Phase 1 Systems Planning

Chapter Summary 31

CASE IN POINT 1.4: JUST-IN-TIME AIRFREIGHT, INC.

Suppose you are the IT director at Just-in-Time Airfreight, and you have received authorization
to hire another systems analyst.This will be an entry-level position, and the person will assist
senior systems analysts on various projects involving the reservations and the human resources
systems. Using the information in this chapter, draft an ad that would appear in The Wall Street
Journal, local newspapers, and online.You can get some ideas by visiting monster.com, or a similar
site. In your ad, be sure to list desired skills, experience, and educational requirements.

A QUESTION OF ETHICS

You are enjoying your job as a summer intern in the IT department of a local company. At
lunch yesterday, several people were discussing ethical issues.You learned that some of
them belong to IT organizations that have ethical codes to guide members and set profes-
sional standards. For example, Ann, your supervisor, belongs to the Association for
Computing Machinery (ACM), which has over 82,000 members and a Web site at acm.org.
Ann said that the ACM code of ethics is important to her, and would definitely influence
her views. On the other hand, Jack, a senior programmer, believes that his own personal
standards would be sufficient to guide him if ethical questions were to arise.
Because you are excited about your career as an IT professional, you decide to examine
the ACM code of ethics and make up your own mind.After you do so, would you tend to
agree more with Ann or with Jack?

CHAPTER SUMMARY
In this chapter, you learned that information technology (IT) refers to the combination
of hardware and software resources that companies use to manage, access, communi-
cate, and share information. IT supports business operations, improves productivity,
and helps managers make decisions. Systems analysis and design is the process of devel-
oping information systems that transform data into useful information.
Traditionally, companies either developed in-house applications or purchased software
packages from vendors. Today, the choice is much more complex, but it is always impor-
tant for companies to plan the system carefully before considering implementation options.
The essential components of an information system are hardware, software, data,
processes, and people. Hardware consists of everything in the physical layer of the informa-
tion system. Software consists of system software, which manages the hardware compo-
nents, and application software, which supports day-to-day business operations. Data is the
raw material that an information system transforms into useful information. Processes
describe the tasks and functions that users, managers, and IT staff members perform. People
who interact with a system include users, from both within and outside the company.
A systems analyst starts with a business profile, which is an overview of company
functions, and then he or she creates a series of business models that represent business
processes, which describe specific transactions, events, tasks, and results. Companies
engage in business process reengineering to simplify operations or reduce costs.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design
32 Chapter Summary

Most successful companies offer a mix of products, technical and financial services,
consulting, and customer support. A rapidly growing business category is the Internet-
dependent (dot-com) firm, which relies solely on Internet-based operations. E-commerce
includes business-to-consumer (B2C) sales, and business-to-business (B2B) transactions
that use Internet-based digital marketplaces or private electronic data interchange (EDI)
systems.
Based on their functions and features, business information systems are identified as
enterprise computing systems, transaction processing systems, business support systems,
knowledge management systems, or user productivity systems. In most companies,
significant overlap and integration exists among the various types of information systems.
A typical organization structure includes top managers, middle managers and
knowledge workers, supervisors and team leaders, and operational employees. Top
managers develop strategic plans, which define an overall mission and goals. Middle
managers provide direction, resources, and feedback to supervisors and team leaders.
Knowledge workers include various professionals who function as support staff.
Supervisors and team leaders oversee operational employees. Each organizational level
has a different set of responsibilities and information needs.
Systems analysts use modeling, prototyping, and computer-aided systems engineering
(CASE) tools. Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept or process,
whereas prototyping involves the creation of an early working model of the information
or its components. A systems analyst uses CASE tools to perform various systems
development tasks.
Three popular system development approaches are structured analysis, which is a
traditional method that still is widely used, object-oriented analysis (O-O), which is a more
recent approach that many analysts prefer, and agile methods, also called adaptive methods,
which include the latest trends in software development.
Structured analysis uses a series of phases, called the systems development life cycle
(SDLC) that usually is shown as a waterfall model. Structured analysis uses an overall plan,
similar to a blueprint for constructing a building, so it is called a predictive approach. This
method uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically, and also addresses
data organization and structure, relational database design, and user interface issues.
Object-oriented analysis combines data and the processes that act on the data into things
called objects that represent people, things, transactions, and events. Objects have charac-
teristics called properties, built-in processes called methods, and can send information to
other objects by using messages. Using an O-O programming language, a programmer then
writes the code that creates the objects. Object-oriented methods usually follow a series of
analysis and design phases similar to the SDLC, but the phases are more interactive.
Agile methods are the newest development approach, and attempt to develop a system
incrementally by building a series of prototypes and constantly adjusting them to user
requirements. Agile methods typically use a spiral model, which represents a series of itera-
tions, or revisions, based on user feedback. The repeated iterations produce a series of
prototypes, which evolve into the finished system.
Regardless of the development strategy, people, tasks, timetables, and costs must be
managed effectively using project management tools and techniques, which are described in
detail in Chapter 3.
Some firms choose to develop their own in-house methods or adopt techniques
offered by software suppliers, CASE tool vendors, or consultants. Examples include
IBM’s Rational Unified Process (RUP®) and Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF).
Using CASE tools, an IT team can apply a variety of techniques rather than being
bound to a single methodology. Companies also use team-based strategies called joint
application development (JAD) and rapid application development (RAD). JAD focuses
on team-based fact-finding, whereas RAD is more like a compressed version of the
entire process. JAD and RAD are described in more detail in Chapter 4.
 Phase 1 Systems Planning
Chapter Summary 33

The IT department develops, maintains, and operates a company’s information systems.

IT staff members provide technical support, including application development, systems
support, user support, database administration, network administration, and Web support.
These functions overlap considerably and often have different names in different companies.
A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates, and main-
tains information systems. Systems analysts need a combination of technical and business
knowledge, analytical ability, and communication skills. In addition to education and
experience, various certifications are available to systems analysts. A systems analyst’s
responsibilities depend on a company’s organization, size, and culture. Systems analysts need
to consider salary, location, and future growth potential when making a career decision.