THEORIST THEORY CONCEPT

 Focuses on the patient and his environment.

 Developed the described the first theory of nursing.
Notes
on Nursing: What It Is, What It Is Not.
 She focused on changing and manipulating the environment
1. FLORENCE in order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for
ENVIRONMENTAL
NIGHTINGA nature to act.
THEORY
LE  She believed that in the nurturing environment, the body
could repair itself. Client’s environment is manipulated to
include appropriate noise, nutrition, hygiene, socialization
and hope.

 Defined nursing as a therapeutic, interpersonal process

which strives to develop a nurse- patient relationship in
which the nurse serves as a resource person, counselor and
surrogate.
Introduced the Interpersonal Model.
 She defined nursing as an interpersonal process of
therapeutic between an individual who is sick or in need of
health services and a nurse especially educated to recognize
and respond to the need for help.
 She identified four phases of the nurse client relationship
namely:
PSYCHODYNAMI 1. Orientation: the nurse and the client initially do not know each
2. HILDEGARD C other’s goals and testing the role each will assume. The client
PEPLAU (INTERPERSONA attempts to identify difficulties and the amount of nursing help that
L MODEL) is needed;
2. Identification: the client responds to help professionals or the
significant others who can meet the identified needs. Both the client
and the nurse plan together an appropriate program to foster
health;
3. Exploitation: the clients utilize all available resources to move
toward a goal of maximum health functionality;
4. Resolution: refers to the termination phase of the nurse-client
relationship. it occurs when the client’s needs are met and he/she
can move toward a new goal. Peplau further assumed that nurse-
client relationship fosters growth in both the client and the nurse.

 Defined nursing as having a problem-solving approach, with

key nursing problems related to health needs of people;
developed list of 21 nursing-problem areas.
PATIENT-  Introduced Patient – Centered Approaches to Nursing Model
3. FAYE CENTERED She defined nursing as service to individual and families;
GLENN APPROACHES TO therefore the society.
ABDELLA NURSING Furthermore, she conceptualized nursing as an art and a science
MANAGEMENT that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies and technical
skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help
people, sick or well, and cope with their health needs.

THE DYNAMIC
 She conceptualized The Dynamic Nurse – Patient
4. IDA JEAN NURSE-PATIENT
Relationship Model.
ORLANDO RELATIONSHIP
MODEL

5. MYRA 4  Believes nursing intervention is a conservation activity, with

ESTRINE CONSERVATION conservation of energy as a primary concern, four
LAVINE PRINCIPLE conservation principles of nursing: conservation of client
energy, conservation of structured integrity, conservation of
personal integrity, conservation of social integrity.
 Described the Four Conversation Principles. She Advocated
that nursing is a human interaction and proposed four
 conservation principles of nursing which are concerned with
the unity and integrity of the individual.
The four conservation principles are as follows:
1. Conservation of energy. The human body functions by
utilizing energy. The human body needs energy producing input
(food, oxygen, fluids) to allow energy utilization output.
2. Conservation of Structural Integrity. The human body has
physical boundaries (skin and mucous membrane) that must be
maintained to facilitate health and prevent harmful agents from
entering the body.
3. Conservation of Personal Integrity. The nursing interventions
are based on the conservation of the individual client’s personality.
Every individual has sense of identity, self worth and self esteem,
which must be preserved and enhanced by nurses.
4. Conservation of Social integrity. The social integrity of the
client reflects the family and the community in which the client
functions. Health care institutions may separate individuals from
their family. It is important for nurses to consider the individual in
the context of the family.
 Focuses on how the client adapts to illness; the goal of
nursing is to reduce stress so that the client can move more
easily through recovery.
 Viewed the patient’s behavior as a system, which is a whole
with interacting parts.
The nursing process is viewed as a major tool. Conceptualized the
Behavioral System Model.
 According to Johnson, each person as a behavioral system is
composed of seven subsystems namely:
6. DOROTHY E. BEHAVIORAL 1. Ingestive. Taking in nourishment in socially and culturally
JOHNSON SYSTEM MODEL acceptable ways.
2. Eliminative. Ridding the body of waste in socially and culturally
acceptable ways.
3. Affiliative. Security seeking behavior.
4. Aggressive. Self – protective behavior.
5. Dependence. Nurture – seeking behavior.
6. Achievement. Master of oneself and one’s environment
according to internalized standards of excellence.
7. Sexual role identity behavior

 Considers man as a unitary human being co-existing with in

7. MARTHA SCIENCE OF the universe, views nursing primarily as a science and is
ROGERS UNITARY BEING committed to nursing research.

THEORIST THEORY CONCEPT

 Emphasizes the client’s self-care needs, nursing care

becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill
biological, psychological, developmental or social needs.
 Developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory. She defined self-
care as “the practice of activities that individuals initiate to
perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health well-
being.” She conceptualized three systems as follows:
SELF CARE AND 1. Wholly Compensatory: when the nurse is expected to
8. DOROTHEA
SELF CARE accomplish all the patient’s therapeutic self-care or to compensate
OREM
DEFICIT for the patient’s inability to engage in self care or when the patient
needs continuous guidance in self care;
2. Partially Compensatory: when both nurse patient engage in
meeting self care needs;
3. Supportive-Educative: the system that requires assistance
decision making, behavior control and acquisition knowledge and
skills.
  Nursing process is defined as dynamic interpersonal
process between nurse, client and health care system.
 Postulated the Goal Attainment Theory. She described
nursing as a helping profession that assists individuals and
groups in society to attain, maintain, and restore health. If
9. IMOGINE GOAL
not possible, nurses help individuals die with dignity.
KING ATTAINMENT
 In addition, King viewed nursing as an interaction process
between client and nurse whereby during perceiving,
setting goals, and acting on them transactions occurred
and goals are achieved.

 Stress reduction is a goal of system model of nursing

10. BETTY HEALTH CARE practice. Nursing actions are in primary, secondary or
NEUMAN SYSTEM MODEL tertiary level of prevention.

 Views the client as an adaptive system. The goal of nursing

is to help the person adapt to changes in physiological
needs, self-concept, role function and interdependent
relations during health and illness.
11. SISTER  Presented the Adaptation Model. She viewed each person
ADAPTATION
CALLISTA as a unified biopsychosocial system in constant interaction
MODEL
ROY with a changing environment. She contended that the
person as an adaptive system, functions as a whole
through interdependence of its part. The system consist of
input, control processes, output feedback.

 The client is composed of the ff. overlapping parts: person

(core), pathologic state and treatment (cure) and body
(care).
 Introduced the model of Nursing: What Is It? focusing on
the notion that centers around three components of CARE,
CARE, CORE,
12. LYDIA HALL CORE and CURE. Care represents nurturance and is
CURE MODEL
exclusive to nursing. Core involves the therapeutic use of
self and emphasizes the use of reflection. Cure focuses on
nursing related to the physician’s orders. Core and cure are
shared with the other health care providers.

 Introduced The Nature of Nursing Model. She identified

fourteen basic needs.
 She postulated that the unique function of the nurse is to
assist the clients, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery, the clients
13. VIRGINIA THE NATURE OF
would perform unaided if they had the necessary strength,
HENDERSO NURSING
will or knowledge.
N MODEL
 She further believed that nursing involves assisting the
client in gaining independence as rapidly as possible, or
assisting him achieves peaceful death if recovery is no
longer possible.

14. MADELEINE TRANSCULTURA  Developed the Transcultural Nursing Model. She advocated
LEININGER L NURSING that nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping
MODEL – a client through specific cultural caring processes (cultural
CULTURAL CARE values, beliefs and practices) to improve or maintain a
DIVERSITY AND health condition.
UNIVERSALITY
THEORY
 Conceptualized The Dynamic Nurse – Patient Relationship
THE DYNAMIC Model.
15. IDA JEAN NURSE-PATIENT  She believed that the nurse helps patients meet a
ORLANDO RELATIONSHIP perceived need that the patient cannot meet for
MODEL themselves. Orlando observed that the nurse provides
direct assistance to meet an immediate need for help in
 order to avoid or to alleviate distress or helplessness.
 She emphasized the importance of validating the need and
evaluating care based on observable outcomes.

 Developed the Clinical Nursing – A Helping Art Model.

 She advocated that the nurse’s individual philosophy or
central purpose lends credence to nursing care.
A HELPING ART
16. P. ERNESTINE  She believed that nurses meet the individual’s need for
MODEL OF
WEIDANBACH help through the identification of the needs, administration
CLINICAL
of help, and validation that actions were helpful.
NURSING
Components of clinical practice: Philosophy, purpose,
practice and an art.

 Introduced the theory of Human Becoming. She

emphasized free choice of personal meaning in relating
17. JEAN HUMAN CARING value priorities, co – creating the rhythmical patterns, in
WATSON THEORY exchange with the environment, and co transcending in
many dimensions as possibilities unfold.

 She postulated the Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing Model.

She advocated that the goal of nursing individual or family
in preventing or coping with illness, regaining health finding
meaning in illness, or maintaining maximal degree of
health.
HUMAN TO
18. JOYCE  She further viewed that interpersonal process is a human-
HUMAN
TRAVELBEE to-human relationship formed during illness and
RELATIONSHIP
“experience of suffering”
MODEL
 She believed that a person is a unique, irreplaceable
individual who is in a continuous process of becoming,
evolving and changing.

 Provided the Humanistic Nursing Practice Theory. This is

based on their belief that nursing is an existential
19. S. experience.
JOSEPHINE  Nursing is viewed as a lived dialogue that involves the
HUMANISTIC
PETERSON coming together of the nurse and the person to be nursed.
NURSING
AND  The essential characteristic of nursing is nurturance.
PRACTICE
LORETTA Humanistic care cannot take place without the authentic
THEORY
ZDERAD commitment of the nurse to being with and the doing with
the client. Humanistic nursing also presupposes responsible
choices.

 Developed Modeling and Role Modeling Theory. The focus

of this theory is on the person. The nurse models
20. T. HELEN (assesses), role models (plans), and intervenes in this
ERICKSON interpersonal and interactive theory.
ROLE
EVELYN  They asserted that each individual unique, has some self-
MODELING
TOMLIN care knowledge, needs simultaneously to be attached to
THEORY
MARY ANN the separate from others, and has adaptive potential.
SWAIN Nurses in this theory, facilitate, nurture and accept the
person unconditionally.

 Focused on health as expanding consciousness. She

believed that human are unitary in whom disease is a
21. U. THEORY OF manifestation of the pattern of health.
MARGARET EXPANDING OF  She defined consciousness as the information capability of
NEWMAN CONSCIOUSNES the system which is influenced by time, space movement
S and is ever – expanding.
  Proposed the Primacy and Caring Model. They believed that
22. PATRICIA
caring central to the essence of nursing. Caring creates the
BENNER
possibilities for coping and creates the possibilities for
AND PRIMARY AND
connecting with and concern for others.
BENNER CARING MODEL
WRUDEL

 Presented the grand theory of Nursing as Caring. They believed

23. W. ANNE that all person are caring, and nursing is a response to a unique
BOYKIN social call. The focus of nursing is on nurturing person living and
THEORY OF
AND growing in caring in a manner that is specific to each nurse-nursed
NURSING AS
SAVINA relationship or nursing situation. Each nursing situation is original.
CARING
SCHOENHO  They support that caring is a moral imperative. Nursing as Caring
FER is not based on need or deficit but is egalitarian model helping.