Flying Ball
Contents
SL.NO particulars PAGE.NO
1 Abstract 2
2 System Specifications 3
3 Introduction to openGL 4
5 Implementation 7
6 Interaction 9
7 Source Code 10
8 Output 29
9 Conclusion 31
10 Bibliography 32
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Abstract
Main aim of this is to illustrate the concepts of Static Pressure.
This project uses the GLUT pre-built models sub-API in openGL.
We have used input devices like mouse and key board to interact with
program.
We have added menu which makes the program more interactive.
This project illustrates the concept of static pressure in OpenGL.
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System specifications
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS :
▪ MICROSOFT VISUAL C++
▪ OPENGL
OPERATING SYSTEM :
▪ WINDOWS XP,VISTA
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT :
▪ GRAPHICS SYSTEM,
▪ Pentium P4 with 256 of Ram(Min)
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Introduction to openGL
As a software interface for graphics hardware, OpenGL's main purpose is to
render two- and three-dimensional objects into a frame buffer.
These objects are described as sequences of vertices or pixels.
OpenGL performs several processing steps on this data to convert it to pixels to
form the final desired image in the frame buffer.
OpenGL Fundamentals
This section explains some of the concepts inherent in OpenGL.
Primitives and Commands
OpenGL draws primitives—points, line segments, or polygons—subject to several
selectable modes.
You can control modes independently of each other; that is, setting one mode
doesn't affect whether other modes are set .Primitives are specified, modes are
set, and other OpenGL operations are described by issuing commands in the form
of function calls.
Primitives are defined by a group of one or more vertices. A vertex defines a
point, an endpoint of a line, or a corner of a polygon where two edges meet. Data
is associated with a vertex, and each vertex and its associated data are processed
independently, in order, and in the same way. The type of clipping depends on
which primitive the group of vertices represents.
Commands are always processed in the order in which they are received,
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although there may be an indeterminate delay before a command takes effect.
This means that each primitive is drawn completely before any subsequent
command takes effect. It also means that state-querying commands return data
that's consistent with complete execution of all previously issued OpenGL
commands.
Basic OpenGL Operation
The figure shown below gives an abstract, high-level block diagram of how
OpenGL processes data. In the diagram, commands enter from the left and
proceed through what can be thought of as a processing pipeline. Some
commands specify geometric objects to be drawn, and others control how the
objects are handled during the various processing stages.
Figure . OpenGL Block Diagram
As shown by the first block in the diagram, rather than having all commands
proceed immediately through the pipeline, you can choose to accumulate some
of them in a display list for processing at a later time.
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Rasterization produces a series of frame buffer addresses and associated values
using a two-dimensional description of a point, line segment, or polygon.
Each fragment so produced is fed into the last stage,
per-fragment operations, which performs the final operations on the data before
it's stored as pixels in the frame buffer. These operations include conditional
updates to the frame buffer based on incoming and previously stored z-value s
(for z-buffering) and blending of incoming pixel colors with stored colors, as well
as masking and other logical operations on pixel values.
All elements of OpenGL state, including the contents of the texture memory and
even of the frame buffer, can be obtained by an OpenGL application.
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Implementation
This program is implemented using various openGL functions which are
shown below.
Various functions used in this program.
glutInit() : interaction between the windowing system and OPENGL is
initiated
glutInitDisplayMode() : used when double buffering is required and depth
information is required
glutCreateWindow() : this opens the OPENGL window and displays the title
at top of the window
glutInitWindowSize() : specifies the size of the window
glutInitWindowPosition() : specifies the position of the window in screen
co-ordinates
glutKeyboardFunc() : handles normal ascii symbols
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glutSpecialFunc() : handles special keyboard keys
glutReshapeFunc() : sets up the callback function for reshaping the window
glutIdleFunc() : this handles the processing of the background
glutDisplayFunc() : this handles redrawing of the window
glutMainLoop() : this starts the main loop, it never returns
glViewport() : used to set up the viewport
glVertex3fv() : used to set up the points or vertices in three dimensions
glColor3fv() : used to render color to faces
glFlush() : used to flush the pipeline
glutPostRedisplay() : used to trigger an automatic redrawal of the object
glMatrixMode() : used to set up the required mode of the matrix
glLoadIdentity() : used to load or initialize to the identity matrix
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glTranslatef() : used to translate or move the rotation centre from one
point to another in three dimensions
glRotatef() : used to rotate an object through a specified rotation angle
Interaction with program
.Both mouse and keyboard are used to interact with the program.
C,c are used to turn on and off the ceiling fan.
F,f are used to turn on and off the table fan.
B,b are used to turn on and off the flying ball.
Right mouse button can be used to get a menu.
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Source Code
/*An Interactive Program to create 3d objects*/
#include <windows.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdarg.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include <glut.h>
static double x=0.0;
static double inc=0.0;
void
stroke_output(GLfloat x, GLfloat y, char *format,...)
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va_list args;
char buffer[200], *p;
va_start(args, format);
vsprintf(buffer, format, args);
va_end(args);
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef(-2.5, y, 0);
glScaled(0.003, 0.005, 0.005);
for (p = buffer; *p; p++)
glutStrokeCharacter(GLUT_STROKE_ROMAN, *p);
glPopMatrix();
//changing backgroun color
// Table Fan
void fan(double ang)
{ glClearColor(0.8,0.8,0.8,0.0);
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glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glLoadIdentity();
glTranslatef(0.0f,0.0f,-13.0f);
glRotatef(180,0.0f,1.0f,0.0f);
//fan Blades
glPushMatrix();
glRotatef(ang,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);
glScaled(0.9,0.2,0.1);
glTranslatef(0.0,0.0,0.0);
glRotatef(ang,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);
glutSolidSphere(0.7,20,60);
glPopMatrix();
glScaled(0.8,0.04,0.8);
glTranslatef(0.0,-40.2,0.0);
glutSolidCube(6.0);
glPopMatrix();
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// leg 1
glPushMatrix();
glScaled(0.04,0.4,0.04);
glTranslatef(0.0,-40.2,0.0);
glutSolidCube(6.0);
glPopMatrix();
//fan cover
glPushMatrix();
glScaled(0.8,1.0,0.2);
glTranslatef(0.0,0.0,0.0);
glutWireSphere(0.9,20,60);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glScaled(0.8,0.18,0.8);
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glTranslatef(0.0,-7.2,0.0);
glutSolidCube(0.7);
glPopMatrix();
//Fan motor
glPushMatrix();
glScaled(0.35,0.4,0.5);
glTranslatef(0.0,0.0,0.5);
glutSolidSphere(0.5,20,60);
glPopMatrix();
//
glFlush();
glutSwapBuffers();
// Ceiling Fan
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void cfan(double rang)
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glClearColor(0.5,0.5,0.5,0.0);
glLoadIdentity();
glTranslatef(0.0f,0.0f,-13.0f);
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef(-2.0f,0.0f,0.0f);
glRotatef(rang,0.0f,1.0f,0.0f);
glScaled(0.7,0.7,0.7);
glPushMatrix();
glTranslated(0.0,1.5,0.0);
glScaled(0.1,0.8,0.1);
glutSolidSphere(1.0,20,60);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslated(0.0,0.9,0.0);
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glScaled(0.6,0.3,0.6);
glutSolidSphere(1.0,20,60);
glPopMatrix();
//2nd blade
glPushMatrix();
glRotatef(ang,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);
glScaled(0.2,2.9,0.1);
glTranslatef(0.0,0.0,16.0);
glRotatef(ang,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);
glutSolidSphere(0.7,20,60);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glutWireCone(4,3,80,120);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef(0.0,inc,0.0);
glPushMatrix();
glRotated(ang,0.0,1.0,0.0);
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glTranslatef(0.05,2.0,0.0);
glutSolidSphere(0.3,20,60);
glPopMatrix();
glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
glutSwapBuffers();
void f()
x += 9.0;
fan(x);
//stop the fan
void F()
x = 0.0;
fan(x);
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void c()
x += 10.9;
cfan(x);
void C()
x+=0.0;
cfan(x);
void fly1()
if (inc<=-4){
x+=5.30;
cfan(x);
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else
inc-=0.01;
x += 5.30;
cfan(x);
void StopFly1()
if(inc>=0){
cfan(0);
else if(x>=0)
{x+=0.3;
inc+=.01;
cfan(x);
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}else{
cfan(0);
void fly()
if (inc<=-4){
x+=5.30;
flying(x,inc);
else
inc-=0.01;
x += 5.30;
flying(x,inc);
void StopFly()
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if(inc>=0){
flying(0,0); }
else if(x>=0)
{x+=0.3;
inc+=.01;
flying(x,inc);
}else{
flying(0,0);
void doInit()
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/* Background and foreground color */
glClearColor(0.8,0.0,0.8,0.0);
glViewport(0,0,640,480);
/* Select the projection matrix and reset it then
setup our view perspective */
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluPerspective(30.0f,(GLfloat)640/(GLfloat)480,0.1f,200.0f);
/* Select the modelview matrix, which we alter with rotatef() */
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
glClearDepth(2.0f);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);
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void doDisplay()
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glLoadIdentity();
glTranslatef(0.0f,0.0f,-13.0f);
stroke_output(-2.0, 1.7, "Demonstration of Static Pressure ");
glPushMatrix();
glScaled(0.7,0.7,0.7);
stroke_output(-2.0, 0.9, "b --> Apply Pressure");
stroke_output(-2.0, 0.0, "B --> Stop ");
stroke_output(-2.0, -0.9, "f | F --> Start/Stop Table Fan");
stroke_output(-2.0, -1.8, "c | C --> Start/Stop Ceiling Fan");
glPopMatrix();
GLfloat mat_ambient[]={0.0f,1.0f,2.0f,1.0f};
GLfloat mat_diffuse[]={0.0f,1.5f,.5f,1.0f};
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GLfloat mat_specular[]={5.0f,1.0f,1.0f,1.0f};
GLfloat mat_shininess[]={50.0f};
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat_ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,mat_shininess);
/*light source properties*/
GLfloat lightIntensity[]={1.7f,1.7f,1.7f,1.0f};
GLfloat light_position[]={2.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f};
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_POSITION,light_position);
GLfloat light_position2[]={0.0f,0.0f,8.0f,0.0f};
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_POSITION,light_position2);
GLfloat light_position3[]={0.0f,5.0f,2.0f,0.5f};
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_POSITION,light_position3);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_DIFFUSE,lightIntensity);
glFlush();
glutSwapBuffers();
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void menu(int id)
switch(id)
case 1:glutIdleFunc(f);
break;
case 2:glutIdleFunc(F);
break;
case 3:glutIdleFunc(c);
break;
case 4:glutIdleFunc(C);
break;
case 5:glutIdleFunc(fly);
break;
case 6:exit(0);
break;
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glFlush();
glutSwapBuffers();
glutPostRedisplay();
void mykey(unsigned char key,int x,int y)
if(key=='f')
glutIdleFunc(f);
if(key=='F')
glutIdleFunc(F);
if(key=='q'||key=='Q')
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exit(0);
if(key=='C')
glutIdleFunc(StopFly1);
if(key=='c')
glutIdleFunc(fly1);
if(key=='b')
glutIdleFunc(fly);
if(key=='B')
glutIdleFunc(StopFly);
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int main(int argc, char *argv[])
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE|GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize(640,480);
glutInitWindowPosition(0,0);
glutCreateWindow("Basic Structures Orientation");
glutDisplayFunc(doDisplay);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);
glutKeyboardFunc(mykey);
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glutCreateMenu(menu);
glutAddMenuEntry("Start Fan 'f'",1);
glutAddMenuEntry("Stop Fan 'F'",2);
glutAddMenuEntry("Start Ceiling Fan 'c'",3);
glutAddMenuEntry("Stop Ceiling Fan 'C'",4);
glutAddMenuEntry("Flying Ball 'b'",5);
glutAddMenuEntry("Exit 'q'",6);
glutAttachMenu(GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON);
doInit();
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
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OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM
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Conclusions
The project “ Flying ball” is based on concepts of Static pressure.
This program illustrates the concept of static pressure using various functions.
Finally we conclude that this program clearly illustrate the static pressure in
OpenGL and has been completed successfully and is ready to be demonstrated.
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Bibliography
WE HAVE OBTAINED INFORMATION FROM MANY RESOURCES TO DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENT OUR PROJECT SUCCESSIVELY. WE HAVE ACQUIRED MOST OF THE
KNOWLEDGE FROM RELATED WEBSITES. THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE
RESOURCES :
TEXT BOOKS :
INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS A TOP-DOWN APPROACH
-By Edward Angel.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS,PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES
- Foley van dam
- Feiner hughes
WEB REFERENCES:
http://jerome.jouvie.free.fr/OpenGl/Lessons/Lesson3.php
http://google.com
http://opengl.org
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