International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 50 Number 2 August 2017

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Vinay k m#1, Isaac Raju#2
#1
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT kolar, India.
#2
Student , Department of Mechanical Engineering, CBIT kolar, India.
Abstract: The presented paper discuss the diffusion acceleration and other maneuvers that require
of Hybrid electric technology in vehicles. The greater power.
hybrid engine in vehicles has the potential to
reduce fossil fuel use, decrease pollution, and The presence of the electric power train is
allow renewable energy sources for transportation. intended to achieve either better fuel economy than
Conventional vehicles use gasoline or diesel to a conventional vehicle or better performance.
power an internal combustion engine. Hybrids also
use an internal combustion engine and can be II. BASICS OF HEV
fueled like normal cars but have an electric motor
and battery, and can be partially or wholly A. Hybridization
powered by electricity. Hybrid cars can be
configured to obtain different objectives, such as A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle with multiple distinct
improved fuel economy, increased power, or energy sources which could be separately or
additional auxiliary power for electronic devices simultaneously operated to propel the vehicle.
and power tools. Many technologies like Many hybridization configurations such as fuel
regenerative braking, electric motor drive, cell, gas turbine, solar, hydraulic, pneumatic,
automatic start or shutoff are being used in hybrid ethanol, electric and many more are proposed over
cars to make them as good as conventional the years. Among these, the hybrid electric
vehicles. vehicles, integrating two technically and
commercially proven and well established
Keywords: Electric motors, Battery, Regenerative technologies of electric motors and I.C. engine,
braking, Hybrid engine. allowing drawing upon their individual benefits
have been widely accepted by the technologies and
1. INTRODUCTION users.

In today’s fast developing world, air pollution is B. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
rapidly increasing and affecting most of the major
cities of the world. These increased is mainly due This is the most commonly adapted hybrid vehicle
to the emission of carbon dioxide and other toxic which combines propulsion sources of an electric
gases from the vehicles which leads to gradual motor and an I.C. engine. The power supply to the
increasing in global warming. And also demand for electric motor comes from onboard batteries. In a
utilization of fossil fuels is increasing at a greater HEV, the I.C. engine cooperates with an electric
rate as the use of vehicles is fast growing. motor which leads to a more optimal use of the
engine. Driving in city traffic involves frequent
In order to overcome and minimize these criteria starts and stops of the vehicle. During idling, the
hybrid engines were introduced. engine consumes more fuel without producing
A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more useful work thus contributing to higher fuel
distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The consumption, less efficiency and unnecessary
term most commonly refers to hybrid electric emission from exhaust. The HEV solves the
vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal problem by switching to power transmission
combustion engine and one or more electric through the motor and shutting off the engine. This
motors. way no fuel will be consumed during idling with
no exhaust emission. Another advantage of HEV is
A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems that when fuel tank gets empty while driving the
to provide motive power. The most common type engine, the vehicle can be driven on electric power
of hybrid vehicle is the gasoline-electric hybrid within its maximum range.
vehicles, which use gasoline (petrol) and electric
batteries for the energy used to power internal- III. TYPES OF HYBRID POWER TRAIN
combustion engines (ICEs) and electric motors.
These motors are usually relatively small and Power train in any vehicle refers to the group of
would be considered "underpowered" by components that generate power and deliver it to
themselves, but they can provide a normal driving the road surface. Hybrid vehicles can be classified
experience when used in combination during into three basic categories of power train systems
which are briefly discussed below.

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 50 Number 2 August 2017

A. Series Hybrid B. Parallel hybrid

This is an electric power train for which an I.C. Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal
engine acts as a generator to charge batteries and combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor in
provide power to the electric drive motor which parallel connected to a mechanical transmission.
can be seen in Fig.1. These vehicles usually have a
larger battery pack and larger motors with smaller Most designs combine a large electrical generator
I.C. engines. and a motor into one unit, often located between
the combustion engine and the transmission,
Series hybrids can be assisted by ultracaps, which replacing both the conventional starter motor and
can improve the efficiency by minimizing the the alternator. The battery can be recharged during
losses in the battery. They deliver peak energy regenerative breaking, and during cruising (when
during acceleration and take regenerative energy the ICE power is higher than the required power
during braking. for propulsion).

A complex transmission between motor and wheel More mechanically complex than a series hybrid,
is not needed, as electric motors are efficient over a the parallel power train is dual-driven, allowing
wide speed range. If the motors are attached to the both the combustion engine and the electric motor
vehicle body, flexible couplings are required. to propel the car. Fig.2 shows that the I.C. engine
and motor operate in tandem. Usually the
Some vehicle designs have separate electric motors combustion engine operates as the primary means
for each wheel. Motor integration into the wheels of propulsion and the electric motor acting as a
has the disadvantage that the unsprung mass backup or torque/power booster. The advantages of
increases decreasing the ride performance. this are smaller batteries (less weight) and
Advantages of individual wheel motors include generally more efficient regenerative braking to
simplified traction control (no conventional both slow the car and capture energy while doing
mechanical transmission elements such as gearbox, so. Another advantage is that it can easily be
transmission shafts, and differential), all wheel incorporated into existing vehicle models.
drive, and allowing lower floors.

Fig2: Structure of parallel hybrid vehicles

Fig1: Structure of series hybrid vehicle.

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 50 Number 2 August 2017

C. Series-Parallel Hybrid to supply the motor with electricity and a

completely separate gasoline engine powering a
This drive train is a combination of the two drive generator. The engine is very small (10 to 20
train types, allowing for the vehicle to operate as horsepower) and it are designed to run at just one
all-electric (as a series hybrid), as an all speed for maximum efficiency. The purpose of this
combustion vehicle, or as a combination of the two small, efficient engine is to provide enough power
(as a parallel hybrid). This is the most complex and for the car at its cruising speed.
least efficient power train for most applications.
During times of acceleration, the batteries provide
Combined hybrid systems have features of both the extra power necessary. When the car is
series and parallel hybrids. There is a double decelerating or standing still, the batteries recharge.
connection between the engine and the drive axle: This sort of hybrid car is essentially an electric car
mechanical and electrical. This split power path with a built-in recharger for longer range. A
allows interconnecting mechanical and electrical regenerative braking system used in automobiles
power, at some cost in complexity. converts the kinetic energy produced while
stopping the vehicle into a storable energy form,
Power-split devices are incorporated in the power rather than allowing it to dissipate as heat, which is
train. The power to the wheels can be either the case in conventional braking systems. The
mechanical or electrical or both. This is also the energy that is recouped during braking is saved and
case in parallel hybrids. But the main principle re-routed into the battery packs, which in turn
behind the combined system is the decoupling of provides power to the electric motor that then
the power supplied by the engine from the power supplements the main drive engine. The advantage
demanded by the driver. is that the small, efficient gasoline engine gets
great mileage.
In a conventional vehicle, a larger engine is used to
provide acceleration from standstill than one CONCLUSION
needed for steady speed cruising. This is because a Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the
combustion engine's torque is minimal at lower benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors
RPMs, as the engine is its own air pump. On the and can be configured to obtain different
other hand, an electric motor exhibits maximum objectives, such as improved fuel economy,
torque at stall and is well suited to complement the increased power, or additional auxiliary power for
engine's torque deficiency at low RPMs. electronic devices and power tools

In a combined hybrid at lower speeds, this system The transmission of power using freewheels and
operates as a series HEV, while at high speeds, chain wheels are very cheap and reliable. One
where the series powertrain is less efficient, the disadvantage is that driving on electric power is not
engine takes over. This system is more expensive a good option for a long distance travel. Though
than a pure parallel system as it needs an extra this combined power train system can become
generator, a mechanical split power system and much useful in more stop and go traffic situations.
more computing power to control the dual system With the use of this powertrain system, the overall
. fuel consumption and fuel economy is improved.
Such vehicle would run on fuel but would use its
electric motor to boost the power when needed.
The costs of HEVs are a little more than the
conventional cars but they more efficient and the
exhaust emissions are less.

REFERENCES
[1] Satti Swami Reddy, Kola Siva Tharun, Eco Friendly
Vehicle, International Journal of Engineering Trends and
Technology (IJETT), 4(4), April 2013, 957-960.
[2] Trajkovic, S., Tunestal, P., and Johansson, B., "Vehicle
Driving Cycle Simulation of a Pneumatic Hybrid Bus
Based on Experimental Engine Measurements," SAE
Fig3: Simplified structure of a combined hybrid electric Technical Paper 2010-01-0825, 2010, doi:10.4271/2010-
vehicle. 01-0825.
[3] Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles-Design
Fundamentals, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2003.
IV. WORKING PRINCIPLE [4] Charters, D., 2008. MIRA Case Study: Hybrid 4WD
In a traditional hybrid vehicle, we have a complete vehicle (H4V).
electric car. It includes an electric motor to provide
all of the power to the wheels, as well as batteries

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