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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
259 views39 pagesNature & Environment - Pre Int
Nature and environment. A very useful tool from Richmond Publishers for students of Secondary School.
Uploaded by
Claudia Patricia FernándezCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 39
" eed . Wy é. © CONTENTS
Page
Health Care
Eating disorders 4
Addictions 7
The Environment
Friends of the ‘Earth 10
Environmental risks 13
Adyertising Campaigns
Health 16
The environment 19
Animal Care
Animal rights \
Endangered animals
Science
Inventions
Discoveries Bh \
U Genetics.
Genetics and-heredity . \ 34
Cloning “The diet took hold of me. All day in
class I thought about food but I
wanted to keep getting thinner.”
An obsession with being thin
‘Anne Murray is showing what it is like to have an
eating disorder. Many people believe that part of
the cause is how much we value and focus on being
thin. Ask most people the one thing they want to
change about themselves and a large number of them
will answer that it is their weight. It is easy to become
obsessed with how we look, especially with our weight.
Nearly every magazine ad and every television
commercial we see show thin, beautiful people. So we
come to believe that we should look like them.
Eating disorders can seriously threaten a young person’s
health. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a
person starves herself or himself to lose weight. Bulimia
nervosa is another eating disorder. A bulimic person fills,
herself or himself up with food and then induces vomiting.
Our society suggests that we must be perfect in
everything. If we can’t meet this ideal, then we feel bad
about how we look. This can lead to the kind of behaviour Unit 1
that harms rather than helps.
Anne Murray said: “I really didn’t feel | was
very good at anything, it seemed like | was
never in control. But food was the only
thing in my life | could control.”
In addition to being unhappy with their
bodies and themselves, many teens have a
strong need for approval from their parents
or peers and some of them may be
depressed.”
@ What eating disorders do you know now? © an you make a list of the factors that play a
© What can make someone go to one of these part in this behaviour?
extremes to lose weight?
Match these two columns to identify warning signs.
£g.: An obsession with food
Ll sudden drop Di body image
[Zl Excessive concem and discontent Doiet pits
Distorted BD physical exercise
i raking with one’s body
B using with food
An obsession Daaetives
Di refusal inweight
BB excessive Doeat
(1) Broccola, Philbin Anne, “An absession with being painfully thin” in Current Health 2. Jan 1996, v22n5, pp. 23-25. @ How do you avoid falling into) What are the causes for © what can you do to help
the trap of eating disorders? anorexia in your opinion? someone who is bulimic?
Find 10 words related to the topic.
BPs Wee 1 CH TNL Be
DEP RSS S10 RAO M.F L G7D
WER RN Grr kL yt YC
HX BA D Kung u Y Aga Dd LIE
BA BK POY 0 M1-Ror N GG Agr
qv 0 DM OUP MD Ys B OR Lge
LO DE Bee Ay | 0 UR
TMY DQ@PBR ENE FP OU OFRS
HERD | S90) h > FR S Y WOH GD xk
Youu 5 WNP) MOV UTR GO Y
wily
PROJECT
Look for information about eating disorders (bulimia-anorexia).
2.Visit institutions or hospitals. Interview a nutritionist and ask for a plan of a healthy diet.
Drawa chart.
3-With all this information, do role playing in class. Write your conclusions. Addictions
What kind of addictions ¢
n you name?
What’s the message in each ad?
Rave
fun
with
ag nar
igs 22°C. 14%
Aomorror: Party cous Hoh
November, 16
Sports: drugs can be dangerous
‘becoming more | explain the Pros ‘and cons of { have named can help their
Our (7-year old son | simply.
dreams of a professional | massive. Nether my ans | these drugs. How common is | performance. i soe ee
i ee Should we be scared | medical experts age, But fe
iw 12°C
crt cacer, He dedicates | noc are very Bi peo and |, their
Tren waking hour to geting | we are ites ‘worried | for our son's heath? {medical community ws that
Stronger and, it appears 10 US. | Tharsome ofbisinereaseinsize | ~ Delma" Toman | the drug, can be dangers,
andsrengthisaresukofdugs. | California | ‘when taken without
‘medical supervision and in the
| He denies using drugs, but we | Response: |
| know that the weight ym | Many athletes are.) large doses and. varied
| eae cs hs aeputan | convinced an probably 1) combinations often. used. by
| of dispensing steroids. Please | | athletes and body builders” Can we also le
Describe the eartoe
through humour?
Kevin Quirck (a sportsaholic)
discusses sports addiction in an
interview. He is a support group leader
and author of “NOT NOW, HONEY, I’M
WATCHING THE GAME”, He believes ™
that sports addiction is a significant problem
for many men.
Interviewer: What's the worst example of
“sports addiction” you've ever seen?
Kevin: | met a sportsaholic in Michigan who
took his pregnant wife to a football match,
and she went into labor in the stadium.
Instead of leaving, he begged her to hold
‘out until the match was over.
That's pathetic, but you must be talking
about an unusual situation.
Aly
PROJECT
1-"Your best friend is an addict. He tells you
his secret”.
What can you do to help him?
2-Find out information about addictions.
~
3-Make a campaign at schoo! to inform your classmates.
(@) Geraci, Ron, “Are you a Sports Addict?” In Men's Health, Jan 1998; v13 NI, p. 38
That's the common answer | get.
But try this: write down how many
hours you devote to watching or
listening to matches and reading
the sports section. In a survey | did,
most men assumed they spent about 12 to
15 hours. But when | asked them to keep a
record, it turned out to be 35 to 40 hours.
That's a full time job.
I: Butit’s stil not enough to callitan addiction.
K: Maybe not. But, are you still depressed
three weeks after your team loses? Do you
neglect things like keeping an eye on your
kid while watching a game? If you answer
yes, you may not be addicted, but sports
may be dominating your life. ® Translating
Complete this crossword puzzle.
1) Alcohol
2) Consume
3) Cigarettes
4) Addiction
5) Write down
6) Steroids
7) Anorexia
2
8) Drugs
8) Drink eo
10)Bulimia,
M1)Habits
12) Obsession
13)Look for
14)Thin
15)Find out
16)Food
Glossary
Beg: suplicar
Behaviour comportamiento
Bodybuilder: sicocutursta
‘Concer: preocupacion
Devote to: dedicarsea
Dispense: dstrbuir
Distorted: dstosionado/a
Drop: descenso
h-hh - Dh tLe)
@
66
(tt OE
Focus on: concentrase en
Harm: daar
Health: salud
Hold out aguantar
Increase: aumento
Keep an eye on: vigiar
Lose weight: perder peso
Neglect: descuidar
Pils pidoras
Record: registro
Sportsaholc adito al deporte
Starve: padecer hambre
Strength: fuerza
“Take hold of: apoderarse de
‘Threaten: amenazar
Wamn: advertr the Earth
poster. Which words describe it?
words describe
SMOG PESTICIDES PROTECTION
THREATS RUBBISH WASTE
ECOLOGY — POLLUTION PREVENTION
POISON: ENVIRONMENT — ATMOSPHERE
FOREST WORLD CLEAN
SAFE PLANET PURE
PEACEFUL HEALTHY DIRTY
NoIsy AIR
Complete the table.
polluted
protective
prevent
purify
|_deanliness
safely
contaminating
Nurs a fe de by risky
ae i
common inthis chart? care Speaking
Look and discuss.
@ What's happening in each picture?
@ What do you know about environmental groups?
@ Have you heard about similar problems in your country? Give examples.
Reading
Over the last 20 years, Friends o:
the Earth International has
become one of the largest
environmental groups all around
the world. They believe that
ordinary people have the right to know
about subjects that affect them and the
power to change things for the better.
Wherever they are, they worry about what
is happening to our planet and the kind of
environment we are leaving to future
generations.
Friends of the Earth says: “ The Earth is at
risk as never before. We have polluted
lands and rivers with poisons,
a ayy changed the balance of the
RAST atmosphere, contaminated the
‘oceans with waste, put chemicals in
‘our food and water, destroyed forests
and wild life with little thought for the
consequences. For many people these are
cruel realities because they are suffering
from man’s careless actions as in
Chernobyl where inhabitants have to wear
gas masks because the air is too polluted
to breathe.”
But damage to the environment affects us
all, wherever we live.
(3) Adapted from Tour Magazine, Q Magazine/EMAP METRO, London, 1993. Oa
Make up sentences wi
ap
We have polluted rivers.”
h the combir
tions you have obtained.
wy
“PROJ EC a
‘Choose one of the following activities: |
1-Wite a letter to GREENPEACE. Here isthe address. GREENPEACE |
You can begin the letter as follows: Id lke to get further Apartado Especial N° 177
information about: | (1000) correo Central
Greenpeace
~ Greenpeace present and future campaigns L 4
= Greenpeace actions in the last 20 years. remember to include these dats
2-Visit Greenpeace. Here is the address N “Schoo!
-Address
“Code
‘Mansilla 3046 - (1425) Cap. Fed. >
City,
Prepare some questions before your visit.
3-Or visit Greenpeace’s WEB SITE AT: wenwar-w3.com | reenpeace
‘and find the same information. |
44. Write 2 report with the information you have collected. Unit 2
Reading
Environmental risks
Do you agree that the only
recognized environmental risks
are factories, cars or pesticides?
Ed Carson (15), president of the
School Environment Club, is sitting at
his desk making notes about the
speaker at tomorrow's Club meeting.
Ed is going to introduce the speaker, a
representative of a local factory, who is
going to explain what his company is
doing to protect the environment.
Suddenly the telephone rings downstairs.
His little sister is practising the piano. His
mother calls him to come down for dinner.
Let’s scan the text
@ Find the type of pollution mentioned in the
text:
Match these elements and the’
1)AR 2) WATER
Di ractores B cHemicats
Ed doesn’t hear anything of this. His
headphones are at top volume.
“ TURN DOWN THAT NOISE!”
For decades, parents have told teens to
turn down their radios and stereos. For
many rock bands and their fans, though,
louder is better.
Today, more medical evidence shows that
music played at high volume is a real
environmental health hazard for both
audience and performer. It’s possible to
injure your hearing and not feel any
discomfort until it is TOO LATE.“
© Write the possible questions Ed Carson is going
‘to ask at tomorrow's class meeting.
possible causes of pollutic
3) FRUIT 4) VEGETABLES:
Gi resniaves Bars
(4) Adapted from Scott, Geoff, "Your Environment and Your Health” in Current Health 2, Apr. 1992; v18n8, pp. 7-13. Unit &
Answer the following home questionnaire to find out how
risky your house is, and tick your choice.
1) Is your house / flat 5) Do you open the windows when:
Di near a factory? Di steeping?
Di near a cisco? Di deaning?
Dina heay traffic area? somebody is smoking?
Di none of these?
?
2) Do you listen to loud music? oe" od a non ee
Bys Ono
7) Do you use ... at home?
3) DO YOU UE ern at OME? Di returmable bottles
Di pesticides or insecticides DD disposable bottles
D air fresheners 8) Do you use recycled paper?
By On
4) Does anybody smoke at home?
Bys Ono
Put a tick to check the type of pollution at home.
AR
Choose one of these activities:
1-Conduct a survey at home or at school on environmental risks. Use the HOME
QUESTIONNAIRE as a guide. Draw your results on a chart.
2-Plan a poster giving advice on how to reduce environmental threats. Translating
Complete this crossword p
1) Pollution Q
2) Prevention
3) Damage
4) Noise
5) Waste
6) Air
7) Atmosphere T
8) Forest @ |
$9) Care
‘OpRisk
‘1)Poison
12)Protection
13)Danger
DIRS CAEL
THANK YOU
FOR BEING MY
FRIEND!!!
Glossary
Balance: equlbrio Injure: danar|
Breathe: resprar ‘Ordinary: comin
Careless: descuidado Returnable: retomable
Chemicals: sustancias quimicas Rubbish: basura
Destroy: destrir Safe: seguro
Discomfort: molestia Threat: amenaza
Disposable: descartable Turn dow bajar el volumen
Environment: medio ambiente Wherever: dondequiers
Hazard: isgo Wid ite: vida sivesre
| Household appliances: electrodomésticos ere
ie wse the present pasive 70 BE + PAST PARTICLE)
when the person who does the action is unknown, or
‘when we are interested in the action or the resut of
. the action, not who dl it.
ee —
aed =
Pawn. es er of
@o Suan ert een F
Tre rscorg ifaYd A |
a are essa
AW aaaIVae
Cire cnn 7d
AIDS is short for Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is
caused by infection from a virus known as
HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The
virus weakens the body’s immune system
until the person can become infected by
illnesses that usually don’t affect healthy
people. AIDS leads to death.
Some people exposed to HIV do not
develop full-blown AIDS. Instead, they suffer
symptoms such as longlasting fevers, lymph
node swelling, persistent diarrhea, night
sweat and weight loss. In fact, most people
with HIV disease have no symptoms. Yet HIV disease can progress to AIDS.
@ kes not known if all people who are
infected with HIV will develop AIDS, but
all who are infected become carriers of
the virus and can spread it to others
Some carriers remain symptom-free for
long periods of time, but most adults
develop AIDS in seven to ten years.
@ HW is carried in blood, semen, and vaginal
secretions. It enters the body through
genital sexual contact including sexual
intercourse with an infected partner. HIV
can also enter the body through’the
mixing of blood with an infected person or
by sharing drug needles with an infected
person. AIDS is NOT spread by casual
contact. You cannot get it by hugging. You
won't get AIDS by shaking hands, sharing
a drink, a home, a classroom or workspace
with someone who is infected.
@ there is no known cure for AIDS. Doctors
treat AIDS patients for their specific
infections or cancers. There are
experimental drugs that will slow the
progress of the disease. But no drug has yet
been discovered that will kill HIV or repair
the body’s damaged immune system.
@ _ Having sex with multiple partners and
not using latex condoms.
_ Having sex with infected persons and
not using latex condoms. Persons most
likely to be infected today are gay/ bisexual
men, drug users who share needles,
prostitutes, and persons with hemophilia.
_ Sharing needles when using drugs
_ Getting pregnant if you are infected.
Your baby may be born with HIV.
@ since Hiv cannot be stopped by a drug or
vaccine, the best defence is to reduce
your risk of exposure.
Here are your options:
_ Abstain from sex, or maintain one
sexual relationship instead of having
multiple partners.
_ Practise safer sex. Use latex condoms
during sex to prevent exposure to HIV if you
or your partner have had other partners
during the last 5 to 10 years, or if you are
unsure of your partner's sexual history.
_ Don’t use drugs, especially IV drugs.
Needles should never be shared. Better yet,
seek treatment for your drug problem.
@ ves. Counsetiing and testing are available
at health clinics and doctors’offices. There
is no test for AIDS. But there is a test to
tell you if you have been exposed to the
Virus. It is called the HIV Antibody test. If
you have engaged in highly risky
behaviours, you may benefit from testing.
Early medical treatment can prolong your
life if you are infected, But the test is not
the way to stop the disease. Only
stopping risky behaviours can do that.
YOU CAN CONTROL WHETHER OR NOT
YOU GET AIDS. SPREAD THE WORD....
NOT THE DISEASE. ®
(5) Adapted from a brachure provided a5 a community service by KGW-TV and Oregon State Health Division, U.S.A When you plan an advertising campaign you need some information and one ofthe ways of getting it
through a survey. Interview ten people of clfferent ages. Use the folowing chart as a guide,
"Eee eae)
Use the information from the survey to complete this bar graph.
Yes
. tia a
Don’t know
Ba
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
shy
Q PROJECT
~ Find more information about AIDS: visit institutions, libraries, etc,; read magazines or
newspapers to get up-to-date material.
~ Design a leaflet giving advice on AIDS prevention. Speaking
~ The environment
ee
@ What is Greenfreeze?
@ what is the advertisement warning us about?
© What makes this fridge different from others?
© What is destroying the ozone layer?
© wat do you do to protect the ozone layer?
Reading
In the early 1970s scientists discovered that a
class of chlorine containing industrial
chemicals called halocarbons were harmful
to the ozone layer. The most commonly
used halocarbons are chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs). CFCs are stable, non-toxic and
inflammable compounds. These qualities
have made them very attractive for
industrial use. They have numerous
industrial applications. Unfortunately, they
are also the major contributors to the
depletion of the ozone layer, and
consequently need to be eliminated.
Over the years Greenpeace has maintained
thatitis possible to meet all the human needs
that have been serviced by ozone depleting
substances without using chemicals that harm
the ozone layer or the global climate.
In 1992, Greenpeace published two extensive
reports: “Climbing out of the ozone hole”and
“Making the right choices” which surveyed
the then existing alternatives to CFCs and
other ozone depleting chemicals.
The development of the world’s first ozone
safe technology for domestic refrigerators -
GREENFREEZE- was initiated, revolutionizing
the refrigeration industry and the market.
The ozone layer’s most vulnerable period is
expected around 1998-2000 when the
accumulated atmospheric levels of chlorine/
bromine from human made chemicals will be
the highest. Vocabula
ry
Match the words to the objects in the p
@ 004 waste go
© paper and card
O viss
© clothing
© ret!
© passtic
Reading
We throw away millions of tons of rubbish
every year. This rubbish contains a variety of
material which we can recycle. If you empty
the contents of a typical domestic rubbish
bin you will find that about a third was paper
and card, especially from food packaging.
About a quarter of the contents will be food
waste, a tenth plastic and the rest equal parts
of glass, cloth and metal.
Now complete
this pie graph.
cture.
‘We use the fist conditional + SIMPLE PRES:
ENT + SIMPLE FUTURE) to tak about a
future station that wil probably hapoen
The frst conditional has two parts, or causes:
these clauses can change postion without
changing the meaning ofthe sentence
What are the advantages of recycling
waste? Read the text and make a list.
Many of the things we throw away can be
recycled. Recycling can reduce pollution
from certain products such as car oil and
batteries. It can also prolong the life of
limited reserves of other natural resources
such as wood.
It often saves energy too. For example,
using recycled glass, saves energy so it is
cheaper. Recycling also gives jobs to
hundreds of people by creating new
industries. So, before you throw
something away next time, stop and think!
1-Look for information about products which don’t harm the ozone layer.
2-With all the information you have collected make a campaign. Tran dating
Complete th
crossword puzzle.
1) Infection
2) Needle
3) Bromine
4) Share
5) Carrier
6) Harmful
7) Healthy
8) Compounds
4) Last (v)
10)Weaken
11)Chlorine
12) Aids
13)Depletion
14)Prevent («)
15)Bin
16)Blood
1)Card
18)Spread
18)Damage (»)
Glossary
‘Acquire: adauitc
Counselling: orientacon terapia
Disease: enfermedad
Exposure: exposicion
Fullblown (AIDS): forma completa
Hug: abrazar
ness: enfermedad
Intercourse: relaciones(exuales)
See On Her)
Lead: conduc
Long lasting: protongada
lymph node sweling:
inflamacién de ganglioslntticos
Major principal
Meet (needs: satistacer
Night sweat: sudoracién nocturna
Oil nafta
Packaging: embalaje
Resources: recursos
Seek: buscar
Stable: estable
Vaccine: vacuna
Weaken: debiltar signs mean? Express
s using
BO pueremiectmane| OON'T/ SHOULD / SHOULDN'T
and "SHOULD" or
"SHOULDNT" to give advice
—)
¢ other animals and make up
signs for them. Reading
This is a street survey on animal rights.
ree with.
Choose the opinions you ag)
—
Eat me dere: Sie
1 Age: 48
Home: Bookn
Occupation: City worker
What do you thnk about animal gts?
‘A: God created us al and we all share the same Earth
Other creatures should have equal rghs, And since
weare higher animal, we should protect their rights
‘Name: Vaiir Votre Do you wear fur?
Age: 21
‘A: No, I don't really like it
Home: Queens :
Occupation: Student : Do you wear leather?
A: Yes, | do.
Q: Do you eat meat?
A: Ys, Because we must fight fr our sunival. It isa
way o balance the ecology. ®
(What do you think abou animal ghts?
‘A: I hate seeing animals mistreated. | see the dog fights
in the cty where they tron away the one tat loses
0: Do you wear fir?
(A: No. It's inhumane.
00 you wear lather?
A: Yes. tis fc not to weer leather
Qo you eat meat?
{Am a vegetarian forthe fac that meat has 0
many chemicals it
Oerupation: het Pot
Paige, coutontrel tng? Q: What do you think about animal rights?
‘Asits better than using humans. ‘Asis something that has changed so much in the
popular mind. | mean, we are more concerned now,
rotoniy with the fact that they fel pain but that they
have emotions fel ve
Q:Do you weer fur?
A: No, I don't.
(Q: Do you wear leather?
A: Kling spat of it.
(What do you tink about anima testing?
‘As For medical reasons, agree wit it but there
shoul be mits. *
‘Name: Marco Runanin
(6) Adapted from Lee- Edmund, “Eat mel Wear me! Love mel”, in Vilage-Voice. Dec.2, 1997; v42n48,p. 18, ‘ Name: | Name ‘Name:
Age: Age: | ee |
Answer: Answer: | Answer
7 J» 1-
2- 2 , a2
3 } 3- } 3.
- 4. }o4 } 4 |
5 | 5 | 5
10 words associated with the survey.
PROJECT
1-Think and discuss.
“Do you know other animals which are mistreated? If yes, give examples
“here an organization in your country which protects animal rights? If yes, which one?
2-Find out information about animal rights.
a itake 2 speech using the information collected in point 2. Choose the best one in your class. Reading
Endangered animals _
On your planet, many
animals are in danger of
extinction, even animals
which are close relatives of
man, like the orangutan and the’
chimpanzee.
In Africa people hunt elephants and
rhinoceroses for the tusks. In the seas
many types of fish as well as many
types of whales are close. to
extinction. In the air, eagles and
storks are at risk.
Organizations like the World Wild
Fund for Nature (WWF) help to
protect these animals, but their job is
massive. Scientists estimate that, if
people continue to behave like they
do now, several hundred species, of
vertebrates and about 1 million types
of insects will become extinct, before
the year 2040!”
Freeform 1, p. 101, Richmond Publishing, 1997
Warnings and education
campaigns for sun avoidance
re OK for humans, but what
about the frogs laying their
eggs in high mountain ponds
\ and streams as they have for
millennia, or the phytoplankton in the
seas seeking the sun to ensure
photosynthetic production, or the
trees rooted in the earth and stretching
their leaves or needles skyward to the
sun? They cannot avoid the noonday
sun, put on a shirt or hat, use
sunscreen, or shelter indoors. They
must be protected from exposure to
increased UV-B radiation. This can only
be accomplished through a concerted
human effort to eliminate the release
of those chemicals that destroy the
ozone layer.
The time to act is now. ”
() “Frog do not wear sunglasses in Our Radlant Planet, Greenpeace, Oct. 1995, Unit 4
the previous texts. Add some more animals you can think of.
IN THE SEAS IN THE AIR IN THE FORESTS
e
Speaking
Read this extract from a real story about Paul and Linda
Mc Cartney. What you would do in a situation like this?
During the last tour, the tabloids done that — but it’s not a bad idea ! | think
reported that Paul and Linda were __ it came from us being on holiday in the
passing idle moments by visiting Caribbean years ago and seeing a guy
high-class seafood restaurants, _ bringing in assea turtle. We decided to buy
buying up all the live lobsters in the __it off him. But unfortunately we told him
tank and taking them away to the we were going to let it go and then he
nearest seashore for liberation into _ refused to sell it to us. He thought it would
their natural elements. offend the gods | guess. So, as Linda was
taught when she was a kid, a fish gets
Paul: “ No, we don’t happen to have ever caught by opening its mouth.”
\
Visit the local zoo and answer:
I-How are animals treated?
2-What do you think about the animals in captivity?
3-Are there animals in danger of extinction?
(9) “Lobster Potty’, Tour Magazine, 1993. pen 78:
Translating
Complete this eed
crossword pt
a
z
tii
AG
a
LN - Je DAD oh ~ Mell La)
rn
wmreps=-2> wor
Glossary
Idle moments: atos de oo
Lay eggs: poner huevos
Lobster: langosta
Massive: enorme
Pond: laguna /estangue
Stretch: extender
Sun avoidance: evtar el ol
Skyward hacia ceo
Tabloids: dlarossersacionalstas
Tank: estanque
Turtle: tortuga
Tusk: colmilo
Whale: ballena Nature and Environment
this instrument so
nt?
scope is an instrument
that focuses light or other radiation through
‘one or more lenses to form a magnified
image of a specimen. The microscope has
revolutionized the study of biology and
medicine. The instrument has applications
in all other scientific and technical areas as
well. The electron microscope is analogous
in principle to the light microscope.
The historical development of the
microscope.
Magnification by simple lenses has been
known from ancient times, but the
development of the modern microscope
dates from the construction of compound-
is system§, Which-eccurred some time in
@ period between 1590 and 1610.
Jannsen constructed a
simple instrument made of a
pair of lenses mounted in a sliding tube. In
1611 Johannes Kepler described a
compound-lens system using a convex lens.
The man generally considered the
founder of microbiology is the Dutch
biologist Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-
1723). He became interested in science
when, as a businessman, he began
grinding lenses and building simple
microscopes as a hobby. Each microscope
consisted of a flat brass or copper plate in
which a small, single glass lens was
mounted. The lens was held up to the
eye, and the object to be studied was
placed on the head of a movable pin just
‘on the other side of the lens.
Leeuwenhoek made over 400 microscopes,
many of which still exist. The most powerful
of these instruments can magnify objects
about 275 times.
He was the first person to observe single-
celled animals (protozoa) with a
microscope. He was also the first person to
observe clearly and to describe red blood
cells in humans and other animals, as well
as sperm cells.
(10) Adapted from Grolier Interactive inc. © 1996. @ What isa microscope and what are its uses? @ Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek? What did
@ What happened between 1590 and 1610?
© What did the Jannsens do?
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Writing
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QA compass...
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QA speedometer.
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