Example 10.

2
• Glycerine of viscosity 0.9 N s m-2 and density
1260 kg m-3 is pumped along a horizontal pipe
6.5 m long of diameter d = 0.01 m at a flow
rate of Q = 1.8 litres min-1. Determine the flow
Reynolds number and verify whether the flow
is laminar or turbulent. Calculate the pressure
loss in the pipe due to frictional effects and
calculate the maximum flow rate for laminar
flow conditions to prevail.
1

Example 10.2 (con’t)

• Q = (1.8/60) x 10-3 = 3 x 10-5 m3/s
• A = π(0.01)2/4 m2
• Mean velocity, v = Q/A = 0.382 m/s
• Re = ρvd/µ = 1260 x 0.382 x 0.01 / 0.9
= 5.35 < 2000
• ⇒ flow is laminar

2
 Example 10.2 (con’t)
• Hagen-Poiseulle equation
– ∆p = 128µLQ/πd4
– = 128 x 0.9 x 6.5 x 3 x 10-5/(π x 0.014)
– = 715 x 103 N m-2
• Upper limit of laminar flow conditions
– Re/Recrit = Q/Qcrit
– Qcrit = (Q/Re)Recrit
– = (1.8/5.35) x 2000 = 673 litres min-1
3

Example 10.3
• Calculate the loss of head due to friction
and the power required to maintain flow in
a horizontal circular pipe of 40 mm
diameter and 750 m long when water
(coefficient of dynamic viscosity 1.14 x 10-3
N s m-2) flows at a rate: (a) 4.0 litres min-1;
(b) 30 litres min-1. Assume that for the pipe
the absolute roughness is 0.000 08 m.
4
 Example 10.3 (con’t)
(a) Q = (4/60) x 10-3 = 66.7 x 10-6 m3/s
• A = π(0.04)2/4 m2 = 1.26 x 10-3 m2
• Mean velocity, v = Q/A = 52.9 x 10-3 m/s
• Re = ρvd/µ
= 103 x 52.9 x 10-3 x 0.04 / 1.14 x 10-3
= 1856 < 2000 ⇒ flow is laminar
• frictional loss calculated by either (i) Poiseuille’s
equation or (ii) Darcy equation with f = 16/Re
5

Example 10.3 (con’t)

(i) Poiseuille’s equation
– ∆p = 128µLQ/πd4 = 907.6 N m-2
– hf = ∆p/ρg = 907.6/(103 x 9.81) = 92.4 x 10-3 m
(ii) Darcy equation
– f = 16/Re = 16/1856 = 0.008 62
– hf = 4fLv2/2gd = 92.4 x 10-3 m
• Power required to maintain flow
– P = ρghfQ = 0.0605 W
6
 Example 10.3 (con’t)
(b) Q = (30/60) x 10-3 = 0.5 x 10-3 m3/s
• v = Q/A = 0.4 m/s
• Re = ρvd/µ = 103 x 0.4 x 0.04 / 1.14 x 10-3
= 1.4 x 104 > 2000 ⇒ flow is turbulent
• Relative roughness = k/d = 0.000 08/0.04 = 0.002
• From Moody chart, f = 0.008
• Use Darcy equation, hf = 4fLv2/2gd = 4.89 m
• Power required, P = ρghfQ = 24.0 W
7

Example 10.7
• In a water pipeline there is an abrupt change
in diameter from 140 mm to 250 mm. If the
head lost due to separation when the flow is
from the smaller to the larger pipe is 0.6 m
greater than the head lost when the same
flow is reversed, determine the flow rate.

8
 Example 10.7 (con’t)
• When flow from smaller pipe (1) to larger
pipe (2)
⇒ loss due to sudden enlargement
⇒ A1/A2 = (140/250)2 = 0.314
⇒ h = (u12/2g)(1-A1/A2)2
= (u12/2g)(1-0.314)2
= 0.47u12/2g
9

Example 10.7 (con’t)

• When flow is reversed, loss due to sudden
contraction (A2/A1 = 0.314)
– From Table 10.1, K = 0.33
– h’ = 0.33u22/2g (2 is smaller pipe here)
• h - h’ = 0.6 & u1(case 1) = u2(case 2) = u
• (0.47 - 0.33)(u2/2g) = 0.6
• u = 9.17 m/s ⇒ Q = 0.141 m3/s
10
 Example 14.1
• Water discharges from a reservoir A through a 100
mm pipe 15 m long which rises to its highest point
at B, 1.5 m above the free surface of the reservoir,
and discharges direct to the atmosphere at C, 4 m
below the free surface at A. The length of pipe l1
from A to B is 5 m and the length of pipe l2 from
B to C is 10 m. Both the entrance and exit of the
pipe are sharp and the value of f is 0.08. Calculate
(a) the mean velocity of the water leaving the pipe
at C and (b) the pressure in the pipe at B.
11

Example 14.1 (con’t)

12
 Example 14.1 (con’t)
(a) Energy equation between A & C
• (zA + uA2/2g + PA/ρg) = (zC + u2/2g + PC/ρg)
+ 0.5u2/2g + 4f(l1+l2)u2/2gd
• PA = PC = 0 & surface area large ⇒ uA → 0
• zA - zC = u2/2g [1 + 0.5 + 4f(l1+l2)/d]
• 4 = u2/2g [1 + 0.5 + 4x 0.08(5+10)/0.1]
• u = 1.26 m/s
13

Example 14.1 (con’t)

(b) Energy equation between A & B
• (zA + uA2/2g + PA/ρg) = (zB + u2/2g + PB/ρg)
+ 0.5u2/2g + 4fl1u2/2gd
• PA = 0 & surface area large ⇒ uA → 0
• zA = zB + PB/ρg + u2/2g [1 + 0.5 + 4fl1/d]
• PB = ρg(zA - zB ) - ρu2/2 [1.5 + 4fl1/d]
= -28.58 x 103 N/m2 (below atmosphere)
14
 Example 14.2
• Two reservoirs A and B have a difference
level of 9 m and are connected by a pipeline
200 mm in diameter over the first part AC,
which is 15 m long, and then 250 mm
diameter for CB, the remaining 45 m length.
The entrance to and exit from the pipes are
sharp and the change of section at C is
sudden. The friction coefficient f is 0.01 for
both pipes. Calculate the system flow rate.
15

Example 14.2 (con’t)

16
 Example 14.2 (con’t)
• Energy equation between A & B
• Total energy at A = Total energy at B + entry
loss + frictional losses + expansion loss +
exit loss
• (zA + uA2/2g + PA/ρg) = (zB + uB2/2g + PB/ρg)
+ 0.5u12/2g + 4fl1u12/2gd1 + 4fl2u22/2gd2 +
(u1-u2 )2/2g + u22/2g
17

Example 14.2 (con’t)

• PA = PB = 0 & surface area ↑ ⇒ uA, uB → 0
• zA - zB = 0.5u12/2g + 4fl1u12/2gd1
+ (u1-u2 )2/2g + 4fl2u22/2gd2 + u22/2g
• Substituting u1 = 4Q/(πd12)
& u2 = 4Q/(πd22)
• Solving, Q = 0.158 m3/s
18
 Example 14.3
• Two sharp-ended pipes of diameter d1 = 50
mm, and d2 = 100 mm, each of length l = 100
m, are connected in parallel between two
reservoirs which have a difference of level h =
10 m. If the Darcy coefficient f = 0.008 for
each pipe, calculate: (a) the rate of flow for
each pipe, (b) the diameter D of a single pipe
100 m long which would give the same flow if
it was substituted for the original two pipes.
19

Example 14.3 (con’t)

20
 Example 14.3 (con’t)
(a) Energy equation between A & B
• For flow by way of pipe 1,
• (zA + uA2/2g + PA/ρg) = (zB + uB2/2g + PB/ρg) +
(0.5u12/2g + 4fl1u12/2gd1 + u12/2g)
• PA = PB = 0 & surface area ↑ ⇒ uA, uB → 0
• zA - zB = (1.5+ 4fl1/d1)u12/2g
• Solving, u1 = 1.731 m/s & Q1 = 0.0034 m3/s
21

Example 14.3 (con’t)

• Similarly, for flow by way of pipe 2,
• zA - zB = (1.5+ 4fl2/d2)u22/2g
• 10 = (1.5 + 4 x 0.008 x 100 / 0.10) u22/2g
• Solving, u2 = 2.42 m/s
• Q2 = u2(πd22)/4
= 0.0190 m3/s
22
 Example 14.3 (con’t)

(b) Equivalent single pipe

• Q = Q1+Q2 = 0.0034 + 0.019 = 0.0224 m3/s
• u = 4Q/(πD2) = 0.02852/D2
• zA - zB = (1.5+ 4fl/D)u2/2g
• 10 = (1.5 + 4x0.008x100/D) (0.02852)2/2gD4
• Solving, D = 0.107 m
23

Example 14.4
• Water flows from a reservoir A through a pipe of
diameter d1 = 120 mm and length l1 = 120 m to a
junction at D, from which a pipe of diameter d2 = 75
mm and length l2 = 60 m leads to reservoir B in which
the water level is 16 m below that in reservoir A. A
third pipe, of diameter d3 = 60 mm and length l3 = 40
m, leads from D to reservoir C, in which the water
level is 24 m below that in reservoir A. Taking f =
0.01 for all the pipes and neglecting all losses other
than those due to friction, determine the volume rates
of flow in each pipe. 24
 Example 14.4 (con’t)

25

Example 14.4 (con’t)

• Three unknowns: Q1, Q2, Q3
• For flow from A to B,
– put pA = pB and treat uA and uB small
– neglect all losses other than friction
– zA - zB = fl1Q12/3.03d15 + fl2Q22/3.03d25
– 16 = 15916Q12 + 83445Q22
• Similarly, for flow from A to C,
– 24 = 15916Q12 + 169770Q32
26
 Example 14.4 (con’t)
• Continuity of flow at D,
– Q1 = Q2 + Q3 (assume flow from D to B)
• 3 equations, 3 unknowns
• Solving, Q1 = 0.0206 m3/s
• Q2 = 0.0105 m3/s &
• Q3 = 0.0101 m3/s
• check flow direction at D, Q2 + Q3 = Q1
27

Example 14.7
• A system of pipes conveying water is connected in
parallel and in series, as shown in the following
figure. The section DE represents the resistance of
a valve for controlling the flow, which has a
resistance coefficient KDE = (4000/n)2, where n is
the percentage valve opening. The head at A is
100 m, at E is 40 m and at F is 60 m. The friction
factor f in the Darcy formula is 0.006 for all pipes,
and their lengths and diameters are given by
28
 Example 14.7 (con’t)
P ip e L e n g th l (m ) D ia m e te r d ( m )
A A 1B 30 0 .1
A A 2B 30 0 .1 2 5
BC 60 0 .1 5
CD 15 0 .1
CF 30 0 .1

• If the valve is adjusted to give equal discharge

rates at E and F, calculate the head at C, the total
volume rate of flow through the system and the
percentage valve opening. Neglect all losses
except those due to friction. 29

Example 14.7 (con’t)

30
 Example 14.7 (con’t)
• h = (4fl/d)u2/2g = flQ2/(3d5) = KQ2
• K = fl/3d5
• KAA1B = 6000, KAA2B =1966, KBC = 1580,
KCD = 3000, KCF = 6000, KDE = (4000/n)2
• resistance AB (AA1B & AA2B in parallel)
– 1/√KAB = 1/√KAA1B + 1/√KAA2B
– 1/√KAB = 1/√6000 + 1/√1966 ⇒ KAB = 795
31

Example 14.7 (con’t)

• resistance AC (AB & BC in series)
– KAC = KAB + KBC = 795 + 1580 = 2375
• head loss in AC = HA - HC
= KACQAC2 = 2375QAC2
• QCE = QCF = ½QAC
• head loss in CF = HC - HF = KCF(QCF)2
= KCF(½QAC)2 = 1500QAC2
32
 Example 14.7 (con’t)
• (HA - HC)/2375 = QAC2 = (HC - HF)/1500
• HA = 100 m & HF = 60 m
• Solving, HC = 75.48 m
• QAC = 0.1016 m3/s
• pipe CD & valve DE in series
head loss in CE = HC - HE = (KCD + KDE)(½QAC)2
• Solving, n = 38.58%
33

Example 14.8
• A reservoir A with its surface 60 m above datum
supplies water to a junction D through a 300 mm
diameter pipe, 1500 m long. From the junction, a
250 mm diameter pipe, 800 m long, feeds
reservoir B, in which the surface level is 30 m
above datum, while a 200 mm diameter pipe, 400
m long, feeds reservoir C, in which the surface
level is 15 m above datum. Calculate the volume
rate of flow to each reservoir. Assume that the loss
of head due to friction is given by h = flQ2/3d5 for
each pipe and that f = 0.01.
34
 Example 14.8 (con’t)

35

Example 14.8 (con’t)

• Assume a trial value of hD = 35 m
– hAD = 60 - 35 = 25 m
– hDB = 35 - 30 = 5 m
– hDC = 35 - 15 = 20 m
• h = KQ2, K = fl/3d5, Q = √(h/K)
– KAD = (0.01 x 1500)/(3 x 0.3005) = 2058
– KDB = (0.01 x 800)/(3 x 0.2505) = 2730
– KDC = (0.01 x 400)/(3 x 0.2005) = 4167
36
Example 14.8 (con’t)

37