The Age of

Exploration 1500 –1800

Section 1 Exploration and Expansion
Section 2 The Atlantic Slave Trade
Section 3 Colonial Latin America

MAKING CONNECTIONS
How are the Americas linked
to Africa?
The demand for enslaved Africans increased dramatically after Europeans
began to settle in the Americas. The Cape Coast Castle in Ghana, shown in this
photo, is one of the forts where enslaved Africans were held until ships arrived
to take them to the Americas. This fort could hold about 1,500 slaves usually
locked in dark, crowded dungeons for many weeks. Today, the Cape Coast
Castle contains a museum that allows people to learn about slavery. In this
chapter you will learn about the exploration of new lands and its global impact.
• Why might people want to visit the Cape Coast Castle?
• Does slavery occur in any parts of the world today?

1500 1520
Pedro Cabral Ferdinand Magellan
lands in sails into the
EUROPE AND South Pacific Ocean
THE AMERICAS America

1500 1600

THE WORLD 1568 1632

Japan’s unification Building of Taj
begins Mahal begins

428
The Granger Collection, New York, Elk Photography
 1794
1663 1787 Congress bans Describing As you Slave Co lo n ia
io n La l
Canada becomes Northwest Ordinance bans slave trade Ex pl or at Trade
Am etirin
read, take notes on ca

a French colony slavery in the Northwest between U.S. and exploration, slave
Territory of the United States foreign countries trade, and colonial Latin America on
quarter sheets of paper. Organize your
1700 1800 notes in a three-pocket book.

1722
Rule of Emperor Kangxi
of China ends (ISTORY /.,).%
Chapter Overview—Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 13.

Elk Photography, Scala/Art Resource, NY

 Exploration and Expansion
On a quest for “God, glory, and gold,” the Portuguese and
GUIDE TO READING Spanish led the way in exploring new worlds. Setting sail to
The BIG Idea the east, the Portuguese eventually gained control of the Spice
Competition Among Countries Islands. In the west, Portugal and Spain each claimed new
Europeans began exploring the world in the 1400s,
lands in the Americas. By the end of the sixteenth century,
and several nations experienced economic heights
through worldwide trade. however, the Dutch, French, and English began competing with
the Portuguese and Spanish for these new lands and the riches
Content Vocabulary they held.
• conquistadors (p. 434) • Columbian Exchange
• encomienda (p. 435) (p. 436)

Academic Vocabulary
Motives and Means
• overseas (p. 430) • percent (p. 432) Europeans began to explore distant lands, motivated by religious
zeal and the promise of gold and glory.
People and Places HISTORY & YOU Recall that Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain sought religious
• Hernán Cortés (p. 431) • Ferdinand Magellan
(p. 432)
unity for their country. Read to learn how religious zeal also played a part in the
• Portugal (p. 432)
European quest for riches in other lands.
• Vasco da Gama • John Cabot (p. 433)
(p. 432) • Amerigo Vespucci
• Melaka (p. 432) (p. 433) The dynamic energy of Western civilization between 1500 and
• Christopher Columbus • Montezuma (p. 434) 1800 was most apparent when Europeans began to expand into
(p. 432) • Francisco Pizarro the rest of the world. First Portugal and Spain, then later the Neth-
• Cuba (p. 432) (p. 435)
erlands, England, and France, all rose to new economic heights
through their worldwide trading activity.
Reading Strategy For almost a thousand years, Europeans had mostly remained
Organizing Information As you read, in one area of the world. At the end of the fifteenth century, how-
use a chart like the one below to list the explorers
ever, they set out on a remarkable series of overseas journeys.
and lands explored by each European nation.
What caused them to undertake such dangerous voyages to the
Explorers Lands Explored ends of the Earth?
Portugal Europeans had long been attracted to Asia. In the late thirteenth
Spain century, Marco Polo had traveled with his father and uncle to the
England Chinese court of the great Mongol ruler Kublai Khan. He had writ-
France ten an account of his experiences, known as The Travels. Many,
Netherlands including Christopher Columbus, read the book and were fasci-
nated by the exotic East. In the fourteenth century, conquests by the
Ottoman Turks reduced the ability of westerners to travel by land
to the East. People then spoke of gaining access to Asia by sea.
Economic motives loom large in European expansion. Mer-
chants, adventurers, and state officials had high hopes of expand-
ing trade, especially for the spices of the East. The spices, which
were needed to preserve and flavor food, were very expensive
after Arab middlemen shipped them to Europe. Europeans also
had hopes of finding precious metals. One Spanish adventurer
wrote that he went to the Americas to “to give light to those who
were in darkness, and to grow rich, as all men desire to do.”

430
 EUROPEAN VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY

ARCTIC OCEAN
Greenland

ARCTIC CIRCLE

Hudson
Bay
ENGLAND EUROPE
NETHERLANDS
NORTH FRANCE ASIA
AMERICA SPAIN PACIFIC
ATLANTIC CHINA
PORTUGAL
Cuba Bahamas OCEAN OCEAN
30°N
MEXICO INDIA TROPIC OF
CANCER
Hispaniola Goa Strait of
Tenochtitlán Caribbean AFRICA
Calicut Malacca
(Mexico City) Sea
EQUATOR Melaka
0°
PACIFIC PERU Spice Islands
OCEAN INDIAN
Cuzco (Moluccas)
OCEAN
SOUTH TROPIC OF
AMERICA AUSTRALIA CAPRICORN
30°S

N
0 4,000 kilometers
W E
0 4,000 miles
Strait of Magellan S Miller projection
60°S
150°W 120°W 90°W 60°W 30°W 0° 30°E 60°E 90°E 120°E 150°E 180°
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
Dutch Portuguese
Barents 1596–1597 Dias 1487–1488
Hudson 1609 Da Gama 1497–1498
Cabral 1500 –1501
English
Cabot 1497–1498 Spanish 1. Place Which continents were left
Drake 1577–1580 Columbus 1492–1493
untouched by European explorers?
Hudson 1610-1611 Cortés 1519 2. Human-Environment Interaction
French Magellan 1519–1521 Create a table that organizes the map
and Elcano 1521–1522 information. Include the explorer, date,
Verazzano 1524
Cartier 1534 –1535 sponsoring country, and area explored.

This statement suggests another reason “God, glory, and gold,” then, were the
for the overseas voyages: religious zeal. chief motives for European expansion, but
Many people shared the belief of Hernán what made the voyages possible? By the
Cortés, the Spanish conqueror of Mexico, mid-1400s, European monarchies had
that they must ensure that the natives were increased their power and their resources
“introduced into the holy Catholic faith.” and could focus beyond their borders.
There was a third motive as well. Spiri- Europeans had also reached a level of tech-
tual and secular affairs were connected in nology that enabled them to make regular
the sixteenth century. People like Cortés voyages beyond Europe. A new global age
wanted to convert the natives to Christian- was about to begin.
ity; but grandeur, glory, and a spirit of
adventure also played a major role in Euro- ✓Reading Check Explaining What does the
pean expansion. phrase “God, glory, and gold” mean?

CHAPTER 13 The Age of Exploration 431

 A Race for Riches destroy Arab control of the spice trade and
provide the Portuguese with a way station
Portuguese and Spanish explorers took on the route to the Moluccas, then known
the lead in discovering new lands. as the Spice Islands.
From Melaka, the Portuguese launched
HISTORY & YOU Does your vehicle have a naviga-
tional system? Read to learn how the early explorers
expeditions to China and the Spice Islands.
found new lands. There they signed a treaty with a local ruler
for the purchase and export of cloves to the
European market. This treaty established
At the end of the 1400s, Europeans sailed Portuguese control of the spice trade.
out into the world in new directions. Por- However, the Portuguese had a limited
tuguese ships took the lead when they empire of trading posts on the coasts of
sailed southward along the West African India and China. The Portuguese had nei-
coast. Spain soon followed with the dra- ther the power, the people, nor the desire
matic voyages of Christopher Columbus to colonize the Asian regions.
to the Americas. Guns and seamanship made the Portu-
guese the first successful European explor-
Portuguese Explorers ers. Heavily armed, their fleets were able
to defeat local naval and land forces. Later,
Portugal took the lead in European
however, the Portuguese would be no
exploration. Beginning in 1520, under the
match for other European forces—the Eng-
sponsorship of Prince Henry the Naviga-
lish, Dutch, and French.
tor, Portuguese fleets began probing south-
ward along the western coast of Africa.
There, they discovered a new source of Spanish Explorers
gold. The southern coast of West Africa Educated Europeans knew the world
thus became known to Europeans as the was round but had no idea of its circumfer-
Gold Coast. ence, the size of the Asian continent, or that
Portuguese sea captains heard reports of another continent lay to the west between
a route to India around the southern tip of Europe and Asia. While the Portuguese
Africa. In 1488 Bartholomeu Dias rounded sailed eastward through the Indian Ocean,
the tip, called the Cape of Good Hope. the Spanish sailed westward across the
Later, Vasco da Gama went around the Atlantic Ocean to find the route to Asia.
cape and cut across the Indian Ocean to Convinced that the Earth’s circumfer-
the coast of India. In May of 1498, he ence was not as great as others thought,
arrived off the port of Calicut. There he Christopher Columbus believed he could
took on a cargo of spices. After returning reach Asia by sailing west instead of east
to Portugal, da Gama made a profit of sev- around Africa. Columbus persuaded
eral thousand percent. Is it surprising that Queen Isabella of Spain to finance an
da Gama’s voyage was the first of many exploratory expedition. In October 1492 he
along this route? reached the Americas, where he explored
Portuguese fleets returned to the area to the coastline of Cuba and the island of
take control of the spice trade from the Hispaniola.
Muslims. In 1509 Portuguese warships Columbus believed he had reached Asia.
defeated a combined fleet of Turkish and After three voyages, he had still not found
Indian ships off the coast of India. A year a route through the outer islands to the
later, Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque Asian mainland. In his four voyages,
(AL-buh-kur-kee) set up a port at Goa, on Columbus reached all the major Caribbean
the western coast of India. islands and Honduras in Central Amer-
The Portuguese then began to range ica—all of which he called the Indies.
more widely for the source of the spice Another important explorer to Spain
trade. Soon, Albuquerque sailed into was Ferdinand Magellan. Magellan per-
Melaka, a thriving spice trade port, on the suaded the king of Spain to finance his
Malay Peninsula. Having Melaka would voyage to Asia through the Western

432 SECTION 1 Exploration and Expansion

0430_0437_CH13S1_874525.indd 432 5/1/07 6:23:52 AM

Hemisphere. He set sail in September 1519 and those west of the line by Spain. This
down the coast of South America in search treaty gave Portugal control over its route
of a sea passage through America. In Octo- around Africa, and it gave Spain rights to
ber 1520 Magellan passed through a water- almost all of the Americas.
way (later called the Strait of Magellan) Soon, government-sponsored explorers
into the Pacific Ocean. The fleet reached from many countries joined the race to the
the Philippines, but Magellan was killed Americas. A Venetian seaman, John Cabot,
by the native peoples there. Although only explored the New England coastline of the
one of his ships returned to Spain, Magel- Americas for England. The Portuguese sea
lan is still remembered as the first person captain Pedro Cabral landed in South
to circumnavigate the globe. America in 1500. Amerigo Vespucci (veh•
SPOO•chee), a Florentine, went along on
New Lands to Explore several voyages. His letters describing the
lands he saw led to the use of the name
The voyages of the Portuguese and Span-
America (after Amerigo) for the new lands.
ish had opened up new lands to explora-
Europeans called these lands the New
tion. Both Spain and Portugal feared that
World although they already had flourish-
the other might claim some of its newly
ing civilizations made up of millions of
discovered territories. They resolved their
people when the Europeans arrived. The
concerns with the Treaty of Tordesillas,
Americas were, of course, new to the Euro-
signed in 1494. The treaty called for a line
peans, who quickly saw opportunities for
of demarcation extending from north to
conquest and exploitation.
south through the Atlantic Ocean and the
easternmost part of the South American
continent. Unexplored territories east of ✓Reading Check Explaining Why did the
the line would be controlled by Portugal, Spanish and Portuguese sign the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Technology and Exploration

How did early European explorers make their way across
the Atlantic Ocean in the 1400s and 1500s? They relied
upon several new and improved inventions, as well as
technology borrowed from other cultures.
The caravel was a faster ship design invented by the Portuguese, which made
long voyages of exploration possible. Its triangular (lateen) sails allowed explorers
to sail against the wind. Europeans learned to use lateen sails from the Arabs. The
caravel design included a large cargo hold.
At the same time, cartography (the art and science of map-
making) had advanced to the point where Europeans had fairly
accurate maps. European sailors used the astrolabe, an inven-
tion of Greek astronomers, to plot their latitude using the sun
or stars. The magnetic compass, invented in China, also helped
sailors to chart a course across the ocean.

1. Analyzing Visuals How did the The caravel was well suited for
caravel’s design help European long voyages of exploration.
explorers?
2. Synthesizing What were the sources
of the technology used by early Explorer Amerigo Vespucci using
an astrolabe, a Greek invention
European explorers?
that was improved by the Arabs

(l) Art Archive/Marine Museum, Lisbon/Dagli Orti, (r) Bettmann/CORBIS

 The Spanish Empire
Shannon Stapleton/Reuters/CORBIS

accepted the authority of the Aztec king in

Tenochtitlán. In the region of Tlaxcala to
The great Aztec and Inca civilizations the east, however, the local lords wanted
succumbed to the Spanish. greater independence. Areas that had
never been conquered wanted to remain
HISTORY & YOU How did the Romans treat their
conquered peoples? Read how the Spanish conquered
free of the Aztec.
the Aztec and Inca. In 1519, a Spanish force under the com-
mand of Hernán Cortés landed at Vera-
cruz, on the Gulf of Mexico. Cortés marched
The Spanish conquerors of the to Tenochtitlán with a small body of troops
Americas—known as conquistadors— (550 soldiers and 16 horses). As he went,
were individuals whose firearms, organi- he made alliances with city-states that had
zational skills, and determination brought tired of the oppressive rule of the Aztec.
them incredible success. With their people Particularly important was the alliance
and resources, the Spanish established an with Tlaxcala.
overseas empire quite different from the In November, Cortés arrived at Tenoch-
Portuguese trading posts. titlán and was welcomed by the Aztec
monarch Montezuma (also spelled Mocte-
zuma). The Aztec were astounded to see
Aztec Civilization Destroyed the unfamiliar sight of men on horseback
For a century, the Aztec ruled much of and firearms, cannon, and steel swords.
central Mexico from the Gulf of Mexico to These weapons gave the Spanish a great
the Pacific coasts. Most local officials advantage in fighting the Aztec.

National Citizenship Day Since the time of exploration, the United States has become a land of
swearing-in ceremony immigrants. Over the centuries, people from around the world, including
for new citizens on Europeans, Africans, Latin Americans, and Asians, have settled in the United
Ellis Island, New York States and have added to the country’s unique collective culture. Although
each group’s reason for coming to the United States has differed, each has
helped create its diverse society.

• Although Native Americans were

the first inhabitants of the United
States, they make up less than one
percent of the total U.S. population.
• Immigration to the United States
continues today. In 2004, 11.7
percent of the total U.S. population
was foreign-born.



   
1. Identifying Which ethnic groups have influ-
enced American culture?
2. Assessing What impact has immigration
had on U.S. history?
 Eventually, tensions arose between the marched on Cuzco and captured the Inca
Spaniards and the Aztec. The Spanish took capital. By 1535, Pizarro had established a
Montezuma hostage and began to pillage new capital at Lima for a new colony of the
the city. In the fall of 1520, one year after Spanish Empire.
Cortés had first arrived, the local popula-
tion revolted and drove the invaders from
the city. Many of the Spanish were killed.
The Columbian Exchange
The Aztec soon experienced new disas- By 1550, much territory in Mexico, Cen-
ters, however. As one Aztec related, “But tral America, and South America had been
at about the time that the Spaniards had brought under Spanish control. (The Por-
fled from Mexico, there came a great sick- tuguese took over Brazil, which fell on
ness, a pestilence, the smallpox.” With no their side of the line of demarcation.)
natural immunity to European diseases, Already by 1535, the Spanish had created a
many Aztec fell sick and died. Meanwhile, system of colonial administration in their
Cortés received fresh soldiers from his new new American empire.
allies; the state of Tlaxcala alone provided Queen Isabella declared Native Ameri-
50,000 warriors. After four months, the city cans (then called Indians, after the Spanish
surrendered. word Indios, “inhabitants of the Indies”) to
The forces of Cortés leveled pyramids, be her subjects. She granted to Spanish set-
temples, and palaces and used the stones tlers in the Americas the encomienda. This
to build government buildings and was the right of landowners to use Native
churches for the Spanish. The rivers and Americans as laborers.
canals were filled in. The magnificent city The holders of an encomienda were sup-
of Tenochtitlán was no more. During the posed to protect the Native Americans, but
next 30 years, the Spanish expanded their Spanish settlers were far from Spain and
control to all of Mexico. largely ignored their government. Native
Americans were put to work on sugar
plantations and in the gold and silver
Conquest of the Inca mines. Few Spanish settlers worried about
The Inca Empire was still flourishing protecting them.
when the first Spanish expeditions arrived Forced labor, starvation, and especially
in the central Andes. In December 1530, disease took a fearful toll on Native Ameri-
Francisco Pizarro landed on the Pacific can lives. With little natural resistance to
coast of South America with only a small European diseases, the native peoples were
band of about 180 men. However, like Cor- ravaged by smallpox, measles, and typhus.
tés, Pizarro brought steel weapons, gun- Many of them died. Hispaniola, for exam-
powder, and horses. The Inca had seen ple, had a population of 250,000 when
none of these. Columbus arrived. By 1538, only 500
The Inca Empire also experienced an epi- Native Americans had survived. In Mex-
demic of smallpox. Like the Aztec, the Inca ico, the population dropped from 25 mil-
had no immunities to European diseases. lion in 1500 to 1 million in 1630.
Smallpox soon devastated entire villages. In the early years of the conquest, Catho-
Even the Inca emperor was a victim. lic monks converted and baptized hun-
When the emperor died, his two sons dreds of thousands of Native Americans.
each claimed the throne. This led to a civil With the arrival of the missionaries came
war. Atahuallpa, one of the sons, defeated parishes, schools, and hospitals—all the
his brother’s forces. Taking advantage of trappings of a European society. Native
the situation, Pizarro captured Atahuallpa. American social and political structures
With their stones, arrows, and light spears, were torn apart and replaced by European
Inca warriors provided little challenge to systems of religion, language, culture, and
the charging Spanish horses, guns, and government.
cannons. As the Spanish and Native Americans
After executing Atahuallpa, Pizarro and married and had families, they created a
his soldiers, aided by their Inca allies, new people with roots in both cultures.

CHAPTER 13 The Age of Exploration 435

 THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
One of the major goals of European
exploration and expansion was to gain wealth.
Following the ideas of mercantilism (see Section
2), European nations sought to build wealth by
increasing their exports of goods and their
imports of precious metals and raw materials.
When Columbus landed in the Americas and
established a colony for Spain, he took the first
step in creating an immense trade network.
Ultimately international trade in the 1500s and
1600s opened the door to a world economy.
The exchange of plants and animals between
Europe and the Americas—known as the
Columbian Exchange—had far-reaching effects
on the world’s cultures. Diseases brought by
Europeans killed a large number of Native
Americans. Elsewhere in the world, new food
crops from the Americas supported population
growth, changed tastes, and created new
markets. A ship departs from the port of Lisbon, Portugal,
for Brazil in 1562. Trade between European
nations and their colonies in the New World had
profound effects on the entire world.

Spanish explorer Hernán

Cortés meets with the
Aztec monarch Montezuma.
Native Americans had 1. Identifying How did mercantilism
never seen horses before relate to European exploration?
meeting the Spanish. The
Spanish likewise learned 2. Synthesizing In what ways did the
about many native plants voyages of Columbus mark a turning
and animals from the point in world history?
Aztec.

Some aspects of the indigenous culture potatoes, cocoa, corn, tomatoes, and tobacco,
survive. In Mexico, the Nahua Indians, were shipped to Europe. The exchange of
descendants of the Aztec, weave on the plants and animals between Europe and
same kind of loom used by the Aztec. the Americas—known as the Columbian
Spanish conquests in the Americas Exchange—transformed economic activity
affected not only the conquered but also the in both worlds. Potatoes, for example,
conquerors. Colonists established planta- became a basic dietary staple in some areas
tions and ranches to raise sugar, cotton, of Europe. By enabling more people to sur-
vanilla, livestock, and other products intro- vive on smaller plots of land, a rapid increase
duced to the Americas for export to Europe. in population was made possible.
While Europeans were bringing horses, cat-
tle, and wheat to the Americas, agricultural ✓Reading Check Identifying What products
products native to the Americas, such as were sent from the Americas to Europe?

436 SECTION 1 Exploration and Expansion

(t) Art Archive/Musée de la Marine, Paris/Dagli Orti, (b) The Granger Collection, New York
European Rivals
The Portuguese and Spanish found new rivals in the
Dutch, French, and English for trading rights and for new lands.
HISTORY & YOU What if someone set up and operated a concession Vocabulary
stand just beyond your school’s property during a championship basket- 1. Explain the significance of: overseas,
ball game? Read to learn how European countries competed for trading Hernán Cortés, Portugal, Vasco da Gama,
rights and for new lands. percent, Melaka, Christopher Columbus,
Cuba, Ferdinand Magellan, John Cabot,
Amerigo Vespucci, conquistadors,
By the end of the sixteenth century, several new Euro- Montezuma, Francisco Pizarro,
pean rivals had begun to challenge the Portuguese and encomienda, Columbian Exchange.
Spanish. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, an
English fleet landed on the northwestern coast of India
Main Ideas
and established trade relations with the people there. The
2. Identify the motives for European
first Dutch fleet arrived in India in 1595. Shortly after, the exploration. Use a web diagram like the
Dutch formed the East India Company and began compet- one below to list the motives.
ing with both the English and the Portuguese for Indian
Ocean trade. Motives for
Exploration
The Dutch also formed their own West India Company
to compete with the Spanish and Portuguese in the Ameri-
cas. Although it made some inroads in Portuguese Brazil
and the Caribbean, the company’s profits were less than
its expenditures. 3. Explain why the Portuguese were the first
In the early seventeenth century Dutch settlements were successful European explorers.
established on the North American continent. The colony 4. Define the encomienda system. What
of New Netherland stretched from the mouth of the Hud- effect did this system have on the Native
son River as far north as Albany, New York. Modern names American populations?
such as Staten Island, Harlem, and the Catskill Mountains
remind us that it was the Dutch who initially settled the Critical Thinking
Hudson River valley. 5. The BIG Idea Making Generalizations
During the seventeenth century, the French colonized What forces came together in the mid-
parts of what is now Canada and Louisiana. In 1608 Sam- 1400s that made the European age of
uel de Champlain founded Quebec, the first permanent exploration possible?
French settlement in the Americas. Meanwhile, English 6. Evaluating What impact did European
settlers were founding Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay technology, food, and disease have on the
Colony. Americas? How did the Columbian
After 1660, however, rivalry with the English and the Exchange affect the Americas and Europe?
French (who had also become active in North America) 7. Analyzing Visuals Why do you think there
brought the fall of the Dutch commercial empire in the is a cross on the table in the portrait of
Americas. In 1664 the English seized the colony of New Amerigo Vespucci on page 433?
Netherland from the Dutch and renamed it New York. The
Dutch West India Company soon went bankrupt. Writing About History
By the end of the seventeenth century, the English had 8. Descriptive Writing Imagine you are an
established control over most of the eastern seaboard of Aztec residing in Tenochtitlán when Cortés
North America. They had also set up sugar plantations on arrives. Write a journal entry describing the
several Caribbean islands. Nevertheless, compared to the Spanish—their clothing, weapons and
enormous empire of the Spanish in Latin America, the horses.
North American colonies still remained of minor impor-
tance to the English economy.
(ISTORY /.,).%
✓Reading Check Identifying Which century marked the
For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World
beginning of English rivalry with Spain and Portugal for trading rights History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.
in India?

437
 Is It New World or Old World?
The ingredients in foods enjoyed today come from all over the world. The
geographic origins of these foods, however, might come as a surprise. For
example, tomatoes, which are associated with Italian cuisine, originated in the
Americas. Food crops and animals native to one part of the world rarely existed
in another part of the world until the voyages of Christopher Columbus. His
voyages triggered one of the most significant events in world history—the
Columbian Exchange—an extensive exchange of plants and animals between
the Old and New Worlds.

NEW WORLD
Maize (corn) Tomatoes

Cacao
(chocolate)

Pineapples

White and sweet

potatoes Pumpkins and
other squash

438
(cw from top) Punchstock, -2 Alamy Images, -3 Getty Images, -4 C Squared Studios/Getty Images, -5 Punchstock, -6 PhotoAlto/Getty Images, Art Archive/Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs Paris
 OLD WORLD
Cattle

Horses

Peaches and
pears

Lettuce

Wheat, barley, oats,

rye, and rice

Sugar ANALYZING VISUALS

1. Inferring What do you

DISEASES think it might have been

like to see for the first time
a completely unfamiliar
Plants and animals were not the only things that were exchanged animal, such as a horse
or cow?
between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. People traveling from
2. Comparing What infec-
the Old World to the New World also brought with them many infec-
tious diseases are people
tious diseases. These diseases included chicken pox, measles, smallpox, worried about being
malaria, flu, and the common cold. Because people in the New World exposed to today? What
had not had previous exposure to these diseases, they were not are the geographic origins
immune to their devastating effects. of these diseases?

439
Art Archive/Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs Paris, (cw from top) Alan and Sandy Carey/Getty Images, -2 CORBIS, -3 Artvillle/Getty Images, -4 Brand X Pictures/Punchstock, -5 Artvillle/Getty Images, -6 Punchstock
 The Atlantic Slave Trade
As the number of European colonies increased, so did the
GUIDE TO READING volume and area of European trade. An Atlantic slave trade
The BIG Idea also began. Altogether, as many as 10 million enslaved
Human Rights European expansion Africans were brought to the Americas between the early 1500s
affected Africa with the dramatic increase of the
and the late 1800s. Not until the late 1700s did European
slave trade.
feeling against slavery begin to grow.
Content Vocabulary
• colony (p. 440) • plantations (p. 441)
• mercantilism (p. 440) • triangular trade Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
• balance of trade (p. 442)
(p. 440) • Middle Passage The slave trade increased as enslaved Africans were brought to the
• subsidies (p. 440) (p. 442) Americas.
HISTORY & YOU Have you seen movies about slavery? Read to learn how the
Academic Vocabulary slave trade became part of the triangular trade pattern.
• transportation (p. 440)
• primary (p. 441)
In less than 300 years, the European age of exploration changed
People and Places the world. In some areas, such as the Americas and the Spice
• King Afonso (p. 442) Islands, it led to the destruction of local civilizations and the estab-
• Benin (p. 443) lishment of European colonies. In others, such as Africa and main-
land Southeast Asia, it left native regimes intact but had a strong
Reading Strategy impact on local societies and regional trade patterns. European
Determining Cause and Effect As expansion affected Africa with the dramatic increase of the slave
you read, use a table like the one below to identify trade, which played an important part in European trade.
economic and political factors that caused the slave The increase in the volume and area of European trade as a
trade to be profitable. List the economic and politi- result of European expansion was a crucial factor in producing a
cal effects of the trade.
new age of commercial capitalism. This is one of the first steps in
Economic/Political Economic/Political the development of the world economy. The nations of Europe
Factors Effects were creating trading empires.
Led by Portugal and Spain, European nations established many
trading posts and colonies in the Americas and the East. A colony
is a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the
parent country by trade and direct government control.
Colonies played a role in the theory of mercantilism, a set of
principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth
century. According to mercantilists, the prosperity of a nation
depended on a large supply of bullion, or gold and silver. To bring
in gold and silver payments, nations tried to have a favorable
balance of trade. The balance of trade is the difference in value
between what a nation imports and what it exports over time.
When the balance is favorable, the goods exported are of greater
value than those imported.
To encourage exports, governments stimulated industries and
trade. They granted subsidies, or payments, to new industries
and improved transportation systems by building roads, bridges,

440
 ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE, 1500s–1600s
Liverpool
N

W E EUROPE
S Nantes
M
iss

s
issip

ATLANTIC

od
Go
40°N
pi

Lisbon
NORTH Richmond OCEAN

re d
ls
R.

te ria

ctu
AMERICA w
Ma
, Ra

ufa
Savannah Charleston MOROCCO
New Orleans Rum

Man
ar,
Sug
Gulf of
Mexico TROPIC OF CANCER

20°N Ensl
Santo Domingo a ved Timbuktu
Caribbean Sea A frica
7DRSƝ)MCHDR ns ( Île de AFRICA

Ni
M

g
iddl Gorée

er
e Pass .R
a ge)
'NKC
3K@UD
Cartagena )UNQX #N@RS #N@RS
Enslaved A #N@RS
fricans Ouidah
Elmina
EQUATOR R.

o
0°

ng
z on R.
Ama s

Co
an
fric
BRAZIL A Cabinda
PACIFIC ve
d
la Luanda
SOUTH Ens
OCEAN Salvador
AMERICA Mozambique
ATLANTIC
20°S
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN Rio de Janeiro OCEAN

0 1,000 kilometers

0 1,000 miles
Miller projection 20°W 0° 40°E

40°S
Export center for enslaved Africans
Major concentration of enslaved Africans
Route of slave traders 1. Location What part of Africa was the
Route of other traders greatest source of enslaved people? Why?
2. Human-Environment Interaction What
is the connection between the slave trade
and the triangular trade?
100°W 80°W 60°W 40°W
60°S

and canals. They placed high tariffs, or The primary market for enslaved Africans
taxes, on foreign goods to keep them out of was Southwest Asia where most served as
their own countries. Colonies were consid- domestic servants as in some European
ered important both as sources of raw countries like Portugal. The demand for
materials and markets for finished goods. enslaved Africans changed dramatically
with the discovery of the Americas in the
1490s and the planting of sugarcane there.
The Slave Trade Cane sugar was introduced to Europe
Traffic in enslaved people was not new. from Southwest Asia during the Crusades
As in other areas of the world, slavery had of the Middle Ages. Plantations, or large
been practiced in Africa since ancient agricultural estates, were established in
times. In the 1400s, it continued at a fairly the 1500s along the coast of Brazil and on
steady level. Caribbean islands to grow sugarcane.

CHAPTER 13 The Age of Exploration 441

 Growing cane sugar demands much labor. An estimated 275,000 enslaved Africans
The small Native American population, were exported during the 1500s. In the
much of which had died of diseases 1600s, the total climbed to over 1 million
imported from Europe, could not provide and jumped to 6 million in the 1700s. Alto-
the labor needed. Thus, enslaved Africans gether, as many as 10 million enslaved
were shipped to Brazil and the Caribbean Africans were brought to the Americas bet-
to work on plantations. ween the early 1500s and the late 1800s.
One reason for these astonishing num-
Growth of the Slave Trade bers was the high death rate. The journey
of enslaved people from Africa to the
In 1518 a Spanish ship carried the first
Americas became known as the Middle
enslaved Africans directly from Africa to
Passage, the middle portion of the triangu-
the Americas. During the next two centu-
lar trade route. Many enslaved Africans
ries, the trade in enslaved people grew
died on the journey. Those who arrived
dramatically and became part of the
often died from diseases to which they had
triangular trade that connected Europe,
little or no immunity.
Africa and Asia, and the American conti-
Death rates were higher for newly
nents. European merchant ships carried
arrived enslaved Africans than for those
History European manufactured goods, such as
ONLINE
born and raised in the Americas. The new
guns and cloth, to Africa where they were
Student Web generation gradually developed at least a
traded for enslaved people. The enslaved
Activity— partial immunity to many diseases. Own-
Africans were then shipped to the Ameri-
Visit glencoe.com and ers, however, rarely encouraged their
complete the activity cas and sold. European merchants then
enslaved people to have children. Many
about the Age of bought tobacco, molasses, sugar, and raw
slave owners, especially on islands in the
Exploration. cotton in the Americas and shipped them
Caribbean, believed that buying a new
back to Europe.
enslaved person was less expensive than
raising a child from birth to working age.

Sources of Enslaved Africans

Before Europeans arrived in the 1400s,
most enslaved persons in Africa were pris-
King Afonso I oners of war. Europeans first bought
c. 1456–c. 1545 African king enslaved people from African merchants
at slave markets in return for gold, guns,
As ruler of the Kingdom of Congo in west central
or other European goods. Local slave trad-
Africa, Afonso I was under the control of Portugal.
As a Christian and an admirer of European culture,
ers first obtained their supplies of enslaved
he wanted to have a friendly relationship with the persons from nearby coastal regions. As
Portuguese king. Yet the two differed about the demand grew, they had to move farther
slave trade. In a letter to King Joao III of Portugal, inland to find their victims.
King Afonso wrote, “We beg of Your Highness to Local rulers became concerned about the
help and assist us in this matter . . . because impact of the slave trade on their societies.
it is our will that in these Kingdoms there should In a letter to the king of Portugal in 1526,
not be any trade of slaves nor outlet for them.” King Afonso of Congo (Bakongo) said, “so
King Joao did not honor Afonso’s request. The great is the corruption that our country is
Portuguese made more and more raids for being completely depopulated.”
enslaved Africans and even attempted Europeans and other Africans, however,
to assassinate King Afonso when
generally ignored such protests. Local rul-
they thought he was hiding gold
from them. What was the
ers who traded in enslaved people viewed
relationship between the slave trade as a source of income. Many
King Afonso and sent raiders into defenseless villages.
King Joao?
✓Reading Check Describing Describe the
purpose and path of the triangular trade.

Mary Evans Picture Library

Effects of the Slave Trade
The slave trade led to depopulation, increased warfare,
and devastation for many African states.
HISTORY & YOU Have you seen the TV miniseries Roots? Read to learn Vocabulary
about the devastating effect of the slave trade on Benin. 1. Explain the significance of: colony,
mercantilism, balance of trade, subsidies,
transportation, primary, plantations,
The effects of the slave trade varied from area to area. Of triangular trade, Middle Passage, King
course, it always had tragic effects on the lives of individ- Afonso, Benin.
ual victims and their families. The slave trade led to the
depopulation of some areas, and it deprived many African
Main Ideas
communities of their youngest and strongest men and 2. Explain why a nation would want a
women. favorable balance of trade.
The desire of slave traders to provide a constant supply
3. Illustrate the triangular trade pattern using
of enslaved persons led to increased warfare in Africa.
the graph below. Indicate what goods were
Coastal or near-coastal African chiefs and their followers, shipped among the points of trade.
armed with guns acquired from the trade in enslaved peo-
ple, increased their raids and wars on neighboring
peoples. Americas Europe
Only a few Europeans lamented what they were doing
to traditional African societies. One Dutch slave trader
remarked: Africa

PRIMARY SOURCE
“From us they have learned strife, quarrelling, drunkenness, trickery, 4. Identify the effects of the slave trade on
theft, unbridled desire for what is not one’s own, misdeeds unknown the culture of Benin.
to them before, and the accursed lust for gold.”
—Africa in History: Themes and Outlines rev. ed., Basil Davidson, 1991
Critical Thinking
5. The BIG Idea Evaluating What impact
The slave trade had a devastating effect on some African
did the slave trade have on the populations
states. The case of Benin (buh•NEEN) in West Africa is a in Africa and the Americas?
good example. A brilliant and creative society in the 1500s,
6. Analyzing Why did some Africans engage
Benin was pulled into the slave trade.
in the slave trade? Did they have a choice?
As the population declined and warfare increased, the
people of Benin lost faith in their gods, their art deterio- 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the portrait of
rated, and human sacrifice became more common. When King Afonso on page 442. How can you tell
he is a king?
the British arrived there at the end of the 1800s, they found
a corrupt and brutal place. It took years to discover the
brilliance of the earlier culture destroyed by slavery. Writing About History
The use of enslaved Africans remained largely accept- 8. Persuasive Writing Does the fact that
able to European society. Europeans continued to view Africans participated in enslaving other
Africans make the European involvement in
Africans as inferior beings fit chiefly for slave labor. Not
the slave trade any less wrong? Write an
until the Society of Friends, known as the Quakers, began
editorial supporting your position.
to condemn slavery in the 1770s did European feeling
against slavery begin to build. Even then, it was not until
the French Revolution in the 1790s that the French abol-
ished slavery. The British did the same in 1807. Neverthe-
less, slavery continued in the newly formed United States
until the Civil War of the 1860s. (ISTORY /.,).%
For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World
✓Reading Check Describing What effect did the slave trade have History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.
on Benin?

443
 Colonial Latin America
Rich in natural resources, the Latin American colonies
GUIDE TO READING proved very profitable for Portugal and Spain. The interactions
The BIG Idea of native peoples, enslaved Africans, and Spanish colonists
Competition Among Countries caused new social classes to form in Latin America. To convert
Portugal and Spain reaped profits from the natural
Native Americans to Christianity, the Catholic Church set up
resources and products of their Latin American
colonies. missions throughout Latin America.

Content Vocabulary
• peninsulares (p. 444) • mulattoes (p. 444) Colonial Empires in Latin America
• creoles (p. 444) • mita (p. 446)
• mestizos (p. 444) The Portuguese and Spanish built colonial empires in Latin America
and profited from the resources and trade of their colonies.
Academic Vocabulary HISTORY & YOU Does your family own property outside of your home state or
• labor (p. 444) • draft (p. 446) outside of the country? Read to learn why Spanish and Portuguese monarchs relied
on officials to administer their colonies in Latin America.
People and Places
• Brazil (p. 444) • Juana Inés de la Cruz
(p. 447) In the 1500s, Portugal came to dominate Brazil. At the same
time, Spain established an enormous colonial empire that included
Reading Strategy parts of North America, Central America, and most of South
Organizing Information As you read, America. Within the lands of Central America and South America,
create a diagram like the one below to summarize a new civilization arose, which we call Latin America.
the political, social, and economic characteristics of
colonial Latin America. Social Classes
Colonial Latin
Colonial Latin America was divided by social classes that were
America based on privilege. At the top were peninsulares. These were
Spanish and Portuguese officials who had been born in Europe
and held all important government positions. Below the peninsu-
lares were the creoles. Descendants of Europeans born in Latin
America, creoles controlled land and business. They deeply
resented the peninsulares, who regarded the creoles as second-
class citizens. (See Chapter 21.)
Beneath the peninsulares and creoles were numerous multiracial
groups. The Spanish and Portuguese who moved into Latin
America lived with both Native Americans and African people
brought in for labor. Spanish rulers permitted intermarriage
between Europeans and Native Americans. Their offspring
became known as the mestizos. In addition, over a period of three
centuries, possibly as many as 8 million enslaved Africans were
brought to Spanish and Portuguese America to work on the plan-
tations. Mulattoes—the offspring of Africans and Europeans—
became another social group. Other groups emerged as a result of
unions between mestizos and mulattoes and between Native
Americans and Africans. The coexistence of these various groups
produced a unique multiracial society in Latin America.

444
 COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA TO 1750

Rio
G
ATLANTIC

ra
nd
e
OCEAN
F CANCER NEW SPAIN
TROPIC O

Mexico City
20°N Caribbean
Sea N
Maracaibo
Panama Caracas
NEW W E
GRANADA Cayenne
GUIANA S
Quito
Ama r
zon Rive
TOR
EQUA Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
0° PACIFIC
OCEAN PERU BRAZIL
Lima 0 1,000 kilometers

La Plata Bahia 0 1,000 miles

Lambert Azimuthal
São Paulo Equal-Area projection
140°W 120°W
20°S Potosí RÍO DE LA
PRICORN Rio de Janeiro
TROPIC OF CA PLATA
CHILE
Portuguese colonies Santos
Santa
Portuguese Frontier Fe 40°W 20°W 0°
Santiago
Spanish colonies Valparaíso Rio Grande
Spanish Frontier Buenos Montevideo
Valdivia Aires
French colonies
40°S
Dutch colonies Native American Population
Jesuit mission states
60
Extent of Incan Empire, 1525 54
50.2
100°W 80°W 60°W
50 Pre-1492
(estimate)
In Millions

40
1650
30
1. Location What countries in addition to 20
Portugal and Spain had colonies in Latin
10 6 5.58
America?
2. Regions What country had colonies to 0
Western Latin
the east of the line set by the Treaty of Hemisphere America
Tordesillas?
Source: US News and World Report.

All of these multiethnic groups were Economic Foundations

considered socially inferior by the peninsu-
Both the Portuguese and the Spanish
lares and creoles. However, over a period
sought ways to profit from their colonies
of time, mestizos grew in importance due
in Latin America. One source of wealth
to their increasing numbers. Some mesti-
zos became artisans and small merchants came from abundant supplies of gold and
in cities, while others became small-scale silver that were sent to Europe. Farming,
farmers or ranchers. Mestizos eventually however, became a more long-lasting and
came to be seen as socially superior to rewarding source of prosperity for Latin
other multiracial groups. The groups at the America. Spanish and Portuguese land-
very bottom of the social scale were owners created immense estates. Native
imported enslaved persons and conquered Americans worked on the estates or
Native Americans. worked as poor farmers on marginal lands.

CHAPTER 13 The Age of Exploration 445

 This system of large landowners and Spain and Portugal regulated the trade
dependent peasants has remained a last- of their Latin American colonies to keep
ing feature of Latin American society. others out. By the beginning of the eigh-
To maintain a supply of labor, the Span- teenth century, however, the British and
ish Empire in the Americas continued to French were too powerful to be kept out of
make use of the encomienda system. In this these lucrative markets.
system, Native Americans were forced to
pay tribute and provide labor to Spanish
landowners. In Peru, the Spanish made State and Church
use of the mita. This system allowed Portuguese Brazil and Spanish Latin
authorities to draft native labor to work in America were colonial empires that lasted
the silver mines. over 300 years. Communication and travel
Trade provided another avenue for between the Americas and Europe were
profit. Besides gold and silver, many other difficult. This made it impossible for the
natural products were shipped to Europe. Spanish and Portuguese monarchs to pro-
These included sugar, tobacco, diamonds, vide close regulation of their empires. As a
and animal hides. In turn, the European result, colonial officials in Brazil and Latin
countries supplied their colonists with America had much freedom in carrying
manufactured goods. out imperial policies.

The Encomienda System

Under the encomienda system, Native

Americans were required to work for Spanish
Native Americans
working in a Spanish
landowners. In return, the landowners were
silver mine in 1600 expected to protect them and see that they were
instructed in the Catholic faith. Yet the system
was one of the most damaging institutions in
colonial Latin America, contributing to the drastic
decline in the Native American population.
Catholic priest Bartolomé de las Casas spoke
out against the encomienda:
“[T]he Spaniards were never any more
mindful to spread the Gospel . . . but on the
contrary forbid religious persons to exercise
their duty, deterring them . . . from preaching
and teaching . . . for that they thought
would have hindered them [the Spaniards]
in getting their Gold, and kept the people
[Native Americans] from their labors. “
—Bartolomé de las Casas, A Brief Account of
the Destruction of the Indies, 1534

1. Summarizing What criticism did

Bartolomé de las Casas make of the
encomienda system?
2. Comparing How did the encomienda
system resemble feudalism?

446 SECTION 3 Colonial Latin America

The Granger Collection, New York
 Beginning in the mid-sixteenth century, the Portuguese
monarchy began to assert its control over Brazil by creat-
ing the position of governor-general. The governor-
general (later called a viceroy) developed a bureaucracy.
At best the govenor-general had only loose control over
the officials below him who governed the districts into Vocabulary
1. Explain the significance of: Brazil,
which Brazil was divided.
peninsulares, creoles, labor, mestizos,
To rule his American empire, the Spanish king also mulattoes, mita, draft, Juana Inés de
appointed viceroys. The first was established for New la Cruz.
Spain (Mexico) in 1535. Another viceroy was appointed for
Peru in 1543. In the 1700s, two additional viceroyalties were
added. Spaniards held all major government positions.
Main Ideas
2. List in order the social classes in colonial
From the beginning of their conquest of the New World, Latin America. Use a chart like the one
Spanish and Portuguese rulers were determined to Chris- below to make your list.
tianize the native peoples. This policy gave the Catholic
Church a powerful role to play in the Americas. Social Classes in Colonial Latin America
Catholic missionaries—especially the Dominicans, Fran- 1.
ciscans, and Jesuits—fanned out to different parts of the 2.
Spanish Empire. To make their efforts easier, the mission- 3.
aries brought Native Americans together into villages, or 3. Explain how the Spanish Empire
missions. There, the natives could be converted, taught maintained a supply of labor in the Latin
trades, and encouraged to grow crops. A German tourist American colonies.
in the 1700s said: 4. Identify the actions of the Catholic Church
in colonial Latin America.
PRIMARY SOURCE
“The road leads through plantations of sugar, indigo, cotton, and Critical Thinking
coffee. The regularity which we observed in the construction of the 5. The BIG Idea Evaluating In return
villages reminded us that they all owe their origin to monks and for natural resources and products, a
missions. The streets are straight and parallel; they cross each other parent country provided its colony with
at right angles; and the church is erected in the great square situated manufactured products. How could this
in the center.” affect the colony’s economy after it
—Latin America: A Concise Interpretative History, 4th ed., E. Bradford became an independent state?
Burns, 1986
6. Determining Cause and Effect How did
expansion of the Spanish Empire affect
The Jesuits established more than 30 missions in the demographics in Latin America?
region of Paraguay. Well organized, the Jesuits made their
7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the illustration
missions into profitable business activities. Missions on page 446. What does it tell you about
enabled missionaries to control the lives of the Native Native American laborers in the
Americans and make them docile members of the empire. encomienda system?
Along with the missions, the Catholic Church also built
cathedrals, hospitals, orphanages, and schools in the colo-
Writing About History
nies. The schools taught Native American students the 8. Descriptive Writing Suppose that you are
basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic. a native laborer on one of the large Latin
The Catholic Church provided an outlet other than mar- American sugarcane plantations. Write two
riage for women. They could enter convents and become to three paragraphs describing your typical
nuns. Women in religious orders, however—many of them workday—what you do, what hours you
of aristocratic background—often lived well. Many nuns work, what you have to eat, and with
worked outside their convents by running schools and whom you work.
hospitals. Indeed, one of these nuns, Juana Inés de la Cruz
(KWAHN•ah ee•NAYS de la KROOS) wrote poetry
and prose and urged that women be educated. (ISTORY /.,).%
For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World
✓Reading Check Explaining How did the Portuguese and the History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.
Spanish profit from their colonies in Latin America?

447
 Visual Summary
You can study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes
and flash cards to your PDA from glencoe.com.

cas
s Arrives in the Ameri
Christopher Columbu EARLY EXPLORATION of West Africa,
India, and the Americas
The Spanish brought • Motivated by religious zeal, gold, and glory, Europeans began
Christianity with them. to explore distant lands.
• The Portuguese sailed east around Africa to India.
• Spanish ships sailed west to the Americas.
• Spanish conquistadors seized lands ruled by the Aztec and Inca.
• Diseases introduced by Spanish explorers killed much of the
Native American population.
• By the late 1600s, the Dutch, French, and English entered the
rivalry for new lands and trade.

Enslaved Africans Working on a

Sugarcane Plantation

Europeans established sugar plantations in the

AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE of Americas, creating a demand for slave laborers.

Europe, Asia, and the Americas

• Before the new exploration, the primary market for
enslaved Africans had been Southwest Asia.
• The demand for plantation laborers in the Americas
greatly increased slave trade.
• Enslaved Africans were part of the triangular trade
between Europe, Africa and Asia, and the Americas.
• In Africa, the slave trade led to increased warfare,
depopulation, and the deterioration of society.

Silver Mines in Brazil

COLONIAL EMPIRES
Silver was a natural
resource that attracted of Latin America
European colonizers.
• The Portuguese and Spanish profited from their colonial
empires in Latin America.
• Peninsulares were the top social class, followed by creoles,
mestizos and mulattoes, and finally enslaved Africans and
Native Americans.
• Catholic missionaries spread across the Americas to try to
Christianize Native Americans.

Native Americans were forced

to work in silver mines.

448 CHAPTER 13 The Age of Exploration

(t) Charles Walker/Topham/The Image Works, (c) Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY, (b) North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images
 Assessment
STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
TEST-TAKING TIP
If a test question involves reading a map, make sure you read the title of the map and look at the map
carefully for information before you try to answer the question

Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas

Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions.
the sentence.
Section 1 (pp. 430–437)
1. were the offspring of Africans and Europeans. 5. What were the chief motives for European expansion?
A Creoles A Adventure, travel, and war
B Peninsulares B Politics, taxes, and war
C Mestizos C God, glory, and gold
D Mulattoes D Oil, gold, and coal

2. Spanish conquerors of the Americas were known 6. Which country took the lead in European exploration?
as .
A Portugal
A viceroys
B The Netherlands
B conquistadors
C England
C peninsulares
D France
D governor-generals

7. Who was the first explorer to circumnavigate the world?

3. The is a trading route that connected Europe, Africa
and Asia, and the Americas. A Bartholomeu Dias
A triangular trade B Christopher Columbus
B Bermuda Triangle C Ferdinand Magellan
C Middle Passage D Vasco da Gama
D circular trade
8. Which ruler granted encomienda to the Spanish settlers in
the Americas?
4. The system allowed authorities to draft natives to
work in silver mines. A Louis XII
A encomienda B Isabella
B feudal C Ferdinand
C mita D Henry VI
D tithe

Need Extra Help?

If You Missed Questions . . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Go to Page . . . 444 434 442 446 431 432 433 435
GO ON

CHAPTER 13 The Age of Exploration 449

 9. Which nation controlled most of the eastern seaboard of Critical Thinking
North America by the end of the 1600s?
Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions.
A France
B Spain Use the following map to answer question 14.
C England
Route of Cortés, 1519–1525
D The Netherlands N
Cortés, 1519–1521
W E
Cortés, 1524 –1525
Section 2 (pp. 440–443) S
Gulf of Mexico Havana
10. What set of principles dominated economic thought in the
seventeenth century? Cuba
Tenochtitlán Bay of
A Mercantilism Tlaxcala Campeche
Veracruz Yucatán
B Capitalism Peninsula
Cempoala Gulf of Caribbean Sea
C Secularism Honduras

D Socialism 0 200 kilometers

0 200 miles
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
11. In what year did the first enslaved Africans arrive in the
Americas?
14. Which of the following best describes the route of Cortés
A 1560 during the years 1519–1521?
B 1492 A He traveled from Havana to Tenochtitlán.
C 1518 B He traveled from Veracruz to the Gulf of Honduras.
D 1430 C He traveled from Tlaxcala to Veracruz.
D He traveled from the Gulf of Honduras to Tenochtitlán.
Section 3 (pp. 444–447)
12. Which of the following is a true statement about colonial 15. What caused the most deaths in the Aztec and Inca
Latin American society? populations?
A It had no class system. A Combat with the Europeans
B It was largely Protestant. B Human sacrifice
C It had few peasants. C European diseases
D It was multiracial. D Combat with rival cities

13. Who worked on the immense estates or worked as farmers 16. Why did some slave owners believe that buying a new
on marginal lands in Latin America? enslaved person was cheaper than raising a child to
A Creoles working age?
B Native Americans A New enslaved people had immunity to diseases.
C Conquistadors B Providing food and shelter until the child was of working
age cost more than a new enslaved person.
D Peninsulares
C Slave traders gave slave owners discounts on new
enslaved people.
D A child took longer to train how to work.

Need Extra Help?

If You Missed Questions . . . 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Go to Page . . . 437 440 442 444 445 431 435 442
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450 CHAPTER 13 The Age of Exploration

 Assessment
17. What impact did European mercantilism have on colonies in Document-Based Questions
the Americas?
Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer
A Latin American colonies became industrialized. questions that follow the document. Base your answers on the
B Mercantilism promoted export of manufactured goods. document and on your knowledge of world history.
C Mercantilism promoted freedom of the indigenous peo-
In a letter to the treasurer of the king and queen of Spain,
ples of the colonies.
Christopher Columbus reported on his first journey:
D Latin American colonies depended on cash crops for
export.
“Believing that you will rejoice at the glorious suc-
cess that our Lord has granted me in my voyage, I write
Base your answer to question 18 on the graph below and on your this to tell you how in thirty-three days I reached the
knowledge of world history. Indies with the first fleet which the most illustrious King
and Queen, our Sovereigns, gave me, where I discovered
Ethnic Groups of Mexico, 2007 a great many thickly-populated islands. Without meeting
Other resistance, I have taken possession of them all for their
1% White
9% Highnesses. . . . When I reached [Cuba], I followed its
coast to the westward, and found it so large that I
thought it must be the mainland—the province of
[China], but I found neither towns nor villages on the
Amerindian seacoast, save for a few hamlets.”
30%
—Letters from the First Voyage, edited 1847

Mestizo
60% 19. What continent did Columbus believe he had reached?
20. How long did it take Columbus to reach his destination?
Note: “Amerindian” means Native American
or predominantly Native American.
Source: The World Factbook. Extended Response
21. Analyze the reasons why Native Americans might be
offended by the term New World. What does the use of the
18. What can be said about the ethnic groups of Mexico?
term suggest about European attitudes toward the rest of
A Most Mexicans are descendants of Spanish and Native the world?
American peoples.
B Native American people out number mestizos in Mexico.
C There are four times as many Native Americans as there
are whites in Mexico.
D Mestizos are a minority ethnic group in Mexico.

(ISTORY /.,).%
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CHAPTER 13 The Age of Exploration 451