Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Brief Confusion Assessment Method (bCAM) : Instruction Manual v1
Brief Confusion Assessment Method (bCAM) : Instruction Manual v1
0 – Revision Date: 10‐15‐2015
For videos about the bCAM and information about other delirium
assessments, please visit:
www.eddelirium.org
The DTS was developed through Dr. Han’s Emergency Medicine Foundation Career
Development Award and National Institute on Aging K23 Award (AG032355).
The bCAM uses the Confusion Assessment Method Algorithm: Inouye SK, et al. Ann
Intern Med. 1990; 113: 941-948. Confusion Assessment Method. Copyright ©2003,
Hospital Elder Life Program, LLC.
1
bCAM Instruction Manual – Version 1.0 – Revision Date: 10‐15‐2015
1. Overview
Delirium is defined as a disturbance in attention and awareness that is accompanied by an acute change
(hours to days) in cognition that cannot be better accounted for by a preexisting or evolving neurocognitive
disorder such as dementia.1 Delirium is a form of acute brain dysfunction that affects up to 10% of older
emergency department (ED) patients2,3 and up to 25% of older, non-critically-ill hospitalized patients.4-9
Delirium in the ED is also a potential safety concern. Patients with delirium are unlikely to provide an accurate
history of why they are the ED, which may lead to inadequate diagnostic workups and inappropriate
dispositions.10,11 If discharged, they may not be able to comprehend their discharge instructions,10 which may
lead to non-compliance.
Delirium is a harbinger of death,12-14 and for those who survive, it has a profound impact on the older patient’s
quality of life. Delirium has been associated with accelerated cognitive and functional decline,6,9,15-18 which
can lead to subsequent loss of independence and nursing home placement.5,9 Hospitalized patients with
delirium have a higher likelihood of developing urinary incontinence and decubitus ulcers,8,19-21 which can
then lead to prolonged hospital length of stays and increased health care costs.6,8,22,23 Once discharged from
the hospital, delirious patients are more likely to be rehospitalized compared with non-delirious patients, further
adding to the financial burden.5,8,9,24
Unfortunately, delirium is missed in up to 80% of older patients in the ED2,3,25-29 and hospital settings.30-34 This
is because delirium is not routinely screened for in most clinical settings. In an effort to feasibly improve
delirium recognition in busy clinical environments such as the ED, the Brief Confusion Assessment Method
(bCAM) was developed. The bCAM is a brief delirium screening tool that is a modification of the Confusion
Assessment Method of the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).35 Both the bCAM and CAM-ICU use the
Confusion Assessment Method algorithm developed by Inouye et al.36 The bCAM (and CAM-ICU) incorporates
objective measures with prespecified cutoffs to test for inattention and disorganized thinking. Like the CAM
and CAM-ICU, the bCAM has four features: (1) altered mental status or fluctuating course, (2) inattention, (3)
altered level of consciousness, and (4) disorganized thinking. For a patient to meet criteria for delirium, a
patient must be positive for features 1 and 2 and positive for either feature 3 or 4 (Figure 1).2,3
and
Feature 2: Inattention
and
Figure 1. The four features of the Brief Confusion Assessment Method (bCAM). The bCAM is a modification
of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).35 The bCAM and CAM-ICU use
the CAM algorithm from: Inouye SK et al. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113: 941-948.36 Confusion Assessment
Method. Copyright ©2003, Hospital Elder Life Program, LLC.
2
bCAM Instruction Manual – Version 1.0 – Revision Date: 10‐15‐2015
2. Performing the Brief Confusion Assessment Method
Performing all four features of the bCAM usually takes less than 2 minutes to perform, especially if a proxy
(family member or caregiver that knows the patient well) is present. The bCAM worksheet can be seen at the
end of this manual. Performing the bCAM algorithmically (Figure 2) allows for early stoppage, and as result, it
can often be performed in less than one minute in the majority of older patients. In older ED patients, the
bCAM is 84% sensitive and 96% specific for delirium when performed by a physician, and 78% sensitive and
97% specific when performed by a non-physician (paramedics, college graduates, EMT basics).37 The
sensitivities and specificities are similar for older patients who are admitted to the hospital.37
Delirium can only be assessed for in patients who are arousable to verbal stimuli. If you can only get the
patient to open their eyes to painful stimuli or if the patient does not respond to pain, then the patient is
considered to be in a stupor or coma. Stupor and coma are the most severe forms of acute brain dysfunction
and are considered distinct entities from delirium. We cannot assess for delirium when patients are in these
states. Because comatose or stuporous patients frequently transition into delirium, they should be reevaluated
for delirium an hour or two later.
Figure 2. The Brief Confusion Assessment Method algorithm allows for early stoppage.
3
bCAM Instruction Manual – Version 1.0 – Revision Date: 10‐15‐2015
3. Detailed Procedures for Each bCAM Feature
a) Feature 1: Acute change in mental status or fluctuating course
Either an acute change in mental status or fluctuating course needs to be present for a patient to be feature 1
positive. In the ED, this is typically obtained from a family member or caregiver. If a proxy is not readily
available, then feature 1 can be determined after features 2, 3, and 4 of the bCAM have been performed.
The determination of feature 1 (altered mental status or fluctuating course) obviously becomes much less
important if feature 2 (inattention), feature 3 (altered level of consciousness), and feature 4 (disorganized
thinking) are negative. However, if the patient is feature 2 positive (inattention) and either feature 3 (altered
level of consciousness) or feature 4 (disorganized thinking) is positive, then determining the presence or
absence of feature 1 becomes more important.
1) To determine if the patient has an acute change in mental status or fluctuating course when there is a
proxy present:
a. Ask the proxy: “Has the patient been more confused to you lately?” A positive response
indicates that the patient is feature 1 positive.
b. Alternatively, to specifically determine altered mental status, ask the proxy: “Is the patient acting
normally to you right now or does he/she seem more confused than usual? If the patient is not
acting normally or is more confused than usual, then the patient likely has altered mental status
and is feature 1 positive.
c. To determine a fluctuating course, several questions can be asked: “Have you noticed any
fluctuations in the patient’s mental status where he/she appears to be more confused at some
moments and less confused at other moments throughout the course of the day?” A positive
response indicates that the patient has a fluctuating course, and as a result, the patient is
feature 1 positive.
d. Remember, a patient can have either altered mental status or a fluctuating course to be positive
for feature 1.
b) Feature 2: Inattention
Inattention is considered a cardinal feature of delirium.38 Asking the patient to recite the months backwards
from December to July is a simple and brief method to assess for inattention. Most patients (delirious and
not delirious) should be able to recite the months forwards. However, reciting the months backwards
requires concentration which can be impaired in patients with delirium. The following are the instructions for
determining feature 2 (inattention) using the bCAM:
1) Have the patient recite the months backwards from December to July. Based upon our preliminary
data, non-delirious patients should be able to recite the months backwards without stopping. As a
result, we recommend that the task is stopped if there is a significant pause (>15 seconds) or if the
patient perseverates on a specific month (i.e. “December, November, October…. October… October”)
for a significant amount of time (>15 seconds). Similarly, if the patient keeps repeating a sequence of
months (December, November, October…. December, November, October…. December…) for >15
seconds, then the task can be stopped.
2) Error Coding
a. Each missing month is assigned one error. A patient who recites “December, November,
September, August, July” would be considered to have made one error since October was not
recited.
b. If a patients switches two months (December, October, November, September, August, July)
then this is counted as two errors since two of the months are in the incorrect order.
c.
3) A patient is considered to have inattention (feature 2 positive) if they make 2 or more errors.
4) If the patient refuses to recite the months backwards or is unable to perform this task, then the patient
is considered to have made 6 errors and is feature 2 positive.
5) Determining feature 2 for experienced delirium raters: Reciting the months backwards from December
to July is not 100% sensitive; some delirious patients will be able to perform this task perfectly.
Inattention can also be observed during your assessment:
a. Patients who are easily distractible or have difficulty keeping track of what you say are likely
inattentive.
b. If you frequently have to repeat your questions to the patient and he/she does not have a history
hearing impairment, then the patient is likely inattentive.
c. Patients who fall asleep during your assessment are likely inattentive.
In most cases, the patient’s altered level of consciousness can be subtle where the patient can appear
slightly sleepy as if he/she was up all night (RASS = -1) or fidgety as if he/she has ants in his/her pants
(RASS = + 1).
5
bCAM Instruction Manual – Version 1.0 – Revision Date: 10‐15‐2015
.
RASS Description
+4 Overtly combative, violent, immediate danger to staff
+3 Very agitated, pulls or removes tube(s) or catheter(s); aggressive
+2 Agitated, frequent non-purposeful movement
+1 Restless, anxious but movements not aggressive or vigorous
0 Alert and calm
-1 Mildly drowsy, not fully alert, but has sustained awakening (>10 seconds)
-2 Moderate drowsy, briefly awakens with eye contact to voice (<10 seconds)
-3 Very drowsy, movement or eye opening to voice (but no eye contact)
-4* No response to voice, but movement or eye opening to physical stimulation
-5* No response to voice or physical stimulation
Box 1. Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS). Note that a patient with a RASS of -1
or +1 can have subtle presentation. If the patient has a RASS of -4 or -5, then these
patients are considered stuporous or comatose. These are the most severe forms of
acute brain dysfunction and you cannot assess for delirium in these states.
The patient must respond to voice in order for you to diagnose delirium. If the patient has a RASS of -4 or -5,
then these patients are considered to be in a stupor or coma which is the most severe form of acute brain
dysfunction. In these states, a patient cannot be assessed for delirium. Because stuporous and comatose
patients frequently transition into delirium, these patients should be reassessed for delirium several hours later.
Command: Say to patient: “Hold up this many fingers” (Examiner holds two
fingers in front of patient). “Now do the same thing with the other hand” (Do
not demonstrate). If patient is unable to move both arms, for the second
part of the command ask patient “Add one more finger”.
Feature 4 for Experienced Raters: The yes/no questions and command is not 100% sensitive for disorganized
thinking. Disorganized thinking can be observed during these assessment. If a patient’s speech is
nonsensical, or he/she displays tangential thoughts or an illogical flow of ideas, then he/she likely has
disorganized thinking.
6
bCAM Instruction Manual – Version 1.0 – Revision Date: 10‐15‐2015
4. Frequently Asked Questions
A) Question: The patient is positive for feature 1 (altered mental status or fluctuating course), feature 3 (altered
level of consciousness) and feature 4 (disorganized thinking), but is negative for feature 2 (inattention),
shouldn't the patient be bCAM positive since 3 out of the 4 features are present?
Answer: No, the bCAM is negative in this instance. Feature 2 (inattention) is considered to be a
cardinal feature of delirium and is required to be present for the patient to be delirious. Similarly feature
1 (altered mental status or fluctuating course) is also a core delirium feature. As a result feature 1
(altered mental status or fluctuating course) and feature 2 (inattention) must both be present for a
patient to be bCAM positive. If either feature 1 or 2 is negative, then the patient is bCAM negative
regardless of what the other features are.
B) Question: The patient briefly opens his/her eyes to verbal stimuli (RASS -3), but is just making
incomprehensible sounds. I ask the patient to name the months backwards and he/she just falls back asleep.
Isn't the patient considered to "Unable to Assess"?
Answer: The only circumstance where the patient would be "Unable to Assess" for delirium if he/she
had a RASS is -4 or -5. A patient with a RASS of -3 is likely so inattentive that he/she is unable to
engage you enough to complete the task. In this case, the patient's score would be "6 errors" and
Feature 2 (inattention) would be positive. Similarly, if the same thing happened during the feature 4
(disorganized thinking) assessment, then the score would be "5 errors" and feature 4 would be positive.
C) Question: The patient received morphine or a benzodiazepine before the assessment. The patient is
slightly drowsy. Does it matter that the patient received a medication that may have affected his/her
assessment for feature 3 (altered level of consciousness)?
Answer: Feature 3 (altered level of consciousness) is based upon your observation of the patient
regardless of the medications received.
D) Question: What if a patient’s family member or other proxy is not available to determine feature 1.
Answer: The determination of feature 1 (altered mental status or fluctuating course) becomes much
less important if feature 2 (inattention), feature 3 (altered level of consciousness) and feature 4
(disorganized thinking) are negative. The absence of a proxy may be problematic if the patient is
feature 2 positive (inattention) and if either feature 3 (altered level of consciousness) or feature 4
(disorganized thinking) is positive. In these cases, it is always safer to assume that feature 1 is positive
until proven otherwise. Delirium is considered a medical and psychiatric emergency.
References
1. American Psychiatric Association., American Psychiatric Association. DSM‐5 Task Force. Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders : DSM‐5. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
2. Hustey FM, Meldon SW, Smith MD, Lex CK. The effect of mental status screening on the care of elderly
emergency department patients. Annals of emergency medicine. May 2003;41(5):678‐684.
3. Han JH, Zimmerman EE, Cutler N, et al. Delirium in older emergency department patients: recognition, risk
factors, and psychomotor subtypes. Acad Emerg Med. Mar 2009;16(3):193‐200.
7
bCAM Instruction Manual – Version 1.0 – Revision Date: 10‐15‐2015
4. Levkoff SE, Evans DA, Liptzin B, et al. Delirium. The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly
hospitalized patients. Archives of internal medicine. Feb 1992;152(2):334‐340.
5. Pitkala KH, Laurila JV, Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS. Prognostic significance of delirium in frail older people. Dementia
and geriatric cognitive disorders. 2005;19(2‐3):158‐163.
6. Francis J, Martin D, Kapoor WN. A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA. Feb 23
1990;263(8):1097‐1101.
7. Pompei P, Foreman M, Cassel CK, Alessi C, Cox D. Detecting delirium among hospitalized older patients. Archives
of internal medicine. Feb 13 1995;155(3):301‐307.
8. O'Keeffe S, Lavan J. The prognostic significance of delirium in older hospital patients. Journal of the American
Geriatrics Society. Feb 1997;45(2):174‐178.
9. Inouye SK, Rushing JT, Foreman MD, Palmer RM, Pompei P. Does delirium contribute to poor hospital
outcomes? A three‐site epidemiologic study. J Gen Intern Med. Apr 1998;13(4):234‐242.
10. Han JH, Bryce SN, Ely EW, et al. The effect of cognitive impairment on the accuracy of the presenting complaint
and discharge instruction comprehension in older emergency department patients. Annals of emergency
medicine. Jun 2011;57(6):662‐671.
11. Reeves RR, Parker JD, Burke RS, Hart RH. Inappropriate psychiatric admission of elderly patients with
unrecognized delirium. South Med J. Feb 2010;103(2):111‐115.
12. Han JH, Shintani A, Eden S, et al. Delirium in the emergency department: an independent predictor of death
within 6 months. Annals of emergency medicine. Sep 2010;56(3):244‐252.
13. Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the
intensive care unit. JAMA. Apr 14 2004;291(14):1753‐1762.
14. McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Primeau F, Belzile E. Delirium predicts 12‐month mortality. Archives of
internal medicine. Feb 25 2002;162(4):457‐463.
15. Francis J, Kapoor WN. Prognosis after hospital discharge of older medical patients with delirium. Journal of the
American Geriatrics Society. Jun 1992;40(6):601‐606.
16. Rockwood K, Cosway S, Carver D, Jarrett P, Stadnyk K, Fisk J. The risk of dementia and death after delirium. Age
Ageing. Oct 1999;28(6):551‐556.
17. Fong TG, Jones RN, Shi P, et al. Delirium accelerates cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. May 5
2009;72(18):1570‐1575.
18. Murray AM, Levkoff SE, Wetle TT, et al. Acute delirium and functional decline in the hospitalized elderly patient.
Journal of gerontology. Sep 1993;48(5):M181‐186.
19. Gustafson Y, Berggren D, Brannstrom B, et al. Acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral
neck fracture. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Jun 1988;36(6):525‐530.
20. Milbrandt EB, Deppen S, Harrison PL, et al. Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients.
Critical care medicine. Apr 2004;32(4):955‐962.
21. Leslie DL, Marcantonio ER, Zhang Y, Leo‐Summers L, Inouye SK. One‐year health care costs associated with
delirium in the elderly population. Archives of internal medicine. Jan 14 2008;168(1):27‐32.
22. Pompei P, Foreman M, Rudberg MA, Inouye SK, Braund V, Cassel CK. Delirium in hospitalized older persons:
outcomes and predictors. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Aug 1994;42(8):809‐815.
23. Thomason JW, Shintani A, Peterson JF, Pun BT, Jackson JC, Ely EW. Intensive care unit delirium is an independent
predictor of longer hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 non‐ventilated patients. Critical care (London,
England). Aug 2005;9(4):R375‐381.
24. George J, Bleasdale S, Singleton SJ. Causes and prognosis of delirium in elderly patients admitted to a district
general hospital. Age Ageing. Nov 1997;26(6):423‐427.
25. Hustey FM, Meldon SW. The prevalence and documentation of impaired mental status in elderly emergency
department patients. Annals of emergency medicine. Mar 2002;39(3):248‐253.
26. Kakuma R, du Fort GG, Arsenault L, et al. Delirium in older emergency department patients discharged home:
effect on survival. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Apr 2003;51(4):443‐450.
27. Naughton BJ, Moran MB, Kadah H, Heman‐Ackah Y, Longano J. Delirium and other cognitive impairment in older
adults in an emergency department. Annals of emergency medicine. Jun 1995;25(6):751‐755.
8
bCAM Instruction Manual – Version 1.0 – Revision Date: 10‐15‐2015
28. Lewis LM, Miller DK, Morley JE, Nork MJ, Lasater LC. Unrecognized delirium in ED geriatric patients. The
American journal of emergency medicine. Mar 1995;13(2):142‐145.
29. Elie M, Rousseau F, Cole M, Primeau F, McCusker J, Bellavance F. Prevalence and detection of delirium in elderly
emergency department patients. CMAJ. Oct 17 2000;163(8):977‐981.
30. Inouye SK, Foreman MD, Mion LC, Katz KH, Cooney LM, Jr. Nurses' recognition of delirium and its symptoms:
comparison of nurse and researcher ratings. Archives of internal medicine. Nov 12 2001;161(20):2467‐2473.
31. Rockwood K, Cosway S, Stolee P, et al. Increasing the recognition of delirium in elderly patients. Journal of the
American Geriatrics Society. Mar 1994;42(3):252‐256.
32. van Zyl LT, Davidson PR. Delirium in hospital: an underreported event at discharge. Canadian journal of
psychiatry. Sep 2003;48(8):555‐560.
33. Inouye SK. Delirium in hospitalized older patients: recognition and risk factors. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and
neurology. Fall 1998;11(3):118‐125; discussion 157‐118.
34. Gustafson Y, Brannstrom B, Norberg A, Bucht G, Winblad B. Underdiagnosis and poor documentation of acute
confusional states in elderly hip fracture patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Aug
1991;39(8):760‐765.
35. Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the
confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM‐ICU). JAMA. Dec 5 2001;286(21):2703‐2710.
36. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment
method. A new method for detection of delirium. Annals of internal medicine. Dec 15 1990;113(12):941‐948.
37. Han JH, Wilson A, Vasilevskis EE, et al. Diagnosing delirium in older emergency department patients: validity and
reliability of the delirium triage screen and the brief confusion assessment method. Annals of emergency
medicine. Nov 2013;62(5):457‐465.
38. Blazer DG, van Nieuwenhuizen AO. Evidence for the diagnostic criteria of delirium: an update. Curr Opin
Psychiatry. May 2012;25(3):239‐243.
39. Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, et al. The Richmond Agitation‐Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult
intensive care unit patients. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. Nov 15
2002;166(10):1338‐1344.
9
bCAM Instruction Manual – Version 1.0 – Revision Date: 10‐15‐2015
bCAM Worksheet
1A: Is the patient different than his/her baseline mental status
No Yes
(obtain from proxy)?
1B: Has the patient had any fluctuation in mental status in the past
No Yes
24 hours (obtain from proxy)?
Feature 1: Acute Onset or Fluctuating Course
Negative Positive
Positive if you answer “yes” to either 1A or 1B.
2: Months backwards test for inattention
Directions: Say to the patient, “Can you name the months
backwards starting from December to July?”
# of Errors
_____
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
(Max 6):
Scoring: Stop recording after the patient has a significant pause
(>15 seconds) or perseverates on a month. Each missed month is
considered an error. If the patient switches two months, then that
is considered two errors.
Feature 2: Inattention
Negative Positive
Positive if 2 or more errors are made.
3: Richmond Agitation and Sedation Score (RASS)
What is the patient’s actual RASS? In patients with a RASS of Score (-3 to +4): _____
-4 or -5, the bCAM is not assessable.
10
bCAM Instruction Manual – Version 1.0 – Revision Date: 10‐15‐2015
bCAM Worksheet
Perform the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale
Score Term Description
+4 Combative Overtly combative, violent, immediate danger to staff
+3 Very agitated Pulls or removes tube(s) or catheter(s); aggressive
+2 Agitated Frequent non-purposeful movement
+1 Restless Anxious but movements not aggressive or vigorous
0 Alert and calm
-1 Mildly Drowsy Not fully alert, but has sustained awakening
(eye-opening/eye contact) to voice (>10 seconds)
-2 Moderate drowsy Briefly awakens with eye contact to voice (<10 seconds)
-3 Very drowsy Movement or eye opening to voice (but no eye contact)
-4 Arousable to pain only No response to voice, but movement or eye opening
to physical stimulation
-5 Unarousable No response to voice or physical stimulation
11