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Chapter 35 Light: Reflection and Refraction: 35.1 Ray Optics

The document summarizes key concepts about light reflection and refraction from Chapter 35. It discusses ray optics, reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, images formed by plane and spherical mirrors, and magnification. Concepts are explained through diagrams and formulas like Snell's law, the mirror formula, and the definition of magnification.

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Sayantan Chakraborty
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76 views15 pages

Chapter 35 Light: Reflection and Refraction: 35.1 Ray Optics

The document summarizes key concepts about light reflection and refraction from Chapter 35. It discusses ray optics, reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, images formed by plane and spherical mirrors, and magnification. Concepts are explained through diagrams and formulas like Snell's law, the mirror formula, and the definition of magnification.

Uploaded by

Sayantan Chakraborty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 35 Light: Reflection and Refraction

35.1 Ray Optics

It is natural to treat the propagation of light in terms of rays.

A ray is equivalent to a very narrow beam of light, and it


indicates the path along which the energy of the wave travels.

Geometrical optics is the study of the behavior of straight-


line rays at the interference between two media by the use of
simple geometrical constructions.

1
Diffraction
Water waves passing through a small opening in a barrier, as
in the figure below, spread into the region behind the barrier.
This phenomena, call diffraction, is significant when the size
of the aperture, d, is comparable to the wave.

2
35.2 Reflection: The law of reflection
The law of reflection states: the angle of the incidence, θ,
is equal to the angle of reflection, θ′.

The incident ray and the reflected ray all lie in the same
plane, which we call the plane of incidence.

3
Huygens’ Principle
Each point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary
wavelets. At a later time, the envelop of the leading edges of
the wavelets forms the new front.

4
35.3 Refraction
Snell’s law: n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2.

The refractive index, n, of a medium is defined as the ratio


of the speed of light in vacuum, c, to the speed v in the
medium,
c
n=
v
5
35.4 Total Internal Reflection
At some critical angle of incidence, θc, the light is totally
reflected back into the medium of higher refractive index.
This is called the total internal reflection and was first
noted by Kepler in 1604.

n2 sin θ c = n1

Applications: optical fibers

6
35.5 The Prism and dispersion
In general, the refractive index of any medium is a function
of wavelength.

7
35.6 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors

S is called a real
object because S′ is called the
the light rays image of S in the
actually emerge mirror.
from it.

The light does not really come from S′, but only appears to do
so, it is called a virtual image.

8
Images Formed by Plane Mirrors

9
35.7 Spherical Mirrors
Concave Convex

Parallel rays reflected by a Parallel rays reflected by a


concave mirror converge convex mirror do not
toward, and pass through actually pass through this
a real focal point, F. virtual focal point.
10
Simple relationship between the focal length and
the radius of curvature of a spherical mirror.

R
f =
2

11
Ray Diagrams
A simple way of locating the image of an object at an
arbitrary position was devised by Smith in 1735. It is called
a ray diagram.

12
The Mirror Formula
Instead of using a ray diagram to locate the image, we can
develop an equation that relates the object distance, p, and
the image distance, q, to the focal length, f.

1 1 1
+ =
p q f

Sign convention: p, q, and f


are positive (real) on the left
and negative (virtual) on the
right.

13
Linear Magnification
In general, the size of the image is not the same as that of
the object.
The transverse (or linear) magnification, m, is defined as

yI q
m= =−
yO p

14
Exercises and Problems

Ch.35:
Ex.
Prob.

15

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