Introduction

to
Digital Electronics
Module 1
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 1
IIITDM Jabalpur
 Suplementary Reading
• Digital Design
by - John F. Wakerly
– www.ddpp.com - you will find some solutions at this site.
– www.xilinx.com - Xlinix Web site
• Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals
by - M. Morris Mano & Charles R. Kime
• Digital Design
by - M. Morris Mano
• Digital Logic Circuit Analysis and Design
by - Victor P. Nelson, H. Troy Nagle, J. David Irwin & Bill D. Carrol

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 2

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Course Break Up
• Digital Electronics ~ 40-42 Lectures, 10-12
Lab Sessions
• Quiz 1 – 10%
• Mid Sem – 20%
• Quiz 2 – 10%
• End Sem – 40%
• Lab Session: Records: 5%, Attendance: 5%,
End Sem: 10%
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 3
IIITDM Jabalpur
 Digital Electronics
• Digital Electronics represents information (0, 1) with
only two discrete values. Thus logic can also be divided
as : Positive Logic and Negative Logic.
• Ideally
“no voltage” (e.g., 0v) represents a 0 and
“full source voltage” (e.g., 5v) represents a 1
• Realistically
“low voltage” (e.g., <1v) represents a 0 and
“high voltage” (e.g., >4v) represents a 1
• We achieve these discrete values by using switches.
• We use transistor switches, which operates at high speed,
electronically, a small in size.
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM
IIITDM Jabalpur
4
 Analog versus Digital

• Analog systems process time-varying signals that

can take on any value across a continuous range
of voltages (in electrical/electronics systems).
• Digital systems process time-varying signals that
can take on only one of two discrete values of
voltages (in electrical/electronics systems).
– Discrete values are called 1 and 0 (ON and OFF,
HIGH and LOW, TRUE and FALSE, etc.)

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 5

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Representing Information Electronically

• A light bulb has to represent 4 different

information:
Bulb off - no student inside
Bulb 1/3 lit - 1 student inside
Bulb 2/3 lit - 2 student inside
Bulb Full lit - 3 student inside

• A light bulb has to represent 10 different

information:
– Is it possible to differentiate the ten different light
intensity? Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM
IIITDM Jabalpur
6
 Representing Information Electronically
• A light bulb has to represent 2 different information:
Bulb off - no student inside
Bulb Full lit - 1 student inside

• A light bulb has to represent 4 different information:

– How? With one bulb?
– Use two bulbs

• A light bulb has to represent 10 different information:

– Use four bulbs

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 7

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Representing Information Electronically
• “Analog electronics” deals with non-discrete values

• “Digital electronics” deals with discrete values

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 8

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Benefits of Digital over Analog
• Reproducibility
• Not effected by noise means quality
• Ease of design
• Data protection
• Programmable
• Speed
• Economy

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 9

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Digital Revolution
• Digital systems started back in 1940s.
• Digital systems cover all areas of life:
– still pictures
– digital video
– digital audio
– telephone
– traffic lights
– Animation

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 10

IIITDM Jabalpur
1. Number Systems

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 11

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Common Number Systems
Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 12

IIITDM Jabalpur
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 13

IIITDM Jabalpur
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 14

IIITDM Jabalpur
Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17 Etc.

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 15

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 16

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 17

IIITDM Jabalpur
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Next slide…
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 18
IIITDM Jabalpur
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 19

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Binary to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 20

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 21

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
Assignment 1: What is the Decimal equivalent of
1111112 and 11000112 ?
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 22
IIITDM Jabalpur
 Octal to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 23

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 24

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810

Assignment 2: What is the decimal equivalent of octal nos. 677

777?
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 25
IIITDM Jabalpur
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 26

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 27

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

Assignment: What is the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal

Nos. 99F and FFF?
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 28
IIITDM Jabalpur
 Decimal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 29

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant
bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 30

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
Assignment 4: 2 7 1
What is the 2 3 1
binary 2 1 1
equivalent of the 0 1
decimal nos. 99
and 67?
12510 = 11111012

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 31

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Octal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 32

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 33

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

Assignment 5: What is the

binary equivalent of the octal 7058 = 1110001012
nos. 777 and 447?
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 34
IIITDM Jabalpur
Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 35

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 36

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

Assignment 6:
What is the binary 10AF16 = 00010000101011112
equivalent of the
hexadecimal nos.
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 37
FF and 11? IIITDM Jabalpur
 Decimal to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 38

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 39

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

Assignment 7: What is the octal

123410 = 23228
equivalent of the decimal nos. 777
and 1810?
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 40
IIITDM Jabalpur
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 41

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 42

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

Assignment 8: What is the

Hexadecimal equivalent of the
decimal nos. 1122 and 234? 123410 = 4D216

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 43

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Binary to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 44

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 45

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

Assignment 9: What is the octal

equivalent of the binary nos.
11111100 and 100000111110? 10110101112 = 13278

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 46

IIITDM Jabalpur
Binary to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 47

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 48

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

Assignment 10: What is the

hexadecimal equivalent of the
binary nos. 11111100 and
100000111110? 10101110112 = 2BB16
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 49
IIITDM Jabalpur
 Octal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 50

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 51

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E
Assignment 11: What is the
hexadecimal equivalent of octal
nos. 1177 and 123?
10768 = 23E16
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 52
IIITDM Jabalpur
 Hexadecimal to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 53

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 54

IIITDM Jabalpur
 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

Assignment 12: What is the

Octal Equivalent of the
hexadecimal nos. FF22 and 12D? 1F0C16 = 174148
Dr. Biswajeet Mukherjee, PDPM 55
IIITDM Jabalpur