BAHASA INGGRIS

NAME : BONITA RAHMA L

CLASS : XII MIA 2
NO. : 06

SMAN 36 Jakarta
Jl. Perhubungan Raya, Rawamangun 13220
Telp. (021) 4893358, Fax (021) 47864229

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 PREFACE
Thank to Almighty God who has given His blessings to me as a writer to
finish this English Assignment on time. And also I want to thank Ma’am
Nurintan T, M.Pd as my English teacher who always teach me and the other
student English so well.
This English Assignment composed so many kind of Reading, Dialogue
and Grammar with examples and exercises for each chapter. And to help the
learnings there’s some videos to complete and make us easier to learn English.
I hope my goal making this English Assignment is to make us learn
English easier and more accurate will be achieved. Critism and advice are
needed here to make this task better,
Thank you.

Jakarta, November 22nd 2015

Writer,
Bonita Rahma L

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 Table of contents
i. PREFACE………………………………………………………….2
ii. TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………..3
1. CHAPTER 1 (READING)……………………………………...5
1.1 Narrative……………………………………………………6
1.2 Report………………………………………………………8
1.3 Spoof……………………………………………………….10
1.4 Description………………………………………………….13
1.5 Recount…………………………………………………......15
1.6 Hortatory Exposition………………………………………..17
1.7 Analytical Exposition……………………………………….19
1.8 Explanation………………………………………………….22
1.9 News Item’s…………………………………………………24
1.10 Discussion…………………………………………………27
1.11 Advertisment………………………………………………29
1.12 Procedure……………………………………………….....31
2. DIALOGUE……………………………………………………34
2.1 Expressing Self Introduction & Introduction to someone...34
2.2 Expressing Sympathy & Responding to Condolences…….36
2.3 Asking for Advice and Offering Advice…………………..38
2.4 Expressing Necessity……………………………………....40
2.5 Expressing Like and Dislike……………………………….42
2.6 Expressing Surprise………………………………………..44
2.7 Expressing Pride…………………………………………...46
2.8 Expressing Ability and Inability…………………………...48
2.9 Expressing Apology……………………………………….50
2.10 Expressing Accepting and Refusing Help……………….52
2.11 Expressing Accepting and Refusing Invitation………….54
2.12 Exppressing Asking, Giving, And Refusing Permission..56
2.13 Expressing Pleased and Displeased……………………...58
2.14 Expressing Agreement and Disagreement……………….60
2.15 Expressing Satisfaction and Disatisfaction………………63
3. GRAMMAR…………………………………………………..65
3.1 Preferences………………………………………………….65
3.2 Passive, and Active Voice…………………………………..67

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 3.3 Direct, and indirect Speech………………………………….70
3.4 Causative Have and Get……………………………………..72

iii. BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………….74

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 Chapter 1

READING

CONTAINS :
 Narrative
 Report
 Spoof
 Descriptive
 News Item
 Hortatory Exposition
 Procedure
 Recount
 Analytical Exposition
 Discussion
 Advertisements
 Brocures
 Posters / Pamphlete
 Application Letter
 Formal / Informal Card
 Caption

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 I. Narrative
A. Definition

Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the
resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative text is the narrative mode,
the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration.

B. The purpose

The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a story.

C. Generic Structures

1) Orientation
Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces the participants of the
story: who and what is involved in the story.
2) Complication
Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax) of the main
participants.
3) Resolution
The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a sad (tragic) ending
4) Re-orientation/Coda
This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consists  of  a  moral  lesson,  advice 
or  teaching  from  the writer

D. Example
The Ugly Duckling

One upon time, a mother duck sat on her eggs. She felt tired of sitting on them. She just
wished the eggs would break out.

Several days later, she got her wish. The eggs cracked and some cute little ducklings

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

appeared. "Peep, peep" the little ducklings cried. "Quack, quack" their mother greeted in
return.

However the largest egg had not cracked. The mother duck sat on it for several days. Finally,
it cracked and a huge ugly duckling waddled out. The mother duck looked at him in surprise.
He was so big and very gray. He didn't look like the others at all. He was like a turkey.

When the mother duck brought the children to the pond for their first swimming lesson.,
the huge grey duckling splashed and paddled about just as nicely as the other ducklings did.
"That is not a turkey chick. He is my very own son and quite handsome" the mother said
proudly.

However, the other animals didn't agree. They hissed and made fun of him day by day. Even
his own sisters and brothers were very unkind. "You are very ugly" they quacked.

The little poor duckling was very unhappy. "I wish I looked like them" he thought to himself.
One day, the ugly duckling run away and hid in the bushes. The sad duckling lived alone
through the cold and snow winter. Finally the spring flowers began to bloom. While he was
swimming in the pond, he saw three large white swans swimming toward him. "Oh, dear.
these beautiful birds will laugh and peck me too" he said to himself. But the swans did not
attack him. Instead, they swam around him and stroked him with their bills. As the ugly
duckling bent his neck to speak to them, he saw his reflection in the water. He could not
believe his eyes. "I am not an ugly duckling but a beautiful swam" he exclaimed.

He was very happy. From that day on, he swam and played with his new friends and was
happier than he had never been.
Source: http://duoulala.blogspot.co.id/2013/07/narrative-text-definition-purposes.html

E. Language Features
 Past tense (killed, drunk,etc)
 Adverb of time (Once upun a time, one day, etc)
 Time conjunction (when, then, suddenly, etc)
 Specific character. The character of the story is specific, not general. (Cinderella,
Snow White, Alibaba, etc)
 Action verbs. A verb that shows an action. (killed, dug, walked, etc)
 Direct speech. It is to make the story lively. (Snow White said,”My name is Snow
White). The direct speech uses present tense.

F. Exercise
Snow White
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her aunt and
uncle because her parents were dead.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

One day she heard her uncle and aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle
because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take
Snow White.

Snow White didn’t want her uncle and aunt to do that so she decided that it would be best
if she ran away. The next morning she ran away into the woods. She was very tired and
hungry. Then she saw a little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside
and fell asleep.

Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. There they found Snow White
sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs.

The dwarfs said, “What is your name?”

Snow White said, “My name is Snow White.”

Then, Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story.

The dwarfs said, “If you want, you may live here with us.”

Snow White answered, “Oh, could I? Thank you.”

Finally, Snow White and the seven dwarfs lived happily ever after.

1. What type of the text is used by the witer?

a. narrative
b. report
c. anecdote
d. comparative
e. news item

2. To tell the plot, the writers uses…………..

a. a rhetorical question and an exclamation
b. time sequences
c. contrastive evidences
d. past tense
e. concessive conjunctions

3. Why Snow White ran away to the woods?

a. Her parents passed away
b. Her uncle was angry with her
c. Her uncle and aunt would go to America

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

d. Snow White was happy to run away
e. Snow White liked playing in the woods.

4. When did Snow White run away to the woods?

a. In the afternoon
b. In the morning
c. In the evening
d. In the full moon
e. In the middle of night

5 Where did Snow White live after she ran away to the woods?
a. She lived in the cave
b. She lived in the lion nest
c. She lived everywhere in the woods
d. She lived in the dwarfs’ cottage
e. She lived on the street

II. Report
A. Definition

The report text often also known as informational report. "Report", the Concise Oxford
Dictionary 10th Edition, is defined as :

1) An account is given of a matter after investigation or consideration. 

2) A piece of information about an event or situation. 

So we can conclude, in a language view, a report text is used to serves to provide

information about an event or situation, after the investigation and through the multi
consideration.

B. The Purpose

The purpose of the report is to convey information text observations and systematic
analysis. The information described in the report text is usually general in nature, be it
natural or artificial like a mammals, planets, rocks, plants, state, cultural, transportation, etc.

C. Generic Sturtures

1) General Clasification » statements that describe the common subject of the report,
common description, and classification.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

2) Description » Tells what the phenomenon under discussion; in terms of parts, qualities,
habits or behaviors; This section gives us an overview of commonly occurring phenomenon,
either of its parts, its properties, habit, or behavior. The point is, presenting elaboration of
scientific classification.

There is also some information on the generic text structure report, which includes :

1) General information, is the part that mentions the general information of the theme of
writing. 

2) Bundles of Specific Information, give us the elaboration of general information.

D. Example

VENICE

Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region

Veneto. Together with Padua, the city is included in the
Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been
known as the “Queen of the Adriatic”, “City of Water”,
“City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”. The city
stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy
Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.

Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by
about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by
about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form
of transport is on water or on foot.

You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used
for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by
motorised waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along the major canals and
between the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in
common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal
at certain points without bridges.

You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del
Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural
residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of
Venetian countryside.

They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The
city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 Source: http://di-copy.blogspot.co.id/2013/01/example-of-report-text-definition.html

E. Language Features

1) Use of general nouns, that is, an object (be it alive or dead) of a general nature. Just
compare beetwen  "Hunting dogs" and "My dog". Hunting dogs are common, while my dog
is more spesific.

2) Use of Relating verbs to describe features, the grammar is also called linking verbs. As to
be [is, am, are: present], seem, look, taste, etc.

3) Some use of action verbs when describing behavior, eg Emus can not fly;

4) Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, is one time in the simple present
markers such as "often, Usually, always" and others. eg Tropical cyclonesalways begin over
the sea;

5) Use of technical terms, eg "Isobars" are lines drawn on a weather map; For example, on
"music" then, the terms of the music should be there.

6) Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organisé bundles of information; repeated

naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.

F. Exercise

Octopus
The Octopus is an ocean creature with eight effective feet which it utilizes as hands. These
are called tentacles or limbs. “Octopus” originates from two words that have meaning
“eight feet”.
The octopus, the squid and the cuttlefish fit in with the same family that has no outside
shells. Their bodies are secured totally with skin. Along these lines the assortment of an
octopus is delicate. It would appear that a huge blow up. A completely developed octopus
can be as huge as 8,5 meters from the tip of one arms to the tip of another. It can weigh as
much as 45 kilograms.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Other than utilizing its tentacles or limbs to catch little fish, ocean plants, crab and lobsters,
the octopus additionally utilizes them against its adversaries. The octopus wraps its
appendages around the exploited person and crushes it before eating it
The octopus escapes from its adversaries by giving out a thick dull liquid to obscure the
water. It can likewise change the color of its body to match its surroundings. It escapes its
enemis by doing this.
1. Which group of sea creatures belongs to the same family with octopus?
a. turttle and crab
b. shrimp and crab
c. crab and cuttlefish
d. cuttlefish and squid
e. turtle and shrimp
2. How much a fully-grown octopus can weight?
a. 25 kilograms.
b. 35 kilograms.
c.  45 kilograms
d. 55 kilograms.
e. 65 kilograms
3. How does the octopus look for food?
a. It uses magic colors.
b. It uses its teeth.
c.  It uses its hand.
d. It uses its tentacles.
e. It uses its leg.
4. Before the octopus eats its victim, the octopus…
a. changes the color of its body
b. realizes a thick dark fluid
c. bite it
d. crushes it
e. break it
5. How large a fully-grown octopus can be from the tip of one tentacle to the tip of
another?
a.6,5 metres.
b. 7,5 metres.
c.  8,5 metres.
d. 9,5 metres.
e. 10,5 metres.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

III. Spoof
A. Definition

Mentioned in the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary Online, there are two meanings
of spoof text. First, as a noun, the meaning is, "a funny and silly piece of writing, music,
theater, etc.. That copies the style of an original work". Being second, spoof as a verb,
meaning, "to try to make someone believe in something is not true, as a joke."  Spoof of the
second meaning above, it can be concluded that the definition of spoof text is a text that
contains humor though most of the text has been modified from the original. 

B. The Purpose

To tell a short story or event with a humorous twist. The stories are normal in the beginning
and have a funny twist at the end that makes you laugh.

C. Generic Structures
Generic Structure (general arrangement) in a spoof text are :
» Orientation, provides an introduction to the characters, setting, settings etc..
» Events, provides even or events
» Twist, ending the story (the ending is considered funny, sometimes unexpected)

A description of the orientation and the event is oftenly discussed, especially on the subject
narrative text and recount text. In any spoof text, orientation and the event was not much
different from the one in the narrative and recount.

Looking for a twist, for those not used to writing a humorous story may be very difficult to
understand the twist was hard enough, let alone making up their own.

D. Example
The Bathroom Story
Two years ago some friends and I came to Indonesia to learn some Bahasa Indonesia. While
here, we stayed in villages with host families. One friend and I lived in Rejoso, and my other
friend lived in a village called Jeding. Whenever we were asked where we lived, my friend
said, “Saya tinggal di Jeding.” Everyone would start laughing.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 After a few days he started to get upset. He didnʼt understand why people kept laughing at
him. Finally he asked one of our Indonesian friends why. Our friends started laughing saying,
“Jeding means bathroom in Javanese!” So every time someone asked him where he was
living he was saying, “I live in a bathroom.”

Source: https://luarbiasamengajarbersama.wordpress.com/2013/01/10/spoof-text/

E. Language Features

1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things

2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order.

F. Exercise
What time is it?
A tramp lie down and sleep in the park. He had been sleeping for about 5 minutes when a
couple walked by. The man stopped, woke the tramp up , and asked him, "Excuse me.
Do you know what the time is?" The tramp replied, "I'm sorry - I don't have a watch, so I
don't know the time."
The man apologized for waking the tramp and the couple walked away.

The tramp lay down again, and after a few minutes went back to sleep. Just then, a woman,
who was out walking her dog, shook the tramp's shoulder until he woke up again.
The woman said, "I'm sorry to trouble you, but I'm afraid I've lost my watch - do you happen
to know the time?" The tramp was a little annoyed at being woken up again, but he politely
told the woman that he didn't have a watch and didn't know the time.

After the woman had gone, the tramp had an idea.

He opened the bag that contained all his possessions and got out a pen, a piece of paper
and some string. On the paper, he wrote down, 'I do not have a watch. I do not know the
time'.
He then hung the paper round his neck and eventually dropped off again.

After about 15 minutes, a policeman who was walking through the park noticed the tramp
asleep on the bench, and the sign around his neck.
He woke the tramp up and said, "I read your sign. I thought you'd like to know that it's 2:30
p.m."
1.      Why the tramp don’t know about the time ?
A.    Because he has an amnesia
B.     Because he didn’t have any watch

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

C.     Because he still tired
D.    Because he was disturbed by the couple
E.     Because he hate the couple
2.      What is the tramp’s idea after the woman had gone from his sight ?
A.    He sleep again
B.     The tramp chase that woman
C.     He write a sign in a paper and hung it down
D.    He tries to find his watch
E.     He didn’t have any idea
3.      What was the police told to the tramp after he saw the sign ?
A.    The police told the tramp the time.
B.     The tramp woke up and he run away.
C.     The police giving him a watch
D.    The police woke the tramp up and steal the sign
E.     The police bring him to the watch shop.
4.  From the following statements, which one is TRUE according to the text ?
A.    The couple woke the tramp up and mock him
B.     The tramp get angry after the woman asked him
C.     The tramp is sleeping in the park for 1 hour
D.    The police came and told the tramp that the time is 2:30 p.m.
E.     The tramp open the bag and take a small pillow.
5.   What is the general structure of the text ?
A.    Orientation – Events – Twist
B.     Orientation – Issue – Twist
C.     Resolution – Steps – Argments
D.    Twist – Orientation – Steps
E.     Orientation – Arguments – Twist

IV. Descriptive
A. Definition

Descriptive text is a text which presents information about something specifically. A text
which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular
person, place, or thing. 

And we can use this desciption style in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a
person, place, object or event e.g. to: 

- Describe a special place and explain why it is special.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

- Describe the most important person in your live.

- Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

Descriptive writing or text is usually also used to help writer develop an aspect of their work,
e.g. to create a particular mood, atmosphere or describe a place so that the reader can
create vivid pictures of characters, places, objects etc.

B. The Purpose

As a feature, description in descriptive text is a style of writing which can be useful for other
variety of purposes as:

1. To engage a reader’s attention

2. To create characters
3. To set a mood or create an atmosphere
4. To being writing to life

C. Generic Structures

1. Identification: introduce a particular person or thing or place.

2. Description: describing physical appearance, quality, behaviour, etc.

D. Example
Prambanan Temple

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central

Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta.

The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the largest Hindu temples in
south-east Asia. It is characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu
temple architecture, and by the 47m high central building inside a large complex of
individual temples.

It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or
Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after its construction, the
temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in
1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of the original stonework has
been stolen and reused at remote construction sites. A temple will only be rebuilt if at least

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

75% of the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of
the smaller shrines are now visible and with no plans for their reconstruction.

The temple was damaged during the earthquake in Java in 2006. Early photos suggest that
although the complex appears to be structurally intact, damage is significant. Large pieces of
debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple has been closed to
the public until damage can be fully assessed. The head of Yogyakarta Archaeological
Conservation Agency stated that: “it will take months to identify the precise damage”.
However, some weeks later in 2006 the site re-opened for visitors. The immediate
surroundings of the Hindu temples remain off-limits for safety reasons.

Source: http://di-copy.blogspot.co.id/2014/08/example-of-descriptive-text-definition.html

E. Language Features

- Using Simple Present Tense

- Using action verbs

- Using passive voice

- Using noun phrase

- Using adverbial phrase

- Using technical terms

- Using general and abstract noun

- Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

F. Exercise

Orchard Road

Orchard Road is a Boulevard which becomes business and entertainment center in

Singapore. Orchard Road is surrounded by a lush tropical and flower gardens which are
beautiful. At first, Orchard Road is just a suburban street lined with orchards, plantations
nutmeg, and pepper farming. However, in the 1970s, it turned into a shopping center in
Singapore. In 1960 and 1970 entertainment industries began to enter this road. Shopping
centers such as mall and Plaza was built in 1974.

Orchard Road runs along about 2.2 km. This road is one-way street flanked by a variety of
shopping malls, hotels and restaurants. The shopping area which is nearly 800,000 square
meters provides a wide range of Things, food, and entertainment. In this area there are
many options that can satisfy visitors from all walks of life starting from the luxury branded
things to the Popular branded, from exclusive restaurants to fast food.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

There are so many ways that can be accessed to get to Orchard road such as: by taxi, bus or
drive your own car. For those who are driving to Orchard Road can be entered from the
west through the Napier Road. Vehicles from Dunearn Road can turn to left at the
intersection of the Marriott Hotel junction. Vehicles that come from Paterson can turn right
onto Orchard Road. Orchard is always crowded so you have to be careful in order not to get
lost.

1. The text mainly focuses on

a. Singapore
b. Orchard Plantation
c. Plaza and Mall
d. Orchard road as business and entertainment center
e. Shopping Center

2. Which statement is TRUE?

a. At first Orchard Road is a crowded settlement
b. Orchard road became business and entertainment center since 1974
c. Vehicles from Dunrean road turn to the left at intersection of the Marriott Hotel
junction
d. Orchard road is infamous place at Singapore
e. Orchard road is not surrounded by flower garden

3. In the third paragraph the writer describes about?

a. The location of Orchard Road
b. The things that we can see at orchard road
c. The direction to get to Orchard Road
d. The history of Orchard Road
e. The distance of Orchard Road

4. Words “it” in line 4 refers to?

a. The plantation
b. Luxury branded things
c. The plaza
d. Singapore
e. Suburban street

5. The word “satisfy” in line eighth has the closet meaning with?
a. Pleased
b. Free
c. Frighten
d. Threat
e. Loved

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

V. News Item
A. Definition
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are
considered newsworthy or important. News Item is text which used to inform readers,
listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or
important. We often find it in a newspaper because the passage often tells the readers
about great, important, interesting, tragic, entertaining or fresh incident or events that all
people should know about it
B. The Purpose
To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
C. Generic Structure
Newsworthy event(s): recount the event in summary form.
Background event(s): elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstance
Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event
D. Example
TOWN CONTAMINATED
Newsworthy Event:
Moscow: A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear
catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town
Background/ Elaboration:
Velena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explotion of
a nuclear submarine at the nava bas of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chaernobyl disaster, spread radioactive
fall – out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet
Union.
Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor class submarine during a refit
had been a thermal and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up
operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Sources:
A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the
Soviet Navy.
Source: https://nurinuryani.wordpress.com/kumpulan-tugas/news-item-2/

E. Language Features
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
3. Uses of material processes to retell the event. (mental process is ….)
4. Use of projecting verbal process in sources stage
F. Exercise
This text is for questions 1 to 3
BANDUNG: Thousand of people who had fled from their houses located on the slopes of
smoldering Mount Gamkonara on Halmahera Island, North  Maluku province, could return
to their homes after the authorities downgraded the vulcano’s top-alert status Monday.
        The Head of the Volcanology  Center and Geology Disaster Mitigation Agency, Surono,
said that the returning residents still could not get within  three kilometers are of the
volcano in  Ibu district, West Halmahera regency.
        The alert status for the volcano was downgraded because the volcano e volcano had
shown less volcanic activity. Since July 10 to July 15, only to small tectonic quakes measuring
below 2 of the Richter scale were recorded in the mountain and the volcano did not burst
out hot lava or other volcanic materials from its crater.
        “Compared to the last Monday’s explosion, wherein the ash spewed was 4.000 above
the crater, it is now only about 10 meters high”, Surono told the journalist in Bandung on
Monday.
Following the volcano’s increased acivity last week, which led authorities to put it in the top
alert status, around 10.000 residents in Ibu district fled to safety. Mos of the resident were
taking shelter in Shouth Ibu and Central Ibu districts.
        Surono warned the people not to get close to the volcano because small emissions of
smoke could throw materials from the volcano’s crater.
        The 1.635-meter volcano has erupted 12 times since records have been kept. The last
time ash and smoke streamed out of the volcano was in 1987. No casualties were reported.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

1.       What is the text about?
a.       Thousands of people who return home to the Maluku volcano area.
b.      The increasing activity of a number volcanic mountains in Maluku.
c.       The reason for the downgraded alert status of Maluku volcano.
d.      The Head of the Volcanology Center and Geology Disaster.
e.      The increasing volcanic activity of mount Gamkonora.
2.       Which information is TRUE according to the text?
a.       Mount Gamkonora shows more  activity.
b.      The authority downgraded the alert status.
c.       The people from Mount Gamkonora  have not returned home.
d.      Two tectonic-quakes measuring 5 of the Richter scale recorded.
e.      The explosions only happened during Monday with ash spewing 4.000 above the
crater.
3.       The height of the volcano is … Meter
a.       10.000.
b.      4.000.
c.       3.987.
d.      1.987.
e.      1.635.
This text is for question 4 and 5
Seven people were killed in a collision between a bus, a car, and a truck on Jalan
sultan at 10:35 p.m. last night. The dead were all passenger of the car. The police believed
the car had been trying to overtake the bus when it was struck by a truck coming from the
opposite direction ? the driver of the car might not be using his lights, as the truck driver
said he did not see the car approaching.
                The police said the car should not have tried to pass the bus, since overtaking is not
allowed on Jalan sultan. In addition, the police reported that the car, a small Japanese  car,
should not have been carrying more than five people, if the passenger had brought their
identity cards, he police would have identified the names of the victims easily.
4.   The text meanly reports that there was/were......
a.       A car accident.
b.      Careless driver.
c.       A small Japanese car.
d.      Victims of an accident.
e.      The function of an identity card.

5.   What was the cause of the collision ?

a. The truck came from the opposite directions.
b. The car carried more than five people.
c. The truck driver didn’t use his light.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

d. The truck driver didn’t see the car.
e. The car tried to overtake the bus.

VI. Hortatory Exposition

A. Definition
It is a kind of text type that presents arguments or reasons to support the opinion. It is
aimed to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.
The difference of analytical and hortatory exposition is on the term of its generic structure
in the last part that is called as reiteration in analytical and recommendation in hortatory
exposition. The function of both is quite different. In analytical exposition, reiteration is used
to give emphasize on the writer’s opinion by restating point of view. While in hortatory
exposition, recommendation is used to give advice or such a suggestion to the readers to
make a choice by considering the presented arguments.
B. The Purpose
The purpose of hortatory exposition text is to argue a case for against a particular position
or point of view and it purposes a suggestion in the end of the argumentation.
C. Generic Structures
1.  An Introductory Statement   : It consists of the author’s point of view(thesis), preview of
the arguments that will follow in the next section, and a question or emotional statement to
get audience attention.
2. A series of arguments to convince the audience: This part is
significant to support about the thesis. Therefore, it needs some requirements. They are
explained as follow:
 A new paragraph is used for each argument
 Each new paragraph begins with topic sentence
 After topic sentence comes the details to support the arguments
 Emotive words are used to persuade the audience into believing the
author.
3. Recommendation: statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on
the given arguments.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

D. Example
COUNTRY CONCERN
In all discussion over the removal of leaded vehicles from petrol (and atmosphere) there
doesn’t seem to have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and
the country.
While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you
travel through the country, where you only see another car every five to ten minutes, the
problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don’t seem to
appreciate that in the country there is no public transport to fall back upon and one’s own
vehicle is the only way to get about.
I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and
who already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the
people who live in the city.
Adapted from the samples of texts in the Competence Standards of Curriculum 2004 by
Depdiknas

E. Language Features
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense
F. Exercise
This text is for questions 1 to 3
There are many reasons for keeping dogs as pets in the city area, but many people feel that
keeping pet dogs should not be allowed in the city. Dogs are often not taken care properly.
They are kept in small backyards and rarely taken for walks. They are left in the yard all day
by themselves while the family is at work. Very little attention is given to the dog and it is
not a very good life for it. It is no wonder why these dogs bark and disturb the neighbours

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

and become a nuisance to the community.

On the other hand, not all people treat their dogs this way and why should the people
receive a lot of pleasure and enjoyment from dog's suffer? Dogs can make a lonely person's
life happy or make wonderful playmate. It can also teach a child responsibility as they not
only get to lay with the dog, but also need to exercise, feed, and care for the dog.
I feel that we should be allowed to keep dogs in the city, because if it is taken care of
properly, dogs can be a great source of pleasure. As a child I used to enjoy playing and
taking care of my pet. There is not greater loyalty a person can get than from a well-cared
dog.

1. Some people do not like the presence of pet dogs in their surroundings because ....
A. the dogs are left in the yards
B. the dogs are often neglected
C. the dogs often bark and disturb the neighbours 
D. the dogs play with the owner's child
E. the dogs guard the security of the environment

2. The main idea of the last paragraph is ....

A. pet dogs are loyal animals
B. pet dogs are more loyal than humans
C. dogs can be a great source of pleasure 
D. the writer has no objection to keeping dogs in the city
E. the writer used to play and took care of his pet when he was a child

3. We can infer from the text that keeping pet dogs in the city will not cause any problem as
long as ....
A. the dogs are amusing
B. the neighbours like having pet dogs
C. the dogs do not bark at the neighbours
D. the writer has succeeded in persuading the neighbours
E. its presence does not disturb the neighbourhood 
This text is for questions 4 and 5
Faster planes and cheaper flights
Faster planes and cheaper flights are making it easier than ever before for people to travel.
In the most 'developed' societies, visiting exotic places is a sought-after status symbol. The
tourism industries of both developed and developing countries have recognised this fact
and are learning to take advantage of it.

There are, however, some problems associated with this new industry.Firstly, there is the
increasing crime rate. Some local's tourists as an easy prey because, not only are they in
unfamiliar territory and therefore less able to take care of themselves, but also they carry

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 visible items of wealth, such as cameras and jewelery which can be disposed of quickly for
profit.

Another major problem is health. With greater mobility comes greater danger of spreading
contagious diseases around the world. One carrier returning home could easily start an
epidemic before their illness was diagnosed. Moreover, the emergence of many diseases
which resist antibiotics is causing scientists to be increasingly concerned about this issue.

Also to be considered is the natural environment, which can be seriously threatened by too

many visitors. Australia's Great Barrier Reef, for example, is in danger of being destroyed by
tourists and there are plans to restrict visitors to some of the more delicate coral cays.

These are just three of the reasons why any country should be wary of committing itself to
an extensive tourism development program.

4. Why does the natural environment become one of the serious problem associated with
the faster planes ail cheaper flight? Because ....
A. it easily started an epidemic before their illness was diagnosed
B. it can be destroyed by too many visitors 
C. the health problem will increase
D. they carry visible items of wealth
E. it can increase crime rate

5. Why is the crime rate increasing due to the new industry?

A. Some tourists carry visible items of wealth. 
B. The tourists are spreading contagious diseases.
C. The government is planning to restrict visitors to some coral cays.
D. The new industry makes the number of unemployment increase.
E. The tourists come by plane.

VII. Procedure
A. Definition
Procedure text  is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence
of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This
text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction
such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

B. The Purpose

An anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions. A particular
course of action intended to achieve a result. Or To help us do a task or make something.
They can be a set of instructions or directions.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

C. Generic Structures
Goal : It is containt the purpose of the text. (e.g : How to make spagheti)
Material or Ingredient : it is containt of the materials that used in the process. (e.g : the
material to cook omelette are egg, onion, vegetable oil, etc)
Step : it is containt of the steps to make something in the goal. (e.g : first, wash the
tomatoes, onion, ...., second cut the onions becomes slice. . . )

D. Example
How to make a sandwich (aim/goal)
You need (materials)

*     2 slices of bread

*     peanut butter
*     a banana
*     honey

What you should do are : (steps)

*     Take two slices of bread
*     Spread peanut butter
*     Cut up a banana onto small slices and put them on one of the slices
*     Pour some honey over the bananas
*     Put the other slice of bread on top

E. Language Features
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE. And:
Use of imperatives (e.g.: cut, don’t mix)
Use of action verbs (e.g.: turn, put, mix)
Use of connectives (e.g. : first, then, finally, …) 
Use of adverbial phrases (e.g. : for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top)

F. Exercise
Watch the video that separated from this paper for answer the question! ( Video : 1.1
Procedure Text)
1. What is she making on the video?
a. Pizza
b. Macroni Scottle

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 c. Mac n Cheese
d. Spaghetti
e. Ravioli Cheese
2. How many ingredients that needed to make it?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6

3. What kind of pasta is she use to make it?

a. Penne
b. Fusilli
c. Ravioli
d. Farfalle
e. Fettucine
4. How long is needed to cook the pasta?
a. 6 minutes
b. 5 minutes
c. 4 minutes
d. 3 minutes
e. a couple minutes.
5. How is she cook the pasta?
a. by steam it
b. by boil it
c. by bake it
d. by microwave
e. by burn it

VIII. Recount
A. Definition
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to
inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and
that differentiates from narrative.
B. The Purpose
To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event.

C. Generic Structure
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story.
D. Example
Visiting Bali
            There were so many places to see in Bali that my friend decided to join the tours to
see as much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the first three days
swimming and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour agents and selected two tours.
The first one was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud.
            On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend and his group drove on through
mountains. Singaraja is a city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet town. The
street are lined with trees and there are many old Dutch houses. Then they returned very
late in the evening to Kuta.
            The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery but
to see the art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a center of stone
sculpture. There my friend watched young boys were carving away at big blocks of stone.
The next stop was Celuk, a center for silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that he stopped a
little while for lunch at Sukawati and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center.
            My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent
on the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.
Source : http://darialdahlan.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/kind-of-textdefinitiongeneric-
structure.html
E. Language Features
Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
Using simple past tense
F. Exercise
Watch the video that separated from this paper for answer the question! ( Video : 1.2
Recount Text)
1. Which country is Celine from?
a. Khazastan
b. Turkmenistan
c. Pakistan
d. Turki
e. Iran
2. What job was her father always wanted to become?
a. electronics engineer
b. communication engineer
c. information technology

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

d. public relations
e. civil engineer
3. Why did her grandpa tell her father to picked information technology?
a. because it’s a cool job
b. because it’s not wasting much of cost
c. because it’s nice
d. because it has a promising career
e. because it’s modern
4. Why does her father eat spicy foods when he gets hungry?
a. because it’s healthy
b. because he loves it the most
c. because it’s delicious
d. because he’s forced
e. because it’s the only foods he has
5. What kind of sweets are celine prefer to eat?
a. ice cream and candy
b. dodol and ice cream
c. cakes and chocolate
d. muffin and dodol
e. chocolate and candy

IX. Analytical Exposition

A. Definition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its
social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
B. The Purpose
The purpose of analytical exposition is to persuade the readers by presenting one side of an
argument. In other word, it can be said that an analytical exposition is used to argue point of
view or to persuade the audience to do something. 
C. Generic Stuctures
 Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
 Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position
 Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s position more
 Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
D. Example

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Rubbish
Lakes and rivers are often polluted because drains from towns and factories empty into
them. And factories sometimes dump very harmful chemicals into the water. The chemicals
poison the water. Wildlife cannot easily survive in it.
Ocean-going tankers sometimes empty tank fills of oily water into the sea. When this
happens, great patches of oil are left floating on the sea’s surface. If fish swallow the oil, or if
their gills become dogged up, they die. Birds land on the sea and the oil is cleaned off the
birds will die.
Electricity for your home is made in buildings called power plants. Power plants usually use
coal, oil, or gas to make electricity. But some plant use nuclear energy.
To make nuclear energy, uranium is needed. And uranium is radioactive, which means it
gives off rays which are very dangerous to any living thing. People working in nuclear power
plants wear special clothing and masks to protect themselves.
After the uranium has been used there is some dangerous waste, rubbish, left. Scientists
haven’t yet found out how to make rubbish completely safe. So it is sealed in huge concrete
containers and buried at sea, or deep underground.
Some people are worried that the radioactivity might escape and poison living things. And
this rubbish remains dangerous for thousands of years.
In short, our environment has been contaminated by chemicals. And there’s human’s role
beyond the pollution.
Taken from Nature in Danger, 1993

E. Language Features
1. General nouns, e.g. ears, zoos, etc
2. Abstract nouns, e.g. Policy, government, etc
3. Technical words, e.g. Species of animals, etc
4. Relating verbs, e.g. It is important … ,etc
5. Action verbs, e.g. We must have …, etc
6. Thinking verbs, e.g. many people believe … , etc
7. Modal verbs, e.g. We must preserve … , etc
8. Modal adverbs, e.g. Certainly we must try … , etc
9. Connectives, e.g. Firstly, secondly, etc
F. Exercise
School Uniform, Another Good Lesson

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

School uniform is special clothes worn by all students of a particular school. The uniform of
a school may differ from others. Why should schools use uniforms? Below are some
reasons.
 First of all, Notre Dame’s Department of Sociology produced a study in 1998 concerning
school uniforms. Their findings using 10th grade students showed that uniforms have no
direct effect on “substance abuse, behavioral problems or attendance.” It also claimed a
negative effect on student achievements for those students considered ‘pro-school’.
Secondly, uniform helps to create a strong sense school ethos and a sense of belonging to a
particular community. As such it promotes discipline and helps to drive up academic
standards, which is why a uniform is often adopted by schools which are being reopened
with a fresh start after being classified as failing.
Finally, uniform acts as a social leveler, under which all students are equal in the eyes of the
school and of each other. In institutions without uniform students are often competitive and
worry endlessly about their appearance and the clothes they should wear. Pupils without
expensive designer clothes and trainers may be singled out as social outcasts, or stigmatized
as being from poor backgrounds. For these reasons many parents prefer uniforms as they
save them money on buying clothes for school wear. Considering the findings, schools
should implement the uniform as their identity. The government should also publish some
kind of rule which makes uniform compulsory for schools.

1. What is the text about?

a. The school rules d The importance of school uniform
.
b. The school identity e. The equally among students
c. What we should wear at school
2. In institutions without uniform students, one will be regarded poor because he/she ……
a. does not wear a school uniform d. posses a bad academic record
b. cannot afford to buy a school uniform e. has a bad attitude at school
c. wears no expensive designer clothes
3. “As such it promotes discipline and helps to drive up academic standards ………..” (Paragraph
3).    
What does the underlined word refer?
a. Community c. Research finding e Uniform
.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 b. School ethos d. A study
4. The last paragraph is about ……….
a. The writer’s suggestion d. The writer’s general statement
b. The writer’s arguments e. The writer’s thesis
c. The writer’s reasons
5. “……. Substance abuse, behavioral problems or attendance.” (Paragraph 2)
The antonym of the underlined word is ……..
a. arrival c. appearance e. absence
b. come up d Presence
.

X. Discussion
A. Definition
It is kind of text type that discussing a topic including both sides of the case. In other words,
when a writer is going discuss about the positive side of marriage in the young age,
consequently he is also going to discuss the negative side of marriage in the young age.
Discussing both sides of a case can be viewed from the negative/bad sides and
positive/good side.
B. The Purpose
 The purpose of presenting both sides of a case to the audiences is to provide the readers
with different opinion on a topic and at the end, the writer’s opinion. The discussion text
therefore functions to present a way to look at more than one side issue. 
C. Generic Structure
1. Firstly, the text presents some statements outlining the issue.This part is also
supported by some background information about the issue (statement).
2. In the second part the text provides evidences for different arguments for and
against issue (argument for and argument against).
3. Finally, the text leaves a conclusion or recommendation, which might sum up
either sides or might recommended in favor of one particular side (conclusion).
D. Example
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the
world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria,
England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power
produces around 11% of the world’s energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy.
It causes no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear
plant are as follow:

 It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.

 It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the
greenhouse effect.

 It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.

 It produces small amount of waste.

 It is reliable.
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried
for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a
lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca is a
major accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990’s nuclear power was the
fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.
Source: https://brrrexpresion.wordpress.com/discussion/

E. Language Features
1. Use of relating verbs to provide information about the issue
2. Use the thinking verbs to express the writer’s personal view, e.g. feel, believe, hope
3. Use of varying degrees of modality, e.g. perhaps, must, should, might
4. Use of simple present tense
5. Use of logical conjunctive relational and mental processes
6. The use of generic terms related to the topic
7. The use of words that show a comparison or a contrast
F. Exercise
Two students were discussing the school’s new rule that all students must wear a cap and a
tie. One of them showed her annoyance. She said that wearing a cap and a tie was only
suitable for a flag rising ceremony. So, she was against the rule.
Contrary to the girl’s opinion, the other students was glad with it. The boy said that he
didn’t mind with the new rule because wearing a cap and a tie will make the students look
great and like real educated persons. The first student gave the reasons that they would feel

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

uncomfortable and hot. Moreover, the classrooms were not air conditioned. The second
said it wasn’t a big problem. He was sure that the students would wear them proudly. They
would surely be used to it any way.

1. The two students are discussing ……….

a. the facilities in school c. their uniform e their family
.
b. their homework d. their friends
2. The boy said that he agreed with the new rule in his school.
Which statement shows his agreement?
a. He was not annoyed d. He didn’t like wearing a cap and a tie
b. He would not obey the rule e. He didn’t mind wearing a cap and a tie
c. He didn’t care about the rule
3. The boy believed that all students would …..
a. have a high spirit to study d. follow the new rule
b. solve their own problem e. feel comfortable
c. care for their environment

4.  One of them showed her annoyance. (Paragraph 1). The underlined word has the closest
meaning to …….
a. Responsibility d. Applause
b. Displeasure e. Respone
c. Agreement
5. The communicative purposes of the text is …
a. to analyze something worthy in an d. to explain the readers by persuading
issue

b. to present information and opinions e. to describe that something should or

about more than one side of an issue should not be in the case
c. to persuade the readers by presenting
arguments

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

XI. Advertisements
A. Definition
Text advertisement is a text that has the objective to announce a something that appeals to
many people and that adds a well-known product in all public.
B. The Purpose
The purpose of advertisement text. is to announce about a case or a product to the public,
or in other words to introduce a product to the public in order to buy and attracted to the
product being advertised 

C. Generic Structure
1. Purpose: What is the purpose of the writer to compose the advertisement text?
2. Name of product: This is about name and brand. What product, service or events to sell?
3. User: Who need the product? What ares the product and service for?
D. Example

Source: http://englishadmin.com/2015/07/generic-structure-of-advertisement-and-samples.html

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

E. Language Features
 -simple 
- clear 
- short
- attractive 
- persuasive 
- using slogan 

F. Exercise

1. What is the type of the text?

A.        An advertisement
B.        An announcement
C.        A notice
D.        A letter
2.What is the focus of the study at the course?
A.Teaching
B.Reading
C.Writing
D.Speaking
E. Walking
3.What does the advertisement offer?

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 A.We will get our money back if we can’t speak English.
B.We will learn the best mmethod to teach English.
C.We will find Jalan Cukang jati 11 as the right place.
D.We would be a qualified English teacher in this place.

Source: https://www.bahasainggrisoke.com/contoh-soal-advertisement-beserta-kunci-jawaban/

4.The supplement is for a person that is …

A. 3 years or older
B. 20 years or older
C. 30 years or younger
D. 40 years or younger
5.What is the writer’s intension?
A.To give information about the supplement.
B.To explain how to consume a supplement.
C.To advertise a new supplement.
D.To explain how to make a new supplement.

XII. Brochures
A. Definition
Brochures are used primarily to give a thorough explanation of one specific subject, to
convey information and regulations. Almost anything that requires details can be covered.
B. The Purpose
Brochures can be used as an explanation of the nature and composition of an organization.
They can also be used as promotional or advertising materials, such as marketing one’s
company, products, area of interest and so on.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

C. Generic Structure
1. Title: the name of products or service offered in brochure.
2. Contain: the information given about the products or service offered in brochure.
3. Contact person: name, address, or phone number person to find out more information
about something that’s offered in brochure.
4. Specific text: brochure usually succinct in languange and eye-catching in design, and
usually using a headlines.
D. Example

E. Language Features
Content
  Content needs to be correct, well-organised and up-to-date, but don’t overwhelm with
too much.
Style
  A catchy heading or title is required in order to attract the reader’s attention. You might
like to make up a motto or caption eg “Simply the best’; ‘Don’t Let Recycling Go to Waste;
‘Experience Exceptional Egypt!’ etc.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

   Dot points are often interspersed amongst short traditional paragraphs. This will
communicate the maximum amount of information in minimal space, and make your key
messages quicker and easier to read.
  Use headings and sub-headings to highlight particular aspects of your message/theme.
  Keep language simple by avoiding long words and jargon. The tone should be intelligent,
competent, friendly and inviting.
 
  If your brochure is for a business, you can use the collective first person i.e. refer to ‘us,
‘we’, ‘our’, to make people realise your whole organisation has the same goals and thinks
the same way. Don’t use ‘I’, because you should promote your company as a team, not a
one-person outfit.
  If your brochure aims to persuade people towards a certain action, eg go to the museum
or contact your company, you need to use persuasive language. This would include action
verbs which motivate your reader to do something, eg ‘try us’, contact us’, ‘take action
now!’, or ‘don’t miss out!’. It would also include very favourable adjectives to describe you
and your services or product, eg ‘the best’, ‘outstanding’, ‘modern’, ‘accountable’,
‘professional’, ‘dynamic’, ‘flexible’, ‘tailor-made’, ‘progressive’, ’efficient’, etc.
F. Exercise

Read the following text to answer question number 1 and 2.

COLD BREAKER
LIKE YOU NEVER FEEL ANY COLD

Fast relief for:

Congestion                         100 tablets

Runny nose                        USP
Coughs                               200 mg
Headache
Fever
AVAILABLE IN EVERY STORE INDONESIA

1. Which of the following sickness cannot be relieved by this medicine?

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

A. Headache.
B. Coughs.
C. Cancer.
D. Fever.
2. What's the writer's purpose to write the text above?
A. To inform the process of making Cold Breaker.
B. To persuade people to use the product.
C. To explain the ingredients of the product.
D. To describe the illnesses that can be cured.
This text is for questions 8 to 10.

Source: November 18, 2009

<http://www.lasf.org/programs/brochures/music.pdf>
3.What is the purpose of the text?
A.To inform something.
B.To entertain the readers.
C.To attract people’s attention.
D.To advertise something.
4.When was LASF founded?
A.In 1978.
B.In 1979.
C.In 1980.
D.In 1981.
5.“. . . run by volunteers to benefit the children . . .”What does the word ‘volunteers’ mean?
A.People who work for an organizationwithout being paid.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 B.People who work for an organizationwith high salaries.
C.People who work for a company.
D.People who work for their government.

XIII. Posters / pamphlete

A. Definition
Poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be atached to wall or vertical surface.
Typically poster include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either
wholly graphical or hwolly textual. Poster are designed to be both eye-catching and convey
information. The following is an example of a film poster. A pamphlet is an unbound booklet
(that is, without a hard cover or binding). It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is
printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet), or it may
consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle staplet at the crease to make a
simple book.
B. The Purpose
Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly
of events, musicians and films), propagandists, protestors and other groups trying to
communicate a message. 
C. Generic Structure
o There are more detail about the information

o Usually it made from a piece of paper

o It shows the message about something completely.

o There are some pictures that can describe the content of the message of the poster

o It made a simple depend on the theme.

D. Example
Example of poster is :
                                           
      Source : Internet               

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 Example of pamphlet:

E. Language Feaatures
• Too much text. At the last EUROPACAT meetings, roughly 65% of all posters had way too
much text on it. Posters containing 2000 words or more were no exception!
• Unclear structure. If key elements such as objectives, approach, conclusions, or
perspectives are missing, everyone who is not an insider on your subject will not understand
why your poster is relevant (and why he/she should spend time on it).
• Inappropriate structure. Many people blindly apply the standard structure of a written
report, thereby using their poster as a sort of miniature article, which almost automatically
leads to a lot of text. There is no standard structure for a poster. 
• Poor figures. Some figures may be real puzzles, with incomprehensible legends, secret
codes, small lettering, and cryptical captions, etc. Note that many spreadsheet and data
programs do not produce "reader friendly" graphics (see Figures 1 and 2).

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

• Information overload. Many presenters overload their posters with too many data, and
greatly overestimate the time that the average visitor is willing to spend on the poster.
• No presenter present. This is obviously a missed chance for valuable discussions. Another
frequent mistake is that presenters take a passive attitude and make no effort to initiate
discussions
F. Exercise
The following poster is for no. 31 and 32

1. Based on the above poster, people must ... their speed on the street.

a.    diminish                                                 

b.    improve                                                                 

c.    increase

d.    enhance

e.    boost

2. The poster warns ... not to speed up their vehicles on the street.

a.    pedestrians                                                            

b.    passengers             

c.     employers

d.    spectators

e.     drivers

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

XIV. Application Letter
A. Definition
Application letter is a letter that you write to a company when you are applying for a job:
It is better to write an individually tailored application letter for each job.
B. The Purpose
The purpose of an application letter is to say your intent to apply for a certain job or college.
Through the application letter, you can state your credentials and what makes you qualified.
You can also say if you are truly interested in applying and why.
C. Generic Structure
Addressing job application letters:
The style you choose is not important, there are many different styles of job applications
and professional letters, this comes down to personal preference.  However somewhere on
the top, whether it is on the right or left hand sides, there should be your address and the
date.  Following this, on the left hand side you should address it.  Ensure you include the
name of the person, their title, company name, address and any position reference
number.  This is probably obvious, but ensure that you spell their name correctly, nothing
worse than receiving a letter incorrectly addressed or misspelled.  It gives a poor first
impression.
The Introductory Paragraph:
The first paragraph should simply state why you are writing to them.  If it is an advertised
position, mention the position title and where it was advertised.  If you are "cold calling" a
company then you should specify that you are applying for any current or future
employment opportunities.
An easy way to start this paragraph is with the following statement:  " Please find enclosed
my CV, which I am forwarding to you as an application for the position of......."
The main body of job application letters:
The main body of the letter should be two to three paragraphs at the most.  Here is where
you tell them what you have to offer and why they should read your CV.  This is a good time
to read the job advertisement again.  In one paragraph (two at the most) you need to
summarise your experience and skills, at the same time, you need to respond to the position
requirements as per the advertisement.
Analyse your career and summarise it in a few sentences, highlight what you specialise in, or
how many years in the industry you might have, or even the level that you have reached. 
This paragraph should direct the reader to your CV and should sell you on some unique
points that you might have.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

A good way to start this paragraph is with a statement like this: "You will see from my
enclosed CV...."  then go ahead and tell them something about your career which will
immediately get their interest. 
The next part of the body of the letter should be a brief description of your personal skills. 
Again read the advertisement and respond to their needs.  If they are asking for someone
with good co-ordination skills, then ensure you mention something to that effect.  If it is
communication or perhaps leadership skills they value, then tell them that you have these. 
Use adjectives like "demonstrated ability", "well developed", "strong".
Job Application Letters Closing Paragraph:
The closing paragraph should ask for some action from the recipient.  This is where you ask
for an interview.  It should also state where and how they can reach you, and it should thank
the recipient for giving you the opportunity to apply.  You can include things like "should
you require further information....." .
Finish the letter by adding a closing remark, either "yours sincerely", "yours faithfully' or
whatever you feel comfortable with and obeying general letter writing etiquette.  Leave a
few spaces for your signature and then place your full name.
Before you mail the application letter, read it over again, making sure that it is perfect. 
Special attention should be placed to ensure the letter:
·         It is not too long.
·         There are no grammar or spelling errors.
·         That you have answered the job requirements.
·         The application letter flows and is easy to read.

D. Example
January 6, 2009

Mr. XXXXX
Human Resources Department
PT.blablabla

Dear Sir/Madam

Having heard that there is an excited vacancy for Sales Manager, I am interested to join at
your established organization and a copy of my curriculum vitae is enclosed.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

I am currently working as a Sales Executive and completely have previous background at
Sales Department in one of Asia chain resort.  With impeccable standards of hotel and villa
experience, have an excellent eye for detail and the ability to bring out the best in your
team.

Though it would be my third experience in the hospitality industry, the kind of work in which
your consulate is engaged particularly interests me and I would welcome the opportunity to
join your excellent company.

I shall be pleased to provide any further information you may need and hope I may be given
the opportunity of an interview.

Yours sincerely,

Your Name

E. Language Features
The language used by a highly skilled professional will be different to the language used by
a person with a much lower level of skill. If a professional's salary is over, $75,000, for
example, the language of the letter should reflect a high level of writing (If required in the
job, we are not talking about high paying manual or semi skilled work or even some trades). 
It should create an image of the applicant that  fits the position and salary for that position.
As stated before, many job seekers on a lower skill level, make the mistake of copying
example letters shown by the thousands on the internet, or get a professional to write it.  It
can create an image that is actually detrimental to yourapplication. Employers may get the
impression that you are too ambitious for them, or that you may not fit in. Worse still, they
can spot a professional letter at a glance and will make an assumption based on experience,
that you didn't write it. You will lose credibility.
F. Exercise

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

XV. Formal / Informal Invitation Card
A. Definition
Invitation is a text containing an invitation to an event for someone to come to a party,
wedding, etc.
B. The Purpose
The main purpose of an invitation letter is of inviting a guest to a party or an event.
Compared to a traditional invitation card, an invitation letter conveys more details about the
event.
C. Generic Structure
1. Title or type of event : including the purpose or type of event will be held
2. Orientation : inform about what will or who will come
3. Date and time : including when or where the event will be held
4. Closing : including hope of the writter to the reader to come to his/her event
D. Example

Source: https://prezi.com/hjyg-1lqjvc9/invitation-text/

E. Language Features
1. Use detailed date,time,and place to tell where and when the events begin
2. Using persuasive words to persuade people to attend the events
Some of the words is : please,come,join
3. if the recipients needs to be specified ,we can write his/her name
But if we have many recipients, we can use universal noun, likes : you,all of you,all +

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

subject.Ex : Specific recipient = To : Andy,Dear Tommy,etc
Non specific / universal recipient = Dear all students of SMAN 34
4. Using future tense.Ex : The party will be held in October 2014

F. Exercise
Virginia Parker is turning 80,

though it may seem absurd!

We’re having a party, but don’t breathe a word!

Please join us for

a Surprise Birthday Party

Sunday, June 20th

2.00 pm

Deering Bay Estates Club House

13600 Old Cutler Road

RSVP by June 10th

To Danielle Stevens

873-0921

1.  What kind of party is it?

a.       Wedding Party                         
b.        Birthday Party

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 c.       Wedding anniversary            
d.        New Year’s Eve Party
2.  When will the party be held?
a.       On the twenty seventh of June
b.       On the sixteenth of June
c.       On the twentieth of June      
d. On the tenth of June
3.Where will the party be held?
a.       At Deering Bay Estates Club House
b.       On Deering Bay Street
c.       At Danielle Stevens’ house  
d.        At Virginia house

4. Where will the party be held?

a. at Olivia's house
b. at Sam's house
c. at Marcia and John Smith's house
d. at the park

5. What does "Farewell" mean?

a. say good bye
b. say god night
c. say good luck
d. say good morning

XVI. Caption
A. Definition
A caption, also known as a cutline, is text that appears below an image. Most captions draw
attention to something in the image that is not obvious, such as its relevance to the text.
Captions can consist of a few words of description, or several sentences.
B. The Purpose
The purpose of caption are to identify the subject of the picture. Make sure your caption
does that, without leaving readers to wonder what the subject of the picture might be. Be
as unambiguous as practical in identifying the subject. 

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

C. Generic Structure

 For photographs:

 Where was it taken?

 When was it taken?

 Who took it? (Generally, this is only included in the caption if the
photographer is notable)

 Why was it taken?

 For works of art (see WikiProject Visual arts Art Manual of Style for fuller details):

 Who is the artist?

 What is the title or subject?

 When was the piece completed?

 See proper right for ways of unambiguously describing right and left in

images.

 Usually less significant are:

 What is the medium (oil on canvas/marble/mixed media ...)?

 Where is it located?

 What are its dimensions?

D. Example

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Syria conflict: Troops battle rebels for key
southern town. Activists say Russian aircraft
have been bombing the town of Sheikh
Miskeen for days. Government forces are battling
rebels for control of a strategically important town
in southern Syria.

E. Language Features

 While a short caption is often appropriate, if it might be seen as trivial ("People

playing Monopoly"), consider extending it so that it adds value to the image and is
related more logically to the surrounding text ("A product of the Great Depression,
Monopoly continues to be played today.").

 Sometimes the title-and-subtitle style with a colon works: "Neoclassicism: antiquity

recreated in an 18th-century mode".

 It is usually unnecessary to state what kind of image is being shown. In the case of a
map of the world which clearly shows countries that are members of NATO you can
just use the caption "NATO members", rather than "Map of NATO members".

 An artist's rendition of a subject of history should be identified as such to avoid

confusing details of actual events or portrait likenesses with artistic renditions of
them, which are not always accurate.

 Wikipedia has its technical means of getting readers to the full-size version of the
image; therefore amending the caption with a direct link to the image (for example,
"click for larger view") is not appropriate.
F. Exercise
Watch the video that separated from this paper for answer the question! ( Video : 1.3
Caption)
1. What’s the headline of the news? d. Calais, France
a. several people killed in paris shooting e. Evreux, France
b. paris bomb suicide
3. The bomb exploded in the stadium
c. 11 people killed in cars accident
called…
d. people got shot by the sheriff
a. Stade de France
e. kitten trapped on Eiffel tower
b. Old Traford
2. Where is the shootout happen? c. Le Mans
a. Strasbourg, France d. François Coty
b. Le Mans, France e. Marcel Picot
c. Paris, France

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

4. Who is speaking on the phone? 5. Who’s suspected to be the suicide
a. Donald Malard bomb excecutioner?
b. Christian Miller a. Jewish fundamentalist
c. Woddy Allen b. Christians fundamentalist
d. Christian Mallard c. Muslim fundamentalist
e. Woddy Malard d. Buddhist fundamentalist
e. Al-Ryazs fundamentalist

Chapter 2

DIAL-
OGU

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

CONTAINS :
 Giving Advice
 Asking Information
 Statisfaction and dissatisfaction
 Agree and disagree
 Offering and asking for help
 Surprising
 Giving sympathy
 Like and dislike
 Asking, giving and refusing permission
 Apologizing
 Ability and inability
 Giving opinion
 Inviting
 Wish and hopes
 Expressing necessity

I. Giving Advice
Conversations giving advice or giving suggestion is a pattern sentence in the English
language that is used to provide advice or suggestion to someone . Form sentences like this
are often found in our everyday conversations . However , in the English language there own
rules when we want to communicate the suggestions or advice to others . Therefore , on
this occasion we will discuss examples of conversations giving advice or giving suggestion in
English.For provide advice / counsel in the English language , we can use the pattern used as
follows:
You had better….. (kamu lebih baik…..)
You Should….. (kamu harus….)
I advise you to….. (saya menyarankan kamu untuk…..)
You should not….. (kamu seharusnya tidak…..)
My advice is….. (saran saya adalah…..)
….ought to….. (…….seharusnya……)
I’d suggest….. (saya menyarankan…..)
Examples :
You had better be here on time.
(kamu sebaiknya datang kesini tepat waktu)
You should study hard.
(kamu harus belajar dengan giat)
I advise you to take an English course.
(saya menyarankan kamu untuk mengambil kursus bahasa inggris)

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 You should not come late to school.
(kamu seharusnya tidak dating terlambat ke sekolah)
My advice is you visit her as soon as possible.
(saran saya adalah agar kamu mengunjunginya segera)
Children ought to obey their parents.
(anak-anak seharusnya mematuhi orangtuanya)
I’d suggest you don’t leave your son alone.
(saya menyarankan agar kamu tidak meninggalkan anakmu sendirian)
Language notes

 In formal conversation, giving advice is often suggested through modals: ought to /

should / could / If I were you. In informal conversations, people tend to use words
such as I think that / I feel that / in my opinion.

 Listen for the emphasis on I know so and Trust me. These common phrases can be
used to convey both positive and negative emotions. “I know so” conveys a deep
belief or certainty. “To know” shows more certainty than “to think.”

 Notice the use of command forms: Take the job. / Trust me. / Go for it! The
command form can be used to gently persuade someone.
Dialogue Example
Conversation 1
Tami : Hi Clàudia, You look worried. What's the matter?
Aufa  : Er.. it's nothing.  
Tami : Is it the exam tomorrow? You shouldn't worry. You'll pass easily.  
Aufa  : I know. 
Tami : Come on, tell me. What are you worried about?  
Aufa  : OK... it's Mark. I think he has started smoking. I was talking to him yesterday
about this topic and he toldd me that he isn't smoking.  
Tami : That's serious. What are you going to do?  
Aufa: I'm not sure. I should tell someone. What do you think I should do?  
Tami : If I were you, I'd speak to his older sister. She's really friendly.  
Aufa  : I've never met her. Can you come with me?  
Tami : Yes, of course. Let's go and find her.
Conversation 2
Bonita : I have a serious problem today. I have just lost my wallet.
Cicilia : Don't be so sad my friend, let us search it around the park.
Bonita : I have looked for it for hours but I do not find it, do you have some ideas?
Cicilia : You had better tell the securities to announce it to other students.
Bonita : Yeah, that sounds good. I do hope it helps.
Bonita : Let’s go.. !    

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Exercise
1. A     : You look unhealthy, Boy.
B     : Yes, I get a headache and a stomachache.
A     : You should go to a doctor. Come on, I will accompany you.
B     : Ok.
The underlined words show ....
a. agreement.
b. disagreement.
c. advice.
d. necessity.
e. plan.

2. You should ............... to past the test.

a. Study hard
b. Studying
c. Studying hard
d. Studied

3. Andi : I have a bad headache.

Budi : You’d better ......................

a. Taking an aspirin
b. An aspirin
c. Take an aspirin
d. To take an aspirin

4. Amir : I am not good at English.

Budi : ..........................

a. I should practise English every day.

b. Why don’t you take an English course and practise every day ?
c. Do you like English ?
d. I must take an English course.

5. Mary failed again in the test. She ....................... harder.

a. Had better study

b. Need to study
c. Better study
d. Study

6. I miss my grandparents. What ........................ I do now ?

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

a. Better
b. Had better
c. Should
d. Did
Source : http://www.iqbalpajatapuih.com/2015/03/asking-and-giving-advice-beserta-contoh.html

II. Asking Information

Sometimes we need some help to someone asking for information we do not know . In
asking an information there are several types of questions include , how to ask for
information about the object , place information inquire , ask for guidance / direction ,
asking the time . In asking for or giving information , things that need to be considered
include the pronunciation should be clear (speak Cleary) , use language that can be
understood (use language that everyone understands) , the information must be specific
(move from the general to the specific) . The material discussed this time how we ask for
and provide information using English .
Examples :
Asking for Information
1. Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the bus station?
2. Can you show me on the map?
3. Excuse me, do yo know where the police station is?
4. How far is it to the beach form here?
5. How are you today?
6. Where is Johan? 
7. What is in the box?
8. Who is this?
9. What's your name?
10. Where do you live?
11. What time is it?
Language Notes
A. Using Modal verb in the requested information
Present : Can , Will, Shall , Must , May

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 Past : Could , Would , Should , Had to , Might

B. Using Wh - word in asking for information

What , Where , When , How

Dialogue Example
At the Office
Officer: Good morning, Mr. Shawn.
Clerk: Good morning, Sir.
Officer: Can you tell me where the purchase records are kept?
Clerk: They are with the Superintendent, Sir.
Officer: Oh, I see. Do you know what action has been taken on the proposal to buy
            computers?
Clerk: The order getting typed, Sir.

At the Enquiry Counters In a Railway Station

Mr. Edward: Excuse me. Could you tell me what time "Black Hawk Express" arrives?
Officer: The scheduled time is 10.30 AM. But I’m afraid it’s late by one hour today.
Mr. Edward: So the train will arrive at 11.30 AM in the afternoon?
Officer: Yes. But please check around 10 AM.
Mr. Edward: OK, I’ll do that. I also wanted to know the second class fare from here to
                    New Orleans.
Officer: Just a minute, please. Yes, it is 30 dollars, Sir.
Mr. Edward: Thank you.
Officer: You’re welcome.

Between Friends
Luna: Hi, Tina, How are you doing?
Tina: Hi! I’m doing well. How about you?

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 Luna: I’m fine too.
Tina: What are you doing this evening? How about a movie?
Luna: Which one?
Tina: "The Transformers" is showing at Royal XXI.
Luna: Fine. Let’s go. Any idea what time the movie begins?
Tina: I think it’s at 7 PM. Shall we meet there at six?
Luna: Okay, see you at six.
Tina: See you.
Source : http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/asking-for-information-in-english-
conversation.html

Exercise
1. A: Excuse me, Could you tell me what time is it?
B: Hmm.. it’s 9 o’clock
The underlined word show
a. asking information
b. giving information
c. asking for help
d. giving help
2. A: Can you tell me what his name ?
B: His name is Edward
Underlined word show…
a. Expressing Surprise
b. Asking Opinion
c. Asking information
d. Asking Advice
3. X : We’ll have a long holiday next month. What are you going to do?
Y : ....

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 X : I hope you have a nice trip
a. I am thinking of going to Bali Sorry
b. Sorry, I can’t tell you
c. It’s not your business
d. I have nothing to do
e. I don’t know what to do
4. A : Excuse me. ……… where Mr. Ali's house is?
B : Oh I see. It is next to the market
a. Do I know?
b. Does she know?
c. Don’t you know?
d. Don’t tell me
e. Do you know?
5. A : What's the matter with you?
B : I've got stomachache
A : You should go to the sickbay
B : You are right, but where? …………………..?
A : Sure. It's next to the principal's office
B : Thanks
a. Can you shut up?
b. Can you tell me where it is?
c. Can I go there?
d. Can you buy it for me>
e. Can I ask you?

III. Satisfaction and dissatisfaction

SATISFACTION
Expressing satisfaction is an expression  for a feeling of happiness or pleasure   because you
have achieved something or   got what you wanted. Example:
•Super!
•Great!
•Terrific!
•Fantastic!
•Smashing!
•Perfect
Examples :

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

-It is with great pleasure that…!
-It gives me great satisfaction..
-I’m very pleased with it
-A most delightful example of..
-What a beautiful story!
-Great, love it.
-I’m content with.
Language Notes
1. … to be + very pleased with …
2. … to be + content with …
3. … to be + satisfied with …
4. … to be + very delighted …

Dialogue Example
•Robert  : How do you feel about this food?
•Terry     : Wow….. I am very satisfied. It’s very       delicious. Great!
•Robert   : Yes, I think so. Would you have anymore?
•Terry     : Yes, of course.
•Robert   : I will take some for my younger sister. She’ll be very happy.
•Terry     : Yeah and I will take for my mom at home.
•Robert   :  OK. Let’s go home. I never feel satisfied  before.
•Terry     : So am I.

DISSATISFACTION
Dissatisfaction expression is a feeling    we express when we do not get as   enough as we
hope and feel disappointed   with some conditions, we must be dissatisfied. Example :
•Horrible!
•Very sad!
•Annoying!
•Disappointing!

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

•Frustrating!
•How bad!
Examples :
-It is disappointing that.!
-It is unacceptable
-This is the limit I won’t take any more of…
-Well, this is most unsatisfactory.
-The concert is so boring.
-What an awful meeting
-It’s not as good as I thought.

Language Notes
1. … to be + displeased with …
2. … to be + discontented with …
3. … to be + dissatisfied with …
4. … to be + disappointed with …
5. … To be + not satisfied with…
Dialogue Example
•Paul       : Have you read today’s newspaper?
•James   : Not yet. Is it interesting?
•Paul      : Yes, the apology from the company. Take a look. The paper is over there.
•James   : (Picking up the newspaper and starting to  read it) Is that all?
•Paul      : Yes.
•James   : This is not enough. I’m not satisfied yet. The size of the ads should have been half 
of the page. Besides, the company only apologized but they didn’t mention what they would
do.
Source : https://raisyapalis.wordpress.com/2012/10/26/expressing-satisfaction-dissatisfaction-4/

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Exercise
1. Ina : What do you think of your new red dress?
Eta : .... It goes with my shoes.
Ina : I think so. You look beautiful on it.
Eta : Thank you.
a. I am very satisfied with it
b. I don’t think so
c. Sorry to hear that
d. I don’t like it
e. It’s too difficult to do

2. A : I’m not happy about it.

B : Please give me a second chance, Sir.
The underlined words express…
a. asking opinion
b. giving opinion
c. hope
d. dissatisfaction
e. satisfaction
3. Hendra      : How do you like this story, Joko?
    Joko           : I’m completely satisfied with everything.
    Hendra       : Are you happy with the end of the story?
    Joko           : I’m happy enough with it.
    From the dialogue above, we know that Joko is ….
a. agree 
b. disagree
c. satisfied
d. dissatisfied
e. pleased

4. Gina           : Are you not satisfied with this story, Tom?

    Tom            : I’m a bit disappointed with the story.
    Gina            : What’s the matter?
    Tom            : The story was lousy.
    The underlined sentence is expressing ….
a. agreement 
b. displeasure

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

c. dissatisfaction
d. suggestion
e. satisfaction

5. Arif     : Was the story I wrote not to your satisfaction?

    Budi    : Yes, it was.
    Arif      : What are you complaining about?
    Budi    : I’m  bit disappointed with the main characters.
    From the dialogue, we know that Budi is …
a. asking about satisfaction
b. expressing satisfaction
c. asking about dissatisfaction
d. expressing dissatisfaction
e. responding to dissatisfaction

IV. Agree and Disagree

Expressing agreement and disagreement is closely related to discussion text as it
explores an issue from different points of view. Here is the following Example of very short
sentences consisting agreement and disagreement
Agreeing Disagreeing

 Yes, I agree with John.  I’m sorry, but I can’t agree with John.

 Yes, I think that’s a good point.  I think you may have missed the point
there…
 I’ll go along with that.
 I disagree…
 I agree…
 I am not with you…
 I am with you…
 I can’t be along with you …
 I think so…
 I wouldn’t say that…
 It certainly is…
 I don’t think so….
 That is what I was thinking.

 I am of the same opinion

Source : https://nurinuryani.wordpress.com/expressions/expressions-ii-senior-high-school-grade-xi/agreement-
disagreement/

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Language Notes
Agreements with affirmative statements are made with Yes / Of course + pronoun +
auxiliary.
‘It is a nice film.’ ‘Yes. It is.’
‘She is a good girl.’ ‘Of course, she is.’
‘He can speak English well.’ ‘Yes. He can.’
‘She looks upset.’ ‘Yes, she does.’
Agreements with negative statements are made with No + pronoun + auxiliary + n’t/not.
‘The apples aren’t ripe.’ ‘No, they aren’t.’
‘She hasn’t come.’ ‘No, she hasn’t.’
‘He can’t help stealing.’ ‘No, he can’t.’
Disagreements with affirmative statements are made with No + pronoun + auxiliary +
n’t/not.  But is often used in disagreement with a question or an assumption.
‘He is drunk.’ ‘No, he isn’t.’
‘You are joking.’ ‘No, I’m not.’
‘Why did you beat him?’ ‘But, I didn’t.’
Disagreements with negative statements are made with Yes / but + pronoun + auxiliary.
‘You can’t do it.’ ‘Yes, I can.’
‘He won’t come.’ ‘But he will.’
‘She didn’t break the glass.’ ‘But she did.’

Dialogue Example
Conversation 1
A: Jenny, I know you like George a lot, but what exactly do you like about him?
B: Well, Mary, I don’t know. But there’s just something special about him. Don’t you
think so?
 A: Really? I don’t think so. What’s that “something”?
 B: Well, he’s gentle, patient, successful, and mature. I think he’s my Mr. Right!
 A: Mature is a good word, but don’t you think he’s a little old for you? He’s almost twice as
old as you are!
 B: Well, age shouldn’t be something that comes in the way of a person’s marriage. As long
as we love each other age is not an issue.
 A: But what will other people think?
 B: I don’t care what others think about us. I just know I love him and he loves me...and
that’s all that matters.
A: I agree with you a hundred percent on that!

Source: http://marcela-florentina-alfaro.webnode.es/activities-about-expression-of-agrement-and-
disagrement-/
Conversation 2

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Mr. Zoe   : What do you think of my new house?
Shane     : It is beautiful. I think. Oh you have many novels in your new house.
Mr. Zoe   : Yeah, some. I like Andrea Hirata’s novels.
Shane     : How do you feel about Andrea Hirata’s novels ?
Mr. Zoe   : I feel they are great novels.
Shane     :  Yes, you are right. I think it is going to rain.
Mr. Zoe   : I don’t think so. Look outside at the sky! It’s so clear. No clouds there.
Shane     : But I watched the weather forecast yesterday. It said that today is going to rain.
OK Mr. Zoe see you.

Exercise
Watch the video that separated from this paper for answer the question! ( Video : 2.1
Agree and Disagree)
There’s John and Ivvy planning for Saturday night.
1. How’s Ivvy reaction when john suggesting to go to the cinema?
a. She thinks it’s a terrible idea
b. She rather to do other activities
c. She’s not like it
d. She thinks it’s a good idea
e. She thinks it’s ridiculous
2. What does Ivvy say when John suggest to watch James Bond’s Movie?
a. “I think it’s not worth it”
b. “I’m afraid I cant agree with you”
c. “I’m so agree with you”
d. “I don’t think so”
e. “I can’t go with you then”
3. “I’m not so sure, I think that you exaggerating” express that John…….with Ivvy
a. agree
b. don’t like
c. doesn’t agree
d. is going
e. is in love
4. What does John say when Ivvy sugest to watch comedy movie?
a. “That’s exactly what I was thinking”
b. “That’s not what I like”
c. “That’s why you should go by yourself”
d. “That’s a bad kind of movie”
e. “That’s why I don’t like you”
5. Why John doesn’t like Mary’s sister?
a. because she’s ugly

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

b. because she’s not like john neither
c. because she’s married
d. because she’s a bad girl
b. because she’s complaining about everything.

V. Offering and Asking for Help

Everyone needs help from time to time and most people are willing to give it in a time of
need. Most of the time of course the help needed is for something minor. But sometimes
the help may be a matter of life or death. The expressions below are generally used for
small problems that reuire  minor assistance. For any thing really, really major- the need for
help is usually readily apparent and would not require someone to ask- such as in a fire or a
serious car accident. Look at these expressions that can be used for asking for minor
assistance.

Examples :
Expression                                                 Response
To offer help
Would you like some help?                        Yes, that would be great.
Can I give you a hand?                               Thanks, much obliged
Do you need a hand?                                  No thanks, I’ve got it.
May I offer my assistance?                        That would be so kind, thank you.
To ask for help
Could you give me a hand?                       Certainly.
Would you mind helping me out?              Not at all.
Could you help me please?                       My pleasure

Language Notes
Ten Expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing
1. Can you give me a hand with this?
2. Could you help me for a second?
3. Can I ask a favour?
4. I wonder if you could help me with this?
5. I could do with some help, please.
6. I can't manage. Can you help?
7. Give me a hand with this, will you?

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 8. Lend me a hand with this, will you?
9. Could you spare a moment?
10. I need some help, please.
How To Use These Phrases In Your English
1. Phrase 1 is quite a direct question to use with friends and people who you know
quite well.
2. Phrase 2 is more polite. We include the words 'for a second' to show that we don't
need a lot of help and that it will not be difficult.
3. Phrase 3 is a general way of introducing a request for help.
4. Phrase 4 is polite and can be used with people you don't know very well, or with
your boss.
5. Phrase 5 is quite direct, and the focus is that you really need help. It's quite strong.
6. Phrase 6 shows you have a big problem. You are desperate for help. you often hear
this phrase when somebody has too much work to do.
7. Phrases 7 and 8 are similar and are direct requests for help. 'Lend a hand' is a little
more polite and old-fashioned than 'give me a hand.'
8. We use phrase 9 to show that we respect that the other person is really quite busy
and to say that they will only need to help you for a short time.
9. Phrase 10 is a direct question and the asker does not expect the listener to say no.
This is often used by people in authority e.g. bosses.

Dialogue Example
Offering for help
Lita : Hey guys! What are you going to do?
Seno : I will going to water my flower! Nevertheless, I must take my mother to see the
doctor. She got headache.
Lita : Let me help you to water your flower. I will glad if I can help you.
Seno : Okay. You can take the water over there.
Lita : Seno, may I help you to take the key for you?
Seno : Sure. My key is on the table.

Asking for help

Sahid: Hi, Mahendra. Are you in your house?
Mahendra: Yes, I am. What’s going on?
Sahid: I have a little problem.
Mahendra: What is that?
Sahid: I have to do my Mathematics homework. But, my book left in the school. So, it makes
me cannot see the questions that I have to answer.
Mahendra: Ya. So what I have to do?
Sahid: May I borrow your book?
Mahendra: Sure.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Sahid: I will take the book right now. Can I go to your home now?
Mahendra: Of course you can.
Sahid: Thank you Mahendra.
Mahendra: You’re welcome Sahid.

Exercise
1. X : Excuse me, sir. May I close the door? It’s windy outside.
Y : Oh,sure.
In the dialogue, X is asking for ....
a. help
b. opinion
c. permission
d. agreement
e. information

2. Muhammad Danial: Can I help you carry the bag to your room?
Hasnawati              : No, thank you. I can do it myself.

The underlined words show ...

a. asking to do something.
b. apologizing for a mistake.
c. agreeing with someone's opinion.
d. offering to do something.
e. disagreeing with someone's opinion.

3. Nadi : Can you help me typing my English Task ?

Rudy : Sorry, I am not able to type it using computer.
From the dialogue above we can conclude that ……..
A. Nadi will help Rudi
B. Rudi has ability to type using computer
C. Rudi is very disappointed
D. Rudy does not have capability of typing using computer
E. Nadi is pleasure to ask Rudy

4. Your teacher is going to move to a new flat. You want to help him and offer him help.
You : Would you like me to help you move into your new flat, Sir?
Teacher : …. You are very kind. It seems nobody cares for me.
a. That’s very kind of you but I can manage it, thanks.
b. No, that’s no need. but thank you.
c. No, that’s alright, thank you.
d. Oh, really? Thanks a lot.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

e. What? I think you don’t need to do that!

5. Person 1: May I get you some to drink?

Person 2: Yes, I’d love to get some tea.
The bold sentence expressing that person2 …
a. accepting a help
b. likes the offering
c. likes the person 1
d. likes tea
e. aceepting the the

VI. Surprising
Dialogue or conversation expressing this surprising indeed often happens in our daily
life. things that we thought would not happen can be expressed with words or
sentences.

Examples :
Really?…
Wow…it is so amazing
What a surprise!…
It is so wonderful…
How cool…
Etc.
Dialogue Example
Dialogue 1
Ana: "Hi, What are you talking?
Bobby: "Oh you Ana.. We are talking about You..You the winner of Sains Olympiad. "

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Ana: "wow. What a surprise..."
Bobby: "Yeah you are the winner.. Good Job friend..."
Ana: "Oh booby. Thank you.."
Bobby: "It's Ok.."
Dialogue 2
Rara: "Hi guys..."
Ina: "Hi Ra... What happen?"
Rara: "Ina... Jesse come back from Bandung.."
Ina: "Are you sure, Ra..? I don't believe that your information.."
Rara: "Ina that's real. Jesse come back. This afternoon he's back.."
Ina: "Oh Ra, Thank's for your information.. I must make a party tonight.."
Exercise
1. Sinta  : Do you still remember Ridwan, our friend in SMA? He is a physics teacher now.
Bagus: It's really unbelievable! He didn't like physics when he was in SMA, did he?
How does the man feel?
A. He feels tired                                        D. He feels satisfied
B. He feels happy                                     E. He feels jealous
C. He feels surprised
2. A: Miss Ika didn’t teach us this morning.
B: _____________. She is never absent before.
What is the appropriate response?
A.    I’m afraid to see it.
B.    I’m happy to hear that.
C.    What a surprise.
D.    I feel fed up with it
E.    It makes me ashamed.
3. Supeksa : Mrs. Devi's getting married for the fifth time!
Tia : ...............
To show her surprise, Tia says.......
a. Thank you
b. I'm glad to hear that.
c. Poor her
d. You must be joking
e. Don't say like that !

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 4.    Tika         : I can’t believe it! My mom just won 10 million rupiah! Oh, my God!
Gery       : that’s a great, huh!
Tika         : It is!
The underlined sentences shows . . . .
a.       Regret                                                           d.      surprise
b.      Inability                                                         e.      pride
c.       Apology
5.   A: Could you tell me how big a blue whale is?
B: Well, let me tell you. The blue whale is the largest animal ever known. It exceeds
elephants and dinosaurs in size. A blue whale can weigh up to 115 tons.
B: ….
Complete the dialog above with the correct expression of surprise!
a.       Could it be mammals                                                  d. Wow, that’s an amazing fact
b.      It looks like blue whale                                               e. I don’t think so.
c.       I’m sorry , I don’t know

VII. Giving Sympathy

Expression of sympathy is expressed or spoken expression when heard mourning , bad or
sad . The phrase is intended to give a sense of sympathy when someone else gets calamity .
Examples :
I am sorry to hear that. ( Saya sangat sedih mendengarnya.)
I know how is ur felling. ( Saya tahu bagaimana rasanya. )
Be patient, It would be Ok soon. ( Bersabarlah, itu akan segera membaik )
I sympathize about the situation that happened ( Saya bersimpati atas semua yang terjadi )
What an terrible situation for you ( Betapa situasi yang mengerikan untukmu )
I cannot tell you how sorry I am ( Saya tidak bisa mencritakan kamu betapa sedihnya aku)
Dialogue Example
Conversation 1
Amy : Why do you look so sad Novi ?
Novi : I lost my wallet.
Amy : I am sorry to hear that.  How can you lost your wallet. When did it happen?

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Novi : I don’t know exactly, But I think when I went to the market.
Amy : You should contact the police and make a announcement about losing wallet
Novi : Oke Amy, Thank you so much for your support. I will try it.
Conversation 2
Gesta : I heard that you have cancelled your flight to go abroad.
Heidy : Yes. My mother didn’t allow me to go.
Gesta : What a terrible situation.
Heidy : Thank you. I think I’ll focus on some business here.
Gesta : The fact that your mother didn’t allow you to go is unpredictable.
Heidy : Yes. She is the one who always supports me. I have to cancel my business in German.
Gesta : Maybe, she worries about you.
Heidy : Maybe. I don’t know.
Exercise
1. Miranti: I heard your grandmother is ill now
Deasy : yes, she is. She has been in the hospital for almost ..
Miranti:…..
Deasy : thank you. She is getting better now.
What is the complete sentenece in the text …
a. It’s terrible
b. Im sorry to heat that
c. She is fine
d. Are you okay
e. Is the hospital far..

2. Alex : good afternoon. Mr. Herawan

Mr. Herawan : Alex ! Thank you for coming
Alex : Iam very sorry to hear about your daughter. It must be very hard for you.
What is the mean sentences with underlined
a. Advice
b. Surprise
c. Sympathy
d. Invitation
e. Agreement

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 3. Vita : Hi, Dewi, oh Gosh! What happens to your finger?
Dewi : Hi, Vita, well I have just cut my finger.
Vita : How did it happen?
Dewi : I peeled an apple and knife ,you know!
Vita : I see. Dewi look! It keeps bleeding……………………….
a. I am happy to hear that d. I am glad to hear that
b. I know how you feel e. Don’t do that
c. I don’t care about it
4. Jane : Hi Tia ,I saw you with Mira yesterday at the police office.
What happened ?
Tia : Really ? I accompanied Mira to report the police.
Mira lost her purse when I was in the market
Jane : ………………………………..
a. How happy you are d. I don’t know about it
b. I know you have a lot of money e. Don’t do that
c. What a terrible situation for you
5. Budi : Why was shifa absent yesterday
Dina : Her father passed away
Budi : ………..Why didn’t you tell me before ?
Dina : I have just heard about it

a. How happy you are

b. I am deeply sorry to hear that
c. It doesn’t make me sad
d. Oh, congratulation
e. You are wrong
Source : http://brainly.co.id/tugas/1745231

VIII. Like and Dislike

To talk about your likes and dislikes, you can use these expressions.
Examples :
Expressing likes:  I enjoy…
 I like…  I’m keen on…
 I love...

 I adore… Expressing dislikes:

 I ‘m crazy about…  I don’t like…

 I’m mad about…  I dislike...

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

  I hate…  I can’t stand…

 I abhor…  I detest...

 I can’t bear...  I loathe...

Language Notes
1. When these expressions are followed by a verb, the latter is put in the -ing form.
Examples:
"I like listening to music."
"I hate wearing sunglasses."

I like VERB+ING
I detest
I don't mind
2. Note that" very much" & " a lot" always come after the things you like.

Examples:
 "I like basketball very much/a lot. NOT" I like very much/a lot basketball."
3. Be careful when you use "I don't mind..."
Examples:
"Do you mind playing football?"
"No, I don't mind."(Although it's in a negative form, it means that it's ok for me. I neither
love it nor hate it.)

Dialogue Example
Steve : Hello, darling. Do you fancy watching a film tonight?
Girlfriend : Oh, no thanks, I don't really feel like watching a film tonight. How about
going out instead.
Steve : OK. Do you feel like going to the theater?
Girlfriend : Oh, no. I hate it. Do you like eating at the new Chinese restaurant?
Steve : I don't mind. The Chinese cuisine is alright.
Girlfriend : Well I really love it. Let's go.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Exercise
Julia     : Hi Nancy. How are you?
Nancy  : Fine, thanks. How was your Sunday morning?
Julia     : I spent my Sunday morning cooking with my husband.
Nancy   : So you like cooking together? That's great.
Julia      : What about your Sunday, then?
Nancy  : Well, I love my children very much so I spend Sundays with them.
Julia     : Oh great. I'm happy to hear that. I love my children  too. But
theyenjoy spending their Sundays at their grandparent's house.
Nancy   : My children hate travelling. They don't like going to their
grandparent's house because they have to spend 2 hours on the bus to get there.
Julia     : All right, Nancy. Nice to bump into you. See you.
Nancy  : Nice to see you too. See you later.

Answer the questions based on the dialogue above.

1. What did Julia do on Sunday morning?

a. She spent her Sunday cooking with her husband.
b. She spent her Sunday morning at home.
c. She spent her Sunday morning visiting her mother.
d. She spent her Sunday morning with her children.
2. how does Nancy spend her Sunday mornings?
a. She cooks special food.
b. She spend s her Sunday mornings with her children.
c. She travels everywhere.
d. She goes to her mother's house.
3. The word 'them' in line 6 refers to?
a. Julia and her husband.
b. Julia and her children
c. Nancy and her children
d. Nancy's children
4. Why don't Nancy's children like to spend their Sunday at their grandparent's house?
a. The hate travelling.
b. They have to spend 2 hours on the bus to get there.
c. they enjoy spending their time at home.
d. they like cooking at home
5. Deasy : Donald, what do you want for lunch?
Donald : I want meatball. I really likemeatball.
Deasy : Okay, I’ll prepare it for you.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 The underline sentence shows …
a. Ability
b. Like
c. Pride
d. Surprise
e. Necessity

IX. Asking, Giving and Refusing Permission

When you ask for permission to use something that belongs to someone else you have to do your
best to be polite. It is desirable to use the word "please."

Examples :
Asking for Permission:

 Can I go out, please?

 May I open the window, please?
 Please, can I have a look at your photo album?
 Please, may I taste that hot spicy couscous dish?
 Do you mind if I smoke?
 Would you mind if I asked you something?
 Is it okay if I sit here?
 Would it be all right if I borrowed your mobile Phone?

Giving Permission:

 Yes, please do.

 Sure, go ahead.
 Sure.
 No problem.
 Please feel free.

Refusing to give permission:

 No, please don’t.

 I’m sorry, but that’s not possible.
 I'm afraid, but you can't.

Source : http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-permission.php

Dialogue Example
Liza, eight years old, is asking her mother for permission to use the computer...

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Liza: Please mum, can I use the computer?
Her mother: No, dear you can't. It's time to go to bed.
Liza: May I read a story before I sleep?
Her mother: Sure! But try to sleep early.
Liza: Thanks a lot mummy.

Exercise
1.   X    : Excuse me, Sir. May I close the door? It’s windy outside.
Y    : Oh, sure.
In the dialogue, X is asking for …
a.    Help
b.    Permission
c.    Agreement
d.    Information
2.    O    : May I come to your house this afternoon?
P    : … I’m going to grandma’s house this afternoon. Maybe next time?
O    : Ok. Maybe next time.
a.    Sure.
b.    I’m afraid you can’t.
c.    With my pleasure.
d.    Yes, please
3.    ….. borrow your dictionary?
a.    Shall
b.    Can
c.    May I
d.    Would
4.    Tono    : Oh, my stomach hurts. Can you get me “Diatabs”, please? It is on the table.
Tina     : …. Here it is.
Tono    : Thank you.
a.    Of course you are
b.    I doubt
c.    Never mind
d.    Certainly
5.    Can I …. Your car?
a.    Use
b.    Lending
c.    Borrowed
d.     Used

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

X. Apologizing
To apologize is to tell someone that you are sorry for having done something that has
caused him inconvenience or unhappiness.
Examples :
- I must apologize to Isabel for my late arrival.
- I'd like to apologize for my trouble making.
- Trains may be subject to delay on the northern line. We apologize for any inconvenience
caused.
- Here are some expressions you can use to make and respond to apologies

Making apologies:

 I do apologize for...
 I must apologize for...
 I apologize for...
 I'd like to apologize for...
 I am so sorry for...
 I shouldn't have...
 It's all my fault.
 I'm ashamed of...
 Please, forgive me for...
 Excuse me for ...
 I'm terribly sorry for...
 Pardon me for this...
 Please, forgive me for my....
 Please, accept my apologies for...

Accepting apologies:

 That's all right.

 Never mind.
 Don't apologize.
 It doesn't matter.
 Don't worry about it.
 Don't mention it.
 That's OK.
 I quite understand.
 You couldn't help it.
 Forget about it.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

  Don't worry about it.
 No harm done.

Source : http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-apologizing.php

Dialogue Example
Dewi: Hy Chika!
Chika: Hy!
Dewi: How are you? Long time no see.
Chika: I am fine. I was caught up with doing my script. I simply had my graduation function
yesterday.
Dewi: Really? Why didn’t you let me know?
Chika: Oh I am sad. I neglect to let you know.
Dewi: So I missed your graduation function?
Chika: It’s fine.
Dewi: No. It’s not fine. I am your companion. How would you be able to neglect to let me
know?
Chika: Forgive me please. I was in a surge, so I neglected to let you know.
Dewi: Okay. I can acknowledge your reason. However, next time, you have to let me know
anything.
Chika: Okay.

Exercise
1. Merry : Please accept my apology for what I did to you yesterday.
Henry : That’s okay, I understand.
In this dialog Merry expresses…
a. Neccesary
b. Surprise
c. Pride
d. Apology
e. Satisfaction

2. Jane : Ron, Where is my dictionary?

Ron : I’m sorry, I forgot to bring it.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 Ron’s answer shows …
a. Agreement
b. Disability
c. Suggestion
d. Apology
e. Surprise

3. Ms. Anna : I haven’t received your about

Europe this week. Have you
done your geography task?
Vita : I’m terribly sorry, Ms. Anna. I
promise I will give you my
report tomorrow morning.
Vita’s utterance expresses …
a. Condolences
b. Sympathy
c. Suggestion
d. Apology
e. Agreement

4. Michael : Ben, can you turn down the

radio? I have to concentrate for
my final English exam
tomorrow.
Benny : Oh, sorry, Mike. I didn’t know
you’re studying.
a. Advice d. Offer
b. Apology e. Command
c. Dislike
5. Gina : Please accept my apology, Dika. I
accidentally poured my coffee on
your paper.
Dika : That’s okay. I still have the backup
for my work.
Gina utterance expresses …
a. Suggestion d. Happiness
b. Condolences e. Surprise
c. Apology

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

XI. Ability and Inability
ABILITY

To express that someone has the power or skill to do something, can and be able are used.

Examples:

 I can't help you.I am busy.

 I'm unable to help you.
 When I was young I was able to earn my living pretty well; I could work hard. Now I
can't. I'm too old.
 I can stand on my head for five minutes.
 Can you speak Arabic?
 Yes, I can.

Language Notes

In the present:

Express ability in the present as follows:

 I can speak good English.

 I can't stand on my head.

In the past

Express ability in the past as follows

 I was unable to visit him.

 I couldn't eat at all when I was ill.

In the future

Express ability in the future as follows

 I will be able to buy a house when I get a good job.

 The teacher can assist you after class if you have any questions.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

  Can is always followed by an infinitive without "to."
Examples: 
I can ride my bike and I can drive a car, but I can't drive a lorry. 
 Can in the past is was able or could 
Examples:
When I was young I was able to earn my living pretty well. Now I can't; I'm too old.
I couldn't hear what he was saying.
 Can in the future is will be able.
Example: 
When I finish my studies, I will be able to find a job.

Source : http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-ability.php

INABILITY

Expressing inhability
-I Cannot….
-I Unable to….
-It’s in capable of……

Dialogue Example
Conversation 1
Andi: Hi, Ando! How are you today? 
Ando: oh, Hi Andi...! I'm fine, thanks. 
Andi: do you have any planning for tomorrow? 
Ando: no, I haven't, why? 
Andi: would you like to going with me to my uncle's house? 
Ando: of course, I would. 
Andi: but, can you drive a car? 
Ando: "don't worry, It's easy. I've took a course and got a driving license, but I am not able
to drive a big car." 
Andi: it doesn't matter, My car is a carry. So, you don't need to drive a big car 
Ando: yeah. So, when we will go? 
Andi: wait on your home, I will come there... 
Ando: OK!.
Conversation 2
James: Hi Steven! i need some help here
Steven: Hi James.. Help for what?
James: My bicycle has been damage, "I have some items to fix this bicycle but i can't fix this
stuff"Can you fix my bicycle Stave?
Steven: "Sure Why Not? Because my father always teaching me for repairng a bicycle"

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

James: Really? Wow that sounds awesome! Ok let's finish this job my best friend
Steven: Thanks for your compliment.Ok i will finish it
Exercise
1. Dewi : Can you move the table?
Dena : I’ve tried, but I couldn’t move even
an inch of it. It is just too heavy.
The underline sentence shows …
a. Surprise
b. Inability
c. Ability
d. Like
e. Advice

2. Ms. Dina : Who won the dance competition

last night?
Anjena : Resha did
Ms. Dina : Well, no wonder. She can dance
really well.
Anjena : I agree.
The underline sentence shows …
a. Offer
b. Inability
c. Ability
d. Agreement
e. Sympathy

3. A : Do you know how to go to the art museum?

B :.....

a. Yes. Do you know the art museum?

b. I just came back from the art museum
c. What do you want to do in the art museum?
d. Sure. How many times have you been there?
e. I’m sorry. I can’t tell you because I don’t know
4.

Announcement

Whoever thinks that he/she could act and sing should apply in the school’s
musical drama. The audition will be held in the school auditorium at 2 p.m

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 The announcement above mention that the audition is for those who have …
a. Abilities in acting and singing
b. Disability in surprising people
c. Charms to make people wonder
d. Pride to make the school proud
e. Great family to support
5. Reporter : Mr. Kusuma, you are now a famous clown. What made you choose this carrier
path at the
first time.
Kusuma : I can’t dance. I can’t sing, but, I can entertain people with my appearance. I
worked hard,
so here I am now.
Reporter : Great work, sir.
Mr. Kusuma’s statement above expresses …

a. Ability e. Apology
b. Offer
c. Dislike

d. Surprise XII. Giving Opinion

Opinion includes  the words of opinion and argument/ reasons. Opinion dialogue is a dialog
consists of two persons or more who have opinion each others. It can use the expressions,
such as in my opinion, in my view, I think etc. Argument dialogue is a dialog that states the
arguments or reasons. It can use the words such as first, second etc for arranging
arguments.

Examples :

Formal :
I personally believe …..
I personally consider ….
I personally think /feel ….
I hold the opinion ….
My own view of the matter is ……
Well, personally …….
If I had my view, I would …..
Informal :
I think I like it.
I don’t think I care for it.

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

 I think it’s good/nice/terrific……..
I think that awful/ not nice/ terrible…………
I don’t think much of it.
I think that……..
In my opinion, I would rather……….
In my case …..
What I’m more concerned with ….
What I have in my mind is………
The way I see is that…………
No everyone will agree with me, but ….
To my mind …..

From my point of view ….

English Assignment by Bonita R 80

Dialogue Example
Mr. Zoe  :  What do you think of my new house?
Shane     :  It is beautiful. I think. Oh you have many novels in your new house.
Mr. Zoe  :  Yeah, some. I like Andrea Hirata’s novels.
Shane     :  How do you feel about Andrea Hirata’s novels ?
Mr. Zoe  :  I feel they are great novels.
Shane     :  Yes, you are right. I think it is going to rain.
Mr. Zoe  : I don’t think so. Look outside at the sky! It’s so clear. No clouds there.
Shane     : But I watched the weather forecast yesterday. It said that today is going
to rain. OK Mr. Zoe see you.
Source : https://nurinuryani.wordpress.com/expressions/expressions-ii-senior-high-school-grade-xi/asking-
giving-opinion/

Exercise
Watch the video that separated from this paper for answer the question! ( Video : 2.2
Giving Opinion)
There are Scarlett, Anna, Jacques and Mark planning about Scarlett’s concert
1. What’s Mark’s first opinion to promote Scarlett’s new CD in France?
a. He thinks she should go to France first
b. He thinks the CD should be selling around the world
c. He thinks she should visit the major music stores
d. He thinks it’s not a good idea to promte the CD in France
e. He thinks she should to meet her fans
2. Do Scarlett and Anna agree with Mark’s first opinion?
a. Yes, they think it’s terrific
b. Yes, they think it’s sounds good
c. No, they don’t like it
d. No, they are pissed
e. They don’t know yet
3. Why does Jacques not agree with mark?
a. because he thinks Scarlett isn’t commercial in that way
b. because he thinks Scarlett isn’t good enough
c. because he doesn’t like Mark
d. because he giving his all
e. because he likes Scarlett
 4. Does Anna agree with Mark’s second opinion?
a. she loves it
b. she likes it
c. she doesn’t know yet
d. she confuse
e. she doesn’t like it
5. Whose opinion finally get accepted?
a. Anna’s
b. Scarlett’s
c. Bonita’s
d. Jacques’s
e. Mark’s

XIII. Inviting
Do you know how to invite someone to your house for dinner or to go to the movies? What
do you say in English when someone invites you? Here are some common expressions you
can use when making or responding to invitations
Examples :
Inviting:

 Do you want to go to the movies tonight?

 Would you like to go to the theater tomorrow?

 Would you be interested in going to the the stadium next Sunday?

 How do you fancy going to the the restaurant for dinner?

 How about going to the movies?

 Care to come over for lunch?

 I was just wondering if you would like to come over for a drink.

 We'd be delighted to have you over for my birthday party.

Accepting invitations:

 Sure. What time?

 I'd love to, thanks.

 That's very kind of you, thanks.

 That sounds lovely, thank you.

 What a great idea, thank you.

English Assignment by Bonita R

  Sure. When should I be there?
Declining invitations:

 I can't.  I have to work.

 This evening is no good.  I have an appointment.

 I'm busy tomorrow.  Can I take a rain check* on

that? 

 That's very kind of you, but actually I'm doing

something else this afternoon.

 Well, I'd love to, but I'm already going out to the
restaurant.

 I'm really sorry, but I've got something else on.

 I really don't think I can - I'm supposed to be doing something else.

(*rain check: used to tell someone that you cannot accept invitations now, but would like to
do so at a later time)
Source : http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-inviting.php

Dialogue Example
Dialog 1
Ludi Invites Maya to go to a Movie
Ludi  :  Hi, Maya. There will be a great film tonight. It’s about vampire.
Would you like to go to the movie with me?
Maya  : Yes, I’d like tonvery much. When will you pick me up?
Ludi   :  I’ll pick you at 7.00. Be ready, OK!
Maya   : Alright.
 
Dialog 2
Afif is very busy doing his homework. Sheila, his friend, asks him to come to her party.
Sheila   :  Heloo, this is Sheila. May I speak to Afif?
Afif       :  This is Afif speaking.
Sheila  :  Oh, hi Afif. I wonder if you’d like to come to my house right now.
We’re having a great party.
Afif      :  I don’t think I can. I’m doing my homework. My parents won’t

English Assignment by Bonita R

let me out before I finish my homework.
Sheila  :  That’s alright.
Afif      :  I hope you enjoy your party. Bye.
Sheila  :  Bye.

Exercise
Watch the video that separated from this paper for answer the question! ( Video : 2.3
Inviting)
1. Who is Eric inviting to come to his party?
a. Anna
b. Ivvy
c. Bonita
d. Mary
e. None of the above
2. What does Eric say to Mary?
a. “I was wondering if you go to outside?”
b. “I was wondering if you wanna come to a party at Friday night”
c. “I was wondering if you wanna come to a funeral at Friday night”
d. “I was confused if youre wanna go or not?”
e. “I was wondering if you wanna jome along with me to go to the cinema”
3. What does Mary say to accept Eric’s Invitation?
a. “Sure! I won’t come to your party”
b. “No, I don’t think I can”
c. “I just love beach partying”
d. “No! Who do you think you are”
e. “Sure! I would love to come to your party.”
4. Is Eric okay to give his address to Mary by text?
a. Yes, he will text Mary his address
b. No, he doesn’t like it
c. No, he doesn’t know his address
d. Yes, if Mary doesn’t go to the party
e. None of the above
5. Who are Mary’s friend join to come to the party?
a. Dany and Ivvy
b. Mark and Mika
c. Dany and Mika
d. John and Mika
e. Mark and Dany

English Assignment by Bonita R

XIV. Wishes and Hopes
WISH

 Wish is most commonly used in hypothetical (or imagined/unreal) situations: 

Example: 
I wish (that) you were here. (Unfortunately, you're not, and I miss you.)

 Sometimes wish is used in greeting and expressions of goodwill: 

Example: 
We wish you a "Merry Christmas."
Use of I wish / if only:
There are three distinct types of  I wish / if only  sentences:
1. Wish, wanting change for the present or future with the simple past.
2. Regret with the past perfect.
3. Complaints with would + verb.
Expressing a wish:
Form:

If only / I wish + simple past

Example:
If only I knew how to use a computer. (I don’t know how to use a computer and I
would like to learn how to use it)

Use:

 To express a wish in the present or in the future.

 The simple past here is an unreal past.

 When you use the verb to be the form is “were”. 

Example:
I wish I were a millionaire!

HOPES

 Hope can also be used in expressions of goodwill, but the grammar is slightly
different: 
Examples: 

English Assignment by Bonita R

 I hope (that) you have a Merry Christmas. (some time in the future) 
I hope (that) you had a nice Birthday. (some time in the past)

 Hope can be used to specify a desired outcome. For future hopes, the possibilities
remain open, but for past hopes, the outcome has usually been determined already. 
Examples:
I hope you can come to the party on Saturday.(future possibility) 
I was hoping that you would come to the party.(but you didn't) 
I had hoped to see you at the party on Saturday. (but I didn't)

Dialogue Example
Conversation 1
Gina: Hi, Jean. How are you doing?
Jean: Bad.
Gina: What's wrong?
Jean: My father got sick. He has to stay in the hospital for a few days to get medical care.
Gina: What happened to him?
Jean: He got cancer.
Gina: I'm sorry to hear that. But you still go to school?
 Jean: Yea, my mom told me that I have to go tochool. She is in the hospital to accompany
my dad.
Gina: I hope your dad will get better soon.
Jean: Yea, I hope so.

Conversation 2
Janet : "What is your wish Ron?"
Ron : "I wish to be a doctor. What is yours?"
Janet : "Hmm I wish to be a doctor too but I'm not sure."
Ron : "And why is that?"
Janet : "I'd like to be a writer instead."
Ron : "Thats great either. I hope we can make it come true someday."
Janet : "Sure we will.”
Source : http://riohandicha.blogspot.co.id/2014/11/contoh-percakapan-bahasa-inggris.html

Exercise
1.      Situation :
Fadel is going to participate in the story telling competition.Dara shows her hope that Fadel
will get a prize.
The conversation:
Fadel   :  “Dara, wish me luck. I will take part in the story telling competition.”

English Assignment by Bonita R

 Dara    :  “____________________. I hope you will win the competition.”
A. Thank you very much
B.  I hope so
C.  I’m sorry
D. Sure, Good luck

2.      Situation :
Ade has just finished drawing a picture of Tinta, his best friend.
He will present it to her on her birthday. Nida praises the picture and she’s
sure that Tinta will like it.
Nida    :  “Ade, that’s a beautiful picture. I’m sure Tinta will like it.”
Ade     :  “__________________________.”
A. Wish me luck
B.  Happy birthday
C.  Good luck
D. Thanks. I hope so too

3. Situation :
Rahma’s father has given her permission to walk to the mountain. Gibril is happy
for her and expresses his hope that she will have a safe trip.
The conversation:
Rahma:  “Thank God. Finally my father lets me go to the mountain walk.”
Gibril   :  “______________________. Have a safe trip.”
A. I’m happy for you
B.  Wish me happy
C.  Thank you very much
D. I hope so

4. A : I’m not happy about it.

B : Please give me a second chance, Sir.
The underlined sentence express ……………
a. asking opinion b. giving opinion
c. hope d. dissatisfaction
e. satisfaction

5. Rindu : Mom, I am nominated in the singing contest.

Mama : Great! I’m really proud of you.
The underlined word is a synonym of ....
a. willingness b. pride
c. hopeless d. plan
e. competition

XV. Expressing Necessity

English Assignment by Bonita R

Must and have to show that something is necessary, or required. They also show obligation.
Notice how must is stronger than have to. Must could also be used to show that something
is also urgent.

Example :
Have to can also be used to show that no other options are available.
 We must get the medicine to the sick children.
 We must hurry to catch our flight to Italy.
 They have to take the bus to work.
 I have to learn English to get a promotion.
Have got to is also used like have to or must. It should only be used when speaking in casual
situations. Some times have is omitted. Gotta is an informal contraction used when speaking
 I have got to go home.
 I got to go home.
 I gotta go home.

Language Notes
Present and future

Must refers to obligations which come from the speaker and may be directed at the speaker
or the listener:

I really must give up smoking. (directed at the speaker)

You must keep this secret. (directed at the listener)

Have to expresses external obligations, which come from outside of the speaker. These may
be rules and regulations imposed by an external authority:

I have to get to work by 9 every day.

Do you have to wear a uniform at your school?

Absence of obligation is expressed with the negative form of have to, not
with mustn't. Mustn't is used to express that it is necessary not to do something:

I don't have to get up early tomorrow. It's a holiday. (I can get up late.)
You mustn't tell anyone. It's a secret. (Don't tell anyone.)

Have got to has the same meaning as have to, but it is more common in informal, spoken
language. The affirmative, negative and interrogative forms of have to and have got to are:

English Assignment by Bonita R

have to have got to

I/you/we/they have to go. I/you/we/they have got to go.

I/you/we/they don't have I/you/we/they haven't got
to go. to go.
Do I/you/we/they have to go? Have I/you/we/they got to go?
He has to go. He has got to go.
He doesn't have to go. He hasn't got to go.
Does he have to go? Has he got to go?

Must and will have to can be used to refer to future obligations:

You must be home by 10 o'clock.

I'll have to pay my bills next week.

Past

Must has no past form. Instead, we use had to to express past obligations:

When I was at primary school, I had to wear a uniform.

We had to start all over again.

Source : http://www.grammaring.com/modals-to-express-obligation-must-have-got-to

Dialogue Example

Teacher: You don't have to write a long essay; a short one would be ok!
Student: What about the grammar exercise do we need to revise the lesson before we can
do it?
Teacher: No, you needn't do the exercise at home as we will surely do it together in the next
English lesson.
Student: Ok! Good bye sir.
Teacher: Good bye! 

Exercise
1. Dinda :You just have to study hard and make sure you understand all the materials…
Wiilly : Oh that s the problem..
What type of the underlined sentence…
A. Agreement
B. Support
C. Necessity
D. Compliment
E. Preference.

English Assignment by Bonita R

2. You must Not cheat during exams..
What type of the underlined sentence…
A. Agreement
B. Support
C. Necessity
D. Compliment
E. Preference.

3. Ma’ am :… Otherwise, you should be sleepy all the time.

Veli : Okay, I’ll Try.
A. You must control yourself
B. You have to stay up until midnight
C. You don’t have to do your task
D. You must organize your schedule
E. You must not get up early.

4. I have to go to Nisa’ s house now

A. like
B. Pride
C. Surprise
D. Necessity
E. Ability

5. Jennifer Lopez : If there is an opportunity that comes once in a lifetime,…………………We

must act.
A. We must not sleep
B. We must not let it go
C. We must not stand for it
D. We have to let it go
E. We have to make it up.

English Assignment by Bonita R

 Chapter 3

GRAMMAR

CONTAINS :
 Active and Passive
 Direct and Indirect
 Conditional IF
 Subjunctive Wish
 Causative have and get
 Noun phrase and adjective phrase
English Assignment by Bonita R
 I. Active and Passive
ACTIVE VOICE

In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by
the verb.
    These examples show that the subject is  doing the verb's action.

            
Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said
to be in the active voice.

PASSIVE VOICE

 
Use of the passive voice:
1. Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not
known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: "A letter was written."
The focus, here, is on the fact that a letter was written. We don't know, however,
who wrote it.
2. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following
example shows:
Example: A vase was broken.
Focus, here, is on the fact that a vase was broken, but we don't blame anyone.
Compare this to: "You broke the vase."
Form of the passive voice:
Subject + the appropriate form of to be + Past Participle
NOTE: The appropriate form of to be = To be is put in the the tense of the active voice main
verb.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
 The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
 The form of the verb is the appropriate form of to be (the tense of the active voice
main verb) + the past participle.
 The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped.)

English Assignment by Bonita R

EXAMPLES

Nancy makes tea

Active
subject verb object
Tea is made (by Nancy)
Passive
object becoming subject verb subject becoming object or is dropped

Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Present Active: Nancy makes tea.

Passive: Tea is made by Nancy.

Present Active: Nancy is making tea.

Progressive
Passive: Tea is being made by Nancy.

Simple Past Active: Nancy made tea.

Passive: Tea was made by Nancy.

Past Progressive Active: Nancy was making tea.

Passive: Tea was being made by Nancy.

Present Perfect Active: Nancy has made Tea.

Passive: Tea has been made by Nancy.

Past Perfect Active: Nancy had made tea.

Passive: Tea had been made by Nancy.

Future simple Active: Nancy will make tea.

Passive: Tea will be made by Nancy.

Future perfect Active: Nancy will have made tea.

Passive: Tea will have been made by Nancy.

Conditional Active: Nancy would make tea.

Passive: Tea would be made by Nancy.

Modals Active: Nancy can make tea.

English Assignment by Bonita R

 Passive: Tea can be made by Nancy.

To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence, simply reverse the steps
shown above.

    1.  Move  the passive sentence's subject into the active  sentence's  direct object slot

             

    2.  Remove  the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form if
needed

            

    3. Place the passive sentence's object of the preposition by into the subject slot.

           

Exercise

1. By the guide, Diana had been warned.

a. Simple past
b. Simple future

English Assignment by Bonita R

c. Past perfect
d. Present perfect

2. You will be picked up by the police.

a. Simple past
b. Simple future
c. Past perfect
d. Present perfect

3. Last year, this child _____.

a. is adopted
b. was adopted
c. will be adopted

4. She _____ to my birthday party.

a. are invited
b. have been invited
c. has been invited

5. They _____ killed in the same place.

a. were
b. was
c. has been

Essay

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice!

6. My sister is washing dishes.

7. The teacher closes the door.

8. They have given me a useful advice.

9. She will buy my phone.

10. The teacher is telling us a joke.

Answer :

6. The dishes is being washed by my sister.

7. The door is closed by the teacher.
8. A useful advice have been given by them.

English Assignment by Bonita R

9. My phone will be bought by her.
10. A joke is being told by the teacher.

II. Direct and Indirect

Direct object
A direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?"
Examples:

 David repaired his car → his car is the direct object of the verb repaired. ( What did

David repair?)

 He invited Mary to the party → Mary is the direct object of the verb invited.

(Whom did he invite?)
Indirect Object
An indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for whom?", "for what?"...
An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected participant in
the event. There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence. In
other words an indirect object cannot exist without a direct object.
Examples:

 They sent him a postcard - him is the indirect object of the verb sent. (To whom did
they send a postcard?)

 He bought his son a bike - his son is the indirect object of the verb bought. (For
whom did he buy a bike?)
Source : http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-direct-indirect-object.php

Exercise
Change the direct speech below into indirect speech!
1.      Did they eat out together yesterday?
a.      He asked me if they had eaten out yesterday.
b.      He asked me if they had eaten out together the day before.
c.       He asked me if they has eaten out together the day before.
d.      He asked me if they have eaten out together the day before
2.      Don’t turn off the light now.
a.      He told me don’t turn off the light at that time.
b.      He told me not to turn off the light at that time.
c.       He told me didn’t turn off the light at that time.
d.      He told me didn’t turn off the light at now.

English Assignment by Bonita R

3.      What’s your passion?
a.      She wanted to know what is my passion.
b.      She wanted to know what was my passion.
c.       She wanted to know what my passion was.
d.      She wanted to know what was my passion.
4. .The books _____ by Mr. Suherman last week.
a. Was bought d. was buy
b. Is bought e. is buy
c. are buy
5. He is _____ by the principal now.
a. Being punished d. was punished
b. Been punished e. be punish
c. was punish

III. Conditional IF
A conditional sentence contains two clauses, there are a dependent clause begins with IF
and a main clause.
 Real Situation
the real situation is used to talk about how you normally do in real life.
Example :
If I have any home work to do, I will not go to Dina’s party.

The real situation normally use Simple Present Tense or Conditional sentence’s type1
 Unreal Situation
the unreal situation is used to talk about what you would generally do in imaginary
situations
Example :
If she had one billion dollars, she would travel around the world
The unreal situation normally use Past Perfect Tense or Conditional Sentence’s type2

Conditional Sentence Type 1

Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real or possible situations. These
situations take place if a certain condition is met. It is possible and also very likely that the
condition will be fulfilled.

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Form:

If + Simple Present, + Simple Future

Use
Conditional Sentences Type 1 refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if
a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition
actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is
likely to happen.
Example:
If I have enough time, I'll watch the football match.
I may have time to watch the match but I'm not sure about it.
Conditional Sentence Type 2
Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal impossible or improbable
situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. It is very
unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form:

if + Simple Past, + would + base verb

Were / Was
In conditional type 2, we usually use in the if clause "were" instead of "was" even if the
pronoun is I, he, she or it. "were" here is a subjunctive form.
NOTE "was" is also a possible form.
Example:
If I were a millionaire, I would buy a castle.
Use
Conditional Sentences Type 2 refer to an action in the present that could happen if the
present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change because it is
very unlikely.
Example:
If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
Conditional Sentence Type 3
It is impossible that the condition will be met because it refers to the past.
Form:

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 if + Past Perfect, + would + have + Past Participle

Use
Conditional Sentences Type 3 refer to situations in the past. They express hypothetical
results to past given situations.
Example:
If he had been careful, he wouldn't have had that terrible accident.
Sometimes in the past, he was careless. He drove so fast. So he had a terrible accident

Language Notes
1. The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a
comma.
Examples:
"Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air."
" I will send her an invitation if I find her address."
" I would travel around the world if I had a million dollars."
"He wouldn't have had that terrible accident if he had been careful."
2. Main clause and/or if clause might be negative.
Example:
If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.
If he had been careful, he wouldn't have had an accident.
Source : http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/exercises.php

Exercise

1. (…b…)If I were a millionaire, a. if I finish early.

2. (…c…) She wouldn't have  had an accident b. I would buy a beautiful car.
3. (…a…) I’ll watch the film, c. if she had driven carefully.

4. Had Juki not interfered in his brother’s marital problems, there…………………(be) peace
between them.
5. She would give you the money if she……………………(have) it.
6. They would call you immediately if they………………….(need) help.
7. Had my mother arrived at the sale early, she……………….(find) a better dress.

English Assignment by Bonita R

 8. If you have enough time, please…………………..(clean) your room before you go to
school.
9. They could go for a drive if today…………………(be) Sunday.
10. If I win the prize, it will be because I………………………(write) very well.
Answer :
4. would have been
5. had
6. needed
7. would have found
8. clean
9. were
10. write

IV. Subjunctive Wish

The subjunctive is a rare form. There are two sorts of subjunctive in English:

 the present subjunctive,

 the past subjunctive.

Example

1.We generally use the subjunctive when talking about events that are not certain to
happen, especially when talking about events someone wants to happen, hopes will happen
or imagines happening.

Examples

 The minister hopes that you help him with the new law.

 If I were you I would buy this house.

2.Typically, the subjunctive is used after these structures:

 It is essential, vital, important, necessary, desirable,...+ that

 The verbs ask, recommend, request, suggest, insist, propose, command + that

Examples

 It is vital that you finish your studies.

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  I suggest that you visit Paris.

3.Some fixed expressions use the subjunctive. Here are some examples:

 Long live the King!
 God bless America!

Language Notes

Present

The subjunctive in the present is the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to") for
all verbs.

Subject pronouns The verb to be The verb to meet

I Be meet
you Be meet
he, she, it Be meet
We Be meet
you Be meet
they Be meet

Past

The past subjunctive relates only to the verb to be. It takes the form were

Subject pronouns The verb to be

I Were
you Were
he, she, it Were
we Were
you Were
they Were

Exercise

1.       I have to work on Sunday.

I wish I___have to work on Sunday.
a.   don’t
b.       didn’t
c.       won’t

English Assignment by Bonita R

 d.       wouldn’t

2.       I wish you___borrow my things without permission.

a. don’t
b. won’t
c. shouldn’t
d. wouldn’t

3.       He wishes he___buy a new car.

a. could
b. might
c. should
d. would

4.       She misses him. She wishes he____her a letter

a. has sent
b. will send
c. would send
d. would have sent

5.       I wish I ____help you.

a. can
b. could
c. will
d. would

Source : http://remedy27.blogspot.co.id/2013/10/subjunctive-wish.html

V. Causative have and get

Causative verb phrase is divided into two types, active and passive causative . In the
active sentence causative verb , agent ( which do action ) is known .
causativeSebaliknya , the causative verb passive sentence , the agent usually is not
mentioned . Let , make, have , and get a causative verb commonly used.

Have want someone to do something for the subject Active:

S + (have-had) + agent
+ action verb
(bare infinitive) +
object

Passive:

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 S + (have-had) + object
+ action verb (V-3)
Get have similar but with different sentence structure Active:
S + (get-got) + agent +
action verb
(toinfinitive) + …
Passive:
S + (got) + object +
action verb (V-3)
Source : http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-causative-verbs

Example

Rumus Verbs Contoh Kalimat Causative Verb

Active Causative have-had Lala had her friend take her result test.

Verbs
get-got She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.
The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
make- The woman made her daughter eat up the
made tomatoes.
The manager makes her staff work hard.
let My father lets me choose my own future
carrier.
The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the
meadow.
Passive Causative have-had I had my house renovated last week.
Verbs
He had his book returned as soon as possible.
get-got Teddy got the money saved in the bank.
Yulia got her bedroom cleaned.

Exercise

1. Mario gets his house……..

a.    Renovate      c.    Renovating
b.    Renovates    d.    Renovated

English Assignment by Bonita R

2.    My mother …….. me to help her finishing her cooking.
a.    Allow        c.    Allowed
b.    Allows      d.    Allowing
3.    My brother lets his car  ………
a.    Borrow          c.    Borrowed
b.    Borrowing    d.    Borrows
4.    My mother ………   to accompany my little sister to the swimming pool yesterday.
a.    Has me       c.    Had me
b.    Have me    d.    Have had me
5.    Dina  ……..  wait for her in front of bookstore for three hours.
a.    Makes me    c.    Making me
b.    Make me     d.    Made me

VI. Noun Phrase and Adjective Phrase

NOUN PHRASE
A noun phrase is a phrase which includes:
1. a noun (also called head)
2. and optionally modifiers.
Examples:

 Love is a beautiful feeling. (Love is a noun phrase without modifiers. However, a

beautiful feeling is a noun phrase that includes a noun,feeling, and the
determiner a and the adjective beautiful)

 My house is over there. (My house is a noun phrase which consists of the
noun house and a modifier - the possessive adjective my)
Possible noun modifiers
A noun phrase may optionally contain noun modifiers. If these modifiers are placed before
the noun they are called pre-modifiers. However, if they are placed after the noun, they are
called post-modifiers. Possible noun modifiers include the following:
1. Determiners: 

 articles (the, a), 

 demonstratives (this, that)

 numerals (two, five, etc.)

English Assignment by Bonita R

  possessives (my, their, etc.)

 quantifiers (some, many, etc.).
In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun;
2. adjectives (the delicious food)
3. complements, in the form of a prepositional phrase (such as: the student of physics), or
a That-clause (the idea  that the world is a small village )
Functions of a noun phrase
Noun phrases can function as subjects, objects:
1. That sophisticated woman is beautiful. (That sophisticated woman is a noun phrase
that functions as a subject.)
2. I like the book that you bought. (the book that you bought is a noun phrase that
functions as an object.)
ADJECTIVE PHRASE
1. An adjective is a word which modifies a noun or a pronoun. In the example below:
He's got a beautiful car
beautiful is an adjective modifying car (it gives more information about the noun car.)
2. Adjectives may come before a noun
He found a nice job
3. Adjectives may also come after certain verbs like be, feel, seem, look:
He is intelligent
I feel happy
She seems unhappy 
They look fantastic
Adjectives versus adverbs
A distinction must be made between adjectives and adverbs.
1. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun.
She lives in a big house.
2. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
She sings well 
Her house is very big
She did it really well
Comparatives and superlatives

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Adjectives can be used for comparison:
New York is bigger than Paris.
This is the nicest student in the class.
Other noun modifiers
There are other noun modifiers which function very much like adjectives:
1. Nouns can function as adjectives. A noun can help describe an object.
A business meeting
2. Past participle can also be used to modify a noun
He was exhausted
The hidden secret
3. Compound adjectives are used to modify nouns. They are called compound because they
are made up of two or more words, usually with hyphens between them.
A heart-breaking news
An English-speaking country .
Source : http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-adjectives.php

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-noun-phrases.php

Exercise
1.    John bought a boat. The boat cost thirty thousand dollars.
2.    John is the man. We are going to recommend John for the job.
3.    The men are angry. The men are in this room.
4.    The men are angry. I do not like the men.
5.    I do not like the men. The woman is talking to the men.
6.    John found a cat. The cat’s leg was broken.
7.    The robber was arrested last night. The police have caught the robber.
8.    The girl is happy. Her father bought a car for her.
9.    This is the city. I was born here.
10.    You put the books somewhere. Show me the place you put it.
Answer:
1.    John bought a boat which cost thirty thousand dollars.
2.    John is the man whom we are going to recommend for the job.
3.    The men who are angry are in this room.
4.    I do not like the men who are angry.
5.    I do not like the men whom the woman is talking to.
6.    John found a cat whose leg was broken.
7.    The police have caught the robber who was arrested last night.

English Assignment by Bonita R

8.    The girl whose father bought a car for her is happy.
9.    This is the city where I was born.
10.    Show me the place where you put the books.

English Assignment by Bonita R