November,
2018
Hydrology
Chapter
(5)
:
STREAMFLOW
MEASUREMENTS
BAU
WATER
RESOURCES
GROUP
Dr.
Mohamed
El-‐Kholi
Dr.
Mohamed
Reda
Soliman
Dr.
Amani
Abdallah
1
CONTENTS
Ø Why do we need to stream measurements ?
Ø Measurement of stream water stage.
Ø Measurement of stream flow velocity.
Ø Measurement of stream flow discharge.
Ø Stage-Discharge Relationship (Rating Curve).
2
5.1 Why we need to stream measurements ?
Gauging
StaDon:
a
point
along
the
stream
where
stream
flow
is
measured.
Stream
flow
measurements
are
fundamental
to:
(1) Design
of
water
structures:
culverts,
bridges,
storm
water
systems,
dams
and
other
engineering
works;
(2) Manage
reservoir
releases
for
water
supply,
irrigaDon,
hydropower,
industry,
and
navigaDon
uses;
(3)
protect
stream
ecology;
and
(4)
plan
for
a
sustainable
water
future;
• Monitoring
climate
change
and
drought.
• Flood
forecasDng
&
analysis,
and
Flood
miDgaDon.
3
5.2 Measurement of stream water stage
Water
stage
is
the
verFcal
distance
between
the
water
surface
and
a
horizontal
datum
(Sea
water
level).
a-‐
Manual
gauges
(staff
gauge)
VerFcal
staff
Inclined
staff
SecFonal
staff
4
5.3 Measurement of stream Water stage
b-‐
Recording
Gauges
A
schemaFc
sketch
for
the
Gauge
house
A
permanent
Gauge
house:
1-‐
protecFng
the
float
and
electronic
devices
5
2-‐
Decrease
the
water
level
fluctuaFons
5.3 Measurement of stream water stage
Typical
data
logger
Ultrasonic
Non-‐contact
6
level
sensor
5.4 Measurement of stream flow velocity
a-‐
AcousDc
Doppler
Current
Profiler
(ADCP)
ADCP
is
a
hydroacousDc
current
meter
similar
to
a
sonar,
aRempDng
to
measure
water
current
velociDes
over
a
depth
range
using
the
Doppler
effect
of
sound
waves
scaRered
back
from
parDcles
within
the
water
column.
7
5.4 Measurement of stream flow velocity
b-‐
Price
current
meter
C-‐
Propeller
type
current
meter
V(m/s)
=
a
+
b
*
N(rev/sec)
V=
Flow
Velocity;
N=
No.
of
revoluFons/
Sec.
;
a
and
b
=
constants
a=
starDng
velocity
to
overcome
mechanical
fricDon;
b
=
equipment
calibraDon
constant
8
5.4 Measurement of stream flow velocity
Current
meter
equaFon
V(m/s)
=
a
+
b
*
N(rev/sec)
V=
Velocity,
N=
No.
of
revoluFons/
Sec.
,
a
and
b
=
constants
a=
starDng
velocity
to
overcome
mechanical
fricDon;
b
=
equipment
calibraDon
constant
Example
While
calibraDng
a
current
meter,
it
was
found
N
(rev/sec)
0.22
0.38
0.52
0.58
0.72
0.78
V
(m/s)
0.35
0.63
0.77
0.92
1.06
1.20
Req:
Find
the
flow
velocity
at
N
=
0.45
and
0.65
rev/sec.
a=
0.0443,
b=
1.4575
V
=
0.0443
+
1.4575
N
At
N
=
0.45
à
V
=
0.70
m/s
At
N
=
0.65
à
V
=
0.99
m/s
9
5.4 Measurement of stream flow velocity
1-‐
If
the
water
depth
(h)
<=
0.60m,
then
measure
the
velocity
at
one
locaFon:
0.6
of
the
depth
below
the
water
surface.
V
=
V0.6h
2-‐
If
the
water
depth
(h)
>
0.60m,
then
measure
the
velocity
at
two
locaFons:
0.2
and
0.8
of
the
depth
below
the
water
surface.
The
two
velocity
values
are
averaged.
V
=
(V0.2h
+
V0.8h)/2
5.5 Measurement of stream flow discharge
a-‐
Velocity-‐Area
method
Discharge
Velocity
Cross-‐secFonal
Area
11
5.5 Measurement of stream flow discharge
1. Locate
a
cross-‐secDon
of
the
stream
channel
for
discharge
determinaDon
that
has
most
of
the
following
qualiDes:
• Segment
of
stream
above
and
below
cross-‐secDon
is
straight
• Depths
mostly
greater
than
15
cenDmeters,
and
velociDes
mostly
greater
than
0.15
meters/second.
• "U"
shaped,
with
a
uniform
streambed
free
of
large
boulders,
woody
debris
or
brush,
and
dense
aquaDc
vegetaDon.
• Flow
is
relaDvely
uniform,
with
no
eddies,
backwaters,
or
excessive
turbulence.
12
5.5 Measurement of stream flow discharge
2. Stretch
a
meter
tape
across
the
stream
perpendicular
to
its
flow,
approximately
one
meter
above
water
level.
3. Divide
the
total
weRed
stream
width
into
15
to
20
equal-‐sized
intervals.
To
determine
interval
width
(bi).
4. Stand
downstream
of
the
tape
and
to
the
side
of
the
midpoint
of
the
first
interval
(closest
to
the
lec
bank
if
looking
downstream).
5. Place
the
current
meter
wading
rod
in
the
stream
at
the
midpoint
of
the
interval
and
adjust
the
propeller
so
that
it
is
at
the
water
surface.
Record
the
distance
from
the
lec
bank
(in
cenDmeters)
and
the
depth
(hi)
indicated
on
the
wading
rod
on
the
Field
Measurement
Form.
6. Stand
downstream
of
the
propeller
to
avoid
disrupDng
the
stream
flow.
Adjust
the
posiDon
of
the
propeller
on
the
wading
rod
so
it
is
at
0.2
and
0.8
of
the
measured
depth
below
the
surface
of
the
water.
Face
the
propeller
upstream
at
a
right
angle
to
the
cross-‐secDon.
7. Wait
20
seconds
to
allow
the
meter
to
equilibrate,
then
measure
the
velocity.
Record
the
value
on
the
Field
Measurement
Form.
(v0.2h
and
v0.8h)
8. Move
to
the
midpoint
of
the
next
interval
and
repeat
Steps
5
through
7.
ConDnue
unDl
depth
and
velocity
measurements
have
been
recorded
for
all
13
intervals.
5.5 Measurement of stream flow discharge
Solved
example,
Book
pa.
50:
For
a
channel
of
34
m
in
width,
Find
the
total
discharge
Distance
from
leh
Water
Measurement
measured
bank
depth
depth
velocity
4
1.00
0.60
0.33
0.70
1.03
8
3.50
2.80
0.63
1.04
1.05
12
5.20
4.16
0.81
1.26
1.14
18
6.30
5.04
0.85
0.88
1.09
22
4.40
3.52
0.95
26
2.20
1.32
0.69
30
0.80
0.48
0.40
14
5.5 Measurement of stream flow discharge
Distance
from
leh
Water
measured
measured
Vav
dA
dQ
bank
depth
depth
velocity
4
1.00
0.60
0.33
0.33
4.00
1.34
0.70
1.03
8
3.50
0.83
14.00
11.57
2.80
0.63
1.04
1.05
12
5.20
0.93
26.00
24.25
4.16
0.81
1.26
1.14
18
6.30
0.99
31.50
31.31
5.04
0.85
0.88
1.09
22
4.40
1.02
17.60
17.96
3.52
0.95
26
2.20
1.32
0.69
0.69
8.80
6.03
30
0.80
0.48
0.40
0.40
3.20
1.28
Q=
93.73
15
5.5 Measurement of stream water stage
b-‐
Using
Hydraulic
structures
Q
=
c
Hn
16
5.5 Measurement of stream water stage
1-‐
Rectangular
sharp
crested
weir
H
H Q
=
c
Hn
B
=
Weir
width
17
5.5 Measurement of stream water stage
2-‐
V-‐notch
sharp
crested
weir
H
H
Q
=
c
Hn
Θ
=
the
notch
angle
18
5.5 Measurement of stream water stage
3-‐
Broad
crested
weir
4-‐
Water
falls
yb
19
5.5 Measurement of stream water stage
5-‐
Parshall
Flume
20
5.5 Measurement of stream water stage
C.
By
using
tracer
soluDon
Q=
Qt
(
C1-‐C2)/(C2-‐Co)
Where:
Q:
Stream
flow
rate
Q
:
Dosing
rate
Co
:
ConcentraFon
of
tracer
in
the
stream
C1:
ConcentraFon
of
tracer
in
the
doze
C2:
ConcentraFon
of
tracer
aher
mixing
21
Thank You for your attention
