ISSN: 2455-944X Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol. Med. (2016).

1(7): 27–35

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN

BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
ISSN: 2455-944X
www.darshanpublishers.com
DOI:10.22192/ijcrbm Volume 1, Issue 7 - 2016
Review Article
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijcrbm.2016.01.07.003

A Review of beneficial effects of Siddha medicinal herbs on

Snake bite
#
S.Manonmani, *R.Madhavan, ^P.Shanmugapriya, ^V.Manjari, ^S.Murugesan,
$
V. Banumathi
#
P.G Scholar, National Institute of Siddha
*
Guide, National Institute of Siddha
^
Lecturer, National Institute of Siddha
$
Director, National Institute of Siddha
#
Corresponding Author: S. Manonmani, P.G.Scholar, National Institute of Siddha, Tambaram Sanatorium,
Chennai-600 047.
E-mail: drsmanonmani@gmail.com

Abstract
Siddha system of medicine is one of the oldest traditional systems of medicine, which has been originated from India and is
practiced mostly in the southern part of this Country for treating various disease conditions by the herbals and herbo-mineral
drugs. Snake envenoming and consequent deaths are of common occurrence in tropical and subtropical regions. Approximately
1,25,000 deaths are witnessed every year and WHO has declared it as a neglected tropical disease in 2009. Snake bite is a life
threatening problem causing mortality from ancient period to till date. About 94,000 snake bite deaths are recorded globally and
15000 in India per year .The immunotherapy is the only treatment available, but it has side effects like serum sickness, pyrogen
reactions moreover the non-availability and storage problems has rendered the mankind to look in others sources to treat snake
bite deaths. The recent experiments work not only proves its efficacy of various herbal drugs on snake bite, but also evidently
show their mode of action along with active principle. This study surveys the substances identified in plants reputed to neutralize
the effects of snake venoms. So single plant and combination of poly herbal preparation of siddhar’s are beneficial for the
treatment of snakebite and may find alternative to antiserum.
Keywords: Snake bite, Siddha medicine, Medicinal plants, Anti ophidian property

1. Introduction
The Siddha System of Medicine (Traditional Tamil Astrology etc.2 This Siddha system of medicine
System of medicine), which has been prevalent in the provides the health care through Prophylaxis
ancient Tamil land, is the foremost of all other medical (Noyillaneri), Treatment (Maruthuvam) and
systems in the world. Its origin goes back to B.C Rejuvenation (Kayakarpam). For a physician, it
10,000 to B.C 4,000 as per the textual and nourishes knowledge about the art of diagnosis
archeological evidences, which indicate the remote (NoiNadal), pharmacology (Gunapadam) and
antiquity of the Tamil civilization of the erstwhile toxicology (Nanjumurivunool). Siddhars are too good
submerged land kumarikandam1. in the work of documentation too in manuscripts
which is the backbone for generations of Siddha
The Siddha system of medicine comprising with it all physicians. They taught the above said sciences to
kind of sciences like Philosophy, Alchemy, Yoga, their disciples, and also written their works.
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Medicinal ingredients in Siddha Vaidya are classified complex mixture of enzymatic and non-enzymatic
into three main groups Thavaram (includes the proteins, peptides and small organic compounds such
thousands of whole plants and plant products), as citrate, nucleoside and acetylcholine.6
Jangamam (those derived from animals), and Thatu
(those derived from earth and organic toxins). 2.2. Clinical effects of snake venom

In many developing countries, Traditional medicine The clinical effects of snake bite includes
plays an important role in meeting the primary health neurotoxicity, cardio toxicity, coagulant (either poor
care needs of the population. Some studies have anti), hemostatic (either activating or inhibiting),
shown that individuals choose Traditional medicine hemorrhagic, hemolytic and edema forming activities.7
for various reasons, including an increasing
dissatisfaction with existing health care services, and a 2.3. Anti -venom
rekindled interest in whole person care and disease
prevention which are more often advocated in Datta K Animesh et al, Anti -venoms can be classified
Traditional medicine. In addition Traditional medicine into monovalent (when they are effective against a
recognizes the need to focus on quality of life when a given species' venom) or polyvalent (when they are
cure is not possible.3 effective against a range of species, or several
different species at the same time) types. Generic
The branch of Toxicology is the developed one since name Equine (horse derived)/ Ovine (sheep derived)
the Siddhar’s period itself, Siddhars said about the immunoglobuline F(ab’)2 fragments. Pharmaco
toxic effect of drugs and poisonous bites with therapeutic class, Immunosera and immunoglobulins.
treatment for the toxic conditions. It shows that the Equine immunoglobuline F (ab’)2 anti-venoms, FAV
Siddhar’s and ancient physicians are well knowledge AFRICA polyvalent equine F(ab’)2 anti-venom for
about the safety aspects in medical practice. Siddha Subsahara African snakes Bitis, Echis, Naja,
system of medicine is self sufficient to meet the needs Dendroaspis. FAVIREPT polyvalent equine F(ab’)2
of public health. It is high time to work on the quality anti-venom for middle east snakes Bitis, Echis, Naja,
assurance, safety and efficacy of Siddha formulations Cerastes, Macrovipera. VIPERFAV polyvalent equine
to make our system beneficial for population at large. F(ab’)2 anti-venom for European snakes Vipera.8
Being a Siddha Toxicology student I am interested to
tell here some siddha medicinal herbs act on snake 2.4. Side effects of anti-venom
bites are Leucas aspera, Corallocarpus epigaeus,
Eclipta prostrate, Curcuma longa, Ophiorrhiza  Anaphylactic reactions such as difficulty in
mungos, Strychnos nux- vomica, Sapindus saponaria, breathing, reddening of skin, swelling of eyes
Musa paradisiaca, Aristolochia bracteolata, and face, fever.
Aristolochia indica and Symplocos racemosa.  Pyrogen reaction probably due to the action of
high concentrations of non-immunoglobulin
2. Materials and Methods proteins.
 Inflammation of joints, Enlargement of lymph
Already scientific researches and various antidote gland 9.
activities have done on herbals in recent years. Now
the author, present review on snake venom, anti- 2.5. Limitations of antisnake venom therapy
venom, common snake types, herbal antidote,
phytocompounds and pharmacological activity which Antivenom immunotherapy is the only specific
will provide of a text of references as well as treatment against snake venom envenomation. There
information on the aspect for minimizing socio- are various side effects of antivenom such as
medical problem of snake bite. anaphylactic shock, pyrogen reaction and serum
sickness. Most of these symptoms may be due to the
2.1. Snake venom action of high concentrations of non immunoglobulin
proteins present in commercially available hyper
The venom produced by the snake’s venom gland immune antivenom.10Although an intravenous
apparatus is delivered in to the target tissue from fangs administration of antivenom, prepared from IgG of
by injection mechanism.4,5 The venom contains

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venom-immunised horses or sheep, is an effective rapidly after a bite.11Such effects include severe pain,
treatment for systemic envenoming the clinical oedema, localized haemorrhage, and necrosis. Which
consensus is that antivenom is of limited effectiveness often results in permanent scarring and deformity.12
gainst the effects of local envenoming that develop

2.6. Types of snakes found and their feature13

Common krait

Found all across India up to Assam.

The venom of the snake is neurotoxic.

Russel’s viper

Found all across Indian sub-continent.

Its venom is hemotoxic.

Saw scaled viper

Found across Indian sub-continent expect in west Bengal and north east
India.
Its venom is hemotoxic.

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Spectacled cobra

Found across Indian sub-continent expect north east India.

Its venom is neurotoxic.

2.7. Some medicinal plants used for snake bite in siddha medicine

S.No Botanical name Family Local name Part used

(siddha)
1. Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Thumpai Whole
plant
2. Corallocarpus epigaeus Cucurbitaceae Kollankovai, Root
Akasagerudan
3. Eclipta prostrata Asteraceae Karisalai Whole
plant
4. Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Manjal Dried
rhizome
5. Ophiorrhiza mungos Rubiaceae Keerippundu, Root
Kiripurandan
6. Strychnos nux-vomica Loganiaceae Yetti Seed
7. Sapindus saponaria Sapindaceae Puvandi, Root
Soapnut tree
8. Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Vallai Stem juice
9. Aristolochia bracteolata Aristolochiaceae Adutinnapalai, Root
Aristolochia indica Perumarindu
10. Symplocos racemosa Symplocaceae Vellilothiram Bark

2.7.1 Leucas aspera antioxidant superoxide dismutase, glutathione (GSH)

peroxidase, catalase, reduced GSH and glutathione-S-
If a person is bitten by snake become unconsciousness, transferase activities and increased lipid peroxidase
the flower juice of Leucas aspera few drop is put in (LPO) activity in different organs such as heart, liver,
each nostril. Then give leaf juice internally and kidney and lungs.
external bandage with leaf will cure poisonous
bite.14,15 Inhibition of these enzymes was generally considered
as important step in the management of snakebite.
Anti ophidian activity: Methanolic extract of Leucas aspera having Protease
inhibitors, Hyaluronidase inhibitors, Phospholipase
The methanolic leaf extract of Leucas aspera was inhibitors, Hemolytic inhibition evaluated for its major
explored for the first time for antisnake venom enzymes. From the study it was demonstrated that
activity. This plant extract was significantly methanolic extracts of Leucas aspera, possess
antagonized the spectacled cobra (Naja naja naja) antivenom activity against Naja naja naja venom
venom induced lethal activity in a mouse model. It enzymes and supports their traditional use in herbal
was compared with commercial antiserum Naja naja medicine against snakebites.16
naja venom induced a significant decrease in
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2.7.2 Corallocarpus epigaeus activity in mice. The in vitro myotoxicity of the

crotalid venoms and myotoxins was neutralized by
Corallocarpus epigaeus root powder one teaspoon simultaneous exposure of the muscles to an aqueous
with equal amount of sugar intake is good for snake extract of Eclipta prostrate or wedelolactone.
bite. During this medication the diet should be free of stigmaterol and sitosterol were less effective than
salt and tamarind.14,15 wedelolactone, but interacted synergistically with it.
Eclipta prostrate and wedelolactone neutralized the in
Chandra et al,Corallocarpus epigaeus useful in snake vitro and in vivo myotoxicity of both these myotoxins
bite. Reddy et al, This stem decotion is used to treat and, in addition, displayed antiproteolytic and anti-
poisonous bite. Audichya et al, Root paste is applied PLAZ effects in biochemical experiments.
on snake bite. Hemadri et al, Root tuber is given orally Collectively, these data suggest possible mechanisms
for treating snake bite.17 for the antimyotoxic effects of Eclipta prostrate and
wedelolactone against crotalid venoms, and for their
Anti ophidian activity: inhibition of the hemorrhagic lesions induced by
proteases present in B. jararaca venom. However,
In vivo study in mice at dose level of 500mg/kg wedelolactone and Eclipta prostrate were also
administration of methanolic and aqueous extract effective in neutralizing Both ropstoxin, a myotoxin
Corallocarpus epigaeus was studied against the lethal described as devoid of proteolytic or PLAZ activities.
effect of Russell’s viper venom. Mortality of the mice Bothropstoxin retains a high degree of sequence
was reduced progressively and significant protection homology with other PLAZ myotoxins and a `residual'
was also observed at 500mg/kg dose. The percentage phospholipase activity may not be entirely discarded.
survival was observed as 66.66 and 50.0at dose level From this study Eclipta prostata (Asteraceae) extracts
for methanolic and aqueous extracts respectively. and constituents showed Inhibition of the myotoxic
From this study of Corallocarpus epigaeus reveals and hemorrhagic activities of crotalid venoms.23
significant antisnake venom activity in the treatment
of Russell’s viper snake bite.18 2.7.4. Curcuma longa

2.7.3 Eclipta prostrata The dried rhizome is used in poisoning and also in
snake bite.24
Eclipta prostrata leaf juice 90 drops with water or Smoke produced by sprinkling powdered turmeric
butter milk will cure snake bite14.Eclipta prostate fresh over burnt charcoal will relieve scorpion sting when
aerial part used to treat snake bite.19 the part affected is exposed to the smoke for few
minutes.25
The leaves of Eclipta prostate are used in treatment of Fresh Curcuma longa juice is applied in poisonous
scorpion stings. They are used as an antidote for snake bites and leech bites.14
bites in korea.19 Curcuma longa is indicated for insect’s bites.16
Due to strong anti – septic properties it has been used
Butanol and ethanolic extract as well as as a reputed remedy for all kinds of poisonous
wedeloacetone was isolated from the aerial parts of the affections, ulcers and wounds.26
plant showed both in vitro and in vivo anti-venom
effects.20,21,22 Anti ophidian activity:

Anti ophidian activity: Curcuma longa rhizome derived material has taken for
antiplatelet activity measured by platelet aggregometer
Eclipta prostrate three of its constituent and compared with of aspirin as antiplatelet agent. The
(wedelolactone, stigmaterol, and sitosterol, Sn were active constituent from the rhizome was isolated as ar-
investigated. Both in vivo and in vitro studies in rat or turmerone by various spectral analyses. It has
mouse were conducted for Inhibition of the myotoxic inhibitory concentration 50 percentage value. The ar-
and hemorrhagic activities of crotalid venoms. The turmerone was effective in inhibiting platelet
myotoxicity of crotalid venoms, purified myotoxins aggregation induced by collagen and arachidonic acid.
(bothropstoxin, BthTX; bothropasin and crotoxin), and In comparison, ar-turmerone was significantly more
polylysine was quantified in vitro by the release rate of potent than platelet inhibitor aspirin against platelet
creatine kinase from rat or mouse extensor digitorum aggregation induced by collagen. From this study
muscles and in vivo by the plasma creatine kinase
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ar-turmerone was useful compound for inhibiting testing models were selected cardiotoxicity,
platelet aggregation induced by collagen and neurotoxicity. It was observed that seed extract
arachidonic acid.27 effectively antagonized viper and cobra venom
induced actions in different in vivo and in vitro test
2.7.5. Ophiorrhiza mungos models. From this study seed extract effective in viper
and cobra venom neutralization in presence of
Root of ophiorrhiza mungos is used in snake bite and polyvalent snake venom antiserum.29
dog bite.14
Roots are sold as a charm against snake bite and Ethanolic extract neutralized Daboria russelii venom
scorpion sting, especially in Ceylon where it has a induced lethal haemorrhage, PLA2 enzyme activity in
high reputation as a remedy for snake bite although mice while Najakaouthia venom induced in vivo
nothing trustfully known about it. It is also used as an cardiotoxicity, neuro toxicity and PLA2 enzyme
antidote against bites of mad dogs. 25 activity in mice. Anti-snake venom activity was
Medicinal uses of Ophiorrhiza mungos in snake bite.26 attributed to an active compound isolated from the
extract.30,31
Anti ophidian activity:
2.7.7. Sapindus saponaria
Ophiorrhiza mungos root extract was used in chick
embryo study. The membrane stabilizing properties of Root is grind with vinegar applied in scorpion and
root extract was estimated by Human Red Blood Cell poisonous bites.14
(HRBC) lysis method. The disc impregnated with Pulp is given to people bitten by venomous reptiles.
venom, root extract or the combination of both was Externally applied to bites of reptiles, centipedes,
placed on the yolk sac membrane preferably over the scorpion sting .25
anterior blood vessel of 6th day chick embryo. The
Anti ophidian activity:
neutralization/inhibition of venom-induced lethality or
hemorrhage was achieved by incubating venom and
The extracts and fractions from callus cultures of
extract before being applied to the embryo. The LD50
Sapindus saponaria, significantly inhibited the toxic
of Russell's viper venom in 6th day chick embryo was
and pharmacological activities induced by snake
found to be 3μg/μl. 100 percentage recoveries of
venoms and toxins.The lethal, clotting, phospholipase,
embryos were observed after 6h of incubation. Higher
oedema inducing, hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities
concentration of root extract showed remarkable
were partially inhibited by the different extracts and
results by completely abolishing traces of hemorrhagic
fractions. Sapindus saponaria from the study
lesions induced by viper venom. From this study root
presented anti ophidian activity and could be used as
extract of Ophiorrhiza mungos possess potent anti-
an adjuvant to serum therapy or for its
snake venom neutralizing compounds, which inhibit
supplementation.32
the activity of viper venom.28
2.7.8. Musa paradisiaca
2.7.6. Strychnos nux-vomica
Stem of Musa paradisiaca used in poisonous bite.14
Yeti kottaiuppu used in snake bite. Bark of Strychnos Juice of bark and leaf has been recommended in bites
nux vomica 65-130 mg along with common salt or stings from poisonous animals.19
scorpion bite will cure by chewing this14. Musa paradisiaca stem juice 15ml at a time and then
It also acts as an antidote to snake bite administrated 4hours once. It is anti-dote for snake poison.33
hypodermically (1/16 to 1/10th grain) close to the This stem juice is effective in snake bite especially in
bitten part. A paste of Strychnos nux-vomica a seeds is hemotoxic bite.34
used in rat bites.25
The seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica are used in rat Anti ophidian activity:
bites, venomous reptile bite.26
Extract of Musa paradisiaca was administrated in
Anti ophidian activity: mice model was used in vivo and in vitro against
the toxicity of snakevenom. It was suggested that these
Seed extract of Strychnos nux-vomica dose level was compounds can be responsible for the in vitro
5mg/kg in mice administrated. The neutralization inhibition of the toxic effects of snake venoms.
Neutralizing properties of Musa paradisiaca extract
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on phospholipase A2, myotoxic, hemorrhagic and shows 50 percentage survival benefits in mice. Further
lethal activities of crotalidae venoms. From the study clinical studies are required in humans to potentiate
protection against the toxic effects of snake venoms in this claim and discover the new treatment strategy for
vitro, was very effective when compared with red scorpion envenoming.39
experiment were done in vivo. 35
2.7.10. Symplocos racemosa
2.7.9. Aristolochia bracteolata & Aristolochia indica
It is used in poisons14.Bark is used in scorpion sting.25
Root powder of Aristolochia bracteolata 2-4 gram Symplocos racemosa is used in the treatment of snake
cures snake bite and other poisons.14 - bite. 40
Root powder of Aristolochia indica 1-2 gram is used
in poisons. Its leaf powder 2 grams twice a day cure Anti ophidian activity:
snake bite14.
Aristlochia indica leaf juice is used in snake bite.15 Symplocos racemosa was extracted as Phenolic
The root of Aristolochia bracteata can be powdered glycosides, benzoyl salireposide, salireposide,
and 5grams twice a day for three days. During these symploracemoside and symplomoside (500–25
days diet should be free of salt.33 mm/mL) were evaluated for inhibitory activity against
The leaf juice of Aristolochia indica is good for many snakevenom phosphodiesterase-I. Salireposide,
types of poisons and insect bite. Dosage will vary Symploracemoside showed moderate inhibitory
according to the type of insect.33 activity,symplomoside showed a weak activity, as
Aristolochia indica is an antidote to snake bites compared to the strong inhibitory potential of benzoyl
however that it obtained most repute and by the early salireposide. Benzoyl salireposide and salireposide
Portuguese settler was termed Raiz de cobra, its were also evaluated for their inhibitory activity against
efficacy in those cases, even in the bite of cobra de human nucleotide pyrophosphatasephosphodiesterase-
capeello. In the Philippine Islands, the bitter nauseous I. Ahmad et al, Choudhary et al, Gupta and Pehsin,
root is the most popular remedy for poisonous bites From this study it was displayed that isolated
and stings.19 substance of Symplocos racemosa in vitro inhibitory
Aristolochic acid an alkaloid from Aristolochia activity against snake venom phosphodiesterase-I.41
bracteolata was found to interact with phospholipase
A2 from viperarusselli venom and from human 3. Results
synovial fluid and inhibited the oedema inducing
activity of phospholipaseA2 in mice in vitro.23 Snakebite is a significant health hazard that leads to
Aristolochia indica is useful in all types of poisonous high mortality rate worldwide especially in developing
bites and stings.36 countries like India. Antiserum is the only available
Aristolochic acid acted as a competitive inhibitor of for snake venom poisoning which has high cost and
phospholipase A2 enzyme in snake venom. It also various side effects. The plant Leucas aspera extract
inhibited the oedema – inducing activity of significantly antagonized the spectacled cobra (Naja
phospholipase A2 obtained from human synovial naja naja) venom induced lethal activity in a mouse
fluid.37 model. In vivo antisnake venom studies of the
methanolic extract of Corallocarpus epigaeus reveals
Anti ophidian activity: significant antisnake venom activity and could have a
promising role in the treatment of Russell’s viper
The interaction of aristolochic acid, an alkaloid snake bite. Eclipta prostata extracts and constituents
from Aristolochia species, with phospholipase had Inhibition of the myotoxic and hemorrhagic
A2 (PLA2) from Viperarus selli venom was followed activities of crotalid venoms. From Curcuma longa,
by circular dichroism measurements. The results the ar-turmerone was useful compound for inhibiting
showed that the both plant extracts were capable of platelet aggregation induced by collagen and
neutralizing the lethality induced by the venom arachidonic acid. The root extract of Ophiorrhiza
activity.38 mungos inhibit the activity of viper venom. Seed
extract of Strychnosnux-vomica was observed
The ethanolic extract of Aristolochia indica has effectively antagonized viper and cobra venom
protective effect against the red scorpion venom and induced actions in different in vivo and in vitro test
models. Sapindus saponaria from the study presented
anti-ophidian activity. Neutralizing properties of
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Musa paradisiaca extract on phospholipase A2, 8. Mandal Aninda, Ghosh K Benoy, Halder Sandip,
myotoxic, hemorrhagic and lethal activities of Paul Rita and Datta K Animesh, Snake bite, snake
crotalidae venoms. The alkaloid from Aristolochia venom, anti-venom and herbal antidote – a review
species, both plant extracts were capable of International J of Research in Ayurveda &
neutralizing the lethality induced by the venom Pharmacy, 2(4), 2011 1060-1067
activity with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from Viperarus 9. Paul R et al. Snake bite, snake-venom, anti-venom
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11. Lalloo.D, D.G. Theakston D.G, J. Toxicol., 2003,
41(3), 277-290.
Siddha system of medicine has rich collection of herbs 12.Warrell D.A, Davidson N.M, Greenwood B.M,
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