Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels

Classification of Multipath Channels

Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Wireless Communication

Dr. Hari V S
Associate Professor
College of Engg., Chengannur

January 18, 2019

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 1/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels Autocorrelation of Delay Spread
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
RAKE Receiver Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

1 Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels

Autocorrelation of Delay Spread
Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
Autocorrelation of Frequency Response

2 Classification of Multipath Channels

3 Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel

The Conditional Probability of Error
The Probabillity of Error

4 RAKE Receiver

5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 2/ 26
Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels Autocorrelation of Delay Spread
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
RAKE Receiver Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Time Varying Multipath Channel

The transmitted signal may be expressed as

g j2πfc t ]
s(t) = Re[s(t)e (1)

g is the complex envelpe of the transmitted

where s(t)
band pass signal
The impulse response of the time varying channel is a
function of the delays τ and time t.
It is expressed as

h(τ, t) = Re[e
h(τ, t)ej2πfc t ] (2)

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 2/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels Autocorrelation of Delay Spread
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
RAKE Receiver Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Time Varying Multipath Channel

e
h(τ, t) is called the input delay spread function
the output of the channel is the convolution between
the input delay spread and the input signal.
The envelope |e h(τ, t)| is Rayleigh distributed.

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 3/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels Autocorrelation of Delay Spread
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
RAKE Receiver Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Time Varying Multipath Channel

The time varying transfer function of the channel is

Z ∞
e
H(f, t) = e
h(τ, t)e−j2πf τ dτ (3)
−∞

The input delay spread function e h(τ, t) is Gaussian in

both components. It can be assumed WSS
e t) is also WSS
Since Fourier transform is linear, H(f,
and Gaussian in both components.

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 4/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels Autocorrelation of Delay Spread
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
RAKE Receiver Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Autocorrelation of Delay Spread

The autocorrelation is

Reh (τ1 , t1 ; τ2 , t2 ) = E[e

h(τ1 , t1 )he∗ (τ2 , t2 )] (4)

It is assumed that the function is stationary over ∆t

and that τ1 = τ2 = τ . So,

Reh (τ1 , t1 ; τ2 , t2 ) = E[e

h(τ, t)he∗ (τ, t + ∆t)] (5)

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 5/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels Autocorrelation of Delay Spread
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
RAKE Receiver Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Autocorrelation of Frequency Response

The autocorrelation is
e 1 , t1 )H
RHe (f1 , t1 ; f2 , t2 ) = E[H(f f∗ (f2 , t2 )] (6)

This autocorrelation provides a measure of the extent

to which the signal is distorted within the channel.

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 6/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels Autocorrelation of Delay Spread
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
RAKE Receiver Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Autocorrelation of Frequency Response

The two autocorrelation functions is

Z ∞ Z ∞
[j2πf1 τ1 −j2πf2 τ2 ]
f (f1 , t1 ; f2 , t2 ) =
RH e (τ1 , t1 ; τ2 , t2 )e
Rh dτ1 dτ2
−∞ −∞

This autocorrelation provides a measure of the extent

to which the signal is distorted within the channel.

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 7/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels Autocorrelation of Delay Spread
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
RAKE Receiver Autocorrelation of Frequency Response
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Autocorrelation of Frequency Response

If stationarity is assumed in time and frequency

domains,
f∗ (f, t)H(f
RHe (f, f + ∆f, ∆t) = E[H e + ∆f, t + ∆t)]
(7)

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 8/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Classification of Multipath Channels

Coherence Bandwidth (Bc ) is the transmission

bandwidth for which distortion becomes noticeable.
A multipath channel is frequency selective if Bc is
smaller than the bandwidth of the channel.
If not, it is frequency flat.

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 9/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Classification of Multipath Channels

Coherence time (τc ) is the transmitted signal duration

over which which distortion becomes noticeable.
The fading is time selective if τc is smaller than the
duration of the signal (the symbol duration plus the
delay spread of the channel.).
If not, it is time flat.

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 10/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Classification of Multipath Channels

Frequency Time-flat Non-Flat in both

Bc

Flat-flat Frequency-flat

τc Time
Fig. : The four classes of multipath channels
Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 11/ 26
Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
The Conditional Probability of Error
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
The Probabillity of Error
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel

The complex envelope of the signal out of the fading

channel is
r
2EB
e(t) = r
x cos[2πfc t + φ] + η(t) (8)
N0
where r is the Rayleigh fading.
The receiver detects the signal vector at the k th
p
z[ k] = r EB + ηk (9)

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 12/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
The Conditional Probability of Error
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
The Probabillity of Error
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel

The pdf of r is
r −r22
fR (r) = e 2σ U (r) (10)
σ2

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 13/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
The Conditional Probability of Error
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
The Probabillity of Error
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

The Conditional Probabillity of Error

The Conditional Probability of Error given that the

fading is r is
s
2EB r2
Pe (r) = Q( ) (11)
N0

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 14/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
The Conditional Probability of Error
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
The Probabillity of Error
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

The Probabillity of Error

The Probability of Error is
Z ∞
Pe = Pe (r)fR (r) dr
r=0
Z ∞ s
2EB r2 r −r22
= Q( ) e 2σ dr
r=0 N0 σ 2
Z ∞ Z ∞
r 1 −r22 −u2
= 2
√ e 2σ e 2 dudr
r=0 σ
√
u= αr 2 2π
Z ∞ Z √u
1 −u2 α r −r 2
= √ e 2 du 2
e 2σ 2 dr

u=0 2π r=0 σ
Z ∞
1 −u2 −u2
= √ e 2 [1 − e 2ασ2 ] du
u=0 2π
Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 15/ 26
Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
The Conditional Probability of Error
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
The Probabillity of Error
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

The Probabillity of Error

Z
1 1 ∞
−u2
(1+ 1 2 )
Pe = − √ e 2 ασ du (13)
2 2π 0

1 ασ 2
Let γ 2 = 1+ 1 = 1+ασ 2
ασ 2

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 16/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
The Conditional Probability of Error
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
The Probabillity of Error
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

The Probabillity of Error

So, the probability of error is

Z
1 1 ∞ −u2
Pe = − γ p e 2γ 2 du (14)
2 2πγ 2 0
1 γ
= − (15)
2 2
(16)

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 17/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
The Conditional Probability of Error
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
The Probabillity of Error
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Diversity Techniques I
These techniques are used to improve the reception on
fading.
Here multiple copies of the signal are given to the
receiver to counteract daing
The methods are
1 Frequency Diversity – The same information is
transmitted over different carrier frequencies, causing
multiple copis of the same signal.
2 Time Diversity – Here the copies of the same signal
are transmitted in different time slots, with the
spacing between successive time slots being the smae
or greater than the coherence time of the channel.
Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 18/ 26
Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
The Conditional Probability of Error
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
The Probabillity of Error
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Diversity Techniques II
3 Space (antenna) diversity – Multiple transmitting
and/or receiving antennas are physiaclly placed apart
so that the fading events are independent.
If there are L independent fading channels, one can use
a linear diversity comining structure with L
independent receivers. The structure is shown below.

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 19/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

RAKE Receiver
x(t) τC τC τC

g(t)

PN PN PN
1 1 1

h0 h1 hL

b(n)

Fig. : RAKE Receiver

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 20/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

RAKE Receiver

It is a diversity receiver that equalizes the effects of

multipath.
Multipath is approximated a s a linear combination of
echoes of different delays.
RAKE receiver receives these echoes with the help of
correlators and combines the received echoes.
RAKE receiver consists of L parallel correlators. Each
correlator multiplies the delayed version of the input
signal with PN sequence.

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 21/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

RAKE Receiver

The PN sequence has a band witdh of τ1c

Its Autocorrelation has a single peak of width τc
This correlator is used to detect the echo at τc
Similarly, the L parallel correlators can detect L
multipath signals.

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 22/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

RAKE Receiver

The outputs of correlators are weighted in such a

manner that the signals from strong multipths are
accentuated while those not in synchronism with any
significant path are suppressed.

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 23/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM is a method of encoding digital data on

multiple carrier frequencies
Often used in broadband digital communication such
as DSL, Digital TV, 4G Mobile etc.
OFDM is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation
method.
The main advantage of OFDM over single-carrier
schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel
conditions such as fading

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 24/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM is a specialized frequency-division multiplexing

(FDM) method where all subcarrier signals within a
communication channel are orthogonal to one another
This eleminates the cross talk between sub-channels.

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 25/ 26

Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 26/ 26