SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
Sanitary Piping Layout
General Rules in designing
the Sanitary system:
The pipes should take the shortest possible route to
the house sewer or the terminating point of the
Sanitary system
Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and
vents, should be located strategically so as to ensure
efficient circulation
Subsystems of the
Sanitary System:
Waste Collection System
Ventilation System
Essential Parts of the
Sanitary Drainage System
Waste Pipe
conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Vent Pipe
used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Trap
a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of
foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
Stack
the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
extending through one or more stories and extended thru the
roof.
Branch
any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
Essential Parts of the
Sanitary Drainage System
House/Building Drain
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other
drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house
sewer outside of the building.
House/Building Sewer
extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction
with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and
conveying the drainage of one building site.
NPC 203.3
Principles of Waste & Soil
(EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in
CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY
DRAINAGE LINES
Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction
use 45° wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend
branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweep
Vertical to Horizontal change in direction
45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweep
Principles of Waste & Soil
(EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in
Horizontal to vertical change in direction
use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination wye -1/8
bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee
branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweeps.
No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level
shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross)
Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of
the fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes larger than the
largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose
are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm dia.)
Sanitary Drainage Lines
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT OF SIZES
OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES
The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend on the
amount of waste it carries.
A lavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3 liters/min (7.5
gallons per min or 1 cu ft per min), which is equivalent to
the Fixture Unit (F.U.)
The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based on the size of
required trap.
Sanitary Drainage Lines
Maximum Trap Loading
ITEM NO. PIPE SIZE FIXTURE UNIT
Notes:
1 32 mm 1 1.Capacity over 3.15 L/s shall
be determined by the
2 38 mm 3 Administrative Authority.
2.For a continuous flow into a
3 51 mm 4 drainage system, such as
from sump pump or ejector,
4 76 mm 6 air-conditioning equipment or
similar devices, two (2)
5 102 mm 8
fixture units shall be allowed
Exception: On self-service laundries. for every 0.063 L/s of flow.
3. 1 gpm = 0.063 L/s
Discharge Capacity
ITEM NO. LITERS/SEC (GPM) FIXTURE UNIT
1 Up to 0.47 L/s (Up to 7.5 gpm) 1
2 0.50 to 0.95 (8 to 15 gpm) 2
3 1 to 1.89 (16 to 30 gpm) 4
4 1.95 to 3.15 (31 to 50 gpm) 6
Sanitary Drainage Lines
MINIMUM SLOPE OF
SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES
Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2%
or 20mm/m (¼” per foot).
Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street
sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building
plans, pipes 102 mm dia or larger may have a slope of not
less than 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the
Administrative Authority
Traps & Interceptors
Types of Permissible Traps:
The Common P-Trap
Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks,
laundry tubs, & urinals
Materials commonly used for the
P-trap: nickel, chrome plated brass,
Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.
The Deep Seal P-Trap
Water seal is about twice the size of
The common P-trap
Used for extreme conditions because
resealing quality is greater
Traps & Interceptors
The Stand Trap
Used for fixtures such as slop sinks
that are usually built low in the
ground, leaving very little space for a
foundation & a trap
Serves as a water seal & structural
support for the fixture
The Running Trap
Used within the line of
the house drain
Traps & Interceptors
Types of Permissible Traps:
The Drum Trap
Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)
Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water
(bathtubs, shower or floor drains)
Traps & Interceptors
Types of Prohibited Traps:
Traps with movable parts or concealed interior
partitions
No fixtures shall be double-trapped
The S-Trap
Predecessor of P-traps
Used before traps
had to connect to a
ventilation line
Traps & Interceptors
REQUIREMENTS:
Traps REQUIRED
Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall
be separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap.
Only one trap shall be permitted
on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain
between a trap and the vent)
One trap, centrally located, may
serve three single compartment
sinks or laundry tubs or lavatories,
adjacent to each other and in the
same room, where their waste outlets
are not more than 0.75 m apart.
Traps & Interceptors
SIZE OF TRAPS:
The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is
connected.
Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less
than 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a
deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative
Authority for special conditions.
Traps & Interceptors
Minimum sizes of traps for common plumbing fixtures
DRAINAGE
ITEM TRAP & TRAP
FIXTURE FIXTURE
NO. ARM SIZE
UNITS
1 Bathtubs 38 mm 2
2 Bidets 38 mm 2
3 Floor Drains 51 mm 2
4 Shower, single stall 51 mm 2
5 Sink (residential) 38 mm 2
6 Urinal, wall mounted, integral trap 51 mm 3
7 Wash Basin (single) 32 mm 1
8 Water Closet (private installation) 76 mm 4
9 Water Closet (public installation) 76 mm 6
Traps & Interceptors
INSTALLATION OF TRAPS:
The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and
the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.
Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms
TRAP ARM DISTANCE
DIAMETER TO VENT Note: In no case shall
32 mm 0.76 m the trap distance be less
than 2 times the diameter
38 mm 1.07 m of the trap arm.
51 mm 1.52 m
76 mm 1.83 m
102 mm & larger 3.05 m
The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the
top of closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or
similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a
change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.
Traps & Interceptors
INDUSTRIAL INTERCEPTORS
(CLARIFIERS) & SEPARATORS:
Interceptors (a device designed and installed to separate and
retain deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matters from normal
wastes and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge
into the disposal terminal by gravity) shall have a water seal of
not less than 152 mm deep.
Each interceptor shall be properly vented.
Slaughterhouses, packing establishments, and any
establishment which discharges wastewater with
considerable amount of grease, hairs, feathers , etc. shall
drain through a screening device and thence into a grease
interceptor.
Auto wash racks and/or floor or slabs used for cleaning
machinery or machine parts shall be adequately protected
against storm or surface water and shall drain into an
interceptor which will separate oil and grease before the
effluent reaches the public stream.
Clean-outs
REQUIREMENTS:
Clean-outs REQUIRED
at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total
developed length
at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction
thereof
additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line
with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°
inside the building near the connection between the building
drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building
at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
Clean-outs
Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED
on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such
line is serving sinks or urinals.
on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72
deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)
Clean-outs
SIZE OF CLEAN-OUTS:
Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size of pipe
served
Clean-Out Size
SIZE OF SIZE OF THREADS
PIPE CLEANOUT PER 25.4MM
38 mm 38 mm 11-1/2
51 mm 38 mm 11-1/2
64 mm 64 mm 8
76 mm 64 mm 8
102 mm & larger 89 mm 8
Clean-outs
INSTALLATION OF
CLEAN-OUTS:
Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the
direction of flow or at right angles to the direction of flow
except in the case of a wye branch.
Each 90° clean-out extension shall be constructed from a
wye fitting or an approved fitting of equivalent sweep.
Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance
of not less than 305 mm; those 51 mm or more shall have a
front clearance of 450 mm.
Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be extended to or
above finish floor or shall be extended outside the building
when there is less than 450 mm vertical clearance or 750
horizontal clearance to the means of access.
No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be
located more than 6.1 m from an access door, trap door or
crawl hole.
Vents & Venting System
VENTILATION
Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to
maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside the
system
Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the
circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the
negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Vents & Venting System
Main Types: VENTS
Main Soil & Waste Vent
the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary
system
Connected to the Main Soil & Waste
Stack
The portion where waste does not
travel through
Continues to the roof; the portion
penetrating the roof is called the
Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)
Vents & Venting System
Main Vent
the principal artery of the venting
system to which vent branches are
connected.
a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’
serves as support to the Main Soil &
Waste Vent
Vents & Venting System
Individual Vent or Back Vent
a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that
connects with the vent system above the
fixture served or terminates in the open air.
Vents & Venting System
Other Types:
Unit, Common, or Dual Vent
an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
serve two (2) traps.
Vents & Venting System
Relief Vent
a vertical vent line that provides
additional circulation of air between
the drainage and vent systems or to
act as an auxiliary vent on a specially
designed system such as a
“yoke vent” connection between the
soil and vent stacks.
Vents & Venting System
Yoke or By-pass Vent
a pipe connecting upward from a soil
or waste stack below the floor and
below horizontal connection to an
adjacent vent stack at a point above
the floor and higher than the highest
spill level of fixtures for preventing
pressure changes in the stacks.
Vents & Venting System
Circuit Vent
a group vent pipe which starts in front of the
extreme (highest) fixture connection on a
horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.
a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’
Serves a battery of fixtures
Vents & Venting System
Looped Vent
a vertical vent connection on a
horizontal soil or waste pipe
branch at a point downstream
of the last fixture connection
and turning to a horizontal line
above the highest overflow
level of the highest fixture
connected there
Used in spaces without partitions
Vents & Venting System
Wet Vent
that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also
flows through.
Vents & Venting System
Local Vent
a pipe or shaft to convey foul air
from a plumbing fixture or a room
to the outer air.
Dry Vent
a vent that does not carry liquid or
water-borne wastes.
Vents & Venting System
Stack Vent
the extension of a soil or waste stack
above the highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack.
Vent Stack
the vertical vent pipe installed
primarily for providing circulation of
air to and from any part of the soil, waste
of the drainage system. The uppermost
end above the roof has traditionally been
referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
Vents & Venting System
REQUIREMENTS:
Vents REQUIRED
Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-
pressure through venting.
Vents NOT REQUIRED
on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges
through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary
interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly
trapped and vented.
Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall
discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into
a floor sink or other approved type receptor.
Vents & Venting System
SIZE OF VENTS:
The sizes of vent piping shall be determined from its length
and the total number of fixture units connected thereto.
The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32
mm (1-1/4”) nor less in size than one-half (1/2) the diameter
of the drain to which it is connected.
Installation of Vents
GRADES & CONNECTIONS
All horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or
sags & shall be graded and connected to drip back by
gravity to the drainage pipe it serves.
Each vent shall rise vertically 152 mm above the highest
level rim of the fixtures served before offsetting horizontally.
All vent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the
roof or shall be reconnected to the soil or waste stack vent
at a point below the roof. The “vent stack through roof”
(VSTR) shall be increased one (1) pipe size above the
connection between the stack vent and the horizontal vent.
Two (2) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be
served by a common vertical vent pipe connected to an
approved double branch fitting.
Installation of Vents
VENT TERMINATION
VSTR shall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm above
the roof nor less than 300 mm from any vertical surface
nearby.
Each vent opening shall terminate:
Not less than 3.00 m from any openable window;
Not less than 0.90 m above any openable window;
Not less than 0.90 m away from any lot line, alley and street
boundary lines.
Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3.00 m distant from any part
of the roof that is used for human activities and shall extend
not less than 2.10 m above such roof.
Installation of Vents
VENT STACK & RELIEF VENTS
Each soil or waste stack extending ten (10) or more storeys
above the building drain shall be served by a parallel vent
stack which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper
terminal at the roof and connect to the soil or waste stack at
ground level and at every fifth floor levels with a “yoke vent”
at a point below the horizontal soil or waste branch
connection to the stack and at the nearby vent stack above
the same floor to provide a relief vent.
The size of yoke vent shall be not less in diameter than
either the soil stack or the vent stack, whichever is smaller.
The yoke vent connection at the vent stack shall be placed
1.0 m above the floor level and, by means of a wye branch
at the soil stack, shall be placed below the fixture branch
serving that floor.
Vents & Venting System
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS:
Trap Seal Loss
- Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system
due to inadequate ventilation of traps
- Attributed to the following conditions:
Siphonage- direct and momentum
Vents & Venting System
Back Pressure Capillary Attraction
Evaporation- caused by extreme temperatures, idleness
Wind Effects- strong winds blow the trap seal
Retardation of flow
- Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity
Deterioration of the Materials
- Due to the formation of acids
INDIRECT WASTE PIPING,
WET-VENTED SYSTEMS & SPECIAL WASTES
Indirect Waste Pipe
– is a pipe that does not connect directly with the
drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by
discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or
receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.
House Drain Appliances
HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES:
GREASE TRAPS:
For establishments like restaurants, cafes, lunch counters,
cafeterias, bars and clubs, hotel, hospital, sanitarium,
factory or school kitchens. A grease trap is not required for
individual dwelling units.
No grease trap shall be installed for a facility that has an
approved rate of flow of more than 3.4 liters per second
(54.26 gpm) nor less than 1.3 L/s (20.74 gpm).
Each grease trap shall have an approved water seal of not
less than 51 mm in depth or the diameter of its outlet,
whichever is greater.
No food waste disposal unit shall discharge into a grease
interceptor or grease trap.
House Drain Appliances
GREASE TRAPS:
Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the
drainage or sewer system in quantities that can effect line
stoppage or hinder sewage treatment or private sewage
disposal.
2 Main Types
Earth Cooled Grease Trap
Mechanical Grease Trap
House Drain Appliances
Operating Principles (separation of grease from water):
grease suspended in waste floats to the surface
Earth cooled Grease Trap Mechanical Grease Trap
Traps & Interceptors
Grease Trap Capacity
TOTAL # OF REQUIRED GREASE
FIXTURES RATE OF RETENTION
CONNECTED FLOW CAPACITY
1 76 L/ min. 18 Kg
2 95 L/ min. 23 Kg
3 132 L/ min. 32 Kg
4 189 L/ min. 45 Kg
