Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Survey TECHNICAL PRO

Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and

Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

1. INTRODUCTION

The Department of Roads, Planning and Design Branch (herein after referred as "the DOR"
or as "the Department"), intends to utilize services of engineering consulting firms well
experienced in the fields of soil investigation, hydrological studies, bridge engineering, river
training works, environment aspects etc. for providing engineering consulting services for
detail design work of proposed Bridge(s) including river training works, and approach roads.
In response to this Request For Proposal (RFP), ITECO NEPAL in joint venture with ICGS
have prepared this proposal that includes all relevant information about the firms capability
to undertake the assignments and also the methodology that will be followed to complete
the assignment.

2. OBJECTIVE

Objective of this job is to design a safe, reliable and cost effective bridge using the
appropriate technology. The bridge is to be designed considering the availability of skilled
manpower, construction material, condition of accessibility and other prevailing working
conditions.

3. SCOPE OF WORK

In order to achieve the above objectives, the Consultant will complete the following tasks as
outlined in the terms of reference;

 Desk Study
o Collection of all relevant primary as well as secondary data and Reviewing of
those data relevant for detailed design.
o Identification of data gaps
o Planning of field visit, field survey and investigation.

 Detailed Engineering Study and Survey

o Technical Feasibility Study
o Geological and Geomorphic Study
o Bridge Site Selection
o Topographical Survey
o Hydrological Study
o Seismological Study and
o Consideration on Environment Protection

 Sub Surface Exploration

o Test pits and Auguring
o Boreholes, Field tests and Laboratory tests
o Depth of soil exploration and other relevant data related to soil for design
purpose.

 Analysis of Data and Finalization of Design parameters

 Detailed Design
 Quantity and Cost Estimate
 Preparation and submission of reports and presentation of the works performed.
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Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Survey TECHNICAL PRO
Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and
Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Desk study:

A desk study will be carried out collecting all data, maps and information relevant to bridge
design and reviewing for planning of further field survey and investigation works as well as
detailed design. The detailed checklist provided in the TOR will be given serious
consideration.

4.2 Detailed Engineering Study and Survey:

After completion of the Desk Study, the Consultant will mobilize to the respective bridge site
to carry out the field survey and investigation works as envisaged in the TOR. The details of
the field work are given in the respective sections;

4.2.1 Technical Feasibility study:

The Consultant will carry out the collection and reviewing of the available data, reviewing
and analysis of field data to be used in the study. Further analysis will be conducted to
decide upon the technical feasibility of the bridge site(s). A cost comparison of different
types of bridge with alternative locations and axis will be performed and a discussion will be
held with DOR before proceeding to bridge site for soil investigation.

4.2.2 Geological and Geomorphologic study:

The detailed study will be carried out considering the following points related to the river, its
catchment area and all the considered bridge sites.

(i) Topography
(ii) Nature and structure of the surface soil
(iii) Nature and structure of local as well as regional geology
(iv) Other information as needed.

4.2.3 Bridge Site Selection

Based on the characteristics of the site as well as the catchment area, the most suitable
site for the bridge will be selected. All of the characteristic features of the chosen bridge site
will be provided and the selected site will be clearly indicated in the map. At least three
alternatives will be surveyed and the most feasible option will be recommended based on
the following considerations;
 Minimum Span
 Geological Conditions for abutments
 Better Approach on both sides
 Hydrological Considerations
 Social and Environmental Considerations

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Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Survey TECHNICAL PRO
Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and
Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

4.2.4 Topographical Survey

The topographical survey of the bridge site will be performed covering a minimum distance
of 500 m upstream, 200 m. downstream and 200 m from the river banks on either sides of
the river at the proposed bridge site. The topographic map will be prepared taking
consideration of the following factors in the map;

(i) Contours at 1(one) m. intervals in hilly area and at 0.25 m in plain area.
(ii) Flood lines on either sides of the river in the entire area surveyed.
(iii) Lines with spot levels along which the bed slope of the river is taken
(iv) Both banks of the river
(v) Lines along which cross section of the river is taken
(vi) Govt. and/or public establishments
(vii) Traverse lines, benchmarks reference lines and/or points with respect to which the
present topographic map is prepared.
(viii) The angle and direction of skew, if the bridge is proposed to be aligned skew.
(ix) The Names of the nearest identifiable villages/towns etc. in either ends of the bridge.
(x) Other information relevant to design, construction and/or maintenance of the bridge.

4.2.5 Hydrological Study

The Consultant will carry out a detailed hydrometrical survey and hydrological study of the
river and bridge site considering the following parameters;

(i) Measurement of Catchment area of the river up to bridge site from 1:25000
Topographical Map.
(ii) Length of the river from origin up to bridge site
(iii) Study of the possibility of change of catchment
(iv) Nature, size and quantities of debris carried by the river
(v) Intensity, duration and distribution of rain in the catchment
(vi) Vegetation, cultivation etc. of the catchment.
(vii) Existence of reservoir's, Lakes etc. in the catchment .
(viii) Existing bridge or other hydraulic structures across the river in the vicinity of the
proposed bridge site with their details as much as possible.
(ix) General slope of the river from the critical point (origin) of the river up to bridge site
and general slope of the catchment in both sides of the river.
(x) Cross sections covering 200m. beyond flood lines of the river at proposed bridge
site, at about 500m. u/s and about 200m d/s. wherein HFL, LWL,LBL, area of the
cross section, wetted perimeter and geological profile with silt factor of each strata
(at proposed bridge site only) shall be indicated. (horizontal and vertical scale of the
cross section shall be the same. )
(xi) Bed slope of the river which must start from 100m. up of the U/S cross section and
end at 100 m. down of the d/s. cross section.
(xii) Maximum discharge calculated by established formulas with different return periods
and the peak discharge observed over a period of 100 years.
(xiii) Velocity and depth of flow at the time of survey.
(xiv) Shifting of the river in the past at proposed bridge site and in its vicinity. (xvi) Other
information required for river control, design, construction and maintenance of the
bridge.

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Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Survey TECHNICAL PRO
Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and
Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

4.2.6 Seismological Study:

The available data regarding the seismic records of the area being surveyed will be
collected. For Seismic Forces, the Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design
of Structures, IRC: 6 will be followed.

4.2.7 Consideration on Environment Protection

Environment Protection will be given a major consideration. The consultant will predict
damages to the Environment and attempt to mitigate or minimize the damages by choosing
appropriate site, cross-section, type of structures etc. and suggest appropriate measures in
the design for protection of surrounding Environment. During the study, the DoR
environmental policies, Environmental Protection Act 1997 and Environmental Protections
Rules 1997 including amendments 1999 will be strictly adhered to.

4.3 Subsurface Exploration

A detailed discussion will be carried out with the Project In-charge of the DOR about the
findings. The subsurface exploration will be carried out by the consultant only after the final
decision of the bridge site/axis from DOR. The discussion will include the following
parameters mainly related to the selection of the proposed bridge site along with its
alternatives, preparation of topographic maps, location of the bridge with respect to the
complete road network of the district and the collected hydrological data.

(i) Design discharge

(ii) Scour depth, Maximum Scour depth
(iii) Linear waterway needed to be provided
(iv) Anticipated soil condition for foundation
(v) The most feasible proposed bridge site
(vi) River- training & approach roads.
(vii) Type of proposed foundation, substructure and superstructure.

The subsurface exploration will include the followings:

4.3.1 Test pits and auguring

Adequate numbers of Test pits and auger-holes will be dug in the riverbed to a depth as
mentioned in the BOQ for determining the mean particle size of riverbed materials in each
layer.

4.3.2 Bore-holes, field tests and laboratory tests

The properties of the underlying soil will be determined by field and laboratory tests of the
soil samples obtained from the bore holes drilled to a depth as mentioned in the BOQ. The
locations of the boreholes will be tried to make under each abutment and piers. In addition
to the tests listed, further tests will be carried out, if required.

S. No. Type of test Frequency

1 Undisturbed Soil Sampling at least 2 at each borehole
2 Standard Penetration Test as required but the interval not less
than 1.5 m
3 Grain size analysis at least 2 at each borehole
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Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and
Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

4 Hydrometer analysis at least 2 at each borehole

5 Moisture content at least 2 at each borehole
6 Bulk and dry density at least 2 at each borehole
7 Unconfined compression test at least 2 at each borehole
8 Consolidation test at least 2 at each borehole
9 Direct shear test at least 2 at each borehole

The specifications for the centerline of the proposed bridge, Benchmarks, Bore/drill logs will
be followed as indicated in the Checklist for Detailed survey and design of bridges.

4.3.3 Detailed Methodology for Geological and Geotechnical Investigation

4.3.3.1 Rotary Core Drilling

Rotary Core Drilling will be carried out as per the BS 1377 and BS 5930 or ASTM
Designation D 2113-83 standard procedure using a conventional drilling rod and rotary core
drilling accessories without wire line facilities. A borehole will be advanced by rotation of the
drill bit having size HX and NX size with telescopically at the top part HX following by NX
size casing. The core barrel used shall be a swivel type double tube or triple tube with
retrievable inner tube. Koken or Craelius drill rigs and pump capable of drilling holes upto
100m/250m in soil/rock under normal operating conditions will be mobilized. This method is
used to penetrate almost all types of soils and rock strata. During drilling, clean water i.e.
free from suspended clay particles and other deleterious materials shall be used. Effort
shall be made to obtain maximum core recovery. By Rotary Core Drilling we can get
relatively high sample depth accuracy and quality of core samples.

Daily drilling reports, with at least the following information shall be prepared every day. All
other relevant information shall be included in the daily drilling report. In general, the daily
drilling report includes the following:
 Date
 Location and bore hole no.
 Diameter of the hole
 Depth and size of casing pipe
 Water level in the morning and evening.
 Drilling time of each operation.
 Drilling depth of each operation and daily progress.
 Rate of water flow applied for drilling as well as return or loss of injected water.
 Water loss and spring shall be recorded as detailed as possible together with the
depth, if any.
 Colour of water return.
 Diameter and type of drill bit.
 Core recovery.
 Description of subsurface condition and all findings obtained during drilling.
 Model of drill machine used.
 Name of operator, recorder and number of workers.

4.3.3.2 Standard Penetration Test/ Dynamic Cone Penetration Test

Standard penetration test (SPT) shall be conducted in every 1.5 m interval for
measurement of the resistance of soil by means of a driving force to count the number of
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Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Survey TECHNICAL PRO
Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and
Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

blows per 45cm of penetration using standard split spoon sampler. The determined data on
resistance of the soils for penetration can be used to evaluate standard strength data such
as ‘N’ values of soil. The split spoon sampler is used to obtain disturbed representative
sample of soil. The representative sample of soil is needed for visual classification, analysis
and determination of soil characteristics.

The drive weight assembly with tripod and pulley shall consist of a driving head weighing
65kg with a free fall of 75 cm. It shall be ensured that the energy of the falling weight is not
reduced by friction between the driving weight and the guides or between rope and winch
drum. The rod to which the sampler is attached for driving should be straight and tightly
coupled.

With the sampler resting at the bottom of the hole, the sampler shall be seated 15 cm with
the blows from the falling hammer. Then the sampler shall be further driven to 30, 45 cm or
until 100 blows. The driving shall be stopped when the penetration is 45cm. The number of
blows required for 15 cm of penetration shall be recorded. The first 15 cm of penetration is
considered to be initial seating. The total number of blows required for the second and the
third 15cm of penetration shall be termed as ‘N’ - the penetration resistance. Refusal shall
be considered when the rate of penetration is less than 2.5 cm per 50 blows.

The equipment and hammer in which the SPT are conducted shall be according to IS 2131-
1963 or ASTM standard D- 1586.

The SPT may be replaced by Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) if coarse granular
strata are encountered.

4.3.3.3 Sampling

Disturbed samples (SPT) shall be collected in plastic bags. Collection of samples shall be
according to IS 1892-1979.

Undisturbed soil samples (UD) shall be collected in thin Shelby tube (UD tube) whenever
uniform fine-grained soil strata with cohesion of soil sufficient to retain the sample in UD
tube is encountered. If such strata are thicker than 5m, undisturbed sampling shall be done
at every 5m intervals. The diameter and length of UD tube shall be 54mm and 450mm
respectively. Collected samples shall be sealed with wax and transported carefully to
laboratory. Collection of sample shall be according to IS 1892-1979 or AASHTO T207.

4.3.3.4 Borehole Logging

An experience Engineering Geologist/Geotechnical Engineer will be engaged fulltime to

supervise and prepare field core log immediately after the recovery of borehole samples in
standard format which contain, in addition to detailed description of soil formation and other
pertinent information. The borehole log shall contain at least the following information:

Borehole logs report includes the following:

 Date (start and finish)
 Drill Hole number
 Location
 Site co-ordinates
 Elevation

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Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and
Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

 Drill Machine
 Drilling Method
 Drilling Direction
 Drilling type
 Casing
 Depth of the hole
 Name of the driller
 Name of the supervisor
 Logged by
 Depth of water table
 SPT/UD Core recovery %
 A record of tests carried out
 Change in water color
 Remarks

4.3.3.5 Borehole Location Markers

Pre-cast concrete pillar of size 10cm x 10cm x 150cm long will be driven at the location of
borehole drilled, marked by borehole number and elevation. The exposed height of the
pillar shall not be less than 50cm.

4.3.3.6 Core Samples and Core Boxes

The entire core obtained from the inner tube of the core barrel and SPT tube shall be
placed in a core box specially designated and fabricated as per the specification. SPT and
soft or friable portions of core shall be preserved by wrapping in plastic bags. After
placement in core box, the core shall be photographed in color prints. All boxes shall be in
uniform in size. The top and the bottom part of core from the previous run with a spacer
made of wood of sufficient thickness to allow for convenient marking and interpretations of
core. Wooden core lose blocks and end of run blocks having a cross-section of 5cm inside
dimension shall be provided. The drill lengths with core loss shall be marked “Core Loss”
and shall be replaced by a piece of red wood of the same length as the core loss section.
Each core box shall hold approximately 5 meters of core in five sections of 1m length each
parallel rows.

4.3.3.7 Monitoring of Ground Water Table

The depth of water table in all boreholes shall be measured at the morning and evening.
Whenever water entries are encountered will be recorded and drilling stopped while any
water level rise is monitored every five minutes for up to twenty minutes. The depths at
which water losses or gains occur in the drill holes during drilling shall be recorded. The
actual water level and rate at which it rises or falls shall be noted.

4.3.3.8 Laboratory Tests

The collected disturbed/undisturbed soil samples from borehole and test pits will be safely
stored before transportation to the laboratory. Collection, preservation and laboratory
testing of samples will be in accordance with the relevant AASHTO, ASTM standard
methods or other internationally accepted equivalent standards. The following laboratory
testing of representative soil samples retrieved from the field will be carried out in the
premises of ITECO-CEMAT Geotech Services’ laboratory:
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Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Survey TECHNICAL PRO
Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and
Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

The laboratory tests to be carried out on borehole samples include following.

 Grain Size Distribution of soil particles of size greater than 63 micron will be
determined from Sieve Analysis and for portion passing 63 micron will be determined
from Hydrometer Analysis. The procedure of the tests will follow ASTM D-422-63 or
AASHTO T88-72 or IS 2720 Part 4.

 Moisture Content will be determined in accordance with ASTM – 2216-71 or IS 2720

Part 2 from the Split Spoon Sampler during the execution of Standard Penetration Test.

 Bulk Density Test will be determined in accordance with IS 2386 Part 3 or other
relevant specifications

 Unconfined Compression Test will be carried out for UD samples in accordance with
IS 2720 Part 10 or other relevant specifications.

 Consolidation Test will be performed using mould diameter 60mm to 75mm in

accordance with ASTM D-2435-70 or AASHTO T216-74 or IS 2720 Part 15. The test
specimens will be prepared from undisturbed cohesive samples and /or disturbed
samples compacted to the natural density or to the Proctor density (3 Sample).

 Direct Shear Test will be conducted to give the Shear Strength parameters of the
Undisturbed Samples. Shear forces will be applied to samples in shear box having cross
sectional area of 5.0 x 5.0 cm2 and height of 2.0 cm. Shearing shall be applied through a
hand –operated mechanism in accordance with ASTM D-3087-72 or AASHTO T236-72
or IS 2720 Part 13.

4.3.4 Depth of soil exploration

Depending upon the field condition and design parameters, the actual required depth of soil
investigation will be decided by the Consultant. However, the consultant will adopt the
indicative depth of soil exploration from ground level (as per TOR) as follows:
S. No Type of soil Governing depth
1 Silty, sandy, clayey soil 3 times the design scour depth,
or 1.5 times the least dimension of the foundation
footing,
or 20 m,
whichever is maximum
2 Granular soil (gravels, 2 times the design scour depth,
boulders or 1.5 times the least dimension of the foundation
footing,
or 16 m,
whichever is maximum
3 Rocks (soft or hard) Not exceeding 8 m.

4.3.5 Construction Material Survey

The additional information with reference to the Bridge site such as availability of
construction materials (for example sand, gravel, boulders, timber, etc.) with their

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Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Survey TECHNICAL PRO
Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and
Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

engineering properties, quantities and lead up to the bridge site; Quarry site of materials
with their available quantities will be shown on a sketch plan.

4.4 Analysis of Data and Finalization of Design Parameters.

Based upon the above mentioned studies and investigations the Consultant will make the
best use of their technical know-how and professional skill to arrive at and recommend the
most cost effective design parameters. At least three different options will be discussed in
detail and the most appropriate option will be recommended based on geo-physical,
topographic, hydrological, social, environmental and economic parameters.

4.5 Miscellaneous

If not covered by aforesaid, the Consultant will perform other relevant studies, explorations,
tests surveys, calculations, etc. required to produce full and complete set of working
drawings, specifications, bills of quantities, requirement of materials and complete cost
estimates for the bridge/s including related works based upon which construction activities
can be started to complete without further study and/or reference to them.

4.6 Detailed design and quantity/cost estimates

The Consultant will follow the standard codes of practice, norms and guidelines
during the detailed design of the bridge. Based on design, it will produce a detailed
quantity estimate of the bridge and its accessories. Based on the information on
sources of materials and their lead distances, detailed rate schedules and cost
estimates will be prepared with standard norms and prevailing district rates taken
into consideration.

The various steps to be followed in the detailed design of substructure and superstructure
of the bridge will be as follows;

4.6.1 Foundation Design

Shallow and deep foundations are treated separately with the presumption that general
requirement of foundations in soil are complied with per IS 1904-1986 and decision has
been taken to design a particular type of foundation.

4.6.1.1 Shallow Foundation

When load-transfer is through shear resistance of the bearing strata and depth is up to 3.0
m, the foundation is shallow foundation as per IS:1060. In practice, depth up to 6.0 m may
be considered as shallow foundation.

Step I- If resultant of the load deviates from centre by more than 1/6 of least base
dimension, only RC footing will be provided. Otherwise plain concrete or masonry footing
may be designed. On sloping sites, the foundation will have horizontal bearing stepped and
lapped at changes of levels for the distance equal to thickness or twice the height of step.
Step II - The dimension of foundation in plan should be adequate enough so as to support
various load combinations as recommended in IRC:6-1986-Loads and stresses within
permissible settlement. Steps in masonry foundation should be in multiple of thickness of
masonry units like bricks, stone. Unreinforced foundation shall have angular spread of lad
from substructure as per IS 1980-1985.
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Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and
Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

Steps III - If suitable soil strata are at a greater depth, foundation can be rested at a higher
level for economy and the space between base and the deeper soil strata can be improved
with concrete or granular material. Extent of such fill be spread up to 2 vertical an d1
horizontal slope.
Step IV - Soil up to the level of anticipated maximum scour – level should not be considered
when water current forces are taken into account. Permissible stresses shall be increased
as recommended by IRC: 6 for various load combinations.
Step V - Loads for forces on the footing shall be calculated keeping in view provisions
made in IRC: 6 such as dead load, live load, impact, wind load, water current, longitudinal
etc. Additional forces due to 1 (one) percent rotation at base should also be considered.
Step VI Structural analysis to find out moment, shear force, torsional moment at critical
section stresses is computed considering tem co-planner forces.
Step VII Recommendations made in IRC:21 – section III Cement Concrete and IRD: 40-
Brick,Block and Stone Masonry shall be followed. Provisions made in IS: 8009 (Part
I), IS: 9456, IS: 2950 (Part _ I), IS: 1080 – 985 covering different types of shallow
foundation and IRC: 78-1983-Section VII – foundations and substructure shall also
be followed.
Step VIII Factor of safety against overturning, sliding and deep – seated failure without
seismic condition shall be 2, 1.5 and 1.25 respectively, With seismic condition the
factors shall be as stated in IRC: 78.

4.6.1.2 Deep Foundation

Well foundation and Pile foundation are the two deep foundations normally adopted for
design.

Well foundations
Step I Loads and forces coming on the well cap and other components under different load
– combinations shall be found out.
Step II Dimensions of well cap, staining, curb etc. will be selected in view of nature of soil,
and depth of well as per IRC: 78.
Step III Well cap shall be designed using formula of circular slap under various
loading or the Graphical method of well cap in bridges published in the journal Indian
Highways December 1981.
Step IV Staining thickness, material of construction and provision of reinforcement if RC
staining is selected will be made as per IRC: 78. Strength checking of proposed staining
shall be made using the Graphical method for checking staining stresses in wells published
in March 1984 issue of Indian Highway or Graphical design of Wells in clayey or mixed
strata published in June 1983 issue of Indian Highways.
Step V Well curb shall be designed using method proposed in the Paper No. 238
published by IRC.
Step VI Cutting edge, top plug, bottom plug, filling shall be provided as recommended in
IRC: 78.
Step VII Stability of well foundation will be checked as per IRC: 45-1972.

Pile Foundation
Normally bored, cast in situ or driven pre-cast piles are used in practice.

Step I Type of piles shall be selected depending on type of soil – strata, availability of
construction equipment, loads to be resisted, surcharge on piles, presence of water

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Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

table and other considerations made in IRC: 78. Spacing of piles, maximum rate
and tolerances shall be as per IS 2911 (Part – 1) – 1979.
Step II Only reinforced concrete pile cap will be provided. Attachment of pipe head to cap,
tolerance, surface reinforcement will be as per IRC: 78.
Step III Load carrying capacity of a pipe or a group piles shall be calculated on the basis of
formulae given in section 711.8.2.1 of IRC: 78 of IRC: 78 keeping in view of factors
started therein such as lower point of fixity, negative skin friction, apportionment of
quantity of vertical and horizontal loads etc. with factor of safety 2.5.
Step IV Initial and Routine tests shall be carried out per IS 2911 if deemed essential to
estimate expected and actual load carrying capacity of piles.
Site V Embedment of piles, design considerations, stresses during installations, structural
strength of piles such as axial load and lateral load carrying capacity, provisions
regarding driven precast concrete piles, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
– requirement etc. shall be complied with as per IRC: 78 and IRC: 21.
Step VI Design Manual 7.2 published by Department of Navy, Alexandria on foundations
and earth – structures, Design of Pile Foundations, a paper published in IE (India),
1993 and aforesaid codes shall be used for detailed design.

4.6.2 Substructure Design

Step I Height of substructure above foundation and loads and forces to be transmitted will
give idea about type of material and structure suitable for the substructure such as
masonry, PCC or RCC or composite construction.
Step II Dimensions of the substructure shall be selected based on continuous or isolated
support for superstructure system and allowable stresses in the selected
substructure. Min. Top width of masonry will be as per IRC:40.
Step III Considering the forces as coplanar, masonry substructure shall be checked
against allowable tensile, compressive and shear stresses. The substructure may
be designed as pedestal, short or long columns as per RIOC:21 pr as different
kinds of retaining walls (specially abutment).
Step IV Cap shall be reinforced concrete and provision of reinforcement and thickness
thereof shall be made as per IRC:78 and checking stresses as per IRC:21 when
full bearing is provided. If a hammerhead or A – type or column type substructure
is supporting the cap, structural design will be considering it a beam.
Step V General requirements specified in section 712 of IRC:78 such as protecting piers
and abutments by steel lining, provision of minimum surface reinforcement in plain
concrete, offset requirement, factors for impact of live load, provision of cut and tail
water ends, minimum thickness of hollow concrete piers, provision of dirt wall,
pervious backfill, weep holes behind abutment wing and return wall will be
complained with.

4.6.3 Superstructure Design

Step I Based on economic evaluation and limitations posed by site conditions and soil
parameters, span – length of superstructure will be decided. various loads and
forces will be calculated as per IRC:6 for different load combinations.
Step II If span is upto 10.0 m and RCC slab is selected, maximum moment and shear
forces at critical sections and at other sections mainly at ¼ span shall be
calculated using methods specified in IRC:21. Distribution coefficient method is
considered reasonable. Using concrete grade M20 or M25 and available
reinforcing bar or FE-415 grade, working stress method will be used for design.
Check calculations will be made using Limit State Method of design.
Step III If span is between 10 to 30 m, RC-T beam will be considered for design. For a
single lane bridge, two no. main means and cross girder (minimum three nos.) will
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Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

be chosen. Distribution coefficient method shall be used to estimate maximum

factor to be used in average forces to arrive at maximum live load forces. The slab
and the girders shall be designed as per IRC:21.
Step IV If span is between 30.0 m to 50.0 m, pre-stressed girders with cast-in-situ cross
girder and slab shall be chosen. Structural analysis will be the same but design of
pre-stressed girders will be made as per standard books on pre-stressed concrete.
However, provisions made in published standard drawings of pre-stressed
concrete reinforcement and concrete bridge made by DOR and IRC will be
analyzed for incorporation in the design.
Step V If a steel bridge is considered suitable due to site – conditions where provision of
piers is either costly or impractical, steel bridge will be designed as per IRC:24 –
1987. The code gives information regarding materials, loads and stresses,
permissible stresses, design of general details, solid web girders, open web girders
and various formula for design of compact type steel trusses designed and
manufactured in West Germany and United Kingdom are available but they are
costly requiring foreign currencies. Estimated cost is expected around NRs.
350,000/metre at prevailing exchange rates.
Step VI Steel beam with concrete slab bridge may be economical between 25m to 40m
span. Structural analyses are the same but design will be made as per IRC codes.
Step VII If span is between 6m to 13m, RC spine beam type bridges may be economical.
Analysis and design will be similar to RCC slab with little modification.
Step VIII For spans between 15 m to 40 m; reinforced concrete box type deck may be
suitable. Analysis and design will be made as per Technical Report No. 52. by
Maisel B.I. etc., cement and concrete association, United Kingdom.
Step IX Remaining component of superstructure such as bearing, expansion joint,
drainage spout, wearing coat will be designed and provided as per standard
provisions.

4.6.4 Design of River Training Works

Step I Careful study of topographic map, hydrological and geological investigation will
give information regarding erosion of banks, overtopping of flood water, type of
sediment in flood water, meandering nature of river, minimum water level during
dry season etc. to decide on type and extent of guide bank and protection works.
Step II Site data such as road survey plan, contoured site plan, cross section of river,
hydrological data, geotechncial data, environmental/ecological data, extent of land
available, borrow – pit, actual photographs, design discharge, scour depth, afflux
etc. shall be collected/analyzed.
Step III Provision of guide bund shall comprise assessment of alignment of approach
embankment, type of guide bank (such as divergent type, convergent type, parallel
type) length of guide bank, curved head and tail, sweep angle, top width, side
slope, slope protection, size and weight of stone, thickness of pitching, toe-
protection, launching apron etc.
Step IV Provision of spurs shall require assessment of selection of type and materials of
construction in view of identified functions to be performed. Spurs may be
permeable/impermeable type, submersible/non-submersible, attracting/ deflecting/
repelling type on T-headed depending on function to be served.
Step V Depending on possibility of bank failure, especially approach road and abutment,
bank protection – work is required. Design of revetment, trimming slopes and
planting or application of bio-engineering techniques will be done. Design of
approach road – protection will depend on magnitude of velocity of flow. Little
revetment or application of bioengineering works will serve the purpose flow
velocity is up to 10 m/sec. If velocity is more than 1 m/sec coupled with significant
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Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and
Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

intensity of discharge, angle of crossing, scour pattern etc. spur will be designed
and place as per polar diagram coupled with thick revetment along approach
embankment.

Collection of data and design of river training works will in general conform in general to
IRC: 89:1985. Guidelines for design and construction or river training works and control
works for Road bridges.

4.7 Reports and Deliverables

The submission of the field report, preliminary design report, draft final report,
presentation, final report and soft copy will be performed as mentioned in the TOR.
The detailed requirements on number of copies and content of the report will be
followed based on the checklist provided in the TOR.

The schedule of submission of each of the reports is as follows;

1. Field Report & Preliminary Design Report within 3 (three) weeks started from the date of
signing of the Agreement.
2. Draft Report within 9 (nine) weeks started from the date of the submission of the field
report.
3. Final Report within 2 (two) weeks after receiving DoR's Comments and suggestions on
the draft report.

The report will be presented in following volumes and numbers;

S. No Particulars Required information / number / range /
value(s)
1 Volume I - Main report Draft - 4 copies; Final - 10 copies
2 Volume II - Drawings Draft - 4 copies; Final - 10 copies
3 Volume III - Design calculations Draft - 4 copies; Final - 3 copies

4 Volume IV - BOQ and Special Draft - 4 copies; Final - 10 copies

Provisions to Standard
Specifications
5 Soft (electronic) copies of the 2 copies in CD-ROM with hard plastic case
report

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Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Survey TECHNICAL PRO
Soil Investigations, Hydrological Study, and
Detailed Design of Bridge(s)

4.8 Project Organization, Work Schedule and Manning Schedule

4.8.1 Project Organization Chart

The project organization chart consisting of the following working team with required
key personnel and support staffs is shown in Figure 4.1.

4.8.2 Responsibility Matrix

Each of the key personnel has been assigned the primary responsibility and his
supporting responsibility also and this is shown in Figure 4.2 Responsibility Matrix.

4.8.3 Work Schedule

The detailed work schedule for the completion of the assignment is presented in the
form of a Bar Chart in Figure 4.3.

4.8.4 Manning Schedule

The manning schedule for the completion of the assignment is shown in Figure 4.4.

ITECO – ICGS JV Page 14