Vector Spaces
Anushaya Mohapatra
Department of Mathematics
BITS PILANI K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa
February 8, 2020
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 1 / 25
Overview
1 Real Vector Spaces
2 Subspaces of a Vector Space
3 Linear Combination and Spanning Set
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 2 / 25
Real Vector Spaces:
Definition 1.
A vector space(Over R) is a nonempty set V of objects,
with two operations, called vector addition + and
multiplication . by scalars (real numbers), satisfying the
following axioms for all u, v, and w in V and for all scalars
c and d ∈ R.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 3 / 25
Axioms:
1 For any u and v in V, the sum u + v is in V. (Additive Closure)
2 u + v = v + u for all u, v in V (Additive Commutative)
3 u + (v + w ) = (u + v ) + w (Additive Associative)
4 There is a zero vector 0 in V such that for every u in V, u+0 = u,
this is called the identity element. (Zero)
5 For each u in V, there is a vector −u in V such that u + (−u) = 0 .
This is the additive inverse. (Additive Inverse)
6 The scalar multiple of u by c, denoted by cu, is in V. (Multiplicative
Closure)
7 c(u + v ) = cu + cv (Distributive)
8 (c + d)u = cu + du ( Distributive)
9 c(du) = (cd)u (Associative)
10 1u = u (Unity)
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 4 / 25
Examples of Vector Spaces
Example 2.
n-tuple space Rn :
Addition:(u1 , u2 , · · · , un ) + (v1 , v2 , · · · vn ) =
(u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 , · · · , un + vn )
scalar multiplication:
α(u1 , u2 , · · · , un ) = (αu1 , αu2 , · · · , αun )
More examples:
1 M (R) = set of all n × n real matrices under usual matrix addition
n
and scalar multilication.
2 P (X ): polynomials with degree smaller than or equal to n, under
n
polynomial addition and scalar multiplication.
3 Set of solutions of AX = 0, where A is an n × m matrices.
4 Set of continuous functions C(X ) from a set X ⊂ R2 to R.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 5 / 25
Important Vector Spaces
R = Set of all real numbers
R = Set of all real numbers.
R2 = Set of all ordered pairs.
R3 = Set of all ordered triples.
Rn = Set of all ordered n-tuples.
C [a, b] = Set of all continuous functions defined on a closed interval
[a, b].
P = Set of all polynomials.
Pn = Set of all polynomials of degree ≤ n.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 6 / 25
Not a vector space
Not a vector space: It is sufficient to find one axiom
which is not satisfied.
Example 1:
The set of all integers is not a vector space as it is not
closed under scalar multiplication
Example 2:
The set of all points (x, y , z) ∈ R3 satisfying
x + y + z = 1 is not a vector space as there is no zero
vector in the set.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 7 / 25
Problems
1 Suppose V = R2 = {(x1 , x2 ) : xi ∈ R and define the
vector addition as
(u1 , u2 ) + (v1 , v2 ) = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 ) and scalar
multiplication α(u1 , u2 ) = (αu1 , 0). Verify that V is
not a Vector Space.
Ans: 1(1, 2) = (1, 0) 6= (1, 2), so the axiom 10 is not
satisfied.
2 Let V be the set of all positive real numbers, with the
operations
Vector addition: u ⊕ v = uv and Scalar Multiplication:
ku = u k . Prove or disprove that V is a vector space.
Ans: V is a vector space.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 8 / 25
Properties of Vector Space
Exercise 1: Let V = {(u, v ) : u ∈ R, v > 0} with the operations Vector
addition: (u1 , v1 ) + (u2 , v2 ) = (u1 + u2 , v1 v2 ) and Scalar Multiplication:
k(u, v ) = (ku, v k ). Prove or disprove that V is a vector space.
Theorem 3.
Suppose V is a vector space, v ∈ V , and let c be any scalar, then
following are ture
1 0v = 0
2 c0 = 0
3 If cv = 0, either c = 0 or v = 0
4 (-1)v = -v
5 if u + v = u + w , then v = w
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 9 / 25
Subspaces
Definition 4.
A subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace, if it
is a vector space under the same vector addition and
scalar multiplication.
Example 5.
1 Solutions of the homogeneous system AX = 0, where
A is an m × n matrix is a subspace of R n .
2 Two by two matrices with lower left corner entry zero,
is a subspace of M2 (R).
3 Pn (x) is a vector subspace of C(R)
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 10 / 25
Subspace Theorem
Theorem 6.
Let V be a vector space with the vector addition and
scalar multiplication defined on it, let W be a nonempty
subset of V , then W is a subspace of V if and only if the
following conditions hold: for every u, v ∈ W and α ∈ R
we have:
u + v ∈ W.
α · u ∈ W.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 11 / 25
Proof of Subspace Theorem
Proof.
1 Note that if u, v, and w are in W, then they are also in V.
Furthermore, W and V share the same operations. Consequently,
vector space axioms 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are satisfied automatically.
2 Suppose that W is closed under vector addition and scalar
multiplication, i.e., the axioms 1 and 6 for vector spaces are satisfied.
3 Since the axiom 6 is satisfied (i.e., cu is in W if u is in W), we can
obtain for scalar c = 0, c0 = 0 ∈ W so axiom 4 is satisfied.
4 Similarly for scalar c = −1, cu = −u ∈ W so axiom 5 is satisfied.
All axioms of a vector space are satisfied by elements of W, hence it is a
subspace of V. Conversely suppose W is a subspace of V, then W is a
vector space hence is closed under vector addition and scalar
multiplication.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 12 / 25
Examples
Example 7.
1 Let W be the set of all 2 × 2 symmetric matrices.
Then W is a subspace of the vector space V = M2×2
with the standard operations of matrix addition and
scalar multiplication.
2 Let W be the set of singular (noninvertible) matrices
of order 2. Then W is not a subspace of M2×2 with
the standard matrix operations.
3 The set of vectors in first-quadrant in R2 is not a
subspaces of R2
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 13 / 25
Problems
Which of the following subsets are subspaces of R3 ?
Justify your answer ?
1 U1 = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) : x1 x2 = 0}
2 U2 = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) : x1 /x2 = 0}
3 U3 = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) : x1 = 2x2 }
4 U4 = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) : x1 + x2 + x3 = 0}
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 14 / 25
Problems
Which of the following subsets are subspaces of the vector
space P which is the set of all real polynomials ? Justify
your answer ?
1 P1 = {(p ∈ P : deg (p) = 4}
2 P2 = {p ∈ P : p(1) = 0}
0
3 P3 = {p ∈ P : p (1) = 0}
0
4 P4 = {p ∈ P : p (1) = 1}
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 15 / 25
Subspaces ofR3
Following sets are the only subspaces of R3
1 Set consists of the single point (0, 0, 0)
2 Set consists of all points on a line passing through the
origin
3 Set consists of all points on a plane passing through
the origin
4 The set R3 itself
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 16 / 25
Intersection and Union of Subspaces
Theorem 2.1.
If U and W are two subspaces of a vector space V, then
the interaction U ∩ W is also a subspace of V.
Question: Is U ∪ W a subspace of V?
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 17 / 25
Linear Combination and Spanning Set
Definition 8 (Linear Combination).
A vector v is called linear combination of vectors
v1 , v2 , · · · , vn if there are scalars c1 , c2 · · · cn such that
v = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cn vn
Definition 9 (The Span of set: Span(S)).
Suppose S = {v1 , v2 · · · , vn }is a set of vectors in a vector
space V, then the span of S is
Span(S) = {c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cn vn : ci ∈ R}
(set of all linear combination of S)
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 18 / 25
Smallest Subspace Containing S
Theorem 3.1.
Let S be a subset of a vector space V , then Span(S) is a
subspace of V . Moreover it is the smallest subspace
containg the set S.
Example 10.
1 The set {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} span R3
2 The set {1, x, x 2 )} span P2
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
3 The set { , , , } span
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
M2
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 19 / 25
Questions
1 Does the set {(1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 2), (−2, 0, 1)} span R3 ?
2 Does the set {x, 1 + x, x − x 2 } span P2 ?
1 0 0 1 0 0
3 Show that the set { , , } span a
0 0 1 0 0 1
subspace of M2 which is set of all symmetric matrices.
4 The subspace {(x, y , z) ∈ R3 | x = y } of R3 is
spanned by which one of the following set of vectors?
(A) {(1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} (B) {(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}
5 Check if the vectors
(1, 2, 0, −1), (2, 1, −1, 0), (3, 1, 0, 0) contains the
vector (1, 1, 1, 1) in it’s span.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 20 / 25
Linear Independence
Definition 11.
A list of vectors v1 , v2 , v3 , . . . , vn ∈ V is called linearly
independent if α1 v1 + α2 v2 · · · αn vn = 0 implies
α1 = α2 = α3 · · · = αn = 0
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 21 / 25
Linear Independence
Definition 11.
A list of vectors v1 , v2 , v3 , . . . , vn ∈ V is called linearly
independent if α1 v1 + α2 v2 · · · αn vn = 0 implies
α1 = α2 = α3 · · · = αn = 0
Remark The vectors v1 , v2 , v3 , . . . vn are linearly independent if and
only if α1 v1 + α2 v2 · · · αn vn = 0 has only trivial solutions ie αi = 0, ∀i
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 21 / 25
Examples
Example 12.
1 Check if the vectors (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1) are
linearly independent.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 22 / 25
Examples
Example 12.
1 Check if the vectors (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1) are
linearly independent.
2 Check if 1 + x − 2x 2 , 2 + 5x − x 2 , x + x 2 are linearly
independent or not.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 22 / 25
Examples
Example 12.
1 Check if the vectors (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1) are
linearly independent.
2 Check if 1 + x − 2x 2 , 2 + 5x − x 2 , x + x 2 are linearly
independent or not.
3 Check if the vectors x 3 − x 2 , x 2 − x, x − 1, x 3 − x are
linearly independent
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 22 / 25
Questions
1 Let S = {(2, 5, 3), (1, 0, 2)} and T = {(2, 0, 5), (3, 5, 5)}. Which of
the following vectors belong to Span(S) ∩ Span(T )?
(i) (9, 15, 15) (ii)(7, 5, 13)
2 Let V be a vector space and S = {v1 , v2 · · · , vk , v } be a linearly
independent subset of V. If v ∈ V and v is not in the span(S), then
prove that S = {v1 , v2 · · · , vk , v } is also linearly independent subset
of V.
0
3 Find a spanning set of the subspace U = {p ∈ P3 (x) : p (1) = 0}
that is linearly independent.
0
4 Let U = {p ∈ P3 (x) : p (1) = 0} and V = {p ∈ P3 (x) : p(1) = 0}
Find a set which is linearly independent and span U ∩ V .
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 23 / 25
Linear Dependence
Theorem 3.2.
A set S = {v1 , v2 , · · · , vk }, for k ≥ 2 is linearly dependent
if and only if at least one of the vectors vi in S can be
written as a linear combination of the other vectors in S.
Important Results
1 A set that contains 0 vector is linearly dependent.
2 A set with exactly two vectors is LI if and only if
neither vector is a scalar multiple of the other.
3 Let S = {v1 , v2 , · · · , vk }, be a set of vectors in Rn . If
k ≥ n, then S is LD.
4 Any subset of a LI set is LI
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Thank you for your attention
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 25 / 25
