Introduction

RPC is a developing composite material that will allow the concrete industry to optimize
material use.
https://www.mustaqbal-college.edu.iq/EN/EnNewDep.aspx?depid=5&newid=1926

Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) was developed in France in the early 1990s and the
world’s
first Reactive Powder Concrete structure, the Sherbrooke Bridge in Canada, was erected in
July 1997.

Review Paper on Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC)

Alina Anand1, Grace Mary Abraham 2 and Jessymol George3

The term Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) has been used to describe a fiber
reinforced and silica fume - cement mixture with very low water-cement ratio
(w/c) characterized by the presence of very fine quartz sand (0.15-0.40 mm)
instead of ordinary aggregate. In fact, it is not a concrete because there is no
coarse aggregate in the cement mixture.

Mechanical Properties of Modified Reactive Powder Concrete

By S. Collepardi, L. Coppola, R. Troli, M. Collepardi
Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is an ultra-high-strength and high ductility
Cementitious composite with advanced mechanical and physical properties.
It consists of a special concrete where the microstructure is optimized by precise
gradation of all particles in the mix to yield maximum density.

https://www.mustaqbal-college.edu.iq/EN/EnNewDep.aspx?depid=5&newid=1926

RECATIVE POWDER
CONCRETE is composed of similar modulus of elasticity and size increasing
homogeneity reducing differential tensile strain. The material having the largest
particle size in RPC is sand.It composed of very fine powders (cement, sand,
quartz powder, steel aggregates and silica fume), steel fibres (optimal) and a
superplasticizer. The superplasticizers, used at its optimal dosage, decrease the
water to cement ratio (w/c) while improving the workability of the concrete. A
very dense matrix is achieved by optimizing the granular packing of the dry fine
powders. This compactness gives RPC, ultra-high strength and durability. Reactive
powder concretes have compressive strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 810 MPa.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Concrete has come a long way since its use in building the Roman Coliseum in 70 A.D.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Concrete has come a long way since its use in building the Roman Coliseum in 70 A.D.

CEMENT
The of cement can be an important factor in the performance of RPC. Based
on choice published practice, the ideal cement has a high C3S and C2S content
and very little C3A.

Steel Reinforced Reactive Powder Concrete

Athulya Sugathan

STEEL FIBERS
To enhance the RPC ductility, some mixes were produced with micro-fibres of
straight carbon Steel wire, 13 mm in length and 0.2 mm in diameter, with a
minimum on-the wire tensile strength of 2,000 MPa.

Reactive Pwoder Concrete

N.PLee&D.H Chisholm
FINE AGGREGATE

The majority of mixes were produced using high purity silica sand widely used
for foundry casting and mould-making with a near mono-sized particle size
distribution

Steel Reinforced Reactive Powder Concrete

Athulya Sugathan
QUARTZ FINES

For RPC mixes designed to be cured at temperatures exceeding 90ºC, including

autoclaving at elevated pressures, additional silica is necessary to modify the
CaO/SiO ratio of the binder. In these cases powdered quartz flour with a mean
particle size of 10 – 15 μm was employed.

Steel Reinforced Reactive Powder Concrete

Athulya Sugathan
SILICAPOZZOLAN

A highly reactive silica pozzolan is an essential component of reactive powder

concrete.
Performing three vital roles for which it needs the following properties:
1. It must be sufficiently fine to pack closely around the cement grains,
improving the density of the composite matrix and minimising the potential for
voids between the particles
2. The particles should have a basically spherical shape to act as a lubricant
within the fresh mix, improving its ability to flow and be cast into moulds.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Concrete has come a long way since its use in building the Roman Coliseum in 70 A.D .
Properties of RPC
• Compressive strength
• Flexural strength
• Water absorption
• Water permeability
• Resistance to chloride
ion penetration
• Homogeneity
• Compactness
• Micro-structure
• Material ductility
• Almost no shrinkage
or creep
• Light weight

• Aesthetic possibilities
Properties of RPC
1. compressive strength
• Higher compressive strength than HPC
• It is a factor linked with durability of material.
• Maximum compressive strength of RPC is approximately 200MPa.
2. Flexural Strength
• Plane RPC possess high flexural strength than HPC (Up to
100mpa)
• By introducing steel fibers, RPC can achieve high flexural
strength.
3. Water Absorption
The percentage of water absorption of RPC, however, is very low
compared to that of HPC. This quality of RPC is one among the
desired properties of nuclear waste containment materials.

Reactive Powder
Concrete.power point
5. Resistance to chloride ion penetration
• Increases when heat curing is done in concrete
• Heat cured RPC show higher value than normal cured RPC.
• This property of RPC enhances its suitability for use in nuclear waste
containment structures.
6. Homogeneity
• Improved by eliminating all coarse aggregates
• Dry components for use in RPC is less than 600 micro meter.
7. Compactness:
• Application of pressure before and during concrete setting period.
8. Microstructure:
• Microstructure of the cement hydrate can be changed by applying
heat treatment
during curing.
9. Material ductility:
• Material ductility can be improved through the addition of short
steel fibres.
Reactive Powder
Concrete.power
point
RPC Applications

• RPC's properties, especially its high strength characteristic

suggests the material might be good for things needing lower
structural weight, greater structural spans, and even in seismic
regions, it outperforms normal concrete. Below are a few examples
of real-world applications, though the future possibilities are
endless.
• First bridge that used RPC was a pedestrian bridge in Sherbrooke,
Quebec, Canada. (33,000 psi ~230MPa) It was used during the early
days of RPC production. Has prompted bridge building in North
America, Europe, Australia, and Asia.
• Portugal has used it for seawall anchors
• Austrailia has used it in a vehicular bridge
• France has used it in building power plants
• Basically, structures needing light and thin components, things like
roofs for stadiums, long bridge spans, and anything that needs extra
safety or security such as blast resistant structures

Advantages of RPC:

Benefits
• It has the potential to structurally compete with steel.
• Superior strength combined with higher shear capacity result in significant
dead load reduction.
• RPC can be used to resist all but direct primary tensile stress.
• Improved seismic performance by reducing inertia load with lighter member.
• Low &non-interconnected porosity diminishes mass transfer, making
penetration of liquid/gas non-existent.
Limitations of RPC
• In a typical RPC mixture design, the least costly components of conventional
concrete are basically eliminated or replaced by more expensive elements.
• No code
• The fine sand used in RPC becomes equivalent to the course aggregate of
conventional concrete, the Portland cement plays the role of the fine aggregate
and the silica fume that of the cement.
• The mineral component optimization alone results in a substantial increase in
cost over and above that of conventional concrete (5 to 10 times higher than
HPC).
• RPC should be used in areas where substantial weight savings can be realized
and where some of the remarkable characteristics of the material can be fully
utilized. Owing to its high durability, RPC can even replace steel in compression
members where durability issues are at stake (e.g. in marine condition).
• Since RPC is in its developing stage, the long-term properties are not known.

Disadvantages of RPC:
- Context switching increases scheduling costs
- RPC is not a standard – it is an idea that can be implemented in many ways
- RPC does not solve the most of the distribution creation problems
- RPC is only interaction based. This does not offer any flexibility in terms of
hardware architecture.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/rem
ote-procedure-call-rpc

Carbon
is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most
abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen.
Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual
ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth
enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. It is the
second most abundant element in the human body by mass (about 18.5%) after
oxygen.
The atoms of carbon can bond together in diverse ways, resulting in various
allotropes of carbon. The best known allotropes are graphite, diamond, and
buckminsterfullerene.The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the
allotropic form. For example, graphite is opaque and black while diamond is
highly transparent. Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper (hence its
name, from the Greek verb "γράφειν" which means "to write"), while diamond
is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Graphite is a good electrical
conductor while diamond has a low electrical conductivity. Under normal
conditions, diamond, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have the highest thermal
conductivities of all known materials. All carbon allotropes are solids under
normal conditions, with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form
at standard temperature and pressure. They are chemically resistant and
require high temperature to react even with oxygen.
The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4, while
+2 is found in carbon monoxide and transition metal carbonyl complexes. The
largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones, dolomites and carbon
dioxide, but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of coal, peat, oil, and
methane clathrates. Carbon forms a vast number of compounds, more than any
other element, with almost ten million compounds described to date, and yet
that number is but a fraction of the number of theoretically possible compounds
under standard conditions. For this reason, carbon has often been referred to as
the "king of the elements".

Carbon is essential to all known living systems, and without it life as we know it
could not exist (see alternative biochemistry).
The major economic use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of
hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil
(petroleum). Crude oil is distilled in refineries by the petrochemical industry to
produce gasoline, kerosene, and other products. Cellulose is a natural, carbon-
containing polymer produced by plants in the form of wood, cotton, linen, and
hemp. Cellulose is used primarily for maintaining structure in plants.
Commercially valuable carbon polymers of animal origin include wool,
cashmere and silk. Plastics are made from synthetic carbon polymers, often
with oxygen and nitrogen atoms included at regular intervals in the main
polymer chain. The raw materials for many of these synthetic substances come
from crude oil.

The uses of carbon and its compounds are extremely varied. It can form alloys
with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. Graphite is combined with
clays to form the 'lead' used in pencils used for writing and drawing. It is also
used as a lubricant and a pigment, as a molding material in glass manufacture,
in electrodes for dry batteries and in electroplating and electroforming, in
brushes for electric motors and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors.

Charcoal is used as a drawing material in artwork, barbecue grilling, iron

smelting, and in many other applications. Wood, coal and oil are used as fuel for
production of energy and heating. Gem quality diamond is used in jewelry, and
industrial diamonds are used in drilling, cutting and polishing tools for
machining metals and stone. Plastics are made from fossil hydrocarbons, and
carbon fiber, made by pyrolysis of synthetic polyester fibers is used to reinforce
plastics to form advanced, lightweight composite materials.

Carbon fiber is made by pyrolysis of extruded and stretched filaments of

polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and other organic substances. The crystallographic
structure and mechanical properties of the fiber depend on the type of starting
material, and on the subsequent processing. Carbon fibers made from PAN have
structure resembling narrow filaments of graphite, but thermal processing may
re-order the structure into a continuous rolled sheet. The result is fibers with
higher specific tensile strength than steel.

Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink, artist's oil paint and
water colours, carbon paper, automotive finishes, India ink and laser printer
toner.
Carbon black is also used as a filler in rubber products such as tyres and in
plastic compounds. Activated charcoal is used as an absorbent and adsorbent in
filter material in applications as diverse as gas masks, water purification, and
kitchen extractor hoods, and in medicine to absorb toxins, poisons, or gases
from the digestive system.
Carbon is used in chemical reduction at high temperatures. Coke is used to
reduce iron ore into iron (smelting). Case hardening of steel is achieved by
heating finished steel components in carbon powder. Carbides of silicon,
tungsten, boron and titanium, are among the hardest known materials, and are
used as abrasives in cutting and grinding tools.
Carbon compounds make up most of the materials used in clothing, such as
natural and synthetic textiles and leather, and almost all of the interior surfaces
in the built environment other than glass, stone and metal.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon