Lesson No.

8 in Machine Design 1[Pick the date]

 Lesson No. 8 in Machine Design 1 – UNIAXIAL VARIABLE LOADING BY THE LANGER-

YIELD/MODIFIED GOODMAN -FATIGUE CRITERIA: INDEFINITE LIFE DESIGN

Experimental points of failure, when plotted on the σ m−σ a coordinates determines the equations
to be used in designing of machine parts. Although the parabolic curve (Gerber Fatigue Line)
closely approximates the line of failure, other lines of failures are, were, or are still being used
by some designers due to reasons of simplicity and or conformance to some legal codes being
implemented in their countries. However, for reason of economy and transparency (maybe) the
Gerber Criterion still provides a good trace of the true material failure which all designers will
not argue.

 THE LANGER-YIELD/ MODIFIED GOODMAN –FATIGUE CRITERIA:

INDEFINITE LIFE DESIGN

Presently, the Criteria used for the Indefinite design of ductile machine members
with variable loads are the following:

a. Langer-Yield/Modified Goodman-Fatigue Criteria

b. Langer-Yield/Gerber-Fatigue Criteria
c. Langer-Yield/ASME Elliptic-Fatigue Criteria
d. The Soderberg Fatigue Criterion.

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Lesson No. 8 in Machine Design 1[Pick the date]

We will try to explain to the readers the merits of these criteria and later suggest
procedural guidelines for their use. The upper limit (or the least conservative) of the
failure plots representing safe indefinite life design is the Langer-Yield/Gerber-
Fatigue Criteria. Next less conservative design criteria is the Langer-Yield/ASME
Elliptic-Fatigue Criteria, then the Langer-Yield/Modified Goodman-Fatigue
Criteria comes next. The most conservative of these fatigue-failure criteria is the
Soderberg Line of Failure which is too deterministic and not so popularly used
nowadays.

a. Design for Indefinite Life by the Langer Yield/Modified Goodman

Criteria.
These criteria utilizes line AIB as line of failure (or design limit). Lines IC and ID
are not valid for our present purpose. These lines are combination of two criteria:

1. Langer Yield Criterion - Line IB

2. Modified Goodman-Fatigue criterion – Line AI

Line IB (Langer-Yield Line) is represented by the equation

Sy
ny = ------------------ Yield Criterion
K f σ m+ K f σ a

Line AI(Modified Goodman Line) is represented by the equation

1
−−−−−¿
nf= K f σm K f σa Fatigue criterion
+
Su Se

Procedure for the use of Langer-Yield/Modified Goodman Criteria:

Step 1.

Su −S y S y −S e
Sa = Sm =
Solve for values of Su
−1
and 1− e
S
Se Su
(Also: Sm= S y −S a)

Point of Intersection of the two lines is I( Sm , S a)

Step 2.
Solve for value of Yield Factor of safety using the Langer-Yield formula
Sy
ny = K f σ m+ K f σ a

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Lesson No. 8 in Machine Design 1[Pick the date]

Step 3.

Compare values of n y K f σ a∧Sa :

For n y K f σ a< Sa , then the Factor of Safety is n y , and the expected failure will be by
yielding.

For n f K f σ a > Sa , Failure will be by fatigue.

1
Instead, Use Fatigue equation n f = K f σ m + K f σ a
Su Se

Learners can verify the state of stress by plotting them on the σ m−σ a plane, whether
n y K f σ a falls on the Langer Yield Line IB or if n f K f σ a fell on the Modified Goodman
Line AI.

The same ruling applies to variable shear stresses, that is,

S sy
ny = ------ Yield criterion , for n y K fs τ a < Ssa
K fs τ m + K fs τ a
S su −S sy
Ssa=
Where S su
−1
S se
1
n f = K fs τ m K fs τ a ----Fatigue criterion, for n y K fs τ a > Ssa
+
S su S se

Where K fs =actual concentration factor for shear

τ m=midrange stress for shear∨torsion
τ a=¿ amplitude stress for shear or torsion
Ssu=Ultimate strength∈shear
Sse =Endurance strength∈ shear .
Ssy =Yield strength∈Shear .

Example Problem 3:

A part with a machined surface has continuously varying tension loads

Pmax =45,000 lbs∧P min=15,000 lbs . Material tests S u=90,000 psi , Se =34,000 psi ,∧S y =70,000 psi .

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Lesson No. 8 in Machine Design 1[Pick the date]

A stress concentration of 1.42 is present. Area of the part is 2.75 in 2. Find the factor of Safety by the
Modified Goodman/Langer Yield Criteria. Assume there will be no plastic yielding.

Solution:

*Known: A part with a machined surface with continuously varying tension

loads Pmax =45,000 lbs∧P min=15,000 lbs , K f =1.42
Su=90,000 psi , S e =34,000 psi ,∧S y =70,000 psi .
Stress area A= 2.75 ¿2
*Assumptions: No plastic yielding will occur on the part and the material
is ductile.
*Required: Find the Factor of Safety based on the Langer-Yield / Modified Goodman Criteria.

*Analysis/Evaluation:

Pmax + P min 45,000+15,000

Midrange load: Pm = ¿ =30,000 lb
2 2
P −Pmin 45,000−15,000
Amplitude load: Pa= max ¿ ¿ 15,000 lb.
2 2

And therefore,
P m 30,000
Midrange Stress: σ m= = =10,909 psi
A 2.75
P 15,000
Amplitude Stress:σ a= a = =5,455 psi
A 2.75

Because this is an axial load, we employ a coefficient of 0.85 to increase the design stress. The
reason for this is because of the difficulty in maintaining axial loads centrically.

The value of amplitude stress Sa at the intersection of Modified Goodman and Langer Yield
Lines:
S −S y 90,000−70,000
Sa = u ¿ =12,143 psi
Su 90,000
−1 −1
Se 34,000

And since there will be no plastic yielding (or strain-hardening) of the material, we apply K f to
both midrange stress and amplitude stress:

0.85 S y (0.85)70,000
n y= = =2.56
Try Yield Criterion: K f σ m K f σ a 1.42(10,909+5,455)
+
0.85 0.85

2.56 ( 1.42 )( 5,455 )

*Check state of stress: n y K f σ a= =23,329 psi> S a
0.85

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Lesson No. 8 in Machine Design 1[Pick the date]

Since ¿ ¿=23,329) > ( Sa =¿12,143), state of stress did not fall on the Langer-Yield Line of failure line. Use the
Modified-Goodman fatigue equation instead. Thus,

1 0.85
= =2.12
nf= K f σm K f σa 1.42 ( 10,909 ) 1.42 ( 5,455 ) ***Tentative.
+ +
0.85 Su 0.85 Se 90,000 34,000

2.12 ( 1.42 ) (5,455 )

*Again, check the state of stress: n f K f σ a= =19,320 psi>S a
0.85
Since (n f K f σ a=19,320 psi) ¿( S¿ ¿ a=12,143 psi)¿ , this confirms our suspicion that failure will be by
fatigue,
because upon plotting the state of stress on the σ m−σ aplane, it lies on the line AI (Modified Goodman-Fatigue)
and not on the line IB (Langer-Yield).

Factor of Safety therefore is n f =2.12∗¿ (answer)

Comment: On the σ m−σ a plane , we verify state of stress by plotting :

Especially for beginners, it is advised to always check the state of stress so that
the appropriate failure may be predicted accurately.

Example Problem 4.

Same data as in the above example except Pmax =246,474 newtons and Pmin =198,424 newtons.
For a Factor of Safety equal to 2.0, calculate the required stress area A by the Langer-Yield/Mod.
Goodman Criteria.

Solution:

*Known: Pmax =246,474 N , Pmin =198,424 N tension

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Lesson No. 8 in Machine Design 1[Pick the date]

90,000 34,000
Su = ∨620 MPa , S e = ∨234 MPa ,
145 145
70,000
Sy= ∨482 MPa . Factor of Safety = 2.0,
145
K f =1.42 .

*Assumptions: There will be no plastic yielding and the material is ductile.

*Required: Find the required stress area of the part by the LY/MG criteria

*Analysis/ Evaluation:

Pmax + P min 246,474+198,424

Pm = ¿ =222,449 N
2 2
Pmax −Pmin 246,474−198,424
Pr = = =24,025 N
2 2
P m 222,449 N
σ m= = ∨MPa
A A mm 2
Pr 24,025 N
σ r= = or MPa
A A mm2

Try Langer Yield Criterion:

Sy
Sy
n y= = Pm Pr
K f σm+ K f σr K f +K f
0.85 A 0.85 A
n y K f ( Pm + Pr ) 2.0( 1.42) ( 222,449+ 24,025 ) 2
A¿ = =1,708 mm
0.85 ( S y ) 0.85 ( 482 )
Check state of stress:
2.0(1.42) 24,025
n y K f σ r=
0.85 ( 1,708 ¿)¿ = 47.0 MPa
The Intersection amplitude stress value for these two lines is:

S u−S y 620−482
Sr = =
Su 620 = 83.65MPa
−1 −1
Se 234

Here, ( n y K f σ r =47.0 MPa ) < ( S r=83.65 MPa )

State of stress therefore fell on the Langer-Yield Line IB.
Therefore the required dimension is A=1,708 mm2**
(Answer)
 Comment: As a check, the dimension by the Modified Goodman criterion will be:

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Lesson No. 8 in Machine Design 1[Pick the date]

2.0 ( 1.42 ) 222,449 24,025

A=
0.85 ( 620
+
234 )
=1,542 mm2

2.0( 1.42) 24,025

nf K f σr=
[ 0.85 ]( 1,542) =52.0 MPa< S r=83.65 MPa

Upon plotting, the state of stress lies on the Line segment IC which, is
not included in our assumed lines of failure.

47 MPa falls on the Langer Yield Line. Failure is predicted by yielding

and not by fatigue. Therefore the required dimension is A=1,708 mm2**
(Answer)

Prepared by: RBMAGAY, M. Engr.

ME Faculty

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