 729, … 7 20 + 22"3
8 a 64 = 82 = 43 b 36 = (33)2 = (32)3 8 a 3"2 cm b 18"2 cm
c 46 = (42)3 = (43)2 *9 a "64 and "100 b 2 − "5 and 2 + "5
9 a 36 × 216 = 62 × 63 = 6(2+3) = 65 = 7776
c "5 and "20 d "10 and "100
b 46 656 ÷ 36 = 66 ÷ 62 = 6(6 − 2) = 64 = 1296
10 a kB 2.34%, MB 4.63%, GB 6.87%, TB 9.05% e 3 + "5 and 3 − "5 f 8"2 and 3"2
b Yes, (210)2 = 210 × 2 = 220 which is a megabyte. g 8"2 h 2 − "5
2 4
11 a a = 16 b b=2 c c = −3 d d=2 10 a −2 + 3 !3
2 × 4x + 3 21 × ( 2 2 ) x + 3 21 × 22x + 6 22x + 7
12 22x + 4 = 22x + 4 = 22x + 4 = 22x + 4 = 2(2x + 7) − (2x + 4) b Y2 = XZ = "5(1 − "5) = "5 − 5 < 0 as "5 < 5 but Y2
= 23 = 8 cannot be negative as it is a square number.
13 a 320 cm3 b 3.4 cm Review 13
3 3 3
c ! 320 = ! 8×! 40 ≈ 2 × 3.4 = 6.8 1 a 2, 3, 37, 101 b 1, 3, 15, 105 c 63, 105
14 The equations can be written y = x3−a and y = x5−a. At the 2 a 3×5×7 b 37 c 22 × 3 × 52 d 2 × 32 × 7
point(s) of intersection y = x3−a = x5−a. As 3 − a ≠ 5 − a for 3 a i 35 ii 1
any value of a, the base number x must be one which is not b i 39 ii 13
altered by a change in power. The only numbers which are the c i 180 ii 12
same to any power are 0 and 1, so x = 0 or 1. d i 540 ii 6
13.3S 4 a 5.48 b 3.56
5 a 4 b 5 c 64 d 81
1 a 2!3 b 2!5 c 5 d 3 + !2 6 a 74 b 39 c 33 d 721
e 7 + 2!7 f 14 + !17 e 5
2 a !6 b !15 c !143 d !231 7 a 6"3 b 2"3 + 2"2 c 10 d 2"3
3 a !2 × !7 b !3 × !11 c !3 × !7 d !5 × !7 "2
e 6 f 2 g 13 − 7"3 h 3
e !2 × !23 f !3 × !17
"7 "6 !5 2!6 + 3
4 a 2√⎯5 b 3√⎯3 c 7√⎯2 d 4!3 8 a 7 b 2 c 2 d 3
e 2!7 f 3!5 g 3!7 h 11!3 6 − 5!2 12 + 5!6
e 8 f 27
i 16!2 j 8!3 k 10!5 l 13!5
5 a !48 b !50 c !80 d !200 Assessment 13
e !405 f !343 1 Isa, 23 × 32 × 52 × 11.
6 a 6 b 12 c 66 d 42 2 a 16 = 3 + 13 = 5 + 11
e 11!21 f 14!10 g 30!5 h 32 b 64 = 3 + 61 = 5 + 59 = 11 + 53 = 17 + 47 = 23 + 41
i 42!5 j 156!2 c Odd square number = even + odd, 2 is the only even
7 a 5!5 b 7!7 c 8!3 d −!7 prime, there is only one answer.
e !2 f −5!14 3 23
8 a 2 b 5 c 3 + 3!3 d 2√⎯3 + 8 4 a 41 − 0 + 02 = 41, 41 − 3 + 32 = 47, 41 − 6 + 62 = 71 are
e 3!15 + 5!3 f 8π − 2π!5 all prime.
g 7 + 3!5 h 38 − 14!7 b 41, 41 − 41 + 412 = 412.
i 7 − 4!3 j 73 + 12!35 5 a No, HCF = 2 × 33 = 54.
7 !2 4 + 3!2 b 96 = 25 × 3, 270 = 2 × 33 × 5, LCM = 25 × 33 × 5 = 4320.
9 a 3 b 16 c 5 d 10
13!7 5!3 6 6
e 20 f 3 7 a HCF = 6 b HCF = 84
10 a 5.66 b 3.24 c 4.24 d 106.10 c Yes. Students’ answers, for example HCF (84, 228, 504) = 12
!2 !3 3!7 5!6
11 a 2 b 3 c 7 d 6 8 9 pm
e
!10
f
3!15 9 a Saquib, 35. b Gino, 146.
2 5
10 a p = 5 b q=2
√⎯2 !10 √⎯3 !30
12 a 2 b 5 c 2 d 6 11 a i 45 ii 15"3 + 6"21 iii 25"3 + 10"21 2
Answers b 90 + 80"3 + 32"21 c 10 + 26"3 + 4"7
514
 d 45(5 + 2"7) b i gradient = 2, y-intercept = 3
12 a 2"3, "6 = "2"3. b 120, "36 = 6. ii equation: y = 2x + 3
c 8"3 + 19, there are two 4"3 terms. c i gradient =3, y-intercept = 0
d 10 − 4"6, there are two − 2"6 terms. ii equation: y = 3x
e 18 + 4"3, the "3 terms don’t cancel. d i gradient = −2, y-intercept = 3
f 2, !5 × −!5 = −5 ii equation: y = –2x + 3
g −14 − 28"22, 12"64 = 12 × 8 = 96, and the "11 terms e i gradient = 0, y-intercept = 2
don’t cancel. ii equation: y = 2
4"5 "2 − 2 4"5 − 3"10 f i gradient undefined, no y-intercept
13 a b "8 c d
5 6 5 ii equation: x = 5
15"7 − 7"3 1 1
e f
35 2
5 y = 3x + 5, y = 5x − 2, y = −2x + 7, y = 2 x + 9,
1
14 a h2 = (4 + "2)2 + (4 − "2)2 = 16 + 8"2 + 2 + 16 − y = −4 x − 3, y = 4, y = x
8"2 + 2 = 36, h = 6. 6 a y = −x + 5 b y=x+3
1
b P = 6 + 4 + "2 + 4 − "2 = 14, A = 2 (4 + "2)(4 − "2) c y = −x − 2 d y=x−3
1
= 2 (16 − 4"2 + 4"2 − 2) = 7 e y = −3x − 2 f y = 2x + 5
1 1
g y = −2 x + 2 h y = 2x + 4
Chapter 14
7 a y = 6x + 2 b y = −2x + 5
Check in 14 1
c y = −x + 2 d y = −3x − 4
1 a i 9 ii 4 8 Any value of the constant c is allowed.
b i 27 ii −8 a y = 2x + c b y = −5x + c
1
c i 18 ii 8 c y = −4 x + c d y = −4x + c
d i 30 ii −10 3 9
e y = 4x + c f y = 2x + c
e i 24 ii 14
f i 60 ii −20 9 a y = −4x − 2 b 2y − 3x = −4
g i 63 ii 8 10 Any value of the constant c is allowed.
1 1
h i 15 ii −30 a y = −2 x + c b y = 5x + c
1
2 y c y = 4x + c d y = 4x + c
10
c 4 2
8 e y= −3 x +c f y = −9 x + c
d 6
1 1 3 2
4 a 11 a y = −2 x + 82 b y = 2 x + 23
2
12 a y = 4x − 7 b y = 2x − 4
– 10– 8 – 6 – 4 – 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 1 1
–2
b
c y = 3x + 3 d y = −2x + 1
–4
–6 13 A and E, B and F, D and G. C is the odd one out.
–8
– 10
14.1A
1
3 a n=2 b m=1 c p= 2 1 a A, B, E b C, F c D
4 a i 3 ii 4 iii Positive slant d A e C, F
b i −4 ii 10 iii Negative slant 2 a y = 6x + 50
c i 4 ii 5 iii Positive slant m = 6, a child grows 6 cm each year. c = 50, the child’s height is
d i 2 ii 7.5 iii Positive slant 50 cm at birth.
1
e i 0 ii 7 iii Horizontal b y = 2 x + 10
f i 0.5 ii 2 iii Positive slope 1
m = 2, for every extra year of age a person has on passing their
1
14.1S driving test they will need 2 a lesson more. It is not sensible to
y
interpret c.
1 y 2 3 The line of best fit has equation y = x − 1. On average students
8 4
a b a scored 10% less on paper 2.
7 3
c 3 55
6 2 e
4 a y = −2x + 21 b y = 2x + 4
5 d d c
1 6 63
4 f c y = 17 x − 34
f x
3 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 t
–1 5 3
2
1 e –2 6 FALSE.
x –3 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 b 7 y = −2 x + 4
–4
3 25
y *8 y = −4 x + 4
3
8
7 14.2S
6
1 a y 2 a y
5 a
4 2 3
3 1 2
c x
2 1
d –1 0 1 2 3
1 –1 x
x –2 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1
– 4 – 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 –1
–1 –3
–2 –4
–3 b –5
–4 y 5 x – 35
4 a i gradient = 1, y-intercept = 2 3
b y = 3x − 5 b y = 4x + 2
ii equation: y = x + 2
515
 3 y g i −14, −4, 2, 4, 2, −4, −14 h i 3, 0, −2, −3, −3, −2, 0
10 y
ii y ii
8
4
6 2 3
4 y = 2x  3 2
x
2 –3 –2 – 1 – 20 1 2 3 1
x –4 x
– 10– 8 – 6 – 4 – 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 –2 –1 0 1
–2 –6 –1
–4 –8 –2
y = 2x  6 – 10
–6 –3
– 12
y = 2x –8
– 14
– 10
*7 y
4 a B b C c D 7
d A e F f E 6
5 y = −4, y = 6, x = −1, x = 3 5
4
6 a i 11, 6, 3, 2, 3, 6, 11 b i 0, −3, −4, −3, 0, 5, 12 3
y y 2
ii ii 1
11 12 x
10 11 –3 –2 –1 0 1
9 10
8 9 14.2A
7 8
6 7 1 a B, C, D b A, C, D
5 6 y
2 a
4 5 8
3 4 7
2 3 6
1 2 5
x 1 4
–3–2–1 0 1 2 3
x 3
–2–1 0 1 2 3 4
–1 2
–2 1
–3 x
–4 –6 –5–4–3–2–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
c i 3, 0, −1, 0, 3, 8, 15 d i 20, 9, 2, −1, 0, 5, 14 –2
b −1 < answer < −0.5, 0.5 < answer < 1.
ii y ii y 2 2
15 20
c 3x² = 2 ⇒ x² = 3 ⇒ x = ± "3
14 18 ⇒ x = ±0.82 (2 dp)
y 5 2x2 + 3x
13 16
12 14 3 a, c y
11 12 8
10 10 7
8 6
9
6 5
8
4 4
7
6 (– 1.5, 0) 2 3
x
5 – 4– 2 0 2 2
–2 1
4
x
3 –6–5–4–3–2–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
2
–2
1

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x b i x = 1 and x = 2 ii x = 1 and x = 3
–1 c x² − 3x + 2 = (x − 2)(x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 2 or 1
e i −7, −2, 1, 2, 1, −2, −7 f i 57, 34, 17, 6, 1, 2, 9 x² − 3x + 2 = x − 1 ⇒ x² − 4x + 3 = 0 ⇒ (x − 1)(x − 3)
ii ii = 0 ⇒ x = 1 and x = 3
y y
4 a, c y
2 60 8
1 y 5 3x2 − 2x + 1 55
x 7
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 50
–1 6
45
–2 5
40
–3 4
35
–4 30 3
y 5 – x2 + 2
–5 25 2
–6 20 1
–7 15 x
10 –2–1 0 1 2 3
–1
5
–2
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 b i 0 < answer < 0.5, 1.5 < answer < 2.
ii 0 < answer < 0.5, 2 < answer < 2.5
c 1.71 (2 dp), 0.29 (2 dp) and 2.28 (2 dp), 0.22 (2 dp)

Answers
516
5 a y e x = 3, x = −2 f x = 1, x = 4
7 g x = 5, x = −3 h x = −2, x = −7
6
6 a x = −2 b x = 4 and x = −4
5
4 c x = 2 and x = −2 d x = −5
3 7 a y = (x + 3)² − 6 b (0, 3) c (−3, −6)
2 d y e 2
1 4
x 3
–4–3–2–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–1 2
–2 1
b i −1 < answer < 0, 2 < answer < 2.5 –7–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
x
–1
ii 0 < answer < 1, 3 < answer < 4.
–2
c x = −0.41 (2 dp), x = 2.41 (2 dp) and 0.59 (2 dp), 3.41 (2 dp). –3
6 a i −1, 1.5 ii −0.5, 1 –4
b i 1, 1.5 ii 1, 2 . –5
–6
c i No real solutions. ii −1, 0.3 –7
d i −2, 3 ii −4, 2
8 a i y = (x + 1)² − 4 ii (−1, −4) iii 2
7 a B bF c E d D
b i y = (x + 1)² + 2 ii (−1, 2) iii 0
e A f G g C
3 c i y = (x + 4)² − 4 ii (−4, −4) iii 2
8 Q 2, 2 R d i y = (x − 3)² + 3 ii (3, 3) iii 0
9 a b Increasing/decreasing a by a fixed e i
5
y = (x + 2 )² − 4
37
ii
5 37
(−2 , − 4 ) iii 2
amount moves the curve up/down f i y = (x − 3)² ii (3, 0) iii 1
a by that fixed amount. g i y = −(x − 5)² + 24 ii (5, 24) iii 2
3 37 3 37
h i y = −(x − 2 )² + 4 ii (2 , 4 )
c 0, 1 or 2 y
10 a b Increasing/decreasing a by a fixed iii
8
amount moves the graph left/right 7
by that fixed amount. b
6
5
4 d
a 3
a
c 2
*11 a b y
1
4
y = − 3x 2 − 2x+4 y5 x2 + x + 13 x
–3–6–5–4–3–2–10 1 2 3 4 5
2 B –1 y 5 x2 + 2x − 3
A 1 –2 y 5 x + 2x + 3
2

x –3 y 5 x2 + 8x + 12
–2 –1 0 1 y 5 x2 − 6x + 12
–1 –4
y 5 −3x2 − 2x + 4 y
24
Solution A: −1.5 < x < −1, 22
y
solution B: 0.5 < x < 1 10 20
c x = −1.32 (2 dp), x = 0.57 (2 dp) 8 h
18
16
6
14.3S 4
14
c 12
2 y 5 −x2 + 10x − 1
1 10 f 10
x 8
y5x 2 –6 –4–2 0 2 4
–2 6
5 –4 4
e
– 6 y 5 x2 + 5x − 3 2
– 8 y 5 x − 6x + 9
2
y 5 x2 – 2 0 x
2 4 6 8 10
– 10 y 5 x + 3x + 7
2
0 –2
–10 –5 5 10
iv 2
y 5 – x3 –5
*9 a y = 3(x + 1)² − 5 b (0, −2) c (−1, −5)
d y e 2
–10
10
a y = −x² b y = x² − 2
2 a i x=4 ii 0 iii (4, 4) 5
b i x = 3.5 ii 2 iii (3.5, 12.25)
c i x=0 ii 2 iii (0, −4) –5 0 5
x
d i x = −5 ii 0 iii (−5, −2)
–5
e i x = 1.5 ii 2 iii (1.5, 6.25)
f i x=4 ii 1 iii (4, 0) *10 b2 − 4ac = −20 < 0, this appears under a square root in the
3 a A b F c D d C formula for solving quadratic equations. You cannot find the
e E f B square root of a negative number so there are no solutions to
4 a x = 0, x = −7 b x = 0, x = 8 the equation x² + 4x + 9 = 0.
c x = 0, x = −5 d x = 0, x = −2 *11 b2 − 4ac = 100 > 0, this appears within a square root in
e x = 0, x = −4 f x = 0, x = −2.5 the quadratic formula. There are two square roots for every
g x = 0, x = −3 h x = 0, x = −0.6 positive number so there are two solutions to the equation
5 a x = −1, x = −6 b x = 1, x = 2 3x² + 2x − 8 = 0.
c x = −2, x = −3 d x = −4, x = 3 *12 17 metres

517
 14.3A c, d Students’ research.
*11 a (x − 4)2 + 4 b −(x − 3.5)2 + 12.25
1 a 5 c x2 − 4 d −(x + 5)2 − 2
4
3
e −(x − 1.5)2 + 6.25 f (x − 4)2
2 i The equation of the line of symmetry is x = q.
1 ii Number of roots is 0 if p and r have the same sign, 1 if
Profit (p)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 p = 0 or r = 0, 2 if p and r have different signs.

–1
–2
iii The turning point is (q, r).
–3 14.4S
–4
–5
Selling price (£) 1 a 13.3 km/h (1 dp) b 40 km/h
b £1 and £5 c £3, 4 pence 2 a 6.1 km/h (1 dp) b 10.5 km/h (1 dp)
2 a £225, £1250 b £200, £250 3 a 2 pm to 2 : 30 pm. This section of line is the steepest.
3 a Sketch the graph of the function b 46.7 km/h to (1 dp) c 35 km/h
d Mark was travelling in the opposite direction.
800
4 a 6 m/s b 1 second and 12 seconds
600 c 10 m/s2 d 115 metres
Height (cm)

5 a 2 m/s2 b 18 metres c 143.5 metres

400
*6 The object accelerates during the first two seconds, at first
200 slowly and then more quickly. It then accelerates steadily for
a further three seconds. At five seconds the object begins to
0 50 slow down steadily, coming to a halt at 15 seconds.
Length of throw (m) 7 a
180

Distance from start (km)

b 676 cm c 50 m 160
140
4 a 50 cm b 62.5 cm 120
5 a 100
50
40 80
Height (m)

30 60
20 40
10 20

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2
Time (s) Time (hours)
b Approximately 11 : 53
b 44.1 metres c 3 seconds
6 y 14.4A
7 1 a i 80 ii
6 2.0
5 70
Acceleration (m/s2)
4
60 1.0
3
Distance (m)

2 50
1 0
40 5 10 15
x
– 4 – 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 30
–1
–1.0
–2 20
–3
y 10 –2.0
7 Time (s)
9 0 5 10 15 20
8
Time (s)
7
6 b i 150
ii 2
5
4 140
3
Acceleration (m/s2)

1
130
2
1 120
x 0
– 8– 7 – 6 – 5– 4 – 3 – 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 110 5 10 15 20
–1
–2 100
–1
8 1
Distance (m)

90
9 a y
80
6 –2
5 70
4
3 60
–3
2 50 Time (s)
1
x 40
– 4– 3 – 2 – 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1 30
–2
20
–3
–4 10
b x = 0.5, x = 7.5
1 0 5 10 15 20
*10 a 20 (10)2 + 5 = 5 + 5 = 10 Time (s)
b Multiple solutions possible, e.g. (20, 25), (30, 50)

Answers
518
 6 a y b y
c i 120 ii 0
5 10 15 20 6 28

Acceleration (m/s2)
100 4 24

Distance (m)
2 20
80 –1 (–2,0) (2,0)
x 16
60 –4 –2 0 2 4 12
–2
–2 –4 8
40
4
–6
20 x
–8 – 10 – 8– 6– 4 – 2 0
–3
–10
0 5 10 15 20 Time (s)
–12
Time (s) –14
(0,–16)
2 a The two cyclists are the same distance from a given point. –16

b Chris: 15 km/h, Joanna: 8 km/h c d y

10 6
3 a Car A and Car B both travel 111 metres (to 3 s.f.) 4
b 120 2
x
–4–2 0 2 4
100 5 –2
Car B Car A –4
Distance from A (km)

80
(–0.5,0) (3,0)
60
–5 0 5
40
(0,–3)

20 –5

0 5 10 7 a (0, −6) b (−2, 0), (1.5, 0)

Time (s) c x = −2, 1.5 d −0.25
c y 8 a i (x + 1)2 − 6 ii 2(x − 3)2 − 13
5 2 25
2.2 iii − Q x − 2 R + 4
2 Car A
b i (−1, −6), min ii (3, −13), min
1 iii (2.5, 6.25), max
Acceleration

9 a 50 m b 3.33 m/s c 21.2 km/h

(m / s2)

0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d Increasing/accelerating. e 2 m/s2
Time (s)
–1
Assessment 14
–2 3 5 2
– 2.2 1 a A : 2 B : 2 C : −3 D : −3
Car B
b i C ii B iii A iv D
20 9
4 a The second section suggests that time is going backwards c i 3 ii 2 iii 0 iv 0
while distance is increasing. 2 a 2, 7 b 4, 9 c 6, −11 d −4, 12
4 15 35
b It is not possible to have a negative distance in the first e 7 , −2 f −14 , 14
1
section. 3 a y = −5x − 61 b y = 3x − 2
c The second section suggests that velocity is changing 1 1 3
c y= 3x −2 d y= 4x − 4
instantaneously. 1
d The second and fourth sections suggests that time is going 4 a 1 b −8 c −1 d −2
29
backwards while velocity is increasing (or decreasing). 5 a y = 7x + 5 b y = −3x − 4
1 8
5 Initially Sara runs faster than Becky (8 m/s against 5 m/s). After c y = −3 x + 3
20 seconds Becky stops for a 5 second rest. 25 seconds in to the 6 a A, H, J b I and B or G. D and A, H, or J
race Becky starts running again at 13.3 m/s and Sara slows her c I d B, G e D, H f C, E
1
pace to 5 m/s. 37 seconds into the race Becky overtakes Sara. 7 a (3, 4), −4 b y = 4x − 8
40 seconds in to the race Becky slows her pace to 6.7 m/s and 8 a 7y = 780 − 25x b ‘decreases’, ‘3.57’
runs for a further 15 seconds. 45 seconds into the race Sara c Yes, it lies far from the line of best fit.
increases her pace to 6.7 m/s and runs for a further 15 seconds. 9 a y
4
Becky wins the race by 5 seconds. 3
Review 14 2
1
1 a 2.5 b y = 2.5x + 2 –4–3–2–1 0 1 2 3
x
2 y = −3x + 5 –1
–2
3 a Gradient −2, y-intercept 7 b Gradient 1, y-intercept 9 –3
2 5
c Gradient −1, y-intercept 3 d Gradient −3 , y-intercept 3 –4
1 –5
4 a y = 5x + 6 b y = −5 x + 1 –6
5 y
16
b (−1.6, −1.6) and (3.6, 3.6)
12 c −2, 3
8 d −2, 3. The estimate was accurate.
4 a b 10 a 8.7, 9.3, 10, 10.7, 11.3, 12, 12.7, 13.3, 14, 14.7
0 2 4 6 x

519
 b y c
15
14
13
12
d
11
10
Distance (cm)

9
8
i
7
6
5
4 ii
3
2
1
0 x *e i
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Mass (g)
c i 13 cm ii 15 g
d 8 cm ii
11 a 0, 6, 17, 33, 52, 79, 109, 144, 183, 228, 277
b y
6 a b c
280
240
200
Speed (km / h)

*7 Students’ own 3D models.

160 15.1A
120 Front Side
1 Plan elevation elevation
80
40
2 Plan Front elevation

0 x
20 40 60 80 100 Scale 1 cm represents 2 m
(others could be used)
Distance (m)
c i 24 m ii 58 m iii 171 m 5.5 cm
6 cm
Chapter 15
2 cm
Check in 15 2.25 cm 3 cm 2.25 cm

1 a Several nets possible. b 54 cm2 c 27 cm3 2 cm

2 cm 2 cm
4 cm

Side elevation

2 a i 78.5 cm2 ii 31.4 cm 3 cm

b i 172.0 cm2 ii 46.5 cm
15.1S
0.75 cm
1 a Cube: 12, 8, 6. Triangular prism: 9, 6, 5. Hexagonal prism:
18, 12, 8. Triangle-based pyramid: 6, 4, 4. Square-based
pyramid: 8, 5, 5. 2.25 cm

b E =V+F−2
2 a, c, d, e 5.5 cm 2 cm
3 a triangular prism b pentagon−based pyramid 3 a Note that other arrangements of the faces are possible.

back

4 Examples are given here, but other arrangements of the faces

are possible. left bottom right top
a 4 cm b side side
2.5 cm 3 cm 3 cm
2.5 cm 2.5 cm
1.5 cm 3 cm 3 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2.5 cm 3 cm
3 cm
1.5 cm 3 cm 3 cm front

5 a Plan Front elevation Side elevation

b Total length of edges = 64.6 cm > 0.5 m, not enough lace.
Number of vertices = 8 < 10, Tina has enough flowers.
b 4 365 cm2 (3 sf )

Answers
520
5 a Other arrangements of the faces are possible. 9 4.5 cm
10 a 1.64 kg (to 3 sf )
b i Multiple answers possible, for example:
Length = 20 cm, width = 16 cm, height = 15 cm
ii 78.5% (3sf )
11 9.67 g
15.3S
Tray Sleeve
1 a i Surface area = 144π cm2, volume = 288π cm3
b The tray and sleeve have the same width and depth. b Surface area = 2304π mm2, volume = 18 432π mm3
Make the tray slightly smaller or the sleeve larger by at least c Surface area = 216π cm2, volume = 324π cm3
the thickness of the card. d Surface area = 8.1π m2, volume = 2.7π m3
2
6 2.5 m 2 a Volume = 6183 cm3, surface area = 422.4 cm2
b Volume = 112π = 352 m3 (3 sf ), surface area = 84.8π m2 or
1m 266 m2 (3 sf )
3 a 42π or 132 cm3 (3 sf ) b 2.08π or 6.53 m3 (3 sf )
50 cm long. 4 a 98.8 cm3 (3 sf ) b 133 cm2 (3 sf )
*7 Net B. The three nets have the same area, the least wasteful net 5 8 cm, 12 mm
fits on the smallest piece of card. 6 a r = 14 cm b Diameter = 30 cm
Area of card needed: 7 x = 15 mm
A Rectangle 18 by 18 = 324 cm2 8 a 493 cm3 (to 3 sf ) b 405 cm2 (to 3 sf )
B Rectangle 24 by 13 = 312 cm2 9 a Total volume = 1920π cm3, surface area = 528π cm2
C Rectangle 26 by 14 = 364 cm2 b Surface area = 33π cm2, volume = 30π cm2
Net B wastes the smallest area of card. 10 Capacity in litres = 2.16 litres (3 sf )
This assumes that the card used is the smallest rectangle 11 Diameter = 9.85 cm (3 sf )
possible, which may not be the case if card comes in fixed sizes, 15.3A
and that no extra is needed eg. for tabs to be used to join sides.
8 Sketches of possible nets are given below. 1 a Steel, density = 7.325… g/cm3, this is nearer to 7.5 g/cm3
a b c than 2.6 g/cm3.
b 405 g
2 Total surface area of cylinder = 2πr × 2r + 2πr2 = 6πr2
2
3 × 6πr = 4πr = surface area of sphere
2 2

3 a h = 7.46 cm (3 sf ) b Diameter = 7.82 cm (3 sf )

4 a i h = 15.72 cm (4 sf ) ii 572 cm2 (3 sf )
b Diameter = 15.4 cm (3 sf ), height = 26.9 cm (3 sf ),
surface area = 1670 cm2 (3 sf )
5 a 18.85 cm
b Radius of sector = slant edge of cone, l
θ
15.2S Length of arc of sector = 360 × 2π × l = 2πr
θ
1 a 3500 cm3 b 94.5 m3 Dividing both sides by 2π gives r = 360 × l
θ
c 75.4 m3 (to 3 sf ) d 1571 mm3 (to 3 sf ) Curved surface area of cone = Area of sector = 360 × πl2
θ
e 4800 mm3 f 270 cm3 = 360 × l × πl = r × πl = πrl
2
2 Length = 8 m, Width = 7 mm, 6 a 161.84π or 508 cm2 (3 sf ) b 663 %
Height = 3 cm, Volume = 756 mm3 7 a One of several possible solutions is given below.
3 a 1782 cm3 (4 sf ) b 1072 mm3 (to 4 sf ) 3 cm
4 4410 g or 4.41 kg 3 cm 6 cm 3 cm
5 73 500 g or 73.5 kg 6 cm
2 cm
6 19 200 kg or 19.2 tonnes (1 cm represents 4 cm)
7 a 126 litres (to 3 sf ) b 8.02 cm (to 3 sf )
Total area = 81 cm2
c 7.48 cm (to 3 sf )
b Length 13 cm and width 10 cm.
8 7.5 cm
c 37.7% (3 sf )
*9 534 g (to 3 sf )
8 2.09 mm
10 66.24 litres
9 h = 2.41 m (to 3 sf ).
15.2A 10 No, mass = 2145 kg > 2000 kg.
11 There are many possible answers − one example is given below.
1 a 2000 ÷ (π × .42 × 7) = 5.684..., 5 cups
7 a Radii of 4 cm and 8 cm, height 8.53.
b 6.684 × 6 = 6.631..., 6 cups 3
b Multiply answers to part a by " 2
2 a 2000 160 b 160 × 0.95 = 152
e.g. Radius of top = 10.1 cm, radius of bottom = 5.04 cm,
3 6 tins
height = 10.7 cm
4 45.3 cm
5 a 1200 ÷ [π(0.42 − 0.32) × 600] = 909 m (3 sf ) H−h r
12 a =R
b 909.458 ... ÷ 4 = 227 (3 sf ) H
6 343 cm3. R(H − h) = rH
7 a 17 hours 48 mins, assuming filled to the top. RH −Rh = rH
b The real depth to which the pool is filled. H(R − r) = Rh
8 1440 hR
H=
R−r

521
 1 1
b Volume of frustum = 3 πR2H − 3 πr2 (H − h) 4 a 432
b No, ratio of volumes = 432,
1 R2hR 1 hR
V= π − πr2 a − hb ratio of surface areas = 51.2 (3 sf ).
3 R−r 3 R−r
5 a Yes. 13.5 × 0.3 × 0.3 = 6 × 0.45 × 0.45 = 1.215 cm3
1 hR3 − r2hR + r2hR − r3h b Fat chips, 11.205 cm2 < 16.38 cm2
= πa b
3 R−r 6 a i 21.2 cm3 (3 sf ) ii 70.4 cm3 (3 sf )
H–h
1 R3 − r3 b 168 cm2 (3 sf )
= πha b H
3 R−r r 7 a i 50.4 in2 ii 13.5 in3
1 ( R − r R2 + Rr + r2)
)( h b 9.93 cm3
= πh c i 47 666.7 cm3 (1 dp) ii 91
3 (R − r)
1 R d i 4.71 cm3 (3 sf ) ii 12.3 g (3 sf )
= πh(R + Rr + r2)
2
8 a 94.2 cm3 (3 sf ) b 104 cm3 (3 sf )
3
H−h x 9 a 41.6 mm2 (3 sf ) b 2700 mm3 (3 sf ) c 2630 mm3
13 =
H X 10 a 10 900 in3 (3 sf ) b 1020 in3 (3 sf )
X(H − h) = xH c 4520 in2 (3 sf )
H(X − x) = Xh 11 a 654 ml b 3 hr 48 min c 3 cm
hX d 141 ml e 513 ml f 02:51
H= g As the cross section of the cone decreases, the water level
X−x
1 1
Volume of frustum = 3 X2H − 3 x2(H − h) decreases at an increasingly faster rate. A cylinder.

1 X2hX 1 hX Lifeskills 3
V= − x2 a − hb 1 40
3X−x 3 X−x
2 a Male Female

Amount prepared to pay (£)

Amount prepared to pay (£)

1 hX − x hX + x hX − x3h
3 2 2 40 40
= a b
3 X−x H–h 35 35
30 30
1 hX3 − x3h H
= a b x 25 25
3 X−x
20 20
3 3
1 X −x
= ha b h 15 15
3 X−x
1 (X − x)(X2 + Xx + x2) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
= h X Age (years) Age (years)
3 (X − x ) b Males – no correlation. There is no observable connection
between age and amount prepared to pay. Females –
Review 15
positive correlation. Older females are prepared to pay
1 a b more than younger females.
c No. Several reasons possible e.g. data may be unreliable due
to a small sample size, sample may not give an indication of
2 the relative populations of different age groups.
3 a Raheem’s journey
10

8
Distance (miles)

3 a 245 m3 b 273 m2 c 367.5 kg 2

4 a 9557 cm3 c 2532 cm2
5 a 1767 cm3 b 66.7 cm3
0 10 20 30 40 50
6 Volume = 9.42 cm3, Surface area = 102 cm2 Time (mins)
7 a 6 cm b 10 cm2 b 1 : 41 pm c 41 minutes.
Assessment 15 4 a
280
1 a Triangle-based pyramid 240
b
200 Bill y = 32x + 60 2 1
5 cm ( 6 3 , 273 3 )
5 cm
Cost (£)

160
Alan y = 35x + 40
5 cm 5 cm 120
4 cm
4 cm 80

5 cm 5 cm 40

5 cm 5 cm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (hours)

b x > 6 hours 40 minutes

2 a A, the width of the front elevation is split into two values
c Multiple answers possible. If the quote is accurate Alan
with ratio 3 : 1.
is cheaper, if it takes more than 10 minutes extra Bill is
b B, the height of the front elevation is split into two values
cheaper.
with ratio 1 : 1.
5 a 17241 cm3
3 a 512 b 64 c 8
b 30 × 17240.7312 = 517220
d i 18 ii 26
70 × 115 × 180 = 1449000
517220
Answers 1449000 × 100 = 35.7%
522
 c 1449000 cm3 = 1.449 m3 d i 15 < t ⩽ 25 ii 25 < t ⩽ 35 iii 30
1 m3 = 1000 000 cm3 4 a 165 ⩽ h < 170 b 164.3 cm
d 396.5 cm2 c 165 ⩽ h < 170
e 3.72 cm 16.1A
f 18
g Cartons, they allow more efficient use of space. 1 a December 50, January 59.7
6 a £854 b Dec: modal class 40 < m ⩽ 60, median class 40 < m ⩽ 60.
b Annual eating out expenditure Jan: modal class 40 < m ⩽ 60, median class 40 < m ⩽ 60
0.2
c Less variation in miles travelled in January, fewer short
journeys.
The most common journey length does not change.
Frequency density

The mean length is greater for January than December.

2 a Teachers 23.1 miles, office workers 38.3 miles
0.1 b Modal class: teachers 20 < t ⩽ 30, office worker
30 < t ⩽ 40. Median class: teachers 20 < t ⩽ 30,
office workers 30 < t ⩽ 40.
c On average, office workers take longer to travel home.
3 No, the maximum range of the sample is 40 g and an estimate
for the mean is 53.125. The range is similar to that for Granny
0 1000 2000 Smith apples but the mean is much higher than that for Granny
Amount (£) Smith apples.
c
250 4 Yes, modal and median class is 24.5 ⩽ w < 25.5. Estimated
mean = 25.28 g which is close to 25 g. However as data is
grouped the weight of the packets could be less than 25 g.
200 5 Machine A, 0.3007 − 0.3 < 0.3 − 0.2907
16.2S
Number of people

150
1

100

50 40 50 60 70 80 90
Mark (%)
2
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Annual amount spent eating out (£)
d Median ≈ 830, IQR ≈ 600.
e
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (seconds)
3 a Height of girls
100
Cumulative frequency

80
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Speed (mph) 60
f The median is close to the estimate for the mean so supports
this estimate. 40
g £213.50
20
Chapter 16
0
Check in 16 145 150 155 160 165 170
Height, h (cm)
1 a 62 b 60 c 18.5 d 15
b
e 7 f 30 g 108 h 150
2 a £50 b £70 c 2 days
16.1S
1 a 1, 6, 8, 3, 4, 3 b 70 kg to 74 kg
145 150 155 160 165 170
c 70 kg to 74 kg
Height, h (cm)
2 a 3 b 13, 18, 23, 28
c Mid-value × Number of cars: 13, 108, 46, 28 c i 17 girls ii 12 girls
Mean (estimate) = 195 ÷ 10 = 19.5 mph
3 a i 10 < t ⩽ 15 ii 15 < t ⩽ 20 iii 16.1
b i 10 < t ⩽ 20 ii 20 < t ⩽ 30 iii 23.5
c i 5 < t ⩽ 10 ii 10 < t ⩽ 15 iii 14.7

523
 4 a Ages of teachers c i 18 ii 7
160
7 a Heights of sunflowers
120
140
100

Cumulative frequency
120
Cumulative frequency

80
100
60
80
40
60
20
40
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time, h (cm)
0 b
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Age, A (years)
b

40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Height, h (cm)

20 30 40 50 60 70 c i 98 ii 87
Age, A (years) 16.2A
c i 37 ii 30
1 The boys’ results are higher than the girls’, in general. The
5 a Crossword completion times
120
middle 50% of the girls’ results is less varied than that of the
boys. The range is the same for the girls and the boys.
100 2 Farmer Jenkins’ sunflowers are shorter than Farmer Giles’,
Cumulative frequency

in general. The middle 50% of Farmer Jenkins’ sunflowers

80
vary in height more than those of Farmer Giles. The range of
60 heights of Farmer Jenkins’ sunflowers is greater than that of
Farmer Giles’.
40 3 Boys have higher mobile phone bills, on average. The middle
50% of the mobile phone bills has the same variation for girls
20
and boys. The range of mobile phone bills is the same for girls
0 and boys.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 4 On average, waiting times are higher at the dentist. The highest
Time, t (minutes) waiting time at the doctor is greater than that for the dentist.
b The range of waiting times is greater at the doctor. The middle
50% of waiting times varies more at the doctor than at the
dentist.
5 The average reaction time is the same for boys and girls. The
quickest reaction time for the boys is lower than that for the
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 girls. The range of reaction times is greater for girls. The middle
Time, t (minutes) 50% of reaction times varies less for girls than for boys.
c i 30 ii 26 6 On average, results are the same in the English and French
6 a Masses of cats and kittens tests. The highest French result is greater than the highest
100
English result. The ranges of results are the same. The middle
50% of results varies more in the English test.
80
7 On average, 17-year-old girls make longer phone calls than
Cumulative frequency

13-year-olds. The range of the length of calls made is greater

60 for 17-year-olds. The longest phone call for the 17-year-olds is
greater than that for the 13-year-olds. The middle 50% of the
40 calls made varies more for 13-year-olds than for 17-year-olds.
16.3S
20
1 a Negative correlation b No correlation
0 c Positive correlation
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 2 a A: Poor exam mark, lots of revision;
Mass, w (grams)
B: Very good exam mark, lots of revision;
b C: Very good exam mark, little revision;
D: Poor exam mark, little revision;
E: Average exam mark, average amount of revision
b A: Not much pocket money, equal eldest;
B: Lots of pocket money, equal eldest;
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 C: Lots of pocket money, equal youngest;
Mass, w (grams) D: Not much pocket money, equal youngest;
Answers E: Average pocket money, medium age.

524
 c A: Low fitness level, lots of hours in gym, 16.4S
B: Good fitness level, lots of hours in gym, 1 Holiday photographs
C: Good fitness level, few hours in gym,

Number of photographs
20
D: Low fitness level, few hours in gym,
E: Medium fitness level, medium hours in gym
3 a No correlation b Positive correlation 10
c Negative correlation
4 a Plant water usage
30 0
Sun Mun Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Day of week
Maximum temp (°C)

2 DVD rentals.
20 40

35

10 30

Number of DVDs
25

0 20
0 10 20 30 40 50
15
Water (litres)
b Positive correlation 10
c i Increases ii Decreases 5
5 a Time to run a mile
0
20
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Day
Time (mins)

3 Peter’s mass
10 45
40
35
Mass (kg)

0 30
5 6 7 8 9 10 25
20
Shoe size
15
b No correlation c No relationship
10
16.3A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Age
1 a Positive correlation. 4 Monthly sunshine
200
b Paper 1 = 20, paper 2 = 80. Student performed poorly in 180
paper 1 and well in paper 2.
Hours of sunshine

160
c 30 140
d No, the line predicts that the student scores 110% which is 120
100
impossible.
80
2 a 16 b 24 60
c One student scored 20 marks on paper 1, but only 5 marks 40
on paper 2. 20
3 a, c Diameter of trees J F M A M J J A S O N D
Month
80
70 5 Television viewing figures
Diameter (cm)

60 7
50
40
30
20 6
Viewers (in millions)

10
0 6 12 18 24 30
Age (years)
5
b Positive correlation.
d 20 years e −9 cm
f The estimate in part d uses interpolation, the estimate in 4
part e uses extrapolation which can be unreliable.
4 a, c Hot water bottle sales
Sales of hot water bottles

32 3
28 Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Day
24
20 16.4A
16
12 Monthly phone bill
1 a 20
8
4
16
Phone bill (£)

0 5 10 15 20 25
12
Average monthly temperature (°C)
b Negative correlation, as the temperature increases sales of 8
hot water bottles decrease. 4
d 8 °C e No, this is extrapolation and is unreliable. 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
525
 b Typical phone bills are about £[Link] fall during the 6 Quarterly expenses
70
Summer months and peak in December
2 a Quarterly electricity bill 60

Expenditure (pounds)
60
50
50
40
Electricity bill (£)

40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0 J–M A–J J–S O–D J–M A–J J–S O–D
J–M A–J J–S O–D J–M A–J J–S O–D 2003 2004
2004 2005 Month/year
Month/year
b Steve’s expenses grow to a peak in Spring and fall back in
b Electricity bills are highest in the Winter months and lowest Winter. The level of expenses appears to be growing from
in the Summer months. This annual pattern repeats itself; year-to-year.
there is a slight trend for bills to rise from year-to-year.
3 a Monthly ice-cream sales
Review 16
60
1 a 30 < s ⩽ 40 b 30 < s ⩽ 40 c £35 750
50 2 a

Comulative frequency
80
40 70
Sales (£)

60
30 50
20 40
30
10 20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 10 30 50 70 90
Month Salary, s (£1000s)
b Ice cream sales grow steadily during Spring and Summer b i £26 000 ii £42 000 iii £33 000
but drop sharply in the Autumn. Sales are low during iv £16 000 v 80%
Autumn and Winter except for a peak in December. c
4 a Teenage library usage
30
Percentage

20

10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 3 a, c (£1000s) Salary (£1000s)
Salary180
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 180
160 160
Year 140
140
b The percentage of students using the library grow steadily 120 120
CO2g / km
CO2g / km

100
from about 15% in 1998 to 28% in 2001. It has since fallen 100
80
80
back to around 20%. 60 60
40 40
5 Earnings from baby sitting 20
80 20

0 500 1000 01500 2000

500 1000
2500 1500 2000 2500
70 Engine capacity Engine
(cc) capacity (cc)

60 b Positive correlation, as engine capacity increases CO2

emissions increase.
50
Earnings (£)

d Approximately 165 g/km

40 e This would be extrapolation, unreliable.
30
4 a Daytime temperature
30

20 24
Temperature (ºC)

10 18

0 12
J–A M–A S–D J–A M–A S–D J–A M–A S–D
2001 2002 2003 6
Month/year
b Christabel’s earnings have grown steadily during the three 0 6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00
Time
years. Her earnings peak in the Winter months. b The temperature increases to a peak at 18:00 and then
begins to decrease.

Assessment 16
1 a i 160 ⩽ h < 165 ii 160 ⩽ h < 165
iii 5875 ÷ 36 = 163.2 (1 dp) cm
b i 160 ⩽ h < 165 ii 155 ⩽ h < 160
iii 6235 ÷ 39 = 159.9 (1 dp) cm
c i 160 ⩽ h < 165 ii 160 ⩽ h < 165
iii 12 110 ÷ 75 = 161.5 (1 dp) cm
Answers
526
2 a 30 − 35 b 25 − 30 b Winter sales in Year 1 were lower than in Year 2. Summer
c 1435 ÷ 48 = 30 hours (2sf ) sales in Year 1 were higher than in Year 2.
3 a Fairground waiting times Chapter 17
45
Fairground waiting times
45
40 Check in 17
40 1 a 7π b 13π c 36π d 4
frequency

35
e 3!2 f !3
frequency

35
30
2 a i 1, 2, 3, 6 ii 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
30
25 iii 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28 iv 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
Cumulative

25 b 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47
Cumulative

20
20
3 a 32 b 45 c 63 d 54
15 4 a 16 b 27 c 16 d 125
15
10 e 128 f 7
10
5 17.1S
5
0 1 a 10 b 4 c 7 d 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 e 11 f 12 g 2 h 3
0 5 10 Waiting
15 time (mins)
20 25 30
i 10 j 9 k 3 l 5
b i 8 ii 25 Waiting time (mins)
m 0 n 10 o 4
c i 16 ii 19 − 11 = 8 2 a 2–1 b 5–1 c −7–1 d 2–1
d e 10–1 f 3–1
3 a 7–2 b 9–2 c 2–2 d 2–5
e 3–4 f 6–4
1 1 1 1
4 a 64 b 343 c 25 d 6561
1 1
e 9 f 729
1 . 1 1
0
0 5
5 10
10
15
15 20
20
25
25
30
30 5 a 9 , 0.1 b 8 , 0.125 c 100 000, 0.00001
Waiting time (mins) 1 1
Waiting time (mins) d 1, 1 e 8 , 0.125 f 16 , 0.0625
1 1
4 a, b Test results 6 a 16 b 4 c 1 d 2
100 1 1
e 4 f 16 g 64 h 2 i 64
90 −12 −12 −12
7 a 3 b 5 c 11
80 1
8 a 5 b 5 c 1 d 125
1 1
70 e 25 f 125 g 64 h 9
1 1 1 1
60 i 8 j 3 k 25 l 10 000 000
English

1
50 m 8 n 4 o 243 p 10
1 1
40 q 64 r 100 s 20 t 2197
1
30 u 8
2
1 1 9 −5
20
9 a 22 b 26 c 22 d 2
5

10
e 2 2
f 1
10 a 3 b 3−6 c 3−2 d 3−6
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
e 3−1 f 34
Science 2 2 1
11 a 5 b 53 c 53 d 56
c Weak positive correlation 5

d (93, 15) shows a student who is very good at Science but e 5–4 f 5–6 g 53 h 52
2 5
−32 −35 −5 −6
poor at English, (25, 93) shows a student who is very good i 5 j 5 k 5 l 5
at English but poor at Science. 12 a 2
5
−4
b 2
1
6 c 2
15
8 d 2
−34

e i Approximately 44 ii Approximately 57 −38 −92

5 a 23 b 18 c 24 e 2 f 2
−12 −1 −14
d The graph just shows a trend and there are no actual figures 13 a 4–1, 16 b 42, 161 c 4–2, 16–1 d 4 2 , 16
recorded at this time. 14 a 10–1 b 10
1
2 c 10
3
2 d 10
−52

e 41 −13 2
15 a 5 3 –2
b 5 4 –3
c 5 d 53
f Students’ answers, for example, lunch break or end of −
e 5 2 f 5−3
working day.
3 2 5 2
6 a Ice-cream sales 16 a i 2 ii 3 b i 2 ii 5
300 4 3 3 4
c i 3 ii 4 d i −4 ii −3
250 2
17 3
Sales (£1000s)

200

150 17.1A
100 Year 2 1 a i 32 cm ii 256 cm
Year 1
50
b i Sunday ii Wednesday
c i 25 ii 28
0
2 a i 103 times, or 1000 times more powerful.
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Month
ii 104 times, or 10 000 times more powerful.

527
 b Level 8 b x = 2!5 + π, y = 3!5 − 2π
2
3 a 6x 3 b 27 cm2 12!5
c x = 2π − 5 , y = 5 − 2π
13!5

c No. Let side length be x. Surface area = 6x2, volume = x3. 4 10!π cm
6x2 = x3 ⇒ x2 (x − 6) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or 6 1
5 Volume of cube = 53 = 125 cm3. Volume of cone = 3πr2(3) = πr2.
Side length must be > 0 so a cube with side length 6 units is 125 !125 5!5
the only solution. 125 = πr2, r2 = π , r= !π = !π cm
25
6 6 + 40!3 cm
2
1 −4
3 3
2 1 5
4 27−3 , 250, 16 4, Q 2 R , 92 , Q 8 R −3 7 1 cm
80!5
5 a 4 b 3 c –2 d 0 8 3 π mm
3
2
e 3 f 3 9 4!3 cm
1 1 1 1
6 a 2 b 3 c 3 d 4 10 a Using Pythagoras’ theorem h2 = 22 − 12 = 3, h = !3
1
7 a x = −1 b x=3 c x = −1 d x=6 b 3 cm c 2!3 cm
5
e x = −2 11 250π cm3
2 5
2 −3 −6
8 a Second row: 23 , 2 bottom row: 2 *12 Laura. First note that the square of an even number is even and
−5 −
1
−4
3 the square of an odd number is odd as (2a)2 = 4a2 = 2 × 2a2
b Second row: 2 4 , 2 4 bottom row: 2
1 1
and (2a + 1)2 = 4a2 + 4a + 1 = 2(2a2 + 2a) + 1.
9 a 9 , 3 , 1, 3, 9 m
Assume for a contradiction that !2 = n where m and n are 2
b, c y non-zero integers with no common factors. This gives 2 = n2
m

9 so 2n2 = m2. m2 is even, thus m is even and can be written

8 m = 2x for some integer x.
7 y = 9x 2n2 = (2x)2 = 4x2 so n2 = 2x2. n2 is even thus n is even and
6 shares a common factor 2 with m contradicting the initial
5 statement as required.
4
3
17.3S
y = 4x
2 1 a 1000 b 1 000 000 c 100 000
1 2 a 1 b 0.01 c 0.00001
–1.0 –0.5 0 0.5 1
x 3 a 9 × 103 b 6.5 × 102 c 6.5 × 103
Both graphs pass through (0, 1). y = 9x is steeper. Both d 9.52 × 102 e 2.358 × 101 f 2.5585 × 102
graphs tend to 0 as x gets more negative. Both graphs get 4 a 3.4 × 10–4 b 1.067 × 10–1 c 9.1 × 10–6 d 3.15 × 10–1
steeper as x increases. Both graphs lie entirely above the e 5.05 × 10–5 f 1.82 × 10–2 g 8.45 × 10–3 h 3.06 × 10–10
x-axis. 5 9 × 103, 1.08 × 104, 3.898 × 104, 4.05 × 104, 4.55 × 104,
5 × 104
17.2S 6 a 63 500 b 910 000 000 000 000 000
1 a π + 11 b 3(π + 1) c π2 + 3π − 6 c 111 d 299 800 000
d 2π2 + π − 3 e 9π2 − 24π + 16 f 3π2 − 2π − 2 7 a 0.0045 b 0.0000317 c 0.00000109 d 0.000000979
2 a 5!5 b 5√⎯3 − 2√⎯6 8 a 6 × 102 b 4.5 × 104 c 6.5 × 100 d 5 × 106
c 3 − !3 d 8!3 + 6!7 + !14 e 2.15 × 104 f 7 × 1013 g 1.22516 × 1020
e 3!6 − 12 f 6 − 6!2 + 4!3 h 1.5 × 107 i 2.8 × 10–1 j 4 × 10–2 k 1.35 × 10–3
g 9 + 5!3 h 11 − 6!2 l 1.2 × 10–7
9 a 2.5 × 108 b 2.4 × 1013 c 5 × 10–1 d 9.2 × 10–8
i 18 j 9 + 14!5
1 5 9 8
10 a 5 × 101 b 7.5 × 102 c 2 × 10–2 d 4.2 × 10–8
3 a 2 b 3 c 116 d 15 11 a 2 × 10–2 b 1 × 10–1 c 1.5 × 10–8
5 143
e 19 f d 2 × 103 e 2.5 × 10–6 f 3.1 × 104
10
8 29 5 44 12 a 5.2 × 10–1 b 4.6 × 10–2 c 2.09 × 10–2
4 a 15 b 35 c 56 d 45
7 59
d 1.3 × 10–2 e −4.3 × 105 f 5.993 × 102
e 48 f 60 13 a 7.74 × 10–3 b 9.63 × 105 c 4.38 × 10–5
17 67 1 207
5 a 30 b 187 c 3 d 1715
d 2.55 × 102 e 3.4 × 105 f 4.47 × 10–2
e
181
1324 14 See questions 9–13.
9 15 a 3 × 103 × 2.1 × 102 = 6.3 × 105
6 a 294π b 12625π c 404π d 2π(8 + 4!13)
7 1 11
b 4.2 × 10–3 ÷ 6 × 10–1 = 7 × 10–3
e 220 π f 94 π g 118 π + 2(!7 − !2) c 1.2 × 103 × 9 × 10–2 = 1.08 × 102
h 2π 3
!15 d 4.9 × 10–2 ÷ 7 × 101 = 7 × 10–4

7 a
(6 + 3√⎯ 3)
b
(5 − 3!7)
c
(30 + 10!2)
d
(20 + 7√⎯
5) 17.3A
4 3 9 9
(5 + !5) (7 + 2!7) (5!7 + !77) (6 + !3) 1 3.33 × 105 times heavier.
8 a b c d
5 14 21 12 2 1045
(5!6 + 6!2) (7!2 − 2!10)
e 12 f 10
3 500 times bigger.
9 a 5.66 b 3.24 c 4.24 d 106.10 4 1.80 × 106
10 No, a–e
5
f
7 5 108 times smaller
4 4
6 Minimum = 7.83 × 107 km, Maximum = 3.775 × 108 km
17.2A 7 a 3.3 × 10−9 s b 9.46 × 1015 m
1 Area = 800 π cm2, perimeter = 80 + 40π cm 8 1.64 × 10 −27

2 16 − 4π cm2 9 a Jupiter, 2.668612 × 1027 kg b 0.22%

3 a x = π + !5, y = −π + 2!5 10 a Correct b 5 times more. c HD 1080 p
11 Yes, 6.878 × 1011 × 2 = 1.3756 × 1012 ≈ 1.328 × 1012
Answers
528
*12 Yes. Distance of one orbit = 2 × π × 1.08 × 108 = 2.16π × ii 6.6768 × 106 mi2
2.16π × 108
108 km. Venutian year = time for one orbit = 1.26 × 105 = b i 1 : 3.94 (3 sf ) ii 1.39 × 108 mi2
iii 70.8%
5385.587 ... hours = (5385.587… ÷ 24) Earth days = 224 Earth
days < 243 Earth days = Venutian day. Chapter 18
Review 17 Check in 18
1 1
1 a 9−1 b 5−7 c 123 d 8−2 1 a
2 a 10 000 000 b 125 c 1 d 729

Temperature
1 1
e 10 f 8 g 5 h 36

Height
1
i 8 j 13 k 9 l 11
5 1 6
3 a 2 7 b 2 7 c 2 7 d 2−7
5
e 2 f 212 g 1 h 2−3 Time Time
1 2 2 a 1.5 b −1 c −0.5
4 a 3 b 2 c 3 d −3 1
6 1 2 27 d 3 e 0.6
5 a 27 b c 115 d 56
13
12
2 1
3 a x = 3 or 4 b y = 0 or 8
e 315 f 5 g h 1
33 6 c x = 3.56 or −0.56 d x = −3 or −2
27 1
i 40 e y = 8, 3 f x = −3 or 1
34 + 19!3
6 a 4 − 3π b 1 − !3 c 33π d 6
4 a 40 b 6 c −80
!5 − 1
e −5 − 7!7 f 3 18.1S
!6
7 a 2 b 2!10 1 a y = −27, −8, −1, 0, 1, 8, 27
8 a i 2!2 ii 12 b y = 29, 10, 3, 2, 1, −6, −25
b i 2!2π ii 6π + 12 a, b y
9 a 6.3 × 107 b 1.496 × 108 km 28
c 2.2 × 10−5 mm d 3 × 10−2 kg 24
10 a 2 180 000 000 b 310 000 20
16
c 0.000 000 5 d 0.000 099 2
b 12 a
11 a 8.4 × 1011 b 4.8 × 1010 8
c 4.53 × 107 d −1.916 × 10−4 4
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Assessment 17 –4
–8
1 a Soraya b Peter c Soraya – 12
2 a No, 1512 b Yes, 320 – 16
– 20
c i No ii Yes iii No
– 24
d No, 73 – 28
1
3 a Yes b No, 36 c No, 7 d No, 2744 c y = −0.25, −0.33, −0.5, −1, 1, 0.5, 0.33, 0.25
1
e No, 243 f No, 1 d y = 1.25, 1.66, 2.5, 5, −5, −2.5, −1.66, −1.25
1 1 1
4 a 2 b 5 c 1 d 4 c, d y
1
5 a i 31 ii 9 2 5
4
b i 32 ii 91 3
d
c i 3 4
ii 92 2
c
1
1
d i 3–1 ii 9−2 x
–4 –2 0 2 4
e i 3 –2
ii 9–1 –1
–2
f i 3–4 ii 9–2 –3
3
g i 33 ii 92 –4
3
–5
h i 3–3 ii 9 − 2
1 1 2 y
i i 3 2 ii 9 4
35
π π π
6 a V = 3 r2h, r = h so V = 3 x3, k = 3 30
64π 25
b p = π!2, q = 2 c 3 m3 20
9!3 2 15
7 a 2 in b 9π!3 in³ c 0.04 π2 in³ a
10
d (9π!3 – 0.04 π2) in³ 5
c
8 a English Channel 29 000 mi2 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x
Baltic Sea 146 000 mi2 b –5
y = x3 + 3x
– 10
Bering Sea 876 000 mi2 – 15
y = x3 + x2
y = x3 + x − 4
Caribbean Sea 1 060 000 mi2 – 20 y = x3 − x2 + 3x
– 25
Malay Sea 3 140 000 mi2 d
– 30
Indian Ocean 28 400 000 mi2 – 35
b 1 × 109 by 1 – 40
– 45
c i 4 ii 2 iii 6 iv –3
d i 10 763 km ii 0.0008 joules
e i 4 × 10–6 km ii 4 mm
1
9 a 8706 b 199 times c 751000
d 226 km (3 sf ) = 2.26 × 10 km
2

10 1.9848 × 104 m = 19 848 m

11 a i 1.46092 × 107 mi2 = 14 609 200 mi2

529
 3 a, b 8 y *9 y
y 7
25 1 6
20 5
b
x 4 a
15 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
b
10 2
a –1
5 1
x x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 –2 – 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–5 –1
– 10 –2
– 15
10 a B b D c C d A
– 20
– 25 18.1A
c, d y
8
1 a D b C c A d B
2 a, b y
6 5
d 4
c 4
3
2 2
1
x x
–4 –2 0 2 4 – 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 3
–1
–2 –2
–3
–4 –4
–5
–6
The graph y = 2 − x only intersects the cubic once. The
–8
solution is x = −0.47.
– 10 3 a y

4 a y b −1.9, 0.3, 1.5 7

5 6
4 5
3
4
2
3
1
x 2
– 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 1
–1
–2 x
– 1.6 – 1.2 – 0.8 – 0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
–3 –1
–4 –2
–5 –3
–4
5 a y b The curve only crosses the x-axis once.
8 b The two graphs intersect at two points. The solutions are
7
x = −1.31 and x = −0.44.
6
5 4 a y b x = 1. The curve intersects the line
4 3 y = 2 − 2x once only.
3 2
2
1
1
x
– 2– 1 0 1 2 –2 –1 0 1 2
–1 –1
–2 –2
–3
–3
6 a y b The curve only crosses the x-axis once.
8 5 x = −1.38, x = −0.38, x = 0.56, x = 1.69
7 6 a A. This is increasing for large and small x so x3 has a
6 positive coefficient.
5
4 b C. This is decreasing for large and small x so x3 has a
3 negative coefficient.
2 c B. This is an increasing function.
1
x 7 y = (x + 2)(x − 1)(x −2) 8 y = −(x + 2)(x − 1)(x − 2)
– 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 y y
–1
–2 8 3
–3 7 2
7 a y b 0 6 1
3
2 5 x
1
4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x –1
–6–5–4–3–2–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1 3 –2
–2 2
–3 –3
–4 1 –4
–5 x
–6 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 –5
–7 –1 –6
–2 –7
–3 –8

Answers
530
*9 y = x2(x − 3) y = x(x − 3)2 4 a
y y x −30° 0° 30° 60° 90°
4 6
3 5 tan x −0.58 0 0.58 1.73 −
2 4
1 3
x 2
x 120° 150° 180° 210° 240°
–10 1 2 3 4 5
–1 1
–2 x tan x −1.73 −0.58 0 0.58 1.73
– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–3 –1
–4 –2
–3
x 270° 300° 330° 360° 390°
–5
10 a x = −3, x = −1, x = 3 tan x − −1.73 −0.58 0 0.58
b y
b, c
5 y
4
x
–4 –2 0 2 4 3 x = 90 x = 270
–5
2
–10 1

–15 x
– 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390
–1
x = −3, x = −1, x = 3
9 –2
c x² + x − 9 = x
–3
Multiplying both sides by x and subtracting 9 from both
sides results in x³ + x² − 9x − 9 = 0 which is the cubic –4
function with y = 0. d 180°
11 No. A cubic equation can be solved by finding the points of 5 a y
intersection of the cubic with a horizontal line. Due to the 5 x
y = 5x y = 4
shape of the cubic this can lead to 1, 2 or 3 solutions. y = 2x
4

18.2S 3

1 y 2 y 2
80 16
1
14
60 12 x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
10
–1
40 8
6 b They all pass through the point (0, 1). They have the same
20 4 characteristic shape. None of them cross the x-axis.
2
x x
The larger the ‘base’ number, the quicker the rate of
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 –4 –2 0 2 4 increase shown in the graph
3 a 6 y
x −45° 0° 45° 90° 135° 5
y= ()1 x
4
cos x 0.71 1 0.71 0 −0.71 y= () 1 x 4
y =( ) 1 x
3
6
3
x 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
2
cos x −1 −0.71 0 0.71 1
1

x 405° 450° x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
cos x 0.71 0 –1

b y They all pass through the point (0, 1). They have the same
2 characteristic shape. None of them cross the x-axis.
The larger the ‘base’ number, the quicker the rate of decrease
1 shown in the graph.
7 It is the line y = 1
– 30 0 90 180 270 360 450
x 8 a C b D c B d A
9 a y
–1 4
y = 3x + 2 3
–2 2
c 360° d Max = 1, Min = −1 y = 3x 1
x
–4 0 –2 2 4
–1
y = 3x − 1
–2
–3
–4
y = 3x − 5
–5
b f(x) + a is a vertical translation of f(x) by a units.

531
 10 a y 14 a y
12
10
11
10
y = (x + 1)2 y = (x – 3)2 9
8
y = 8–x
y = (x + 4)2 5 7
6
y = x2 y = 8x
5
4
3
x 2
–4 –1 0 3
1
x
b f(x + a) is a horizontal translation of f(x) by −a units – 7– 6 – 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 6

11 y –2
2 a b y
b
1
5
0 c x
90° 180° 270° 360° y = tan x
–1 d 4
–2
–3 3
12 y
2
b 1
√3
2
√2
2 a x
– 45 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450
–1
0 x
60° 90° 135° 240°270° 315° 360°
c –2
y = tan (– x )

–1
–3
d
–4

–5
13 a y
8 c y
7 12
y = 7x 11
6
5 10
4 9
3 8
2
7
1
x 6 y = x2 + 1
– 7– 6 – 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5
–1
–2 4 y = (–x2) + 1
–3 3
–4 2
–5 1
–6
y = –7x x
–7 – 6 – 5 – 4 – 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–8
–1
–2
b y
y = sinx
d f(−x) is a reflection of f(x) in the y-axis
1
x
– 45– 10 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 18.2A
y = – sinx
1 a, b
c y
y
8
7
y = (x2 + 2)
P
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
– 7– 6 – 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
–1
(– 6 ,0)
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6 y = –(x2 + 2) c (−4, 4)
–7 2 a (2, 2) b (3, 0) c (3, −2) d (−3, 2)
–8

d −f(x) is a reflection of f(x) in the x-axis

Answers
532
3 a–d b Sandwiches per attendee
y 20
18
9 16

Sandwitches
8 14
a
7 12
6 10
5 8
4
6
4
3 2
b d
2
1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
x People
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 6 c Reciprocal
c
–2 6* a World population
–3
10

Population (billions)
–4
–5 8
4 a True. The graph is symmetric about the y-axis. 6
b False. The period of sine is 360° > 180° so a horizontal 4
translation of 180° will not map it onto itself.
2
c True. The period of tangent is 180° so a horizontal
translation of 180° will map it onto itself. 1800 1900 2000 2100
d True. If the sine curve is translated 90° to the left it maps Year
onto the cosine curve. b Exponential c Linear
e True. If the cosine curve is reflected in the x-axis and d c. 2020. If the curve is extended, following the pattern, it
translated 90° to the left the result will be y = sin(x). passes through the point (2020, 8).
f True. If the tangent curve is reflected in the x-axis and the e i 3.91 to 3 s.f. ii 5.50 to 3 s.f. iii 14.1 to 3 s.f.
y-axis it maps onto itself. f The model is based on data from years between 1804 and
5 a (135, 1) b p = 45 (or 405°, 765°, ..) 2011. Using it to make a prediction for 2050 is extrapolation
c q = 135 (or 495°, 855°, 1215°, ...) and the result may be unreliable as the pattern may not
6 a Any three of: 45°, 225°, 405°, 585°, 765°,.. continue in the expected manner.
b Keep adding (or subtracting) 180°. 7
28
c Use 30 + 360m and 150 + 360n for integer values of m
and n. 24

d Use 60 + 360m and 300 + 360n for integer values of m 20

Speed (km/h)

and n. 16
7 In the first function an increase in the size of a corresponds
12
with an increase in amplitude. In the second function an
increase in the size of a corresponds with a decrease in period. 8

18.3S 4

1 Call-centre earnings 0 1 2 3
1200
Time (h)

1100
Wage (£)

18.3A
100
1 a i Quadratic b i Cubic (not exact)
900 ii ii
800
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
depth

depth

Sales (£)
2 a Ben b About 1 minute and 40 seconds.
c Matt
3 a 40 kg b 2.6 m/s c Quadratic
time time
4 a Electric motor b Linear
performance c i Linear d i No standard function
(linear + quadratic)
400 ii ii

300
depth

depth
rpm

200

100
time time
e i No standard function f i Linear
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 ii ii
Volts
5 a
depth

depth

People 20 40 60 80 100 120

Sandwiches 15 7.5 5 3.75 3 2.5

time time

533
 2 Section A: cubic with a positive coefficient for x3. This section is 4 a 10.5
initially increasing and has two stationary points. b An overestimate since the errors in the smaller trapezium
1
Section B: reciprocal with a positive coefficient for x . This cancel each other out.
section is decreasing and its gradient is getting less negative. 5 a 20 b 19.625
Section C: quadratic with a negative coefficient for x2. This is 6 31 m
part of an upside-down ‘U’ shape which is the characteristic 7 a i 1 ii 4 iii 9 iv 16
shape of a quadratic. (Reciprocal model also possible here). b y
16
3 a
Winners 1 2 3 4 5 6 14
12
Prize (£) 1000 500 333.33 250 200 166.67 10
Lottery winnings 8
b 1200 6
1000 4
800 2
Prize

600 0 x
1 2 3 4
400
The curve is a section of y = x2.
200
8 a i 1.5 ii 9 iii 28.5 iv 66
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 b y
Number of winners 70
c Reciprocal
60
4 a, c LCD efficiency
35 50
(−20, 30)
30 40

25 30
Pulse size (volts)

20 20

15 10

10 x
0 1 2 3 4
5
This curve is an approximation to y = x3.
−20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 18.4A
Temperature (°C)
b Exponential (decay). 1 a 3 m/s² b 0 m/s² c 4.5 m/s² d 20 metres
c If the pulse size cannot be less than 11.8 V this means that 2 a £5560 b 153 c £153 pounds per year
there must be a horizontal asymptote. This fits the pattern of d i £247 pounds per year ii £399 pounds per year
an exponential function. The extra point indicates that the 3 a £15,081.69
gradient becomes more negative as temperature decreases b £23,000 pounds per year (2 sf )
which is consistent with the shape of an exponential. 4 −6.25 °C per minute
*5 a y 5 T = 6 seconds
1
6 a 93 b 6.7 c 12.95
14
12 18.5S
10
8 1 a x² + y² = 25 b x² + y² = 36
6 c x² + y² = 121 d x² + y² = 196
4
e x² + y² = 6.25 f x² + y² = 20.25
2
x g x2 + y2 = 5 h x2 + y2 = 8
0 2 4 6 8 10
2 a i (0, 0) ii 1
b, c y = –0.5(x – 5) + 12.5 2
d (10, 0) b i (0, 0) ii 9
e Students’ answers c i (0, 0) ii 10
18.4S d i (0, 0) ii 2"15
2 e i (0, 0) ii "7
1 a 2 b −3 c 2 d −1
1 1 f i (0, 0) ii 3!3
e 6 f −4 g −3 h 2
3 3 a y b y
i 1 j −8
2 a yi 2 b 2 5
8
b d 4
16 ii 6 a
7
f 2
12 iii −2 e
2
8 iv −4 c
x x
4 –8–7 −2 −2 5 –4 –2 2 4
v 0 2 2 5
0 x −2
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 vi −6 –2
3 a y b i 2 –7 –4
–8
ii −3 −2 5
16
12 iii −2 4 a x² + y² = 9 b x² + y² = 64
8 iv 0 c x² + y² = 144 d x² + y² = 81
4
0 v 1 5 a (0, −5) and (0, 5) b (−3, 4) and (3, 4)
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 vi 3 c (−4, −3) and (4, −3) d (5, 0)
c The gradient will be 5 since it is always equal to the value of e ("21, 2) and (−"21, 2)
x in this case.
Answers
534
 f (−1, 2"6) and (−1, −2"6) 3 a y b y
1 99 1 99 1 3.5
g (2 , #4 ) and (2 , −# 4 ) 0.8 3
0.6 2.5
221 2 221 2
h (# 9 , −3 ) and (−# 9 , −3 ) 0.4 2
0.2 1.5
4 4 3 25
6 a 3 b y = 3x c −4 d 4 0 0º 90º 180º 270º 360º x 1
– 0.2 0.5
3 25
e y = −4 x + 4 – 0.4 0 0º 90º 180º 270º 360º x
3 25 4 50 – 0.6 – 0.5
7 a y = −4 x + 2 b y= + −3 x 3 – 0.8 –1
–1 – 1.5
c x = 10 –2
1 17 1 17
8 a y = 4 x + 4 b y = −4x + 17 c y = −4 x − 4 – 2.5
–3
9 a x = 3, y = 4 and x = −4, y = −3 – 3.5
b x = 4, y = 3 and x = 0, y = −5 4 a i x = 30°, 150° ii x = 120°, 240°
c x = 8, y = −6 and x = −8, y = 6 b i −1 ii 0.5
16 63
d x = 5, y = 12 and x = − 5 , y = − 5 5 a y
*e x = 1−"17, y = −1−"17 and x = 1+"17, y =−1+"17 √3 1
2 !19 1 2!19 2 !19 1 2!19 2
*f x = −5 − 5 , y=5− 5 and x = −5 + 5 , y=5+ 5
18.5A
x
1 x² + y² = 53 –180˚ –120˚ –60˚ 0 60˚ 120˚ 180˚
2 y = 2x + 10, y = −2x − 10
3 a x² + y² = 37 b x² + y² = 32
c x² + y² = 673 d x² + y² = 58 –1
e x² + y² = 40 f x² + y² = 116 b y
g x² + y² = 169 h x² + y² = 10
1
4 a y = 20 − 3x and y = 3x − 20
34 3 3 34
b y = 5 − 5 x and y = 5 x + 5 0
x
– 180 – 90 90 180
3 13 3 13
c y = −2 x − 2 and y = 2 x − 2 – 1 y = – sin x
2 5!6 2 5!6
*d y = !6 x + 3 , y = −!6 x − 3 6 a A: translated up two units.
!8 !8 B: translated left two units.
*e y = 2 x + 6, y = − 2 x +6
C: reflected in x-axis.
5 x² + y² = 25.8 (3 sf ) b A: y = x2 + 2, B: y = (x + 2)2, C: y = −x2
6 x² + y² = 45.0 (3 sf ) 7 a 320 b Bacteria population growth
7 a y 80

70
29
60
Number of bacteria

50
x
− 29 29 40

30

− 29 20

b y = −2.5x − 14.5 or y = −2.5x + 14.5 10

8 x² + y² = 45
0
*9 A circle with centre (2, 4) and radius 3. A circle with equation 0 1 2 3 4
(x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = r2 has centre (a, b) and radius r. End of hour
1
10 the green chord is parallel to the tangent.
2, c Exponential growth. d y = 5(2x) e 13.9 (3 sf )
1
11 The line y = 2 x + 5 is parallel to the tangent to the circle at the 8 a 2.5 m/s2 b −12 m/s2 c 81 m
point (−2, 2) and lies above this tangent, therefore it does not 9 x2 + y2 = 81
intersect the circle. 10 a i (0, 0) ii 2"2
12 Multiple solutions possible e.g. a = 0, b = 2. b y = 4 − x and y = x − 4
y −y
13 a i x + r ii r − x
y (r − x) Assessment 18
b x+r= y
1 i D ii C iii B iv A
c x2 + y2 = r2. This is the equation of a circle with centre
2 i E ii C iii B iv A
(0, 0) and radius r, so P must lie on this circle.
v D
Review 18 36
3 a y= x
1 a C b A
2 a y b y
40 10
35 8
30 6
25 4
20 2
15 x
– 2– 1 0 1 2
10 –2
5 –4
x
– 3 – 2– 1 0 1 2 3
–5
– 10
535
 b y b Each year the population increases by another 12%
40 c p
35 800
30 700
25 600
20 500
15 400
10 300
5 200
x 100
– 12– 10 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–5 0 n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
– 10
– 15 d i 6.1 years ii 9.7 years
– 20
e 50 fish per year f 691 fish
– 25
– 30 10 a A(−2, 0) B(0, 5) C(2, 4) D(3, 5)
– 35 b A(−1, −4) B(1, 1) C(3, 0) D(4, 1)
– 40 c A(2, −4) B(0, 1) C(−2, 0) D(−3, 1)
c 4 and 9. The two points of intersection between y = 13 − x d A(−2, 4) B(0, −1) C(2, 0) D(3, −1)
36
and y = x are (4, 9) and (9, 4) which give the same pair of 11 a, b 6
numbers.
5
4 a, b y

Mass (m/s)
24 4
20
3
16
12 2
8
4 1

0 x 0
–4 –2 2 4
–4 0 1 2 3
–8 Time (s)
– 12 b Area under curve ≈ (0.5 × 1 × 1) + 0.5(1 + 2.5) +
– 16
0.5(2.5 + 6) = 6.5 m
1
c x= 2 d x = −4, 0, 3
Revision 3
e (−2, 20), (−1, 12), (2, −12) f x3 + x2 − 4x − 4 = 0
5 a, c y 1 a HCF = 30 , LCM = 485 100
14 b 3300 × 33 = (22 × 3 × 52 × 11) × 3 × 11
12 a = 22 × 32 × 52 × 112;
10
4410 × 10 = (2 × 32 × 5 × 72) × 2 × 10
8
6 = 22 × 32 × 52 × 72
c 9 − 7!3 9
4 2 a p = 4, q = 13 b a= 2 ,b=2
2
x
3 a iv, vii, iii, viii, ii, vi, i, v b iv and vii c iii and viii
–6 –5 –4–3–2–1 0 1 2 3 4 6 and 8
–2
–4 5 a No. a = 2 b No. b = 3 c No. c = 2 or 4
–6
6 a y = –x + 7 b y=x+3
b i −6, 2 ii −5.5, 1.5 iii −3.4, −0.6 iv −2 c (2, 5) d Check centre (2, 5), radius = 4
v −4, 0
7 a x = –1.1, 7.1 (1 dp) b x = 3 ± !17
d −3, −2.3, 1.3 y
9
e x2 + 4x = x ⇒ x(x2 + 4x) = 9 ⇒ x3 + 4x2 − 9 = 0
6 a 0, 1.5, 2.12, 2.6, 3, 2.12, 0, −3, 0 7 A
b h 6
5
3
2 4
1 3
0 x B2
– 1 20 60 100 140 180 220 260 300 340 1
–2
x
–3 – 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c −3 ⩽ h ⩽ 3 d 42° and 138° 8 a i 1.0827 × 1012 km3 ii 5.95 × 1024 kg
12
7 a 169π b 52 + 122 = 169 = 132 c 5 b 11 074 631 years (nearest year)
12
d Gradient of line segment (0, 0) to (5, 12) is 5 so gradient (
9 a 3 × 3 + 15 × 7.5 + 21 × 5012.5 + 9 × 17.5 + 2 × 22.5)
=
586.5
= 11.73
5 50
of tangent is the negative reciprocal −12 . Tangent passes
5 5 169
b Median = 11.5, IQR = 6
through (5, 12) so y − 12 = −12 (x − 5), y = −12 x + 12 . Sentence length
8 a y 50
Cumulative frequency

1
0.8 40
0.6
0.4 30
0.2
0 x 20
– 0.2 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
– 0.4
– 0.6 10
– 0.8
–1 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
b Twice. y = cos(x) and y = tan(x) cross exactly twice in Words per sentence
0 ⩽ x ⩽ 360.
9 a 280, 314, 351, 393

Answers
536
10 a Music exam practice 19.1A
100
90 1 1.2 m (1dp)
80 2 a 5 b 5 c !10 d 3!2
70 e !74 f 5 g !29 h 2!13
3 r = 30 mm
Test mark

60
50 4 8.1 cm (1 dp)
40 5 29 m (to nearest m)
30 6 a 42 + 82 = 80 ≠ 92 (Pythagoras’ theorem)
20 b Obtuse, 9 cm is longer than the hypotenuse of a right-angled
10 triangle with shorter sides 8 cm and 4 cm.
0 7 d = 1.21 m and h = 4.85 m (nearest cm)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours of practice
8 a The diagonal of a rectangle with sides 2 cm and 3 cm.
b The diagonal of a rectangle with sides 2 cm and 4 cm.
b A, H, students’ answers. c 36
UK unemployment rate
c The diagonal of a rectangle with sides 3 cm and 5 cm.
11 a Note
Unemployment rate (%)

8.0
7.5 Oct 2012 Either rectangles or right-angled triangles could be used.
7.0 – Sep 2013 9 27 cm2
6.5
10 240 cm2
6.0
11 60 m2
Oct 2013
– Sep 2014 12 3!23 cm
0
O N D J F M A M J J A S *13 a Area of large square = (a + b)2
1
Month = c2 + 4 × 2 ab = (area of small square + 4 triangles)
b The trend over the two years is one of consistently falling a2 + 2ab + b2 = c2 + 2ab
unemployment rates. Year 2 is lower overall than Year 1 a2 + b2 = c2
1 1 d 1
12 a i 216 ii 100 000 iii 5 iv 8 b i Area of semi-circle = 2 πr2 = 2 π A 2 B 2 = 8 × πd2
v 0 vi –7 Using a and b for the diameters of the smaller semi-
b i No. 129 ii No. 66 iii No. 2101 iv Yes circles and c for that of the largest circle.
1 1
v No. 916 Sum of areas of smaller semi-circles = 8πa2 + 8πb2 =
1 1
c i 5 ii 10 iii 4 iv 3 8 π(a 2
+ b2
) = 8 πc2
(Pythagoras’ theorem)
13 a 564 000 units b 1.95 × 1022 = area of largest semi-circle
C 1
14 a ii Area of equilateral triangle = 2 bh where
x 2 3 2
40
h = x − A 2 B = 4x
2 2
30
20 Area of equilateral triangle
10 1 "3 "3
v
= 2 × x × 2 x = 4 x2 x h
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Sum of equilateral triangles on two
b i 26 l/h ii 22 l/h shorter sides of right-angled triangle
c i 13 mph ii 24 mph, 80 mph =
"3 2
+
"3 2
=
"3 2
+ b2)
4 a 4 b 4 (a
d 44 mph as this is where fuel consumption is lowest. x
"3 2
Chapter 19 = 4 c2 (Pythagoras’ theorem)
= area of equilateral triangle on the hypotenuse of the
Check in 19 right-angled triangle.
1 a 49 b 52 c 34 *14 40!2 mm
d 48 e 45 f 8 15 a There are many – some examples are given below:
2 a x = 6y b x = 5y c x = 10y 3, 4, 5 5, 12, 13 7, 24, 25
d x=y
2
e x=y
5
f x=y
8 b Yes, multiplying all the sides of a right-angled triangle by the
same number gives a similar right-angled triangle.
19.1S c (2xy)2 = 4x2y2
1 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, (x2 + y2)2 = x4 + 2x2y2 + y4
256, 289, 324, 361, 400 (x2 − y2)2 = x4 − 2x2y2 + y4
2 a 21 cm2 b 9 mm2 c 14 m2 d 40 m2, 40 m2 (2xy)2 + (x2 − y2)2 = 4x2y2 + x4 − 2x2y2 + y4 = (x2 + y2)2
3 a 13 cm b 25 m c 50 mm 19.2S
4 a p = 9 cm b q = 60 mm c r = 24 m 25
5 a u = 39 mm b v = 8.4 m 1 a a = 7.5 cm tan 41° = b
c w = 5.9 cm (2sf ) d x = 75 cm (nearest cm) b b = 29 cm (nearest cm) c c = 4.1 m
e y = 2.9 m (2sf ) f z = 3.9 km (2sf ) d d = 8.6 m e e = 54 mm (nearest mm)
6 h = 72 mm f f = 1.6 km g g = 133 km (nearest km)
7 a 35 mm b 7.2 cm c 29.2 m d 180 km h h = 3.8 cm i i = 7.1 m
8 a a = 2!5 b b = 3!3 c c = 4!2 d d = 2!13 2 a a = 66.4° b b = 30° c c = 56.3° d d = 19.5°
e e = !3 f f = 4!2 e e = 51.3° f f = 29.4°
9 w = 6!7 cm 3 a A = 37° b E = 23°
10 a 10!2 cm b 5!2 cm C = 53° F = 67°
11 a 72 mm b 20 cm AC = 10 cm DF = 5 m
*12 QS = 21 cm c GI = 32 m d KL = 15 mm
13 d = 10.2 m (1 dp) HI = 11 m JK = 23 mm
G = 18° K = 50°

537
 e MN = 116 km f P = 54° 2 a ∠C = 41° (nearest °) b ∠K = 37° (nearest °)
NO = 435 km R = 36° ∠A = 81° (nearest °) ∠L = 31° (nearest °)
M = 75° PR = 72 cm c ∠R = 54° (nearest °)
4 a BC = 31.5 mm ∠Q = 47° (nearest °)
b ∠PRQ = ∠RPQ = 73° 3 a a = 8.3 cm (1 dp) b b = 147 mm (nearest mm)
∠PQR = 33° c c = 3.5 m (1 dp)
5 KN = KL = 19 cm (nearest cm) 4 a ∠A = 59° (nearest °) b ∠P = 59° (nearest °)
NM = LM = 30 cm (nearest cm) ∠B = 35° (nearest °) ∠Q = 70° (nearest °)
∠LKN = 77° (nearest °) ∠C = 86° (nearest °) ∠R = 51° (nearest °)
∠LMN = 48° (nearest °) c ∠X = 93° (nearest °) d ∠D = 90° (nearest °)
∠KNM = ∠KLM = 117° (nearest °) ∠Y = 47° (nearest °) ∠E = 67° (nearest °)
6 a ∠DCB =∠DAB = 116° ∠Z = 40° (nearest °) ∠F = 23° (nearest °)
∠ABC =∠ADC = 64 5 a Area = 214 m2 (to nearest m2)
b AC = 10.5 cm b Area = 17 cm2 (to nearest cm2)
*7 a, b, c c Area = 1658 mm2 (to nearest mm2)
6 a ∠A = 39° (nearest °) b DF = 6.8 cm (1 dp)
Angle sin cos tan ∠B = 69° (nearest °) ∠D = 41° (nearest °)
0° 0 1 0 AC = 26 m (2sf ) ∠F = 34° (nearest °)
1 "3
c ∠I = 92° (nearest °)
1 !3
30° 2 2 !3 = 3 ∠G = 52° (nearest °)
1 !2 1 !2 ∠H = 36° (nearest °)
45° = = 1
!2 2 !2 2 7 a BC = 5.2 cm (1 dp) b ∠D = 31° (nearest °)
60°
"3 1 ∠B = 36° (nearest °) ∠F = 57° (nearest °)
2 2 "3
∠C = 26° (nearest °) DE = 40 mm (2sf )
90° 1 0 ∙ c ∠I = 81° (nearest °) d ∠L = 76°
∠G = 61° (nearest °) KL = 20 m (2 sf )
8 a h = 4.8 m b d = 1.3 m
∠H = 38° (nearest °) JL = 26 m (2 sf )
19.2A 8 PR = 28 cm (2 sf )
1 a h = 168 m QS = 49 cm (2 sf )
92 + 242 − 212
b It is difficult to estimate the distance and angle accurately. 9 cos X = 2 × 9 × 24 = 0.5
The horizontal distance may be inaccurate because of the ∠X = cos−1 0.5 = 60°, ∠Z = 22° (nearest °), ∠Y = 98° (nearest °)
buildings that surround the base of the tower. The ground 10 a AC = 70 cm b CD = 30 cm
may not be horizontal. (The real height is 158 m.) *11 a ∠PQR = 90°, ∠QRS = 98°, ∠RSP = 76°, ∠SPQ = 96°
2 Yes, height = 9.534… + 1.6 = 11.134… m > 10 m b 11 cm (2 sf )
3 38 m 12 YZ = 1.3 m (1dp)
4 9.0 m XZ = 1.7 m (1dp)
5 Area = 144!3 cm2 19.3A
6 12!2 m2
1 Sam is 12 m nearer to Bob than to Ann (2 sf ).
7 81!3 mm2
36 2 Ship is now 5.3 km from the lighthouse (2 sf ).
8 No, tan θ = 240 = 0.15, θ = 8.53…° > 4°
1 3 126 m (nearest m)
9 a tan θ = 2 b tan θ = 3 c tan θ = 2
4 8.4 km (2 sf )
d tan θ = gradient m in y = mx
5 Distance back is 23 km (nearest km)
10 60°
6 Yes, area = 10 861 m2 (to nearest m2) > 10 000 m2
11 a θ = 31.0°
7 a Bearing of Rodley from Quinton = 163° (nearest °)
b Let x be the vertical height of the roof. x2 = 142 − 122 = 52,
b Rodley is 50 km nearer to Packham than Quinton (2 sf ).
x = !52 = 2!13
1 8 a 6.5 cm (1dp)
Total area = 24 × 21 + 2 × 24 × 2 !13 = 24(21 + !13) ft2
b 3.6 cm (1dp)
12 Perimeter = 120 mm
9 a 27°, 40° (nearest °)
Area = 432!3 mm2
b Total area = 96 m2 (2sf )
*13 90º –  10 a N
H Scale 1 cm represents 20 km
Q N
O
 66º 4.3 cm
66º
A 18º P
O
a sin θ = H = cos (90° − θ) 294º
O2 + A2 H2 6 cm
b (sin θ)2 + (cos θ)2 = Q HOR 2 + Q HA R 2 = H2 = H2 = 1
O d
O H sin θ
c tan θ = A = A
= cos θ Distance = 7 × 20 = 140 km
H
O A R Bearing = 235°
d tan θ × tan (90° − θ) = A × O =1
*14 a i 29 cm (nearest cm) ii 59 cm2 (nearest cm2) b d2 = 862 + 1202 − 2 × 86 × 120 × cos 84°
b i 31 cm (nearest cm) ii 71 cm2 (nearest cm2) d = 140 km (nearest km)
sin P sin 84°
120 = 139.615 ..., ∠P = 58.736…°
19.3S
Bearing from P = 294° − 58.736…° = 235° (nearest °)
1 a a = 23 cm (2 sf ) b b = 2.3 cm (2 sf )
c c = 64 mm (2 sf ) c The second method is better. Trigonometry is more accurate
and not subject to errors in measurements.
Answers
538
11 Speed = 12 km/h (2 sf ) b 130° (nearest °)
h
12 a In triangle ADC sin A = b , h = b sin A 8 a ∠RPS = 22° (nearest °)
h b Area of triangle RPS = 3.5 cm2 (1dp)
In triangle BDC sin B = a , h = a sin B
c ∠RPS = 25° (nearest °) d 3.1 cm2 (1dp)
b a sin B = b sin A
a b *9 a 47 mm (nearest mm) b 63° (nearest °)
Dividing by sin A sin B gives sin A = sinB
1 1 1 c 70° (nearest °)
c Area = 2 × AB × h = 2 × c × b sin A or 2 × c × a sin B 10 a AE = 1.4 m (2 sf ) b 56° (nearest °)
1 1
Area = 2 bc sin A or 2 ca sin B
19.4A
*13 a b2 = h2 + x2 (Pythagoras’ theorem)
a2 = h2 + (c − x)2 = h2 + c2 − 2cx + x2 (Pythagoras’ 1 Yes, h = 50.154… > 50 m.
theorem) 2 ∠ABC = 161° (nearest °)
Subtracting gives a2 − b2 = c2 − 2cx 3 a d = 22 km (nearest km)
so a2 = b2 + c2 − 2cx (1) Bearing = 065° (nearest °)
x b Yes, distance from P = 9.440… km < 10 km.
In triangle ADC cos A = so x = b cos A 3 4
b 4 a i sin θ = 5 ii cos θ = 5
Substituting in (1) gives a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A 5 12
b i cos θ = 13 ii tan θ = 5
b 2bc cos A = b2 + c2 − a2
c i sin θ = 0.6 ii tan θ = 0.75
Dividing by 2bc gives
b2 + c 2 − a 2 5
cos A = 2b
c a2 = h2 + (x + c)2 = h2 + x2 + 2cx + c2 (Pythagoras’ theorem) H
b2 = h2 + x2 O
Subtracting gives a2 − b2 = c2 + 2cx

so a2 = b2 + c2 + 2cx (1)
In triangle ADC cos (180° − ∠A) = b C
x A
O A
so x = b cos (180° − ∠A) (sin θ)2 + (cos θ)2 = Q H R 2 + Q H R 2
a
Substituting in (1) gives h b
2
O + A 2
H2
= H2 = H2 = 1
a2 = b2 + c2 + 2bc cos (180° − ∠A) 360°
6 Angle subtended at centre of circle by one side = n
But cos (180° − ∠A) = − cos A D x A c B
c+x Let r be the radius of the circle.
Therefore a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A 1 360°
Area of each triangle = 2 r2 sin Q n R
1 360°
19.4S Area of polygon, A = 2 nr2 sin Q n R
1 a AC = 20 cm b AG = 25 cm 7 a 34° (nearest °)
c ∠GAC = 37° (nearest °) d ∠FAB = 43° (nearest °) b £7632.23
2 a PS = 15 cm 8 Area of flowerbed = 1.56 m2
b i ∠SPR = 28° (nearest °) 9 ∠ARB = 19° (nearest °)
172 + 172 − 162 10 136π cm2
ii cos ∠QPR = 2 × 17 × 17 = 0.5570…
∠QPR = cos−1 0.5570… = 56.144…° *11 Mass = 26π kg
∠SPR = 56.144… ° ÷ 2 = 28° (nearest °) *12 42 seconds (nearest second) x a
3 a 7.2 cm (2sf ) b ∠PSU = 64° (nearest °) *13 Using Pythagoras x a
c ∠PMU = 71° (nearest °) a2 = 2x2, a = !2x
2
4 a i QV = 20"2 cm ii PV = 20"3 cm a + 2x = 1, so a + !2 a = 1 1m

b i ∠VQR = 45° ii ∠VPR = 35° (nearest °) a(1 + !2) = 1

1
5 a h = 40 cm b AC = 78 cm a = !2 + 1 = !2 − 1
c EC = 88 cm (nearest cm) d ∠ECA = 27° (nearest °) Perimeter = 8a = 8(!2 − 1) metres
1m
e ∠EBA = 53° (nearest °)
6 a i AQ = 61 cm (nearest cm) ii 25° (nearest °) 19.5S
iii 909 cm2 (2sf ) 1 a p = ( 23 ), q = A 20 B, r = A −2
−1
B
b P Q
b i A 46 B ii A −6
−3
B iii A 43 B
30 cm iv A 02 B v A 03 B vi A 44 B
0
vii A −1 B viii A 41 B ix A 22 B
c
60º b iii 2 c iv v
A X B a2b2c 3b
a c b b 2 3c
70 cm
XB i –b 23c
i cos 60° = 30 , XB = 15 a1b1c a 2a
QX
sin 60° = 30 , QX = 15!3
ii
2a 1 b b
2a 2a 1 3b
In triangle AQX, AX = 70 − 15 = 55 1 1 2 12 c
3b 1 2 a 2 2 c
AQ2 = 552 + (15!3)2 = 3700, AQ = 61 cm (nearest cm) vi 1
c
ii Using triangle AQX, 3b 2

QX 15"3
tan ∠QAB = AX = 55 , ∠QAB = 25° (nearest °) 2 a A 1B
1
b A
−1
B c A
−5
B
1 7 7
iii Area of AQB = 2 × 70 × 15!3 = 909 cm2 (2sf )
c i AR = 209 cm (nearest cm) d A 35 B e A 55 B f A 80 B
ii ∠RAC = 8.1° (to 1dp) → 3 → −3 →
3 a i PQ = A 1 B ii QR = A 4 B iii PR = A 05 B
7 a Shorter edges = 41 mm (nearest mm) → → →
Longer edges = 54 mm (nearest mm) iv RS = A −6
−7
B v PS = A −6
−2
B vi SP = A 62 B

539
 → →
b Yes, SP = 2 PQ *11 4.2
c y 12 N Scale 1 cm represents 1 km / h
9
R
8
7
6
bearing
boat 8 cm
5
4
3
Q 2 cm
P
2 result current
S
1 b Resulting speed = 6.7 km/h
x
– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bearing = 102°
→ 1 → 6 → 4
4 a i KL = A −7 B ii KM = A −6 B iii KN = A −4 B 19.5A
→ → →
iv ML = A −5
−1
B v LN = A 33 B vi NM = 2
A −2 B 1 a There are many possibilities. One of these is given below.
b y 2
A −2 B A 43 B A 05 B A −3 −3 −2 0 −1 3
−1 B A 0 B A −2 B A −2 B A −2 B A 1 B
4
3 b A 00 B because the boat starts and ends at the same place.
K
2 2 a p
1 iii
i ii q q q1p
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 p1q
–1
p
–2 N vi
v 3p
–3 b
–4 M
L iv
3q
c K, M and N
5 c = 4a d = − 3b e = a + 3b 3( p 1 q) 3p 1 3q

f = − 3a + 2b g = −3a − 2b h = 4a − b
i = 5a + 3b j = − a + 4b c q 2p 2 q
6 a 2( p 1 q)
p1q p
i iii iv p2r
4p d p p
2q
q q1r q
2r p p1q
2 2r ( p 1 q) 1 r p 1 (q 1 r)
ii p r r
v r
3p 3 a Using Pythagoras, length = "x2 + y2
vi y
q b Using trigonometry, angle = tan−1 x
p1q1r → 1 →
3p 1 r 1
4 a ON = 2 b MO = −2 a
p → 1 1 →
r MN = −2 a + 2 b AB = −a + b
b MN is parallel to AB and half as long as AB.
vii viii →
r 5 a PQ = −p + q (or q − p)
3r →
r2q2p QP = −q + p (or p − q)
→ 1
3r 2 q b OM = 2 ( p + q)
→
2q 6 a PQ = 6a + 2b
2q → →
2p b PQ = 2SR This means that PQ is parallel to SR and so
PQRS is a trapezium.
7 a (2, 4) b translation by vector A 01 B
8 a N
scale 1 cm represents 20 km / h
1
b s = q + r t = 2q + r u = r − 2q
1 2 bearing
c p = − 2q − 3r = 1688
7 a a=4 b b = 12 c c = −4 plane
12 3 −6 3
8 Q 8 R = 4 Q 2 R and Q −4 R = −2 Q 2 R 100 km / h
Resultant distance
9 a x = 5, y = −1 b x = 10, y = 9 131 km
c x=4 d x=3 1358
y = −1 y=2 wind
10 a i 5a ii −a iii −b iv −10b 40 km / h
b i Vectors p + 2q and q + 2r are both parallel to a. b Using the cosine rule
q + 2r is also equal in length to a, but p + 2q is 5 times (resultant speed)2 = 1002 + 402 − 2 × 100 × 40 × cos 135°
as long. resultant speed = 131 km/h (3sf )
ii Vectors q + r and 3q − p are both parallel to b, but in the sin θ sin 135°
Using the sine rule 40 = 131.365... , θ = 12.433…°
opposite direction. Bearing = 180° − θ = 167.566…° = 168° (nearest °)
q + r is equal in length to b, but 3q − p is 10 times c Trigonometry is more accurate because lengths on scale
as long. diagrams cannot be drawn or measured precisely.
Answers
540
 → 3 → 3 → 3
9 a i OP = 4 a ii BP = −b + 4 a iii MN = 8 a 9 u = A −5
6
B v = A −3
10 B
3
b MN is parallel to OA and the length of MN is 8 of the length
of OA. u
*10 B
b
v

M 1 N
G
2

O L a A

→ 10 a i u + v ii 1.5v iii 0.5v − u

a AB = −a + b b 0.25v − u
→ → → 1 1
ON = OA + AN = a + 2 (− a + b) = 2 (a + b) Assessment 19
→ 2→ 1
OG = 3 ON = 3 (a + b) 1 a Hannah needs to calculate the square root of 181.
→ → → 1 a = 13.45 (2 dp)
i AG = AO + OG = −a + 3 (a + b)
2
=−3a+3b
1 b Pawel calculated the square root of 242 + 252 instead of the
→ → → square root of 252 − 242. Side = 7 in.
GM = GO + OM 2 a 22 + 32 = 13, not 132 as in a Pythagorean triple.
1 1 1 1
= −3 (a + b) + 2 b = −3 a + 6 b b 202 + 992 = 10 201 ≠ 1002. 60, 80, 100 or 28, 96, 100.
→ 1→
GM = 2 AG 3 9.85 (3 sf )
AGM is a straight line and AG : GM = 2 : 1 4 a Yes, 52 + 122 = 169 = 132 b Yes, 92 + 122 = 225 = 152
→ → → 1 1 2 c No, 92 + 142 = 277 ≠ 172
ii BG = BO + OG = −b + 3 (a + b) = 3 a − 3 b
→ → → 1 d Yes, 1.62 + 3.02 = 11.56 = 3.42
1 1 1
GL = GO + OL= −3 (a + b) + 2 a = 6 a − 3 b e No, 112 + 192 = 482 ≠ 222
→ 1→ f Yes, 3.62 + 7.72 = 72.25 = 8.52
GL = 2 BG
5 a Right angled. b 10.0 cm (3 sf ) c 59.6°
BGL is a straight line and BG : GL = 2 : 1
6 a ∡HBS = 62° (Alternate), ∡SBL = 180 − 152 = 28°,
b The lines joining each vertex of a triangle to the mid-point
2 ∡HBL = 62 + 28 = 90°.
of the opposite side all meet at a point G which is 3 of the
b 4.38 mi (3 sf ) c 10.5 mi (3 sf )
way along each line.
→ → → d 55° e 117°
*11 Let AB = x, BC = y and CD = z x B Q y 7 a 320 m (3 sf ) b 111 m (3 sf )
→ 1 1 P
C
8 a 14° b 38.7°
PQ = 2 x + 2 y
→ A 9 a 8.09 m (3 sf ) b 7.89 m (3 sf )
AD= x + y + z R 10 a 7 cm. b 28.1°
→ → → 1 1
SR = SD + DR = 2 x + 2 y S z 11 a Check students’ drawings
2 −6 6 8
PQ and SR are parallel and equal in length. D b i a b ii a b iii a b iv a b
13 1 −1 12
This is sufficient to prove that PQRS is a parallelogram. v
4
vi a
14
a b b
*12 The statement can be proved by showing that the mid-points of −14 −9
the diagonals coincide. Check students’ drawings
→ →
In parallelogram PQRS, let PQ = a and PS = b c i "173 ii "37 iii "37 iv 4"13
→ → 1
PR = a + b and its mid-point M is such that PM = 2 (a + b) v 2"53 vi "277
→ → 1 d The vectors are parallel, and the same length.
QS = −a + b and its mid-point N is such that QN = 2 (−a + b)
→ → → 12 a Correct b Incorrect, −2x + 7y
1 1
Therefore PN = PQ + QN = a + 2 (−a + b) = 2 (a + b) c Incorrect, − 6y d Correct
→ →
Therefore PN = PM and the mid-points of the diagonals are e Incorrect, 2x + 3y f Correct
12 35 16 −1
the same point. 13 a a b b a b c a b d a b
3 −10 −10 3
S R
3 3 −40 56
b e a b f a b g a b h a b
−3 4 18 −15
−35
i a b
16

P a Q Chapter 20

Review 19 Check in 20
1 a = 20.2 mm, b = 12.8 cm 1 a 0.55 b 0.04 c 0.72 d 0.625
2 a = 8.56 cm, b = 1.21 cm, c = 6.57 cm e 0.6 f 0.34 g 0.9 h 0.18
3 a = 45.3°, b = 19.8° i 0.17 j 0.192 k 0.235 l 0.92
1 4 2 13
4 a i 15.3 cm ii 15.8 cm 2 a 6 b 5 c 9 d 15
b i 11.3° ii 75.3° 11 5 8 2
e 12 f 9 g 45 h 5
5 a 142 km b 212°
"3 20.1S
6 a 1 b 2
7 x = 7.12 cm, θ = 103° 1 a 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
8 25.2 cm2 b Canada, United States of America, Mexico
c 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29
d 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36

541
 2 a {1, 4, 9, 36} b {2, 3} c Ø b {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
1 1 4
d {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 23, 25, 29, 36, 49, 64, 81, c i 6 ii iv 9 iii 0
6
100}
4 a {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT}
3 a Factors of 10
b 3 c 2
b Multiples of 2
5 a Spinner 2
b {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
c Vowels 1 1 1
c i 9 ii 9 iii 3
d Outcomes of flipping a coin twice 1 3 5

Spinner 1
e Coins of the pound sterling 1 2 4 6
f First ten multiples of 3 2 3 5 7
4 a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 b 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 4 5 7 9
c 2, 3, 5, 7 d 1, 4, 9 6 a Spinner 2 b {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 20}
5 a {3,5,7} b {1, 9} 1 3 5 c i 9
1
ii 9
1
iii 3
2

c {1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9} d {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}

Spinner 1
1 1 3 5
6 Single digit numbers are less than ten and are integers. 2 2 6 10
7 a Yes, 10 and 20. b Yes, 2. 4 4 12 20
c Yes, 4, 9, and 36. d Yes, 9 and 36.
7 The product.
e No f No 1 1
g No h Yes, 3. 8 a 12 × 100 = 8 (1 sf ) b 18 × 100 = 6 (1 sf )
i No c You should expect to see a 6 more often in the list of sums
8 a i 8 ii 13 iii 9 iv 21 than in the list of products.
b Students who play neither hockey nor football. d You should expect to see a 3 about the same number of
13
c 25 times in the list of sums as in the list of products.
29 19 17 43 e No, it is not certain that 7 will appear in the list of sums.
9 a 50 b c d
50 50 50 9 a 1 2 2 3 3 3
e 14
1 2 3 3 4 4 4
20.1A 2 3 4 4 5 5 5
1 a 3 4 5 5 6 6 6
4 5 6 6 7 7 7
5 6 7 7 8 8 8
6 7 8 8 9 9 9
(right-angled equilateral triangle) 1 1 1 1
b An equilateral triangle has three 60° angles and cannot b i P(6) = 6 ii P(7) = 6 iii P(9) = 12 iv P(3) = 12
contain a right angle. c 4, 5 and 7.
2 a x=8 b A and B are disjoint. d 6 can be obtained from any of the outcomes on the unusual
3 3 dice. This is not so for 2, 3, 8, and 9 which all have lower
4 Maximum 0.15, Minimum 0 probabilities than 6.
5 5 20.2A
1 2 5
6 a 1 a 6 b 3 c 6
G R
1
24 16 2 4
8
1 5
32 3 a B1 R2 Y2 G3 B2 R4 b i 9 ii 12
1 1 2 0 3 2 4
b i 0.1 ii 0.6 iii 0.7 iv 0.2 2 2 4 0 6 4 8
7 a 3 3 6 0 9 6 12
B G
4 4 8 0 12 8 16
25 15 0 5 5 10 0 15 10 20
40 6 6 12 0 18 12 24

b i 0.1875 ii 0.5 iii 0.8125 iv 0.3125 4 a

9
b
9
c
19
100 10 100
*8 a b Squares. c The answers would not differ.
2 3 2
5 a i 15 ii 5 b 3
5 1
*6 a 12 b 2
1 1 1
(square) *7 a i 18 ii 6 iii 9
*9 0.06 b One of the following pairs: A and C, A and E, B and D,
B and E.
20.2S c Four pairs
1 1 7 6 1
1 a 12 b 6 c 36 d 36 = 6
20.3S
e {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
2 1 19 8 2 8 2 1 a 500 worried about
2 a 36 = 18 b 36 c 36 = 9 d 36 = 9 debt
e {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 30, 36} 2000 lives at home
3 a 1 2 3 4 5 6 1500 not worried
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 about debt
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
750 worried about
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1250 debt
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 does not live
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 at home
500 not worried
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 about debt
b 0.38
Answers
542
2 a brakes lights 20.3A

lights work 1 a 0.84

2160 b P(Draw then win) = P(Draw) × P(Win),
brakes work P(Lose then win) = P(Lose) × P(Win)
2700
c Students’ own responses e.g. No, losing the first match
540 lights do not
work results in a drop in confidence, reducing the chance of
winning the next match.
180 lights work 2 a first test second test third test
300 brakes do pass
70%
not work
120 lights do not
work
b 840
c Tommy is wrong because there are other features that can 80% pass
cause a car to fail an MOT which are not discussed here. 30% 80% pass
fail
3 a, e 96,
4
in the pension scheme
5 20% fail
fail
120, 1 male 20%
3
1 not in the pension b i 0.24 iii 0.012
24, 5
scheme 3 a
7 1 makes the flight
168, 10 in the pension scheme
240, 2
0.8 catches first
3 female
train 0 misses the flight
3
72, 10 not in the pension
scheme
11 0.7 makes the flight
b 0.73 c 0.3 d 0.7 f 15
4 a 1 0.2 catches
10 late second train
0.3 misses the flight
2 b 0.94
travels by car
5
9 not late 4 a Yes, (X ∩ Y) contains all outcomes where both balls are the
10 same colour and that colour is blue.
1 1 3
b P(X) = 2 , P(Y) = 7
5 late
1 3
3 P(X ∩ Y) = P(Z) = 2 × 7 = P(X) × P(Y)
travels by train
5 5 first ball second ball
4 not late
5 2
white
b late 3
6 2
white
travels by car 3
60 1 black
54 not late 3
2
3 white
18 late
1 black
90 travels by train 3
1 black
72 not late 3
4 5
c 24 days d 0.16 P(A) = 9 , P(B) = 9
5 a 4
P(A ∩ B) = > P(A) × P(B) = 81
20
tests positive 9
95
A and B are not independent.
1
100 taking the drug *6 a 9
does not test b 1
5 four
positive 6
1
red
8 tests positive 9
5 not four
400 not taking 6
the drug 1
392 does not test
6 four
positive
8 not red
b 103 c 8 d 0.974
9
5 not four
1
6
c 6

543
 d Using the spinner does not affect Sara’s likelihood of getting 20.4A
a four. If the spinner lands on red, the possible scores are
1 a 1
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 and if the spinner does not land on red 4 late
the possible scores are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Either way the
1 1
possible scores are equally likely and P(4) = 6 . bus
4 1 3 on time
e i P(finish) = P(not red and 5) = 27 < 6 . 3
1 1 4
ii P(finish) = P(red and 4) = 54 < 6 .
1
20.4S 1 5 late
4
1 a 0.9 b 0.5 c 0.8 train
d P(S ∩ R) = 0.4 4 on time
P(S) × P(R) = 0.5 × 0.8 = 0.4 S and R are independent. 5
2 1
5 10 late
2 2 2 12
car
9 9 9 1
3 9 on time
10
7
4 2 1 P(late) = 40
b i 9 ii 9 iii 2 10
c P and F are not independent because P(P | F) ∙ P(P). b 21
43
3 a 179 b 181
98 2 a 0.036 b 0.056 c 0.64
98 23 1 6
c No. P(Walks to school | in year 11) = 181 is higher than 3 a 38 b 2 c 23
141
P(Walks to school) = 360 . 4 a match 1 match 2
4 a The following tree diagram describes drivers who are win
0.6
involved in a serious accident.
0.2 draw
92% survives win
0.5 lose
seatbelt 0.2
95%
8% does not survive
0.5 win
0.1 0.1
56% survives draw lose
5% no seatbelt 0.4 draw

44% does not survive

b P(No seatbelt and survives) = 0.05 × 0.56 = 0.028 0.4 0.3 win
5 a Activity Outcome lose 0.4
draw
0.3 lose
62 injury
b 0.67 c 0.22
375 ski 5 a 0.29 b 0.31 c 0.72
313 no injury Review 20

1 Even numbers Multiples of 3

33 injury
216 snow board 8 6 3
12 18 9
no injury 14
183
7 2 15
b
11
c
33 16 4
72 95
11 10
6 a 13 20
1568 tests positive
17 1 5
has illness 19
1600 Factors of 20
32 tests negative 4 2
10 =5
2 a 0.08 ii 0.1025
7984 tests positive 3 a Egg Cheese Tuna
798 400 does not have White W, E W, C W, T
illness Brown B, E B, C B, T
790 416 tests negative
Granary G, E G, C G, T
b 0.000040 c 0.16
1 1 4
b i 3 ii 9 iii 9

Answers
544
4 a 1 3 1 3 3 9
first set second set 5 a B 4 , A 4 ; BB 16 , BA 16 ; AB 16 , AA 16
0.35 red b
1
c
7
16 16
6 a 0.1
0.15 red b Day 1 Day 2
0.65 not red S
0.65
0.25 P
S
0.35 red 0.65 0.1 B
0.85 not red 0.65 S
0.65 not red 0.25 0.25 P
P
b i 0.5525 ii 0.4475
c 0.65 0.1
B
3 1 1
0.1 0.65 S
5 a i 8 ii 8 iii 2
B 0.25
b
1
c
2 P
4 7
6 a 1 B 0.1
5 Max late
c i 0.025 ii 0.4225 iii 0.165 iv 0.19
1 7 No, P(A) × P(R) = 0.07 ≠ P(A and R) = 0.15.
Mia late
20 8 a P(H) + P(T) = 1, so P(H) = 1 − P(T) = 1 − p
4 Max not late 6 2
5 b p(1 − p) = 25 ⇒ 25p(1−p) = 6 ⇒ 25p−25p2 = 6, p = 5
1 c P(T) < P(H), so p must be the smaller solution.
10 Max late 9 a W
19 0.2
20 Mia not
late T
9 Max not late 3
10 0.8 L
10
171 21
b i 200 ii 200

Assessment 20
1 a 7 0.35 W
T M 10
S

0.65 L
24 17 19 2 61
b P(W|T) = 10 ≠ P(W) = 200
12 49
20 c P(T|W) = 61 d P(S|L) = 55

41 11 3 17
Lifeskills 4
b i 80 ii 20 iii 4 iv 80 1 118
41 9 369 17
c No, P(T) × P(M) = 80
× 20 = 1600 ≠ 80 = P(T∩M). 2 a 15.4 m b 33.9° c 244 m3 d 158 m2
2 a e The marquee comprised of a cylinder and cone is cheaper.
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 → 200 → −200 → −100
3 a TB = a b TA = a b TR = a b
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 50 −300 100
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 b TB = 206 m, TA = 361 m, TR = 141 m
c 137.5°
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
4 0.412
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
5 1257 customers, 11 142 customers, 23rd month.
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Chapter 21

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Check in 21
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 a 10, 12 b 70, 64 c 16, 22
1 1
b i 32
1
ii 64
7
iii 64
5 d −2, −5 e 48, 96 f 6, 7
2 9
c 9 2 4(n − 1), 15 − n, 2n + 7, 2n , n + 15
d All outcomes were assumed to be equally likely. 3 Square numbers, the numbers give the areas of squares with
3 a b n = 16 integer sides.
T F
21.1S
1 a −10, −7, −4, −1 b 2.5, 7.5, 12.5, 17.5
3 1 3 1
4 2 3 c 14 , 24 , 24 , 34 d 1.2, 1.35, 1.5, 1.65
e 12.5, 9.5, 6.5, 3.5 f 5, 1, −3, −7
3 1 3 1
g 9, 7.5, 6, 4.5 h 14 , 14 , 4 , 4
11
2 a 13 b 10 c 23, 29 d 19, 27
3 3
4 Tea 17, Coffee 15; Tea-Chocolate 12, Tea-Plain 5; e 18 f 4, −2 g 14 , 4 h 1.1, 0.95
Coffee-Chocolate 10, Coffee-Plain 5 3 6, 9, 12

545
 4 1, 6, 11 d 25, 36 e 10, 15 f 24, 18
5 a 47 b 67 c 407 d 4007 g −32, −55
6 a 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 b 6, 10, 14, 18, 22 3 a 36 b2 c 5 d 11, 29
c 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 d 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 e 50, 76 f 15 g −1
e 2, 7, 12, 17, 22 f −4, −2, 0, 2, 4 4 a i 4, 7, 12, 19, 28 ii 3, 8, 15, 24, 35
g −9, −6, −3, 0, 3 h 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5 iii 0, 4, 10, 18, 28 iv 2, 8, 18, 32, 50
2 1 2 1
i 2, 4.5, 7, 9.5, 12 j 13 , 13 , 1, 3 , 3 v 6, 12, 22, 36, 54
2 1 2 1 2
k 3 , 16 , 13 , 26 , 23 b i 103 ii 120 iii 108
7 a −2, −4, −6, −8, −10 b 14, 13, 12, 11, 10 iv 200 v 204
c 8, 6, 4, 2, 0 d 20, 15, 10, 5, 0 5 a i 2, 5, 10, 17, 26 ii −2, 1, 6, 13, 22
e 1.5, −4.5, −10.5, −16.5, −22.5 iii 4, 9, 16, 25, 36 iv −2, 2, 8, 16, 26
f 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5 v 3, 10, 21, 36, 55 vi 2.5, 5, 8.5, 13, 18.5
8 a 2n + 1 b 3n + 1 c 3n + 2 d 6n − 2 vii 6, 14, 26, 42, 62 viii −1, 0, 3, 8, 15
e 10n − 3 f 8n − 6 g 1.5n + 0.5 h 0.6n + 0.8 b i 2 ii 2 iii 2 iv 2
9 a 18 − 3n b 14 − 4n c 9 − 4n v 4 vi 1 vii 4 viii 2
d 1 − 3n e 1.25 − 0.75n 6 a n2 + 3 b n2 −4 c 2n2 d n2 + n
10 a 38 b 4n − 2 e n2 + 4n f n2 + 2n g 2n2 + 2n + 2
c 10th term = 4 × 10 − 2 = 38 h 4n − n2
11 No. Multiple explanations possible, for example 7 a 10 − n2 b 20 − 2n2
If 5n − 3 = 75, 5n =78, n = 15.6 c n − n2 d n + 10 − n2
The sequence is 2, 7, 12, 17, … the units digit is always 2 or 7 8 a Estimates between 30 and 40
so 75 will not be term. b n2 + n
c If n2 + n ⩾ 1000 then n2 + n − 1000 ⩾ 0
21.1A
Smallest value of n = 32.
1 No – the 10th term will be 39 (it is not double the 5th term) 9 No – if n2 + 3 = 150 then n2 = 147. 147 is not a square number
2 No – it’s 4n + 1 so 150 is not in the sequence.
3 a Match each sequence with the correct ‘term-to-term’ rule 10 Yes: 3n2 − n = n (3n −1)
and ‘position-to-term’ rule. If n is even: 3n − 1 is odd so and even × odd = even
If n is odd: 3n − 1 is even and odd × even = even
4, 1, −2, −5, … Subtract 3 T(n) =7 − 3n
21.2A
6, 10, 14, 18, … Add 4 T(n) = 4n + 2
1 No – the 10th term is not usually double the 5th term (or the
3, 10, 17, 24, … Add 7 T(n) = 7n − 4 10th term = 103)
2 a No – as the second difference = 2, the nth term will
6, 2, −2, −6, … Subtract 4 T(n) = 10 − 4n start with ‘n2’
b Students own response b n2 − n + 5
4 a m = 2n + 1 b 101 c 50th 3 T(n) = n2 − n: 0, 2, 6, 12; T(n) = n2 − 1: 0, 3, 8, 15;
5 Students own response T(n) = n2 + 2: 3, 6, 11, 18; T(n) = n(n + 1): 2, 6, 12, 20;
6 29 post and 84 planks T(n) = 4 − n2: 3, 0, −5, −12
7 57 squares 4 Many answers possible including n2 + n + 1, 2n2 − 2n + 3,
1 2 1 2 2
8 Yes – multiplying by 4 will always give an even number. 2 n + 22 n, 3n − 5n + 5, 4n − 8n + 7
Subtracting two from an even number will always give an 5 a
even number.
9 Every number ending in 3 is 2 less than a number ending in 5.
3 3
Any number ending in 5 is a multiple of 5. Therefore, any b m = 2 n2 − 2 n + 4 c 10th pattern
number ending in 3 is 2 less than a multiple of 5 and so can be d 3679 matches
represented by the formula 5n – 2 for positive integer values of n. 6 e.g.
10 a Pattern 1 2 3 4

Squares 8 10 12 14

The term-to-term rule is ‘add 2’ so the formula is 2n + a for

some constant a. The first term is 2(1) + a = 8 so a = 6.
b There are always six squares in each
pattern at the ends (three at each end). 7 a
This relates to the ‘+6’ part of the nth term.
The pattern needs double the number
of blue squares – top and bottom – which relates to the
‘2n’ part of the nth term. b
11 a 98 – 7n b 5n + 73 c 5n – 474 d 0.68n + 89.04
*12 The two sequences might contain the same term in
different positions.
21.2S
1 a 2, 3, 6, 11 b 5, 7, 11, 17 c 10, 11, 13, 16 8 316
d 5, 8, 14, 23 e 10, 9, 6, 1, f 8, 6, 2, −4 9 a 24 moves b 15 moves, 8 moves.
2 a 31, 43 b 24, 34 c 23, 31

Answers
546
 c 11 Yes – using this rule, T(1) = 1, T(2) = 3), T(3) = 6,... which is
Number of pairs 1 2 3 4
the triangular number sequence.
Number of moves 3 8 15 24 12 Both are correct, the square numbers form a quadratic sequence.
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
d Number of moves = n + 2n where n = number of pairs.
2
13 a i 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ii 2, 5, 10 , 17 , 26
number of moves for 50 pairs = 2600 iii
1 1 1 1
1, 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 iv
1 4 9 16 25
2, 3, 4, 5 , 6
10 a 1 3 6 10 15
1st Diff 2 3 4 5 v 0.9, 0.81, 0.729, 0.6561, 0.59049
2nd Diff 1 1 1 vi 1.1, 1.21, 1.331, 1.4641, 1.61051
The second difference is 1 so the first part of the nth term b i The sequence approaches 1. ii The terms get smaller.
1
is 2 n2 iii The terms get smaller. iv The terms get larger.
1 2 1 1
v The terms get smaller. vi The terms get larger.
2n 2
2 42 8
21.3A
Sequence 1 3 6 10
1 Many answers possible including:
1 1
Difference 2
1 12 2 a 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 b 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128
1 c 4, 5, 9, 14, 23, 37 d 4, 6, 10, 16, 24, 34
The nth term for the difference is 2 n
1 1 1 2 a 32 b7 c –19.5 d –1, 7
So the overall nth term is: 2 n2 + 2 n = 2 n (n + 1)
b Consider each term of the triangular sequence being e 768 f 1 g 9"3 h 16
doubled and rearranged as rectangle: 3 a Yes. This method creates the pattern shown below which
represents the triangle numbers.
x x xx xxxx xxxxx x x x
xx x xxxx xxxxx xx xx
xxx
xxxx xxxxx b Pentagonal numbers: 1, 5, 12, 22 …
xxxxx
The nth term of the sequence can be arranged as a rectangle
with dimensions n × (n + 1).
But this is twice the value of the triangular number and so:
1
nth triangular number = 2 n (n + 1) Hexagonal numbers: 1, 6, 15, 28 …
*11 a n3
b 2n 3

c n3 – n d n3 – 2n2 + 3n – 4
21.3S
1 a 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55
b 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100 Tetrahedral numbers: 1, 4, 10, 20, …
c 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000 4 a Students own presentation
2 a 21 + 3 + 6 b 28 + 3 c 28 + 3 + 1 b The diagonals of Pascal’s Triangle sum to Fibonacci
3 a arithmetic b arithmetic numbers.
c Fibonacci-type d quadratic c The ratios of consecutive terms converge to the golden
e geometric f arithmetic ratio.
g Fibonacci-type h geometric 5 a Option 3: By the end of the February: £2.7 million
i quadratic j arithmetic b Option 3: By the end of the September: £10.7 million
1
k geometric l geometric 6 a This geometric sequence has first term 2 and common
1
m geometric n geometric ratio 2 .
1 3 7 15 31
o arithmetic p geometric b 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , 32
4 Yes, as they have a constant second difference of 1. They can be c The square in the diagram has area 1. S(n) covers a
1 1
represented by the quadratic expression 2 n2 + 2 n. proportion of the square and the remainder is uncovered.
5 a 6, 8, 10 b 8, 16, 32 c 6, 10, 16 S(n+1) will cover the space of S(n) plus half the remaining
d Multiple answers possible, for example 7, 11, 16 space. As S(n) gets large the amount of uncovered space
6 a 3, 6, 12, 24 b 10, 50, 250, 1250 gets smaller but never disappears, so the terms of S(n)
c 3, 1.5, 0.75, 0.375 d 2, −6, 18, −54 approach 1 but never reach 1.
1 1 1 1
e 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 f −3, 6, −12, 24 7 a In the second step multiply the number by 7 instead.
g 4, 4!3, 12, 12!3 h !3, 3, 3!3, 9 b In the second step multiply the number by 5 instead.
i 2!5, 10, 10!5, 50 c Students own responses.
7 a 15, arithmetic sequence with difference 5. 8 a ab, ab3, ab5, ab7, ab9
b 20, geometric sequence with common ratio 2. b c2d 7, c4d5, c6d3, c8d, c10d−1
c 15 Fibonacci-type sequence. c 3x − 6, 6x2 − 12x, 12x3 − 24x2, 24x4 − 48x3, 48x5 − 96x4
d 17, quadratic sequence with second difference 2. 9 In all cases assuming a ≠ 0. If r > 1 or r < –1 the terms will
a b
8 b = c so by multiplying both sides of the equation by bc, ac = b2 diverge. If r = 1 the terms will remain constant. If r = –1 the
and thus !ac = b. terms will oscillate between two values. If –1 < r < 1 the terms
9 Several answers possible including: 12 = 13 = 1, 43 = 82 = 64, will converge.
93 = 272 = 729. Review 21
10 a 3, 4, 7, 11, 18 b 0, –1, –1, 0, 1
c 3, 5, 11, 21, 43 d 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 1 a i 44, 53, 62 ii 19, 6, −7 iii 9.2, 10.8, 12.4
e 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 b i +9 ii −13 iii +1.6
2 a 73 b 141

547
 3 a 6n − 5 b 7n + 8 14 a $1.5 per £ b $187.5 c £80
c 63 − 12n d −1.5n − 5
22.1A
4 a 175 b 340
5 a x2 + 3 b 3x2 − x c 2x2 + 3x − 1 1 89.25 mph
6 a Geometric b Quadratic c Fibonacci-type 2 300 kg
d Arithmetic e Quadratic f Geometric 3 8.5 g/cm3
1 1 4 32 mph
7 a i 15, 21 ii 25 , 36
1 1
5 525 km, 2 hours 12 minutes 30 seconds, 37.3 kmph, 215 km,
b i (n + 1) ii
2n n2 37.14 kmph.
8 a 32, 64, 128 b 2n 6 a 5 g/cm3 b 87.88 g
n 10
9 a 2!2n − !2; 19!2 b 2n + 1 ; 21 7 a 5.96 g/cm3 b 105 blocks
Assessment 21 8 a 10 500 kg/m3 b 4 500 kg/m3 c 2 700 kg/m3
9 a £89.25 b 15 hours
1 a E b D c H d F 10 £42.24
e G f A g C h I 11 4 hours
i B 12 a 550 N/cm2 b 17.3 N/cm2
2 a +10 b 10n − 9
3 a i 2n + 8 ii 2n + 2 22.2S
b 54 c 42 1 a 50 mm b 80 mm c 150 mm d 67 mm
4 a Each term is the sum of the two previous terms. e 193 mm f 45 mm g 43 mm h 106 mm
b 55, 89 c 144 = 122 d Fibonacci i 800 mm j 1000 mm
5 a Correct. 2 × 10 + 7 = 27 2 a 6 cm b 8.5 cm c 24 cm d 6.3 cm
b Incorrect. 6 × 1 − 5 = 1, 6 × 2 − 5 = 7, 6 × 3 − 5 = 13 e 0.4 cm f 400 cm g 1000 cm h 350 cm
c Incorrect. 13 − 3 × 100 = −287 i 160 cm j 163 cm
d Incorrect. 102 − 10 = 100 − 10 = 90 3 a 4m b 4.5 m c 4.75 m d 4.7 m
e Correct. 15 − 3 × 1002 = 15 − 30 000 = −29 985 e 0.5 m f 1000 m g 4000 m h 500 m
6 No. The ratio is decreasing, 1 : 2, 1 : 4, 1 : 6 i 3500 m j 18 000 m
7 a Dawn 4 a 8 m2 b 80 000 cm2
5 a 24 m2 b 240 000 m2
6 a 400 mm2 b 730 mm2 c 1090 mm2 d 250 mm2
e 40 000 mm2
7 a 6 cm2 b 12 cm2 c 8.5 cm2 d 65 cm2
b D=
t(t+1) e 100 cm2
2
c i 55 dots ii 1275 dots iii 5050 dots 8 a 4 m2 b 8.5 m2 c 100 m2 d 12.5 m2
p(p−3) e 0.5 m2
8 a 9, 14, 20 b D= 2
9 a 50 000 cm2 b 100 000 cm2 c 65 000 cm2
c i 35 ii 1175 iii 4850 d 77 500 cm2 e 6000 cm2
9 a False. –1 b False. 15 × 16 ÷ 2 = 120. 10 a 232.5 cm2 b 193.75 cm3
c False 210 d True. All terms would be the same.
20
10 a –2 b 9 c a + d, a + 2d, a + 9d 22.2A

Chapter 22 1 a 2268 cm2 b 240.57 litres

2 244 cm2
Check in 22 3 125 cm3
1 a i £49.50 ii 66 mm 4 a Their sides are all the same length, so any scale factor will
iii 52.8 km iv 4 hours 24 minutes be constant on all dimensions.
b i 4.5 miles ii 43.5 minutes b The scale factor on one dimension could be different from
iii 10.5 kg iv £46.50 that on another.
2 a 40 mph b 42.5 mph c 54 mph d 32 mph c i 1 : 49 ii 1 : 343
3 a 600 cm3 b 351.9 cm3 c 45.92 cm3 5 a 2:3 b 34 cm2 c 81 cm3
4 a 500 cm2 b 276.5 cm2 c 107 cm2 6 Deal A
7 Volume of original cone : volume of removed cone = 33 : 23 so
22.1S
volume removed cone : volume frustum = 27–8 : 8.
1
1 a 7.7 m/s b c 6.8 m/s d 5.1 m/s
1
7.1 m/s 260.3 188.5
8 No, Q 1017.9 R 2 ≠ Q 1352.2 R .
3

2 a 160 km b 161 miles c 54 m d 288 miles

3 a 3 hours b 4 hours c 20 minutes d 15 minutes 22.3S
4 1.425 g/cm3 1 a false b true c false d true
5 a 9.46 g b 6.15 litres e true
6 a 5704 kg b 3400 kg c 61 824 kg d 125 cm3 2 a w b w
e 24.7 cm3 f 2000 cm3 16 16
7 a 1.29 N/m2 b 19.3 N/cm2 c 0.46875 m2 12 12
d 7424 N e 12.64 cm2 f 68.88 N 8 8
8 £2.10/m 4 4
9 £11.95/hour 0
x y
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
10 a 2.5 litres/s b 1.6 litres/s
11 1200 litres
12 a 2.4 units/hour b 57.6 units
13 a 500 km b 20 litres c 12.5 km/litre

Answers
548
 c x d x 3 a, b y
32
32 9
24
24 8
16
16 7
8
8 6
y z
0 4 8 12 16 5
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
4
Two variables that are in direct proportion have a straight-line
3
graph passing through (0, 0).
2
3 a w = kl b 2.48 kg/m c 7.192 kg
1
4 a doubled b halved
x
c multiplied by 6 d divided by 10 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
d multiplied by 0.7 –1

5 a halved b doubled –2

c divided by 6 d multiplied by 10 –3

d divided by 0.7 c −4, −2, 0, 2, 4 d Gradient = 2p

6 a 10 people b 25 hours c 40 hours 4 a i 1 ii 0
2
7 a 2 b 8 c 0.4 b 3
d 16 e 0.16 f 32 c The section with gradient 1 is twice as long as the section
500
8 y= w with gradient 0.
9 800 5 a, d y
10 4 40
11 a d = kt b 48 c 120 miles 35
d 3 hours 20 minutes 30
25
22.3A
20
1 Pack A: 1.2p per pin > Pack B: 1.15p per pin. Pack B is better 15
value. 10
2 Regular, 0.7 pence/sheet < 0.77 pence/sheet. 5
3 a R = 100s2 b 64 c 1.41 x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 A = πr2 so the area is directly proportional to the square of the –5
radius, with constant of proportionality π. b i 7 ii 7 iii 7
Students’ answers e.g. C = 2πr, the circumference of a c 7 d All the chords and the tangent are parallel.
circle is directly proportional to the radius, with constant of 6 The gradient at P is 2p and the equation of the tangent is
proportionality 2π. y = 2px − p2. This crosses the y-axis at (0, −p2), as required.
5 615 cm2 (3 sf ) . 7 a
(4 + h)2 − 10 − (4 − h)2 + 10 16h
= 2h = 8
100 2h
6 a F = d2 ; 11.1 N, 6.25 N b The chords which tend closer and closer to the tangent at
b Inter-magnet force (4, 6) all have gradient precisely 8. The tangent itself
100
therefore has gradient precisely 8.
90
80 22.4A
70
1 a −10 m/s b The ball is falling 10 m each second.
Force, F (N)

60
2 a No profit is made if the price is zero or if the price is too
50
high for potential customers.
40
b At this point the profit is maximised.
30
c 0.6 pounds (i.e. 60p) gives the greatest profit.
20
At this point the profit is maximised.
10
3 a −4, −1, −0.5 b °C per minute.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 c Initially the temperature drops at approximately 4°C per
Distance, d (cm) minute. The temperature continues to fall at a gradually
7 A green B red C black D blue reducing rate until it reaches approximately 10°C.
8 1 hour 2 minutes 30 seconds 4 a
Speed, v (m/s)

10 25 20
9 a y = !x b i 1 ii 36 10
32 5
10 a P = t3 b i 127 ii 4 0
1 2 3 4
– 10
22.4S
– 20
2.53 − 1.53
1 a 13 b 2.5 − 1.5 = 12.25 c y = 12x − 16 Time, t (seconds)

2 a 4 b Acceleration c −10 m/s2

(2.53 − 2.5 × 9) − (1.5 − 1.5 × 9)
3
5 a Approximately 375 m/s b Approximately 750 m/s
b 2.5 − 1.5 = 3.25
c y = 3x − 16 22.5S
1 a 1.25 b 0.75 c 1.025 d 0.975

549
 2 a Number of trout in lake b Vehicles on new road
800 6000
700 5500

Number of vehicles
600 5000
Population

500 4500
400 4000
300 3500
200 3000
100 2500
2000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time after opening (months)
b i Trout = 800 × 0.85 n
c This implies the annual increase in vehicles continues to
3 a Number of bacteria
rise, in reality it is likely to level off at a certain value.
600
500 4 a Each year the number of trees is 70% of the previous
Population

400 number, × 0.7, plus the 60 new trees, + 60.

300
b 208 trees
200
c Smooth curve passing through (0, 250), (1, 235), (2, 224),
100
(3, 217), (4, 212), (5, 208).
5 a 6 months b 7.07%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 6 £8934.34
Time (minutes)
7 a Liam calculated the simple interest. He should multiply by
b i 181 ii 362
1.0456 to work out the compound interest.
c The population has doubled.
b Interest = £P(1.045n − 1) c £6400
4 a A number is increased by 50% by multiplying by 1.5, this
8 3.085%
increase occurs n times in n hours from a starting value
9 a i Temperature of coffee ii 0.8°C/minute
of 200. 100
Temperature, T (ºC)
b 400 × 1.35n c 7 hours 80
5 a 16 000 × 0.85n b £8352.10 c 9 years 60
6 a 56 859 b 10 years 40
7 a End of year Amount in the account (£) 20
2 2163.20
3 2249.73 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
4 2339.72 Time, t (minutes)
5 2433.31 b i Yes, the formula gives values close to Tanya’s data.
6 2530.64 ii 20 °C is room temperature, the values are approaching
7 2631.86 this limit. 65 °C is the difference between the initial
8 2737.14 temperature of the coffee and room temperature. 0.97t
9 2846.62 refers to the fact that the temperature decreases by
10 2960.49 3% each minute.
b 48% *10 a Number of years Amount left (kg)
r 1
c i Multiplier for percentage increase = 1+ 100 . Number of 30 = 30 × 1 2

times increase occurs = n. Initial amount = P. 60 = 30 × 2 12

2
8 7 90 = 30 × 3 13
2
9 a, b i World population n 1 30
n

7 n = 30 × 30 2
Population (billions)

6 b Decay of caesium-137
1
caesium-137 (kg)

5
0.8
Amount of

4
3 0.6
2 0.4
1 0.2

0 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 0 20 40 60 80 100 120140

Year Time (years)
ii 1.25% c The y-values would be multiplied by 1000.
22.5A Review 22
1 a £66.33 b £235.27 c £723.40 1 1.25 Pa
2 She is incorrect. The yearly interest on the half-yearly saver 2 £0.21 or 21 p per 100 g
account is 4.04% > 4%. 3 a i 364.5 kcal ii 14.2 g iii 1.2 g
3 a The number of vehicles per day when the road opens is b 190 g
2400. The number of vehicles increases by 8% each year. 4 a 6700 mm b 44 min, 11 s c 0.45 litres
d 25.2 km/h e 0.067253 m2
5 a 526.5 cm3 b 40 cm2
6 a y = 1.2x
b i 9.48 ii 9.67 (3 sf )

Answers
550
7 a y = 2x2 4 BC = 5.28 m (3 sf )
b i 242 ii 5 5 a 17.0 b 17.9°
8 a Y= X
66 6 a 75 m b 36.9°
b i 3 ii 0.5 c BO = 180 m (3 sf ), PB = 195 m(3 sf ) d 22.6°
→ → 1 → 1→
9 a y b y 7 RQ = −2b + a, NM = −b + 2 a, NM = 2 RQ
8 a Yes. 12 + 1 = 2, 22 + 2 = 6, 32 + 3 = 12, 42 + 4 = 20
b 2 550, 10 100 c 2n + 2 d 102, 202
(3.5, 4.2) 9 a
3 4 5

x
6 10 15
x
10 a 13 m/h (allow 12.5 − 13.5) b 11 m/h 3 6 10
11 a i £1537.50 ii £1697.11 9 16 25
b V = 1500 × 1.025t
b i 1275 ii 5050
Assessment 22 r(r − 1)
c r2 d 2
1 8 min 20 s 60(60 − 1) 2( 2 − 1)
e = 1770 f =1
2 a 39.37 in b £9.75 c 14 min 56 s 2 2

3 The wombat, Bolt’s speed = 36.73 km/h. 10 a 1300 ml b 0.076 kg

4 a 7.28 g/cm3 b 23.81 cm3 c 103 g 11 a 6 b Liddi 27 p, Addle 27.5 p
5 a 45 tins b Yes, 100 ÷ Q 32 R = 67 days. 12 a 40 mph b 1 hr 26 min
c No, 30 ÷ Q 92 R = 7 days. c 6 minutes d 10:48 am
6 a 157.5 litres b 379 cm 13 a 15.75 g/cm3 b 5.48 kg (3 sf )
7 a 69.12 kg b x = 24 cm c y = 10 cm c 2.86 cm3 (3 sf )
1
8 0.21 km2 14 a i m ∝ d3 ii T ∝ !l iii S ∝ r2 – 3
9 a £10 b 150000 cm3 b i 75 ii 4.84
10 a T = 4e b 4.25 cm c 18 N 15 1.125 × 105 Nm–2
11 a A = 3.142x2 b Yes, 3.142 ≈ π and x = radius. 16 a P = 1 − 0.28 − 0.35 = 0.37
c A = 314.2 d x=3 b Day 1 Day 2

12 a Distance (km) 0.28 Tennis

900
0.35
800 Tennis Netball
700 Squash
0.28 0.37
Monthly rent (£)

600
500 Flat 5
400 0.28 Tennis

300 0.35 0.35

Netball Netball
200
0.37 Squash
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.37
Distance (km) 0.28 Tennis
b Flat 5, it lies furthest from the curve. c 3.5 km 0.35
10 Squash Netball
13 a P = !t b 1
14 a Height of a ball 0.37 Squash
12 c i 0.1036 ii 0.5775 iii 0.5184
11
10
9
Height (metres)

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (seconds)

b 5 m/s
15 a £27 000, 5% b £9546

Revision 4
1 7.14 km
2 161 cm
3 8.63°

551