SWE20004

Technical Software Development

Lecture 1
Introduction to Fundamental Concepts

Slides credit : Dr Recep Ulusoy

Modified by: Dr. Prince Kurumthodathu Surendran

CRICOS 00111D
TOID 3059
Outline

• Administration of the unit

• What we are going to cover in this unit
• Revision of programming concepts
• Software develoment
• Algorithm development and representation
• Overview of programming languages
• Practical programming and associated tools
 Staff
• Prince Kurumthodathu Surendran
– Lecturer
– pkurumthodathusurend@swin.edu.au
– TD192 (Ph: 9214 5421)
• Tutors
– Gavin Chan (gchan@swin.edu.au) – Wed 10.30 am in BA601
– Rida Fatima (rfatima@swin.edu.au) – Wed 12.30 pm in BA601
– Zyeda Zehra (szehra@swin.edu.au) – Wed 2.30 pm (BA405) & Thu 4.30 pm (EN402)
– Srikanth Thudumu (sthudumu@swin.edu.au) – Wed 4.30 pm
– Kai Renshaw (krrenshaw@swin.edu.au) - Thu 12.30 pm in EN402
– Anika Kanwal (akanwal@swin.edu.au) – Thu 2.30 pm in EN402
– Michael George (mgeorge@swin.edu.au) – Fri 12.30 pm in ATC009

• Help Desk hours – See Canvas

The Unit Outline

• On Canvas
• Contains details of assessment dates
• Provisional outline of weekly tasks
• References to textbook and other resources
• Other important stuff…
Assessment
• Assignments (3 ) - 20%
• Lab tests (2) - 20%
• Exam - 60%
Total: 100%

Must get minimum 40% in the final exam (24 out

of 60 marks) as well as minimum 50% overall in
order to pass the subject…
Textbook

• Bronson G. J. (2013). C++ for Engineers and

Scientists (4th ed), Cengage.
• Other C++ books OK, but the readings,
homework and most of the other things
come from this book.
The Slides
• Available each week on Canvas as pdfs
• Each Lecture:
– Print them, bring them with you, write on them
• Each Lab:
– Bring them, refer to them, use them too
• When you study/cram for test, exam:
– Read them
– Summarise them
– Understand the concepts covered in them
Assumptions
We will assume that:
• You are familiar with basic programming theory, you
know what:
– sequence is
– selection is
– iteration/repetition is
• You can do basic arithmetic/algebra
• You understand what operators, operands and
expressions are
• You understand basic boolean logic
We will use C++ language
• C++ uses C syntax, so familiarity with some C
will be an advantage, but we will cover the
syntax
• We will use C++ I/O streams instead of stdio.h
of C
• We will use the ‘string’ class instead of C-
strings.
• We will use ‘references’ instead of ‘pointers’
although we may still introduce them towards
the end of the unit to see the difference
C++ is just as fast as C
• C++ uses the same compiler as C, GNU C++
(gcc or g++)
• Uses different libraries (if you want to)
• Supports all of C
• C++ is sort-of portable
• If you use standard C++ libraries, you get
portable code.
– Just re-compile on the target platform.
– Good for Windows, Unix, Linux, Mac OS X
This is not a complete OOP subject
• No comprehensive coverage of object oriented
concepts and constructs
• Just the basic introduction to classes and objects
with their constituent parts towards the end of the
unit
• Perhaps some inheritance with base (super) and
derived (sub) classes if time permits
• Probably no friend functions, operator overloading,
virtual classes, interfaces, or detailed coverage of
visibility specifiers with public, private, protected
functions unless there is time left for them
Software Development
• Computer program: Self-contained set of
instructions used to operate a computer to
produce a specific result
– Also called software
– Solution developed to solve a particular
problem, written in a form that can be executed
on a computer
Software Development
(continued)

Figure 1.2 The three phases of program development

Phase I: Development and Design
• Program requirement: Request for a program
or a statement of a problem
• After a program requirement is received, Phase
I begins:
• Phase I consists of four steps:
– Analysis
– Design
– Coding
– Testing
Phase I: Development and Design
(continued)

Figure 1.3 The development and design steps

Phase I: Development and Design
(continued)
• Step 1: Analyze the Problem
– Determine and understand the output items
the program must produce
– Determine the input items
– Both items referred to as the problem's
input/output (I/O)
Phase I: Development and Design
(continued)
• Step 2: Develop a Solution
– Select the exact set of steps, called an
“algorithm,” to solve the problem
– Refine the algorithm
• Start with initial solution in the analysis step until
you have an acceptable and complete solution
– Check solution
Phase I: Development and Design
(continued)
• Step 3: Code the Solution
– Consists of actually writing a C++ program that
corresponds to the solution developed in Step 2
– Program should contain well-defined patterns
or structures of the following types:
• Sequence
• Selection
• Iteration
• Invocation
Phase I: Development and Design
(continued)
• Step 3: Code the Solution (continued)
– Sequence: Defines the order in which instructions are
executed
– Selection: Allows a choice between different
operations, based on some condition
• Conditional if/else statements
– Iteration: Allows the same operation to be repeated
based on some condition
• Also called looping or repetition
– Invocation: Involves invoking a set of statements when
needed
• Calling/invoking functions
Phase I: Development and Design
(continued)
• Step 4: Test and Correct the Program
– Testing: Method to verify correctness and that
requirements are met
– Bug: A program error
– Debugging: The process of locating an error,
and correcting and verifying the correction
– Testing may reveal errors, but does not
guarantee the absence of errors
Phase II: Documentation
• Five main documents for every problem
solution:
– Program description
– Algorithm development and changes
– Well-commented program listing
– Sample test runs
– User manual
Phase III: Maintenance
• Maintenance includes:
– Ongoing correction of newly discovered bugs
– Revisions to meet changing user needs
– Addition of new features
• Usually the longest phase
• May be the primary source of revenue
• Good documentation vital for effective
maintenance
• Backup copies to cover for loss or damage
Algorithm development and
representation
• Algorithm: Step-by-step sequence of
instructions
– Must terminate
– Describes how the data is to be processed to
produce the desired output
• Pseudocode: English-like phrases used to
describe steps in an algorithm
• Formula: Mathematical equations
• Flowchart: Diagrams with symbols
Algorithms (continued)
• Problem: Calculate the sum of all whole
numbers from 1 to 100

Figure 1.6 Summing the numbers 1 to 100

Algorithms (continued)

Figure 1.6 Summing the numbers 1 to 100

(continued)
Algorithms (continued)

Figure 1.6 Summing the numbers 1 to 100

(continued)
Figure 1.7 Flowchart symbols
Figure 1.7 Flowchart symbols (continued)
Figure 1.8 Flowchart for calculating
the average of three numbers
Programming languages and
styles
• Programming: Process of writing a program,
or software
• Programming language:
– Set of symbols, words and rules used to
construct a program
– Comes in a variety of forms and types
Machine Language
• Machine language programs: only programs
that can actually be directly used to operate a
computer
– Only language that a particular machine
architecture understands
– Also referred to as executable programs
(executables)
– Consists of a sequence of instructions composed of
binary numbers (sequence of 0s and 1s)
– Contains two parts: an instruction (aka opcode) and
an address
Assembly Language
• Assembly language programs: Substitute
word-like symbols, such as ADD, SUB, and
MUL, for binary opcodes
– Use decimal numbers and labels for memory
addresses
• Example: ADD 1, 2
• Assemblers: Translate programs into
machine language

Figure 1.10 Assembly-language programs must be translated

Low- and High-Level Languages
• Low-level languages: Languages that use
instructions tied directly to one type of
computer
– Examples: machine language, assembly language
• High-level languages: Instructions resemble
written natural/human languages (mostly
English)
– Can be run on a variety of computer types
– Examples: C, C++, Java, Python, LISP, Prolog
Low- and High-Level Languages
(continued)
• Source code: The programs written in a high- or low-
level language
– Before execution, source code must be translated to machine
instructions in one of two ways, using:
• Interpreter: Each statement is translated individually and executed
immediately after translation
– Python, LISP and Prolog are examples of interpreted languages
• Compiler: All statements are translated and stored as an
executable program, or object program; execution occurs later
– C, C++ are examples of compiled language
– Some languages (such as Java) use both: source is first
translated to an intermediate code (eg. byte code) using a
compiler and then executed using an interpreter (eg. JVM –
Java Virtual Machine)
Low- and High-Level Languages
(continued)
• Large C++ programs may be stored in two or
more separate program files (modules) due
to:
– Use of previously written code
– Use of code provided by the compiler
– Modular design of the program (for reusability
of components)
• Linker: Combines all of the compiled code
required for the program
Procedural and Object Orientations
• Programs can also be classified by their orientation:
– Procedural: Instructions are used to create self-
contained units called procedures (or functions) that
process data
– Object-oriented: Program is built of reusable objects,
containing both code and data to be processed
• Object-oriented languages support reusing existing code more
easily
• C++ contains features of both so in this sense it is a
hybrid language
Practical coding
Steps involved in creating and running programs:
1.Write/Edit the source code using a text editor
2.Save the file
3.Compile the code
– compiler checks for errors
– if no error, run the linker
4.Run/execute the program
5.If anything goes wrong go back to step 1
 Edit

Save

Compile

yes
Error?
Y
N
Link yes

yes no no
Error?Y Run Done
Y Error?
Running C++
C++ can be produced and run using:
• a text editor and a stand alone compiler and
linker (gcc or g++)
– On Linux, Windows, Mac
• an IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
– Eclipse, NetBeans, Visual Studio, Visual C++ Express,
Quincy, Code::Blocks, DevC++ (Windows)
– Xcode, Eclipse, NetBeans, Code::Blocks (Mac)
– Eclipse, NetBeans, Code::Blocks (Linux)
C++ requires no IDE
• Like C, you can develop C++ with a simple text
editor and a compiler [this is the recommended
method in this unit so use it whenever possible]
• No need for fancy products (with big learning
curves)
– Visual Studio, Code::Blocks, DevC++, MinGWStudio,
Eclipse, X-Code
• Just use a simple text editor and learn to compile
and execute programs from command windows on
a particular platform
Popular text editors
• Windows
– Crimson Editor
– Notepad++
– TextMate
– Sublime
• Mac
– TextMate
– TextWrangler
– Sublime
– Vi/Vim
• Linux
– Vi/Vim
– Emacs
– gEdit
– gVim
– Nano
C++ compilers
• MinGW (g++, gcc) for Windows
– http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw-w64/

• After installation, remember to update the

path variable to include the bin folder where
g++.exe is located (eg. C:\Program
Files\mingw32\bin)

• Search for gcc or g++ for Mac or Linux if not

already installed
Windows command line
• Create/edit your file using editor (eg. Crimson or
Notepad++):
• Open a Terminal window (you can do this from within
the editor in some cases)
• Compile:
g++ example.cpp -o myProgram
• Run:
myProgram
Running C++ in Visual Studio or
Visual C++ Express
• If you prefer to use Visual Studio:
– There are many online tutorials to help you with
this. See for example:
http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/introdu
ction/visualstudio/
– Visual C++ and Visual Studio Tutorials in Week-
01 lab materials on Blackboard
– Read all the instructions carefully
Linux / Mac command line
• Create/edit your file using editor (eg. vi):
vi example.cpp vi commands can
vi commands:
be looked up on the
• i – insert mode
• esc – command mode web. Linux has GUI-
• [esc] :wq – save and exit based editors too.
• Open a Terminal window
• Compile:
g++ example.cpp -o myProgram
• Run:
./myProgram Or use
gcc instead of g++
Need assistance?
• Textbooks
• Online web resources such as
www.cplusplus.com
• Tutors
• Canvas discussion board
• Programming help desk (ATC620)