REVALIDA MODULE 1 The Science of Identification
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION 1. Dactyloscopy - identification of persons through
examination and comparison of fingerprint. Taken from
A. A FINGERPRINT is a composite of the ridge outlines which
Greek words: (a) Dactylos – a finger; and (b) Skopien – to
appears on the skin surface of the bulbs of the inside of the
examine.
end of joints of the fingers and thumbs.
2. Poroscopy – science of palm print identification.
B. Fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridge of all or any
3. Chiroscopy – science of palm print identification.
part of the finger.
4. Podoscopy – science of foot print identification.
C. Ridge – literally, the top of long hill.
D. Ducts – these are little pockets underneath the skin where Pattern Interpretation
oils or sweats are carried by small holes to the surface of
1. Arches – 5%
the skin.
2. Loops – 60%
STUDYING FINGERPRINTS 3. Whorls – 35%
A. Purpose of the Study of Fingerprint – to give basic Types of Ridge Formation
knowledge of fingerprint, its use and application.
1. Appendage – A short ridge at the top or summit of a
B. Basic Principles of Fingerprint Science (3 dogmatic
recurve usually at right angle.
Principles)
2. Bifurcating ridges – A single ridge which splits onto two
1. Principle of Individuality (Variation) – there are no
ridges forming a “Y” shape formation or structure.
two fingerprints that are exactly alike unless taken
3. Converging Ridges – Two or more lines forming an angle, a
from the same finger.
ridge whose closed end is angular and serves as a point of
2. Principle of Permanency
convergence.
(Constancy/Perennial/Immutable) – the
4. Core – It is appoint on a ridge formation usually located at
configuration and details of individual ridges remain
the center or heart of a pattern.
constant and unchanging till after the final
5. Creases – Are thin, usually straight narrow white lines
decomposition of the body.
running transversely or formed side to side, across the print
3. Principle of Infallibility – that fingerprint is a reliable
causing the puckering of the ridges.
means of personal identification and all courts
6. Delta or Triradial Point – It a point on the first ridge
accept and adopt fingerprint as a means of personal
formation at or directly in front or near the center of the
identification.
divergence of the type lines.
7. Dissociated Ridges – are unusual ridge structures having no 20. Ridge Hook – It is a ridge that divides to form two ridges
well-defined patterns; the ridges are extremely short, which are shorter in length than the main ridge.
appear like a series of “patches” caused by a disturbance of 21. Rod or Bar – is a single ending ridge at the center of a
developmental process at early fetal life of the individuals. recurving ridge of a loop pattern.
8. Diverging ridges – two ridges running side by side and 22. Short or Series of Short Ridges – they are fragmentary
suddenly separating, one ridge going one way and the other ridges formed by short or series of short ridges.
ridge, another way. 23. Shoulder of a loop – It is that point at which the recurving
9. Dot or Series of Dots – they are fragmentary ridges formed ridge definitely turns or curves.
like a dot or dots. 24. Spike – an ending ridge at the center of a pattern which
10. Envelop – Is a single recurving ridge enclosing one or more forms the up thrust.
rods or bars. 25. Staple – Single recurving ridge at the center of the pattern
11. Fragmentary Ridges – they consist of disconnected area.
sequences of short ridges embodied intensely. 26. Sufficient Recurve – The space between shoulders of a loop,
12. Friction ridges – Are strips of skin on the inside of the end free of any appendage, and a butting at right angle.
joints of our fingers and thumbs by which fingerprints are 27. Up thrust – Is an ending ridge of any length rising a t a
made. sufficient degree form a horizontal place.
13. Furrows – Are depressions or canals between the ridges
MODULE 2
which maybe compared with the low area in a tire tread.
14. Incipient or Nascent Ridge – This is a kind of ridge which is Type Lines and Pattern Area
madly formed, thin, short or broken which appears in the
depressions between two well-formed ridges. 1. Type line – basic boundaries of most fingerprints.
15. Island, Eyelet, lake or Eye – it is a single ridge which 2. Pattern area – The part of the fingerprint which lies within
bifurcates where the bifurcating ridges converge at a certain the area surrounded by the type lines.
point to form again into a single ridge. Divisions of fingerprint Patterns
16. Puckering – as growth ceases at several ends, the ends curl
slightly. 1. Loops – (a) ulnar and (b) radial
17. Recurving ridge – is a ridge that curves back in the direction 2. Arches – (a) tented and (c) plain
in which it started. 3. Whorl – (a) Plain whorl; (b) Central pocket loop whorl; (c)
18. Ridge Bridge – This is a connecting ridge between two Double loop whorl; and (d) Accidental whorl.
ridges.
19. Ridge Ending – It is a termination or ending of ridge or
ridges.
Description of Patterns 6. Accidental Whorl, defined: Symbolized by letter X in the
classification. It is a pattern which is a combination of two or
1. Radial loop (R) derived its name from the radius bone of the
more different types of pattern except in the PLAIN ARCH.
forearm; it is one type of fingerprint patterns in which the
7. Plain Arch, defined: Symbolized by letter A in the
ridges run its direction to the radius bone or to the thumb.
classification.
2. Ulnar loop is one type of fingerprint pattern in which the
8. Tented Arches, define: Symbolized by letter T in the
ridges flow toward the ulnar bone or little finger. Ulnar
classification. It is a variety of arch family, but their ridge
loop, therefore derived its name from the ulna bone of the
formations are not so simple as those of the plain arch.
forearm, or little finger. Its symbol is letter “U” in
classification purposes. EQUIPMENTS USED IN PREPARATION FOR TAKING FINGERPRINT
3. Plain whorl, defined: Symbolized by letter W in the USING SLAB AND ROLLER METHOD
classification. It is a fingerprint pattern which there are two
1. INKING PLATE
(2) deltas and in which at least one (1) ridge makes a turn
2. CARD HOLDER
through one complete circuit, an imaginary line drawn
3. ROLLER
between the two (2) deltas must touch or cross at least one
4. INK
(1) of the circuiting whorl ridges within the pattern area.
4. Central Pocket Loop Whorl, defined: Symbolized by letter C Chance Impressions, defined:
in the classification. It is a fingerprint pattern which for the
most part of a loop, but which has a small whorl inside the These are fingerprints which are imprinted by mere chance or
loop ridges, sometimes called a composite pattern, which without any intention to produce the print. Chance print may be:
means that it is made up of two (2) patterns in one, a whorl 1. Plastic impression – impressions made by chance on
inside a loop. It has two (2) deltas, one of which appears as cellophane tapes or any plastic materials.
the edge of the pattern area, as in plain loop. And one 2. Visible prints – impressions made by chance and visible
shows inside the pattern area just below the counterpart without chemical treatment.
ridges. 3. Latent prints – impressions in which are visible grossly but
5. Double Loop Whorl, defined: Symbolized by letter D in the made visible by the addition of some substances. These are
classification. A double loop whorl is a pattern consisting of fingerprints found at the scene of a crime.
two (2) separate and distinct loop formations. One of the
loops surrounds or overlaps the other, also called HOW TO COLLECT CHANCE FINGERPRINTS
COMPOSITE PATTERN, like the central pocket loop whorl. 1. SOLID METHOD (POWDER METHOD)
2. POWEDERING METHOD
3. LIFTING METHOD
Method of development (collection) 3. Sub-secondary
4. Final
1. Method of Restoration
5. Major
2. GAS METHOD
6. Key
3. LIFTING METHOD
4. FLAME METHOD
5. MOLDING METHOD
6. PROTOGRAPHING METHOD
7. DEVELOPMENT WITH LASERS
8. LATENT FINGERPRINTS ON HUMAN SKIN
STEPS IN CLASSIFICATION
1. Recording
2. Interpretation
3. Blocking
4. Classification
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER IN CLASSIFYING
FINGERPRINTS
1. Division
2. Numerical
3. Non-numerical
4. Fingerprint analysis
5. Classification formula
6. Filling
7. Pockets
8. Searching
9. Denominator
DIVISIONS OF THE PURE HENRY SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
1. Primary
2. Secondary and small letter groups
