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Transfer Functions: G(S) X (S) F (S)

Transfer functions represent system dynamics using Laplace transforms by relating the output of a system to the input. A transfer function G(s) is the ratio of the output X(s) to the input F(s) in the s-domain. Transfer functions can be derived from ordinary differential equations, state equations, or block diagrams. They describe system dynamics and ignore initial conditions. Examples show how to derive transfer functions for first and second order systems.

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278 views9 pages

Transfer Functions: G(S) X (S) F (S)

Transfer functions represent system dynamics using Laplace transforms by relating the output of a system to the input. A transfer function G(s) is the ratio of the output X(s) to the input F(s) in the s-domain. Transfer functions can be derived from ordinary differential equations, state equations, or block diagrams. They describe system dynamics and ignore initial conditions. Examples show how to derive transfer functions for first and second order systems.

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Candy Chocolate
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transfer Functions

Transfer Functions

 Method to represent system dynamics, via s representation from Laplace


transforms. Transfer functions show flow of signal through a system, from input
to output.

 Transfer function G(s) is ratio of output x to input f, in s-domain (via Laplace


transform):

X (s)
G(s)=
F (s)

 Method gives system dynamics representation equivalent to


 Ordinary differential equations
 State equations

 Interchangeable: Can convert transfer function to differential equation

Transfer Function G(s)

 Describes dynamics in operational sense


 Dynamics encoded in G(s)
 Ignore initial conditions (I.C. terms are “transient” & decay quickly)
 Transfer function, for input-output operation, deals with steady state terms

Example: Speed of automobile

a. Output: speed x(t) expressed as X(s)


 Output determined by input, system dynamics & initial conditions

b. Input: gas pedal depression h(t)


Transfer Functions

c. Dynamics: fuel system delivery, motor dynamics & torque, transmission,


wheels, car translation, mass, wind drag, etc.

d. Initial conditions’ (initial speed) influence on current speed diminishes over


time, thus ignore

Transfer Function Example: First order system

 Apply Laplace transform, define

 Result: algebraic equation

 Transfer function

 Note:
1. characteristic equation in denominator
2. transfer function’s eigenvalues = poles

Transfer Function Example: 2nd order system

 Differential equation at steady state (can ignore initial conditions)


Transfer Functions

 Apply Laplace transform, define

 Result: algebraic equation

 Transfer function G(s): ratio of output X(s) to input H(s)

 Note:
1. characteristic equation in denominator
2. denominator roots => eigenvalues
3. transfer function’s eigenvalues called poles

Transfer Function from State Equations

 Matrix form

 Explicit equation form


Transfer Functions

 Define

 Apply Laplace transform

 Rearrange matrix form:

 Solve, via Cramer’s rule:

 Transfer function, define which output Xk(s) and which input Fj(s):

Example: (Differential equations from transfer function)


Transfer Functions

 Cross multiply ratios:

 Treat: s => d/dt

Block Diagrams

 Another way to represent system dynamics pictorially


 Weakness: lacks causality information
 Shows signal flow through system
 Transfer function G(s) inside block
 Output:

 Can assemble blocks into system model:

Cascaded Blocks

 Output = input to next


Transfer Functions

 Models “stringing” of components

Example: Stereo System

 CD player→ amplifier→ speakers


 CD player:

 Input: H(s) from CD laser reader


 Output: CD voltage X1(s)

 Power amplifier:

 Input: CD output voltage X1(s)


 Output: amp voltage X2(s)

 Speakers:

 Input: amp voltage X2(s)


 Output: sound, acoustic pressure X(s)
Transfer Functions

 Overall transfer function is product of block transfer functions:

 Note:

Example:

 Transfer function:
Transfer Functions

Summer (Summing Junction)

 Output = sum of inputs


 Sign on input => sign in equation
 Output X(s) = - X1(s) + X2(s) + X3(s)

Example: Feedback Control System

 Goal: Closed loop transfer function

 Formulate:

 Eliminate E(s):
Transfer Functions

 Solve for closed loop X(s)/R(s):

Example: Feedback Controller with Disturbance

 Closed loop transfer function, reference input (temporarily set D(s) = 0 )

 Transfer function, disturbance (set R(s) = 0)

 Linear system, with both, sum outputs:

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