C on t ri bu tor s

Elise Edwards is an associate professor of anthropology and chair of the Depart-

ment of History and Anthropology at Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana.
She recently authored “Fields of Individuals and Neoliberal Logics: Japanese
­Soccer Ideals and the 1990s Economic Crisis” in the Journal of Sport and Social
Issues (2014), and “The Promises and Possibilities of the Pitch: 1990s Ladies League
Soccer Players as Fin-de-siècle Modern Girls” in Christine Yano and Laura Miller,
eds., Modern Girls on the Go: Gender, Mobility, and Labor in Japan (2013). She is
currently completing a book manuscript about soccer, corporate sport, the 1990s
recession, and national identity in Japan, which is tentatively titled Fields for the
Future: Soccer and Citizens in Japan at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. She
also is pursuing a new project on the intersections between Japan’s “hometown”
soccer movement, grassroots activism, volunteerism, and ever-evolving relation-
ships between public and private entities in contemporary Japan. Edwards both
played and coached soccer in the Japanese women’s “L-League” in the mid-1990s
and continued to work as a goalkeeping coach with Butler University’s women’s
soccer team until 2016.

Sabine Frühstück is a professor of modern Japanese cultural studies at the Uni-

versity of California, Santa Barbara. She is mostly concerned with the history and
ethnography of modern Japanese culture and its relations to the rest of the world.
Her book publications include Colonizing Sex: Sexology and Social Control in Mod-
ern Japan (2003), Uneasy Warriors: Gender, Memory, and Popular Culture in the
Japanese Army (2007), and Playing War: Children and the Paradoxes of Modern
Militarism in Japan (2017). She coedited with Anne Walthall, Recreating Japanese
286
 Contributors    287

Men (2011) and is currently writing a book, Gender and Sexuality in Modern Japan
(Cambridge University Press).

Kathryn E. Goldfarb is an assistant professor of cultural anthropology at the

University of Colorado at Boulder. Her research explores the effects of social
inclusion and exclusion on well-being, and how social relationships shape bodily
experience. In Japan, she conducts research on the stakes of disconnection from
family networks, focusing specifically on children and caregivers within the Japa-
nese child welfare system. Her research explores how kinship ideologies articulate
with discourses of Japanese national and cultural identity, and how these dis-
courses shape understandings of what is “normal.” Her research further examines
how these concepts of normalcy are caught up in global circuits of knowledge
surrounding human development, child rights, and concepts of “care” under the
rubric of social welfare.

Jinnō Yuki earned her doctorate from the Institute of Art and Design at the Uni-
versity of Tsukuba. She is professor of modern design and cultural history of Japan
at the Department of Interhuman Symbiotic Studies, Kanto Gakuin University.
Among other books and articles, she is the author of Shumi no tanjō (The birth of
taste, Keisō Shobo 1994), Kodomo o meguru desain to kindai (Design and modern
times of the child, Sekai Shisō-sha 2011), and Hyakkaten de shumi o kau (Buying
a hobby at a department store, Yoshikawa Kobun Kan 2015). She has also coau-
thored Hyakkaten no bunkashi (A cultural history of the department store, Sekai
Shisō-sha 1999), and Arts and Crafts to Nihon (Arts and crafts and Japan, Shi-
bunkaku Shuppan 2004).

Koresawa Hiroaki graduated from Tōyō University and is currently a professor

in the Department of Childhood Studies at Otsuma Women’s University. He spe-
cializes in the cultural history of everyday life and of children and childhood. The
author of many books, he has written Nihon ningyō no bi (The beauty of Japanese
dolls, Tankōsha 2008), Kyōiku gangu no kindai: Kyōiku taishō toshite no kodomo
tanjō (The modern history of educational toys: The birth of children as object of
education, Seori shobō 2009), and Aoi me no ningyō to kindai Nihon (Blue-eyed
dolls and modern Japan, Seori shobō 2011), among others.

Noriko Manabe is associate professor of music studies at Temple University.

Her monograph, The Revolution Will Not Be Televised: Protest Music after Fuku-
shima (Oxford 2015) won the John Whitney Hall Book Prize from the Associa-
tion for Asian Studies and Honorable Mention for the Alan Merriam Prize from
the Society for Ethnomusicology. Her monograph, Revolution Remixed: Intertex-
tuality in Protest Music,  and two coedited volumes,  Nuclear Music  (with Jessica
288     Contributors

Schwartz) and  Oxford Handbook of Protest Music  (with Eric Drott), are forth-
coming from Oxford University Press. She has published articles on Japanese
rap, hip-hop DJs, online radio, the music business, wartime children’s songs, and
Cuban music in Ethnomusicology, Popular Music, Asian Music, Asia-Pacific Jour-
nal, Oxford Handbook of Children’s Musical Cultures, Oxford Handbook of Mobile
Music Studies, among other volumes. She is series editor for 33–1/3 Japan, a book
series; contributing editor for the Asia-Pacific Journal; and editorial board mem-
ber for  Music and Politics  and  Twentieth-Century Music. Her research has been
supported by fellowships from NEH, Kluge, Japan Foundation, and SSRC/JSPS.

Aaron William Moore (PhD Princeton, 2006) is a senior lecturer in the History
Department at the University of Manchester, where he teaches the comparative
history of East Asia. He has published on diary-writing practices among combat
soldiers in Japan, China, and the United States, including his first monograph,
Writing War: Soldiers Record the Japanese Empire (Harvard University Press, 2013).
He has recently completed a book on civilian narratives of aerial bombing in Brit-
ain and Japan (Bombing the City, Cambridge University Press, 2017), and is devel-
oping a new manuscript on the history of wartime childhood and youth in Britain,
Japan, China, and the Soviet Union. His research on childhood and youth has
been published in Japanese Studies and Modern China, and has included funding
awards from the Leverhulme Trust and the Arts and Humanities Research Coun-
cil. In 2014 he was awarded the Philip Leverhulme Prize.

L. Halliday Piel is an assistant professor of history at Lasell College in Massachu-

setts. She received her doctorate from the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa, focusing
on the history of childhood in Japan. Piel spent two years as a research associate
with the project “Remembering and Recording Childhood Education and Youth in
Japan, 1925–1945,” codirected by Peter Cave and Aaron Moore at the University of
Manchester in the United Kingdom. Piel’s papers for this project, currently in press,
include “Japanese Adolescents and the Wartime Labor Service, 1941–1945: Service
or Exploitation?” Japanese Studies; “The School Diary in Wartime Japan: Cultivating
Morale and Self-discipline through Writing,” Modern Asian Studies; and “Recruiting
Japanese Boys for the Pioneer Youth Core of Manchuria and Mongolia,” a chapter
in Mischa Honek and James Marten, eds., More than Victims: War and Childhood in
the Age of the World Wars (Cambridge University Press). Her previously published
articles on childhood and war in Japan include “Food Rationing and Children’s Self-
Reliance in Japan, 1942–1952,” Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 5, no. 3
(Fall 2012): 393–418, and “The Family State and Forced Youth Migrations in War-
time Japan, 1937–1945,” Revue d’histoire de l’enfance irrégulière 15 (October 2013).

Or Porath is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Religious Studies at the

University of California, Santa Barbara. His research centers on medieval Japanese
 Contributors    289

religion and its conceptualization of sexual norms, specifically, the figure of the
acolyte (chigo/dōji) and its role as an object of sexual longing in the Tendai Eshin
lineage, and the way in which the acolyte’s divine status was affirmed and con-
tested by medieval Buddho-Shinto doctrine, ritual, and narrative in general.
Porath has published an article on the topic of monastic male-male sexuality in
medieval Japan, “The Cosmology of Male-Male Love in Medieval Japan: Nyakudō
no Kanjinchō and the Way of Youths,” Journal of Religion in Japan 4, no. 2: 241–71,
and is currently translating several articles on medieval Japanese religion and cul-
ture. Porath is also the recipient of a Japan Foundation Dissertation Fellowship
(2015–16), and an American Counsel of Learned Societies, Robert H. N. Ho Family
Foundation Program in Buddhist Studies dissertation fellowship (2017–18). He is
currently a visiting research fellow at the Nanzan Institute for Religion and Cul-
ture, and a collaborative research fellow in the Research Center for Cultural Heri-
tage and Texts at Nagoya University, Japan.

Luke S. Roberts earned his doctorate in East Asian studies at Princeton Univer-
sity in 1991 and is currently a professor of early modern Japanese history at the
University of California, Santa Barbara. He is author of Mercantilism in a Japanese
Domain: The Merchant Origins of Economic  Nationalism in Eighteenth Century
Tosa (1998), and Performing the Great Peace: Political Space and Open Secrets in
Tokugawa Japan (2012), and coauthor with Sharon Takeda of Japanese Fisherman’s
Coats from Awaji Island  (2001). His current book project is called A Samurai’s
Life, a biography of an eighteenth-century samurai of no particular repute pursued
as a form of social history.

Harald Salomon studied modern history and Japanese studies at the University
of Tübingen and Rikkyō University, Tokyo. He conducted his doctoral research
at Waseda University and the German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo, and
completed his doctorate at Humboldt University, Berlin. His research interests
focus on the history of interactions between Japan and Europe during the transi-
tion to modernity, Japanese film and media culture, and the history of family and
childhood. He is the director of the Mori Ogai Memorial Center and a lecturer
at the Seminar for East Asian Studies of Humboldt University, Berlin. His pub-
lications include Views of the Dark Valley: Japanese Cinema and the Culture of
Nationalism, 1937–45 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2011). He coedited the volume
Kindheit in der japanischen Geschichte: Vorstellungen und Erfahrungen / Childhood
in Japanese History: Concepts and Experiences (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016).

Emily B. Simpson is a doctoral candidate in the Department of East Asian Lan-

guages and Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Her
research centers on medieval reinterpretations of the legend of Empress Jingū and
their role in the formation of late medieval and early modern women’s cults. Her
290     Contributors

fields of interest include Japanese religious syncretism, shamanism, Japanese folk-

lore, and women and gender in premodern East Asia. In addition to her multiple
translations of academic articles, Simpson has also authored a book chapter, “An
Empress at Sea: Sea Deities and Divine Union in the Legend of Empress Jingū”
in the forthcoming volume Sea Religion in Japan, edited by Fabio Rambelli, and
several entries on women and Shinto for the Encyclopedia of Women in World
Religions: Faith and Culture Across History, ABC-CLIO, 2017.

Junko Teruyama earned her doctorate in anthropology from the University of

Michigan and is currently an assistant professor of cultural and medical anthropol-
ogy at the University of Tsukuba. She has conducted fieldwork on the community
of individuals with learning disabilities, ADHD, and autism spectrum disorder and
their family members in Tokyo. Her recent publications include “Politics of Care
and Ethics of Intervention in Treatment Programs for Children with Developmen-
tal Disability,” in Ecologies of Care: Innovations through Technologies, Collectives and
the Senses (Osaka University Institute for Academic Initiatives 2014).

Anne Walthall is Professor emerita at the University of California, Irvine. She

has published extensively on many topics in Edo-period history, ranging from
peasant uprisings to guns to steamships. Her publications include Social Protest
and Popular Culture in Eighteenth-Century Japan (1986), Peasant Uprisings in
Japan: A Critical Anthology of Peasant Histories (1991), The Weak Body of a Useless
Woman: Matsuo Taseko and the Meiji Restoration (1998), and Japan: A Cultural,
Social, and Political History (2006). She has edited or coedited a number of vol-
umes, most recently Recreating Japanese Men (2011) with Sabine Frühstück and
Politics and Society in Japan’s Meiji Restoration: A Brief History with Documents
(2017) with M. William Steele.
 I nde x

abandonment, 45 Araki Sadao, 132

Abe Isoo, 85 archery, 65, 66
Abe Shinzō, 1, 196, 219 Ariès, Philippe, 2
Abe Yasurō, 22, 24 Arisaka Yotarō, 91, 99n5
ableism, 238 Asahi Graph [Asahi Gurafu] (photo magazine),
abortion, 45 189, 190
“About our Ancestors” (Yanagita, 1945), 172 Asano Takahiro, 148
Acid Black Cherry, 282 Asano Yukio, 156n4
adolescence, 5, 143, 217 Asian Kung-Fu Generation (rock band),
adoption, 56, 73 266, 277
adulthood, 6, 141, 189, 215; construction of, Asia-Pacific War, 7, 10, 162, 196, 268; children’s
154–56; deconstruction of, 142; envisioned diaries during, 141–56; outdoor children’s
by children, 10; separation from childhood, play during, 9, 147, 163–77; propaganda
185, 186 and indoctrination in, 181–82; school sports
agency, 17, 38n2, 171, 186 during, 211; wartime child as productive
Aihara Hiroyuki, 270 “little national,” 161, 162–63
Akabane Reiko, 195 Astro Boy [Tetsuwan Atom; Iron-Strength
Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, 108 Atom] (cartoon character), 264, 266, 270,
Allison, Anne, 274 274–75, 280
Amaterasu (sun goddess), 23 Astro Boy manga/anime series (Tezuka, 1960s),
Ambaras, David R., 3, 169 268, 274, 281, 283n9
Amino Yoshiko, 22 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Analects, of Confucius, 25 (ADHD), 225
ancestor worship, 250 autism, 3, 7, 225
anime (animation), 196, 197, 264 Azuchi-Momoyama period (1573–1600), 30
Annen, 18, 25
anthropology, 3 Baba Tsuneo, 106
anti-San Min Doctrine, 127 Bad Youth (Ambaras, 2005), 3
applied behavior analysis (ABA), 226 Barnets århundrade (Key, 1900), 186
Arai, Andrea, 3 baseball, 211

291
292     Index

Bashkirtseff, Marie, 143 childhood: adult memories of, 3, 11n3, 160;

battleship (senkan) game, 168 boundaries of, 10, 20; cultural history of, 142;
Benzaiten (goddess), 23 deconstruction of, 142; end of, 5; history of,
Bessatsu Takarajima (magazine), 197 2–4, 154; idealized conceptions of, 245; loss
“bird in a cage” (kagome kagome) game, 173 of, 2; modern view of, 121, 136; Moritani’s
birth order, 64, 67–68, 72 view of, 94; new sociology of, 141; obliterated
board games, 34, 37, 164 through universalization, 161; perceived
bodhisattvas, 19, 23, 24, 271 inherent innocence of, 83; popular fears
books, children’s, 10 about, 206, 209, 217; power hierarchies and,
Botchan (Sōseki), 148, 149 155; romantic view of, 98, 121; “Scammon
Bourdieu, Pierre, 182–83 growth curve” in, 217–18; segmented, 206;
boys: male-male eros and, 9, 30–31, 32, 34, study of emotions and, 7–10; subjective
53–54; samurai, 5, 37, 42–57, 70; wartime visions of, 75–77; vulnerability and
“letters of resolve,” 146 emergence of modern childhood, 184–87;
Boys’ Club [Shōnen kurabu] (magazine), 123 war symbolically fused with, 181
Boys Day ceremony, 46, 77 child monastics, 32, 36–37; children in medieval
Brecher, W. Puck, 5, 38n3 monasticism, 19–24; chūdōji (middle-child),
Buddhas, 22, 23, 28, 48, 61 20–21, 32; daidōji (great-child), 20, 21;
Buddhism, 18, 26, 28, 37, 268; Buddhahood and education of acolytes, 30–36; in medieval
children’s obedience, 29, 30; Esoteric, 19, 28; social hierarchy, 22; uewarawa (upper-child),
Shingon, 19, 25; Tendai, 18, 19; True Pure 20, 21, 23, 32. See also chigo child monastics;
Land, 61 dōji child monastics
Buddhist monasteries, 10, 17, 36–37; children in childrearing, 70, 234, 237; “hands-off,” 6;
medieval monasticism, 19–24; disobedience manuals for, 4; samurai, 42, 74
of child monastics, 18; education of acolytes, children: as category in medieval society, 22;
30–36; instructions for obedient children, compulsory labor in wartime, 152–53,
24–30 162, 181; depicted in association with war
bullying, 1, 154, 176, 210 and soldiers, 187–94, 192; early modern
transformation in views of, 61; emotional
can kicking (kan keri) game, 167 standards for, 8; importance of age seven,
capitalism, 83, 220 4–5; mobilized for war production, 144; as
card games, 147 political actors, 9; reinvented vulnerability
censorship, 103, 108, 109, 168, 278 in postwar victim culture, 194–96; relative
Center for the History of Emotions (Max Planck autonomy of, 17–18; wartime evacuation
Institute, Berlin), 8 from cities, 143–44, 145, 148, 150, 174–75
Chestnut House, 243–46, 260; architectural “Children, Education, and Media in Japan and
model on display at, 244; child welfare policy Its Empire” (Japan Forum, 2016, issue 1), 3
objectives and, 246–49; food preparation Children as Treasures (Jones, 2010), 3
by part-time workers at, 253–57; “home” Children in the Wind [Kaze no naka no kodomo]
as eating same food together, 249–53, 250; (film, dir. Shimizu, 1937), 102, 103, 104,
liminal status as household and community, 107–8, 113–14, 116
257–60; residential staff members, 254, Children in the Wind [Kaze no naka no kodomo]
261n6; staff relationship with children, 258 (Tsubota novella, 1937), 107
Chiang Kai-shek, 161 Children’s Asahi [Kodomo asahi] (newspaper),
chigo child monastics, 17, 19–20, 22, 24, 32 165
Chigo kanjō, 24 Children’s Book: Getting Along with Neighbors
child abuse, 6, 187 (Kindābukku: Otonari nakayoshi 10, no. 13),
Child Abuse Prevention Act (1933), 187 191, 193
“child and youth cultural property,” 123 Children’s Club (magazine), 190
Child-Based Family, A [Kodomo hon’i no katei] Children’s Country [Kodomo no kuni]
(Abe, 1917), 85 (magazine), 85, 99n9
Child Dancing (warawa mai), 20 Children’s Exhibition (1906), 84
 Index    293

Children’s Goods Research Group (Jidō yōhin “Deer, deer, how many horns?” (Shika, shika,
kenkyūkai), 90, 91 nannpon) game, 167
Children’s Hour (radio program), 134–35 democracy/democratization, 84, 85
children’s rights, 1, 247 Denko-chan [Electric Girl] (cartoon character),
Child’s Friend [Kodomo no tomo] (magazine), 264–65, 268–69
85, 97, 99n9 department stores, 83, 84
child soldiers, 198 Derrida, Jacques, 155
China, 2, 10, 95; Japanese children abandoned design, child-based, 85–86; of Kogure Joichi,
in, 160; Japan’s first war with, 183; Japan’s 86–92, 88–90; of Moritani Nobuo, 92–97,
second war with, 103, 109, 146, 149, 189; 95, 97
Republican, 136, 161 developmental disabilities (hattatsu shōgai),
Chinese language study, 64, 69 225, 240–41; ambivalence towards notion
Chiribukuro (medieval encyclopedia), 22 of “curing,” 236–38; conceptual diagram
chiryō-kyōiku (treatment education), 226 of, 226; cultural notions of embodying
Chudacoff, Howard, 176 disability, 239–40; mothers of children
Cinema Bulletin (Kinema junpō), 102, 110 with, 233–36; remedial education and, 225,
Citizen Newspaper Company, 84 226–27
class differences, 143, 178n2, 249, 251 diaries, 3, 4, 7, 61; childhood events recorded in,
clothes, children’s, 6, 166; child monastics, 35; in 64, 65; concept of loving children in, 9; of
samurai families, 43–44, 62 Tosa domain samurai, 43, 46, 52, 53
colonialism, 155 diaries, of wartime children and youth, 141,
Come, Come, English for Everyone (postwar 154–56; antiwar poems, 146; interaction
English-language course), 195 with authorities and, 143–50; “letters of
comics, newspaper, 6 resolve,” 146; parents/family authorities and,
coming-of-age ceremony, 46, 66, 76 150–54
Committee on World Friendship among Ding Jianxiu, 132, 134, 135
Children, 121 “Dining Room with Crimson-Painted Furniture”
commoner schoolchildren, 5–6 (Moritani), 95
Composition Class [Tsuzurikata kyōshitsu] (film, diseases, 47, 60, 67
1938), 102, 107, 110–11, 114 Dobunkan publishing house, 84
computer games, 210 Dog Short-Poem, The (Inu tanka), 30
“Concerning the Construction of Wooden Toys” dōji child monastics, 17, 19, 22, 23
(Moritani), 96 dōjisugata (adults disguised as children), 21
Concordia Society Women Ambassadors, 123, Doll Festival, 70, 121–22
125–27, 128, 133, 135 Dōnen (Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel
Condry, Ian, 270 Development Corporation), 271,
Confucianism, 18, 25, 26, 27, 31, 75; 273, 274
amalgamation with Buddhist doctrine, 26, Doraemon (cartoon character), 264,
28–29, 34; Imperial Rescript on Education 266, 276
and, 173; “Three Generations,” 29 Doraemon (manga/anime), 264, 275, 281
consumption, culture of, 6, 83 dōyō children’s songs, 266
corporal punishments, 18 Drixler, Fabian, 61, 77
criminals, children as, 210 drop the handkerchief (hankachi otoshi)
Crybaby Apprentice, A [Nakimushi kozū] (film, game, 168
dir. Toyoda, 1938), 106 Duvivier, Julien, 106
Crybaby Apprentice, A [Nakimushi kozū]
(Hayashi, 1934), 106 Ebersole, Gary, 69
cultural studies, 3 Edo period (1600–1868), 5, 7, 17, 24, 30, 91;
cuteness (kawaii) aesthetic, 275 boys’ groups in, 171–72; education for
samurai children, 49; male-male sexuality
Daigoji temple (Kyoto), 20 in, 32; samural as ruling class in, 41. See also
Daoism, 31 Tokugawa period
294     Index

education, 1, 84, 142, 275; child’s play as femininity, 21–22, 44

“accidental education,” 169; class status feminism, 85, 186
and, 249; exploited for war propaganda, Field, Norma, 9, 161, 220
163–64; Fundamental Code of Education filial piety, 68
(Meiji period), 184–86; Imperial Rescript on films, childhood, 102–4, 111–17
Education (1890), 173, 185; Kogure’s ideas “first eating” (okuizome) celebration, 188
for children’s education, 86–87; postwar Five Classics, in Chinese tradition, 66
“education crisis,” 175–77, 219–21. See also flip cards, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170
remedial education (ryōiku) flipping chess pieces (jōgi taoshi), 169
Education [Kyōiku] (journal), 169–70 Folklore [Minkan denshō] (journal), 171
Education for Acolytes (Chigo kyōkun), 18, Foundling Law (1871), 186
30–36, 37, 38n10 Four Benevolences, 29–30
Edwards, Elise, 7 Four Books, of Chinese classics, 66, 69
Eizawa Kōtarō, 164, 165 Four Seasons of Childhood [Kodomo no shiki]
Émile, or On Education (Rousseau, 1762), 169 (Jōji, 1938), 108, 113, 115, 190–91
“emotionology,” 8 Frevert, Ute, 8, 103
emotions, 7–10, 11n4, 61–62, 149, 210; in Frühstück, Sabine, 9, 164
childhood films, 105–7, 115, 116; eating Fudō Myōō, Wisdom King, 23
together and emotional communication, Fuji Rock Festival, Atomic Café (2013), 280
251–52; “emotional capital,” 182–83, Fuji Shōhei, 148, 150–51
194, 199; “emotional communities,” 78; Fukuichi-kun (cartoon character), 270, 274, 275
“emotional repertoire,” 42, 103, 116; Fukuoka Kyūhachirō, 54
“emotional socialization,” 103; Fukushima Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, 267,
disaster (“3/11”) and, 265; Japanese 268, 269, 270
sensibility versus Chinese rationality, 75, Fukushima disaster (“3/11”), 197, 264, 265, 269,
78; mothers of children with developmental 274, 282
disabilities and, 234; nativist writings and, furniture design, 83, 86, 92, 95, 95, 97, 98
75; in samurai families, 46, 49, 55; training futsal (indoor soccer variant), 205, 222n3
of children’s emotions, 187; wartime
suppression and incitement of, 182, 184 GATE–Thus Self-Defense Forces Fought in that
Energy of the Future for Everyone (Monju-kun [Distant] Land [GATE–Jietai kanochi nite
to miru! Yomu! Wakaru! Minna no mirai no kaku tatakaeri] (TV series), 198
enerugii, 2012), 278 genbuku rite of passage, 21, 44, 54, 56
Enfant et la vie familiale sous l’ancient regime, L’ gender, 10, 44, 56, 72, 141; ceremonies and, 46;
(Ariès), 2 children preceding gender differentiation,
“English Children’s Room, An” (Moritani, 22; conservative values and, 143; hierarchy
frontispiece), 93 of, 55; literary virtues and, 68; recordkeeping
Excerpts from My Life in the Industrial Arts and, 67; schooling and, 64; soccer and, 208;
[Watashi no kōgei seikatsu shōshi] toys/games and, 165; treatises on childhood
(Kogure,1942), 90 and, 68
expositions, children and women’s, 83, 84–85 “Geographies of Childhood” (Japan Forum,
2006, issue 1), 3
fairy tales (otogi-banashi), 85, 97 Gide, André, 105
families, 8, 116; child-centric, 84; katei concept Gion shrine (Kyoto), 48
of, 84, 250, 260n2; play and games in, 61–62; girls: compulsory labor in wartime, 151; fighting
soccer families, 205, 207, 222n4; state-as- girl in postwar popular culture, 197–98;
family ideology, 161, 172. See also samurai Manchukuo Young Girls Embassy, 122–35;
class/families samurai, 5, 42, 44, 71; wartime diaries of,
Family Exposition (1915), 84–85 144, 150–52; wartime “resolve” of, 146
Faux-Monnayeurs, Les [The Counterfeiters; Girls’ Club [Shōjo kurabu] (magazine), 123
Nisegane tsukuri] (Gide, 1925), 105 Girls Day ceremony, 46
Febvre, Lucien, 8 go (board game), 34
 Index    295

Godzilla, 266, 282 Hirata Fuki, 60, 65, 67, 68

Goldfarb, Kathryn E., 7 Hirata Kanesaburō, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72
Goodbye Monju-kun (Sayōnara, Monju-kun, Hirata Kanetane, 64, 73, 76
2012), 271, 278 Hirata Kaneya, 65, 66, 68, 70, 72
Good Child’s Play, The [Yoi ko no asobi] Hirata Mika, 65, 66–67, 70, 71, 72
(Kurosaki, 1941), 164 Hirata Nobutane, 64, 65, 66, 69, 72, 73, 76
Gordon, Andrew, 176 Hirata O-Chō, 62, 70, 71
Gotch, 277 Hirata Orise, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75
Gotō Masafumi, 266–67 Hirata Shin’ichirō, 73, 74, 77
Greater Japanese Youth Association (Dai Nippon Hirata Sutematsu, 72
Seinendan), 111 Hirata Suzu, 65, 67, 70, 71
Great Japan Youth Association, 170 Hirayama Keisuke, 69
Great Kantō Earthquake (1923), 122, 123 Hirose Takeo, 99n6
Grilli, Peter, 162 History of Japanese Film (Satō), 103
Grimm’s Fairy Tales, 94 Hitler, Adolf, 181–82
Grossman, Eike, 3 Hokkeji temple, 38n2
guessing games, 173 “Holding Hands” (poem by Japanese fourth
Gulick, Sidney, 121 grader), 131
Home Life [Hōmū Raifu] (magazine), 188
Hachiman festival and shrine, 23, 172 Honjō Shigeru, 126
Haggerty, Timothy, 8 honne (private self), 233
hajiki (girls’ game), 169 Horibe Chieko, 141, 143
hakama (pleated boys’ pants), 35, 43, 62, 63, 64, horseback riding, 52, 65, 66
74, 78n2 house, playing, 169, 170
“half-adulthood” ceremony, 41 “household-like care” (katei-teki yōgo), 243, 260
Hata Hidetarō, 66 Housewife’s Friend, The [Shufu no tomo]
Hatano Kanji, 163 (magazine), 84, 109
Have We Changed Since 3/11? (Monju-kun Housing [Jūtaku] (magazine), 99n4
taidan-shū: 3.11 de bokura wa kawatta ka, Housing and Architecture [Jūtaku to kenchiku]
2014), 278 (Kogure, 1928), 86
Hayashi Fumiko, 106 “Housing and Ornamentation” (Kogure,
Hayashi Fumio, 106, 110 1928), 87
Hayashi Seigo, 55
Hayashi Shihei, 68 Ibuka Masaru, 223n7
Health Reader for Daughters, Wives, and identity, Japanese, 168, 171, 173, 177
Mothers, The (Musume to tsuma to haha no Iida Tetsunari, 278
eisei dokuhon), 187 Ikeda Giichi, 162
Heart Sutra, 25 illness, cultural notions of embodying, 239–40
Heian period (794–1185), 3, 24, 25 Illustrated Children in the War (Yamanaka,
Heisei period (1989 to present), 3 1989), 164
Hello Kitty (cartoon character), 268 Imada Erika, 10
Hendry, Joy, 176 Imperial Grandchild’s Birthday Children’s
heterosexuality, 9, 55 Exhibition (1926), 97
hide-and-seek games, 165, 167–68, 170 Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), 187, 190, 193,
Hikashū, 282 194, 195
hikikomori (“acute social withdrawal”), 210, 275 Improving One’s Home [Wagaya o kairyō shite]
Hinduism, 22–23 (Kogure, 1930), 86, 88, 89
Hirakawa Tadaichi, 195 indentured servitude, 45
Hirata Atsutane, 61; childhood of, 75–77; letters individualism, 85, 163, 168, 169, 177
sent by, 62; love for children in letters of, infanticide, 45, 61, 77
68–75; rituals recorded in diary of, 62, 64–68; Infinite Stratos [Infinitto Sutoratosu] (manga/
sickness and death of granddaughter, 60 anime, 2009–present), 198
296     Index

innocence, assumed of children, 10, 83, 85, Japan Forum (journal), 3

95–96, 97; childhood films and, 104, Japan Little Nationals Culture Association
111–16; children with developmental (Nihon Shōkokumin Bunka Kyōka), 163
disabilities, 233; “emotional capital” and, Japan’s Children (Nippon no Kodomo,
183; idealized interaction with soldiers and, 1941), 191
144–45; Japanese intellectuals and, 95, 105; Japan Sports Association (JASA), 212
Manchukuo Young Girls Embassy and, Japan Youth Education Research Office, 170
128–29; militaristic propaganda and, 164, japonisme, 94
184, 193; postwar end of innocence, 196–98; Jones, Mark, 3, 168
romantic view of childhood and, 98
Inohara Mitsuko, 149, 152 Kaibara Ekiken, 6
Inoue Saemon, 55, 56 kakawari (interpersonal involvement), 241
Instructions for Children (Dōji-kyō), 18, 24–30, Kannon (bodhisattva), 19
33, 34, 36 Kannon Sutra, 25
Interior Decorating from Now On [Korekara no Kan Yoshiko, 156n1
shitsunai sōshoku] (Moritani, 1927), 93 Kashiwagi Hiroshi, 85
interior design, 83, 95 Kasuga shrine, 23
Internet, anonymous users of, 267, 282 Kasza, Gregory, 161
Iraq, Japanese Self-Defense Forces in, 196 Katayama Akihiko, 110
Ishida Toyoko, 128, 130 Kawabuchi Saburō, 211
Ishikawa Sōzaemon, 54 Kawakita Nagamasa, 106
Itō Gō, 270 Kawasaki Daiji, 193
Iwakami Yasumi, 266 Keichō era (1596–1615), 30
Iwanami Shoten, 169 Key, Ellen, 186
I Was Born, But. [Umarete wa mita keredo] Kido Shirō, 104
(film, dir. Ozu, 1932), 104–5, 114–15 Kikuchi Kan, 108
IWJ Internet news network, 266 Kim Kunhi, 128
Izumi Miyuki, 128–129, 134 Kinder Book (Kindā bukku, 1938), 164–65, 166
Kindergarten Ordinance (1927), 185
JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency), 264, 271, Kindheit in der japanischen Geschichte/Childhood
274, 275, 280; inability to manage Monju in Japanese History (Kinski, Salomon,
plant, 282; Pluto-kun cartoon character of, Grossman, eds., 2015), 3
265, 269, 281, 283 Kinoshita Masako, 167
James, Allison, 168 Kinski, Michael, 2, 3
Japan Children’s Culture Association (Nihon Kishida Kunio, 105
Jidō Bunka Kyōkai), 162, 163 Kitahara family, 66
Japanese, A [Ichi Nihonjin] (Sugiyama, 1925), Kitahara Hakushū, 105
105–6 Kitahara Shinobu, 243, 246, 248, 249–50, 254
Japanese-American Doll Exchange (1927), Ko, Dorothy, 38n2
121–22, 125, 129 Kobayashi Keiji, 278
Japanese Family, The [Nihon no katei] Kōdansha Picture Book: Japan’s Army,
(magazine), 84 190–91, 192
Japanese Names [for things] Classified and Kōdansha Publishing House, 123
Annotated (Wamyōshō), 19 Kogure Joichi, 85, 86–92, 96, 98
“Japanese spirit,” 171, 177 Kojima Hyakuzō, 91
Japan Football Association (JFA), 205–7, Kojima Yoshitaka, 148–49, 153–54, 156n5
221–22; children and nation in promotional Konoe Fumimaro, 108, 161
materials of, 207–13, 209; “dynamic child” Kōno Yoshinori, 278
paradigm, 215; fate of children in 21st Korea/Koreans, 2, 10, 127, 128, 129
century and, 219–21; golden age concept in Koresawa Hiroaki, 6, 9
child development and, 213–18, 221; “kids’ Kosugi Isamu, 110
programs” and, 205, 209, 213, 215, 222n2 koto lessons, 64, 65, 71
 Index    297

Kubota Haruyoshi, 162 martial arts, 66, 69, 75, 76

Kūkai, 24 martial virtues, 68
kumara (Sanskrit: prince or child), 22–23 masculinity, 44, 49, 53, 55
Kuramochi Chōkichi, 91 Ma Shijie, 133
Kuroda Hideo, 20, 22, 23 mass media, 123, 197, 280
Kurosaki Yoshisuke, 164 Masuda Ei’ichi, 146
Kushner, Barak, 164 Matasaburō, the Wind Child [Kaze no
Kusunose Ōe, 42 Matasaburō] (film, dir. Shima, 1940),
Kwantung Army, 122, 124, 126, 134 113, 114
Kyōto School philosophers, 171 Matsuki, Keiko, 176
Maynes, Mary Jo, 142
labor resistance, cultures of, 151–52 McCormack, Gavan, 196
League of Nations, 122, 124, 127 McDonald, Keiko I., 103
learning disabilities (LD), 225 medicine, 6, 226, 240
Learning How to Feel (Frevert, 2014), 103 medieval period (1185–1600), 7
Lei Jinshu, 128, 129, 134 Meeks, Lori, 38n2
Liberman, Robert Paul, 232 Meiji period (1868–1912), 24, 72, 83, 162;
Lifestyle Improvement Alliance (Seikatsu kaizen Conscription Act, 184, 186; educational
dōmeikai), 86, 91 outlook of, 85, 173; Fundamental Code of
“Lifestyle Improvement and the Betterment Education, 184–86; Japan’s modernization
of Furniture” [Seikatsu kaizen to kagu no in, 166; state-as-family ideology in, 172
kaizen] (Moritani), 92 Meiji Shrine, 125
literary virtues, 68 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 181–82
Long, Long Time Ago, A [Mukashi mukashi] Methods of Pregnancy, Safe Birth, and
(magazine), 97 Child Rearing (Ninshin to ansan to
Lynen, Robert, 106 ikujihō), 187
middle class, urban, 83, 104, 114, 116, 178n2,
Maeda Tokuko, 165, 167, 174–75 186; “normal” status of, 251; in wartime
magazines, children’s, 6, 10, 85, 93, 97, 105; Japan, 161, 162
militarized advertisements in, 190; wartime, Mikawa Michiko, 151
160, 164, 165, 194 Military! [Miritari!] (manga/anime, 2009–
magazines, women’s, 84 present), 198
Mahmoud, Sabah, 38n2 Minatogawa Shrine, 134–35
male-male sexuality, 32, 34; nanshoku (“male- Minoura Yukinao, 41, 43, 44, 47; on emotional
male ethos”), 30–31; of samurai boys, 53–54 restraint of samurai, 51; on samurai marriage
Malkki, Liisa, 183 arrangements, 55–56; on samurai youth
Manabe, Noriko, 10 gangs, 52
Manchukuo, 10, 122, 134, 135–36, 178n3, 193; Mitsukoshi Dry Goods Store Items for Children
Concordia Society Women Ambassadors, event (1917–1918), 90
123, 125–27, 128, 133, 135; Japanese Miyaoi Sadao, 62, 68, 77, 78
recognition of, 122, 124, 127, 132; Puyi as Miyazaki Hayao, 195–96
administrator of, 126 Miyazaki Yūko, 254–56, 257, 258, 259–60,
Manchukuo Young Girls Embassy, 122–35 261n7
Manchurian Incident (1931), 122, 123–24, 127, Miyazawa Kenji, 117n5
130, 135 modernization, 86, 121, 166
Manchurians, 127, 129, 136 Momotarō (“Peach Boy”), folktale of, 97,
manga, 196, 197, 264, 268 99n10, 268
Mañjuśrī (bodhisattva of wisdom), 271 Monju (bodhisattva), 23
Man’yōshū, 25 Monju fast-breeder reactor (FBR), 264, 269, 270,
marbles (biidama), 169 271, 273, 275; Monju-kun’s Twitter stories
Marco Polo Bridge incident (July 1937), 103 about, 277; potential decommissioning of,
marriage arrangements, 55–56 282; song about, 280, 281
298     Index

Monju-kun (cartoon character), 264–65, 269–70, newspapers: Manchukuo Embassies and,

272, 281–83; comparison with Astro Boy, 124–27; Manchurian Incident and, 123;
275, 276; gender of, 270; live appearances in wartime children’s play and, 165–66
stuffed costume, 278–81, 279; origin story New Year’s celebration, 71, 114, 164, 172
of, 271, 273; personality of, 273–76; reasons Nichi’i, 25
for creation of, 265–68; spread across media Nikkatsu film studio, 106, 109, 110, 112, 117n5
platforms, 277–78; theme song of, 280 Ninnaji temple (Kyoto), 20
Moore, Aaron William, 9 Nishimoto Masaharu, 145–46
Mori, Hirotake, 46, 48 Nishimura Shigeo, 273, 283n7
Mori Chūsaburō, 50 Nobita (cartoon character), 264, 275–76
Mori Hirosada, 43, 45, 46, 48; age as head of Noma Seizō, 142
household, 57; diary of, 52, 53, 54–55 No Nukes, Project Fukushima Festival, 280
Mori Hirotake, 46, 48, 53–54, 55 nuclear power, 264, 266, 268–69; nuclear
Mori Jūjirō, 54 weapons and, 275; pronuclear propaganda,
Mori Kōichi, 171, 172 267; renewable alternatives to, 278
Mori Masana, 43
Mori Otsune, 55, 56 Obon (All Souls) festival, 171, 172, 280
Moritani Nobuo, 85, 92–97, 98, 99n8 Ogawa Mimei, 121
Mori Yoshiki, 43, 45, 46, 47; age as head of Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko, 239–40
household, 57; boys’ emotional restraint Okamoto Kiichi, 88, 98n3
encouraged by, 49; diary of, 52, 53; military Ōki Ken’ichirō, 110
identity of, 51 Okome Takeru no Ichiza (comedy troupe), 280
Morizaki Azuma, 152 “Older Brother Is Strong and Healthy, Isn’t He?”
mortality, in childhood, 46–47 (Omiya, 1937), 181
Motoori Norinaga, 75 “Older Sister” (essay by Japanese fourth
Mountain King Avatar (Sannō gongen), 19, 23 grader), 131
Mukhina, Lena, 155 Omiya Setsuko, 181
Muromachi period (1337–1573), 18, 24, 30 ondo songs, 280–81
oni gokko (“play demon”), 165
Nadeshiko Japan (women’s soccer team), 208 Ono, Takeshi, 213–14, 216–17, 218, 220, 222
Nakai Kiyotoshi, 165 Oota Masami, 175
Nakai Tomochika, 63 Opie, Iona and Peter, 167
Nakajima Shigeru, 162 Ortobasi, Melek, 166
Nakamura Naohiko, 145, 150 Osaka Asahi (newspaper), 123, 125, 128, 131,
Nakane Mihoko, 147, 150, 153 132–33
Nakano Takahashi, 146, 149 Osaka Daily (newspaper), 132, 133, 134, 135
Nakasone Yasuhiro, 212, 223n7, 270 Osaragi Jirō, 106
Nakayama Sanosuke, 130 oshikura manjū game, 168
naming ceremony, 45–46 Ōshima Ken’ichi, 278
Nanking massacre, 189 Ōshio Heihachirō, 52
Nara Yoshitomo, 278 Ōta Motoko, 49
National Foundation Day Festival, 190 Ōta Sajirō, 169
National School Ordinance (Kokumin Ōtomo Yoshihide, 277
gakkō rei), 163 Ozu Yasujirō, 103, 104, 114
nation-state building, 6
nativists, 61, 75 paper plays (kamishibai), 144, 156n3, 160
natto thief (natto dorobō) game, 172 parents, 76, 171, 220, 266; attachment to young
“natural age” of child, 5 children, 4; children’s wartime diaries and,
Naumann, Hans, 171 150–54; grieving for dead children, 60;
New House and Furniture Decoration, The samurai, 44, 53–54, 55; soccer kids and, 205
[Atarashii ie to kagu sōshoku] (Kogure, Passages to Modernity (Uno, 1999), 3
1927), 86 patriarchy, 155
 Index    299

Pebble by the Wayside, A [Robō no ishi] (film, Roberts, Luke S., 5

dir. Tasaka, 1938), 102, 107, 108–10, 112, Rokkashō Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing
114, 116 Facility, 269
Pebble by the Wayside, A [Robō no ishi] role play, imitative, 170
(Yamamoto novel, 1938), 108–9 rolling ball (tama korogashi) game, 169
peer pressure, 176 Roofless Kindergarten (Osaka prefecture), 169
Peko-chan (cartoon character), 268 Rosenwein, Barbara H., 8, 78
People’s Newspaper (Kokumin shinbun), 126 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 169
Pflugfelder, Gregory, 31 Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 99n6, 121,
Piaget, Jean, 216, 217 183, 187, 188
Picture Book for Adults (film, dir. Ozu, 1932),
104–5 Sagichō festival, 172
Picture of Dorian Gray, The (Wilde), 94 Sailor Moon (manga/anime), 198
Piel, L. Halliday, 9 Saitō Kazuyoshi, 282
play, of children, 3, 147, 160–61, 206; concepts Saitō Makoto, 134
of play for wartime “little nationals,” 168–70; Saitō Tsutomu, 151
constraints on evacuees and, 174–75; Sakai Marina, 254, 255–56, 257, 259–60,
exploited for war propaganda, 7, 163–68, 261n7
266; free play, 169, 172, 174–77; noted Sakai Toshihiko, 84
in diaries of adults, 7; wartime play and Sakamoto Ryūichi, 277, 278
postwar “education crisis,” 175–77 Śākyamuni Buddha, 19
Pluto-kun (cartoon character), 265, 269, Salomon, Harald, 3, 9
281, 283 Samaki Takeo, 278
Poil de carotte [Carrot; Ninjin] (Renard, 1894), samisen lessons, 71
105, 106 samurai class/families, 3, 5, 10, 21, 30, 37, 56–57;
Porath, Or, 5 childbirth rates, 62, 64; desirable personal
Posthumous Manuscripts of Moritani Nobuo, The qualities cultivated, 48–51; interaction
(Moritani Nobuo ikō), 96 of youths in social hierachy, 51–56; Meiji
poverty, 1, 45, 186 denigration of, 184; samurai heritage of
Project Fukushima website, 280 Hirata Atsutane, 61; stages of childhood,
psychology, 6, 105, 176, 214, 215, 217, 226 43–44, 57; studies and training of boys, 70;
Puyi (last Qing emperor), 126 survival of children, 45–48; Tosa domain
samurai, 41, 42–43, 45; Yamauchi clan,
racism, 155 42–43
radio, 103, 106, 111, 123 Sand, Jordan, 250–51
rationing system, wartime, 144, 154, 160, 162 Sasakawa Sports Foundation, 207
Red Bird [Akai tori] (magazine), 85, 105, 110, Sasaki Kurōemon, 55
121 Sasaki Masami, 231
Regional Customs of Children, The [Kodomo Sasaki Takayuki, 43, 46–47, 48, 49–50; on
fūdoki] (Yanagita, 1943), 160, 166, 171, marriage arrangements, 56; on status
173, 177 distinctions, 52; on teasing among samurai
religion, 3, 9, 171 youth, 55
remedial education (ryōiku), 225, 226–27, Satō Tadao, 103
245; as ambivalent/liminal space, 236–38; Sayonara Atom, 282
mothers of children with developmental Sayonara Genpatsu (Goodbye, Nuclear Power
disabilities and, 233–36; social skills training Plants) rally (July 16, 2012), 279
(SST), 231–33; spatial disposition and Scammon, Richard E., 217–18, 222, 223n6
structure for, 228–31, 229 Scha Dara Parr, 282
Renard, Jules, 105, 106 Schilling, Mark, 276
Revenge Killing at Tenka Teahouse (Tenka Chaya schizophrenia, 232
no adauchi), 52 school system, Japanese, 64, 121, 173, 216
rites of passage, 21, 44 Schopler, Eric, 231
300     Index

Scroll of Acolytes, The (Chigo no sōshi, 1321), socialization, 143, 155, 176, 210; autonomous
24, 32 play in groups and, 177; emotional, 103;
Seaside School (Nagasaki), 169 into military-centric culture, 182; remedial
Self-Defense Forces (SDF), 1, 196–97, education and, 227, 233; of samurai boys,
198, 199 44, 52
Senda Tsuchiko, 130 social network, Internet, 267
sexual abuses, 18 Society for the History of Children and Youth, 8
sexuality, 24, 28, 32, 141, 143, 168 soft power colonization, 10
Shibata Jun, 4, 60 Sōgi, 18, 30–36, 37
Shibusawa Eiichi, 122 Solicitation Book of the Way of Youths (Nyakudō
Shichi-Go-San festival, 188 no Kanjinchō), 24, 32
Shima Kōji, 110, 112, 117n5 Sonematsu Kazuko, 144
Shimizu Hiroshi, 107, 108 songs, 145, 266, 280–82
Shimomura Kojin, 111 Sōseki Natsume, 148
Shimura Takeyo, 147 Sōshō, 32
Shingū Mitsue, 162, 165, 172, 173–74 Soul Flower Union, 277
Shinto, 31, 129, 166, 171; Sannō tradition, 23; spearmanship, 65, 66
State Shinto, 173 Stearns, Peter N., 8
Shirana Takesuke, 134 Story of Jirō, The [Jirō monogatari] (film, dir.
Shōchiku Studios, 102, 104, 107, 108 Shima, 1941), 102, 111–12
shōgi (Japanese chess), 34, 175 Strange Child, The (Arai, 2016), 3
Shōji Kakuko, 165, 172, 174 Strike Witches [Sutoraiku Witcheezu] (manga/
Shōraku-ji, 25 anime, 2010–present), 198
Shōtoku Taishi, 19 Studio Ghibli, 266, 283n3
Shōwa period, 172 “Study with a Window Reflecting the Shadow of
shrine festivals, 165, 174 a Bird” [Torikage no utsuru mado no shosai]
Sino-Japanese War, First (1894–1895), 183, (Moritani), 94
187, 188 Sugawara Masako, 25
Sino-Japanese War, Second [Fifteen Years War] Sugiyama Heisuke, 106
(1931–45), 103, 109, 122, 146, 149, 161–62, sugoroku board game, 164
189; iconography of children’s friendship suicide, 1, 50
with soldiers, 190–91, 192, 193–94; Suishinger, 280, 284n14
Manchurian Incident (1931) as beginning Sun, The [Ohisama] (magazine), 93
of, 122, 123–24, 127, 130, 135. See also Sun Yat-sen, 127
Asia-Pacific War Sutra of Refuge in the True Dharma, The, 30
Skocpol, Theda, 143 Suwa Kanenori, 152
“Sleeping Beauty’s Bedroom” (Moritani), 94, Suzuki Miekichi, 105, 110
95, 97 Suzuki Shin, 278
Small Indoor Art [Chiisaki shitsunai bijustsu] sword play (chanbara), 173
(Moritani, 1926), 94, 96 Szasz, Ferenc M., 275
soccer, 3, 7, 205–7, 221–22, 222n2; children
and nation in JFA promotional material, Tachibana Moribe, 61, 62, 65, 66, 74, 77, 78
207–13, 209; “critical periods” in child tag games, 165, 169, 170
development and, 213, 214, 217, 218, 221, Tainichi Gurafu (photo magazine), 188
222; FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Taishō period (1912–1926), 83, 88, 96, 173;
Football Association), 216; golden age children’s culture in, 84–86; modernist
concept in child development and, 205, 206, design in, 86, 92, 98; view of children’s play
212, 213–18, 222; “Uniqlo Soccer Kids” in, 168
events, 219; World Cup, 206, 207, 208, Takada Hitoshi, 258–59
212–13, 221, 222 Takamine Hideko, 111, 117n4
socialism, 85 Takashima Heisaburō, 186
 Index    301

Takechi Issei, 275 Tsuchiya Megumi, 20, 21, 23

Takei Takeo, 97, 99n9 Tsuda Daisuke, 279, 280
Tale of Genji, 25 Tsuda Sumi, 128, 133
Tale of Ise, 25 Tsuji Zennosuke, 24
Tale of the Hollow Tree (Utsuho monogatari), 19 Tsukamoto kindergarten, 1
Tale of the Woodcutter (Taketori monogatari), 19 Tsukiji Shōgekijō, 111
Tales of Youths (Wakashū monogatari), 30 Tsumura Hideo, 106, 110
Tanaka, Stefan, 2, 9 Tweezers [Kenuki] (kabuki play), 66
Tanaka Takako, 20 TwitNoNukes anitnuclear demonstration (April
Tasaka Tomotaka, 110 29, 2012), 279, 279
Tashima Kozo, 222 Tylor, Edward Burnett, 171
tatemae (the personal/mask), 233 tzuzurikata undō (life writing movement),
TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic 142, 147
and Related Communication Handicapped
Children), 226, 230–31 Ueda Hiroaki, 164, 166–67, 168, 169, 173, 175
Teaching the Truthful Words, The (Jitsugokyō), Ueki Emori, 185
24, 25 uma keri (“kick horse”) game, 166–67, 167
Teach Me, Monju-kun (Oshiete! Monju-kun, Umano Yōko, 150
2012), 277, 278 uma tobi (“jump horse”) game, 167
television, 198, 210, 265, 267 “Uniqlo Soccer Kids” events, 205
TEPCO (Tokyo Electric Power), 264–65, 268, 280 United Nations Commitee on the Rights of the
Teruyama, Junko, 7 Child, 246, 247
Teshima Kihachi, 53 United States, 91, 122, 167, 207, 211
Tezuka Osamu, 268, 274 “Unlikable Children’s Room in America, An”
theater, 103, 106 (Moritani, frontispiece), 93, 94
“Thief, The” (Noma, 1944), 142 Uno, Kathleen, 3, 72
“Three Treasures,” 26, 29–30 Utawaga Hiroshige, 169
Thursday Club, 171
Tōhō Studios, 111 Village Japan (Beardsley, Hall, and Ward, 1959),
Tōjō Hideki, 152 162, 165
Tokugawa period, 6, 10, 44, 53, 72; childrearing Village Nursery School [Mura no hoikusho]
at a distance in, 74; diseases in, 47. See also (Kawasaki, 1944), 193
Edo period (1600–1868) violence, 23, 74, 193; in boys’ books (seventeenth
Tokutomi Sohō, 84 century), 5; fighting girl figure and, 197–98;
Tokyo Asahi (newspaper), 123, 125–26, 130 samurai class and, 51; “soft violence” of
Tokyo Children’s Theater Company, 107 education system, 220
Tokyo Daily (newspaper), 123, 125, 128, 130, 135 vocational schools (senmon gakkō), 146
Tōkyō Hassei film studio, 106
Tokyo Prefectural Industrial Arts School, 90, 92 wakashu (youth), 31–33
top spinning (begoma), 169 Walthall, Anne, 5, 9
Towards the Truth [Shinjitsu ichiro] (Yamamoto, war games, 168, 169, 173, 266
1935), 106 Warship Collection [Kantai Korekushon]
Toyoda Masako, 110, 111 (manga/anime, 2013–present), 198
Toyoda Shirō, 106 Watanabe Haruhiro, 147
toys, 6, 7, 83, 90, 160; exported from Japan Watanabe Kichitarō, 53–54
during World War I, 91–92; homemade, 164; Watanabe Shōichi, 219
ultranationalist war propaganda and, 160, Watanabe Yakuma, 53–54
164; wartime shortages of, 162, 177 Watanabe Zenzō, 67
Treasure House of Greater Learning for Women, Way of Youths (shudō), 31, 32
A (Onna Daigaku takara bako), 68 welfare institutions for children, 3, 7, 243,
Tsubota Jōji, 105, 107, 110, 117 246–49, 260. See also Chestnut House
302     Index

women: antinuclear cartoons directed to Yamanaka Hisashi, 164

mothers and children, 264–67, 278, 281; Yamauchi Masao, 91
as children’s primary caretakers, 187; Yanagita Kunio, 114, 117n6, 160, 167; as
commoner, 55; mothers of children with advocate of free play in wartime culture,
developmental disabilities, 233–36; women’s 170–74, 176–77; on importance of age seven,
soccer teams and clubs, 208, 216 4–5; as influential folk scholar, 166
Women’s Opinion [Fujin kōron] (magazine), 84 Yang Yun, 128, 129, 134
Women’s Pictorial [Fujin gahō] (magazine), 84 Yano, Christine, 270
Women’s Society (Fujinkai), 144 Yasukuni Shrine, 125
Women’s World [Fujin sekai] (magazine), 84 yin-yang theory, 27
Wooden Toy Production Stock Company, Yomiuri shinbun (newspaper), 106, 123, 275
91–92 Yoshida Fusako, 146, 148
World War I, 91, 123 Young Children’s Club [Yōnen kurabu]
(magazine), 123
Yamada Kikue, 154 Yuan Xu, 6
Yamagami Entarō, 188 Yu Fukujun, 128, 129, 134
Yamagishi Sachiko, 165 Yuki Rikurō, 25
Yamamoto Kajirō, 111
Yamamoto Tatsuo, 134 Zeronomics bear (antinuclear avatar), 283
Yamamoto Yūzō, 106, 108–9 Zonsei, 25
HISTORY | ASIAN STUDIES

Few things make Japanese adults feel quite as anxious today as the phenomenon
called the “child crisis.” Various media teem with intense debates about bullying in
schools, child poverty, child suicides, violent crimes committed by children, the rise of
socially withdrawn youngsters, and forceful moves by the government to introduce a
more conservative educational curriculum. These issues have propelled Japan into the
center of a set of global conversations about the nature of children and how to raise
them. Engaging both the history of children and childhood and the history of emotions,
contributors to this volume track Japanese childhood through a number of historical
scenarios. Such explorations—some from Japan’s early modern past—are revealed
through letters, diaries, memoirs, family and household records, and religious polem-
ics about promising, rambunctious, sickly, happy, and dutiful youngsters.

“I do not know of any collection like this in English, dealing so comprehensively

and from so many angles with the topic of the history of children and childhood in
Japan.”  PETER CAVE, author of Schooling Selves and Primary School in Japan

“In Child’s Play, ‘childhood’ assumes many roles and guises, and many points of
departure. The authors demonstrate the significance of Japanese cultural institutions
and practices for a more comprehensive, and sobering, understanding of the artifice
and operations alike of ‘childhood.’”  JENNIFER ROBERTSON, author of Robo sapi-
ens japanicus: Robots, Gender, Family, and the Japanese Nation

SABINE FRÜHSTÜCK is Professor of Modern Japanese Cultural Studies at the

University of California, Santa Barbara. Her publications include Colonizing Sex: Sex-
ology and Social Control in Modern Japan and Uneasy Warriors: Gender, Memory,
and Popular Culture in the Japanese Army. ANNE WALTHALL is Professor Emerita of
Japanese History at the University of California, Irvine. Her publications include The
Weak Body of a Useless Woman: Matsuo Taseko and the Meiji Restoration, and
Japan: A Cultural, Social, and Political History.

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Cover illustration: Machida Kumi, Relation, 2006. Material: sumi (blue), sumi
(brown), pigments and mineral pigments on kumohada linen paper.
Size: 181.5 x 343 cm. Collection: BIGI Co., Ltd.
Credit: @Kumi Machida, Courtesy of Nishimura Gallery.