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Chapter 12 Numerical Techniques

Exercise 12A

1 f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 5
f(–2) = –8 + 12 – 10 + 5 = –1
f(–1) = –1 + 3 – 5 + 5 = 2
Since f(–2) f(–1) < 0 ⇒ by the IMVT there exists x = α in the interval [–2, –1] such that f(α) = 0
∴ A root lies between –2 and –1
1 x
2 f ( x=
) e − x −1
2
1
f (1) = e − 1 − 1 =− 0.641
2
1 2
=
f (2) e − 2 −=1 0.695
2
Since f(1) f(2) < 0 ⇒ by the IMVT there exists x = α in the interval [1, 2] such that f(α) = 0
∴ A root lies between 1 and 2
3 f(x) = 2 ln x + x – 3
f(1) = 2 ln 1 + 1 – 3 = –2
f(2) = 2 ln 2 + 2 – 3 = 0.386
Since f(1) f(2) < 0 ⇒ by the IMVT there exists x = α in the interval [1, 2] such that f(α) = 0
∴ A root lies between 1 and 2
4 f(x) = x + 3 sin x – 2
f(0.45) = 0.45 + 3 sin (0.45) – 2 = –0.2451
f(0.55) = 0.55 + 3 sin (0.55) – 2 = 0.1181
Since f(0.45) f(0.55) < 0 ⇒ by the IMVT there exists x = α in the interval [0.45, 0.55] such that
f(α) = 0
∴ A root lies between 0.45 and 0.55

5 f(x) = x4 + x – 4
f(1) = 1 + 1 – 4 = –2
f(2) = 16 + 2 – 4 = 14
Since f(1) f(2) < 0 ⇒ by the IMVT there exists x = α in the interval [1, 2] such that f(α) = 0
∴ A root lies between 1 and 2
6 f(x) = 2x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 1
f(2) = 2(2)3 – 6(2)2 + 3(2) + 1 = 16 – 24 +6 + 1 = –1
f(3) = 2(3)3 – 6(3)2 + 3(3) + 1 = 54 – 54 + 9 + 1 = 10
Since f(2) f(3) < 0 ⇒ by the IMVT there exists x = α in the interval [2, 3] such that f(α) = 0
∴ A root lies between 2 and 3
7 f=( x) cos x − x
f (0)= cos 0 − 0 = 1
f (1) =cos 1 − 1 =0.5403 − 1 =− 0.459698
⇒0<α<1
8 f(x) = x2 – 5x + 2
f(0) = 2
f(1) = 1 – 5 + 2 = –2
f(2) = 4 – 10 + 2 = –4
f(3) = 9 – 15 + 2 = –4
f(4) = 16 – 20 + 2 = –2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 12 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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f(5) = 25 – 25 + 2 = 2
∴ 0 < α <1 and 4 < α < 5
Either range is accepted as an answer
9 f(x) = x4 – x – 1
f(0) = –1
f(1) = 1 – 1 – 1 = –1
f(2) = 16 – 2 – 1 = 13
⟹1<α<2
10 f(x) = x3 +2x – 4
f(0) = –4
f(1) = 1 + 2 – 4 = –1
f(2) = 8 + 4 – 4 = 8
⇒1<α<2
11 f(x) = x4 – 20
f(2) = 16 – 20 = –4
f(3) = 81 – 20 = 61
⇒2<α<3
12 f(x) = tan2 x + x2 – 1
f(0) = –1
f(1) = tan2 1 + 1 – 1 = 2.426
⇒0<α<1
13 x2 = 1000
f(x) = x2 – 1000
f ′( x) = 2x
By N-R:
f ( xn ) xn2 − 1000
xn += x − = x −
f ′( xn )
1 n n
2 xn
2 xn2 − xn2 + 1000 xn2 + 1000
x n +1 = =
2 xn 2 xn
1  xn2 1000  1  1000 
=
x n +1  + =   xn +
2  xn xn  2  xn 
∴ A root lies between 31 and 32
f(31) = 961 – 1000
f(32) = 1024 – 1000
Using 31.5 as x1
1 1000 
= x2  31.5 + 
2 31.5 
= 31.62301587
x3 = 31.62277660
x4 = 31.62277660
1000 = 31.622777
14 f(x) = 2x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 1
f(2) = 16 – 24 + 6 + 1 = –1
f(3) = 54 – 54 + 9 + 1 = 10
Since f(2) f(3) < 0, by the IMVT there exists x = α in the interval [2, 3] such that f(α) = 0
∴2<α<3
f ′( x) = 6x2 – 12x + 3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 12 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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f ( xn ) 2 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 3 xn + 1
xn += xn − = xn − n 2 n
f ′( xn ) 6 xn − 12 xn + 3
1

Using x1 = 2.5
2(2.5)3 − 6(2.5) 2 + 3(2.5) + 1 2.25
=
x2 2.5 − =2.5 − =2.28571429
6(2.5) − 12(2.5) + 3
2 10.5
x3 = 2.28571429 − 0.05689002 = 2.22882427
x4 = 2.22476510
x5 = 2.22474487
x6 = 2.22474487
An approximation to the root is 2.224745 (6 dp)
15 (a) f (=
x ) 2ln x + x − 2
f (1) =2 ln 1 + 1 − 2 =− 1
= 2 ln 2 + 2 −=
f (2) 2 1.386294
Since f(1) f(2) < 0 ⇒ a root lies between 1 and 2
f ( xn )
(b) xn += 1 xn −
f ′( xn )
2
f ′( x=
) +1
x
2 ln xn + xn − 2
xn += 1 xn −
2
+1
xn
(2 ln xn + xn − 2) xn
= xn −
2 + xn
xn (2 + xn ) − 2 xn ln xn − xn2 + 2 xn
=
2 + xn
2 xn + xn2 − 2 xn ln x − xn2 + 2 xn
=
2 + xn
4 xn − 2 xn ln x
=
2 + xn
4 x − 2 xn ln xn
(c) xn + 1 = n
2 + xn
4(1.5) − 2(1.5) ln 1.5
When= =
x1 1.5, x2
2 + 1.5
= 1.366744
4(1.366744) − 2(1.366744) ln 1.366744
x3 =
2 + 1.366744
= 1.370151
x4 = 1.370154
α = 1.3702
16 (a) f (t ) = t + sin t − π 3
f (1) = 0.794
f (2) = 1.862
f (0) = − 1.047
0<α<1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 12 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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(b) f (t ) = t + sin t − π 3
f ′(t )= 1 + cos t
π
tn + sin tn −
tn + = 3
1 tn −
1 + cos tn
t (1 + cos tn ) − tn − sin tn + π 3
= n
1 + cos tn
t cos tn − sin tn + π 3
= n
1 + cos tn
Using t1 = 0.5
0.5 cos 0.5 − sin 0.5 + π 3
t2 =
1 + cos 0.5
= 0.536095
∴ t2 = 0.5361 (4 dp)
t3 = 0.536267 = 0.5363 (4 dp)
17 (a)

Since the graphs intersect at exactly two points,

5 – θ = 5e–θ
has exactly two real roots.
One point of intersection is (0, 5)
(b) Let f (θ) = 5 − θ − 5e −θ
f (4) = 5 − 4 − 5e −4 = 0.9084
f (5) =5 − 5 − 5e −5 =− 0.0337
Since f (4) f (5) < 0 by the IMVT a root lies between 4 and 5
(c) f (θ) = 5 − θ − 5e −θ
f ′(θ) =− 1 + 5e −θ
5 − θ n − 5e −θ n
θ n +=
1 θn −
−1 + 5e −θ n
5e −θ n (θ n + 1) − 5
= θn −
−1 + 5e −θ n
5e −4.5 (4.5 + 1) − 5
Using θ1 = 4.5, θ 2
= = 4.97059
−1 + 5 e −4.5
θ3 = 4.96511

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 12 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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∴ Root is 4.97 to 2 dp
18 (a) f ( x=) x 2 − 4 cos x
f (1) = 1 − 4 cos1 = − 1.1612
f (2) = 4 − 4 cos 2 = 5.6646
∴ A root lies between 2 and 3
(b) f ( x=) x 2 − 4cos x
f ′( x=) 2 x + 4sin x
f ( xn )
xn += 1 xn −
f ′ ( xn )
xn2 − 4cos xn
= xn −
2 xn + 4 sin xn
2 xn2 + 4 xn sin xn − xn2 + 4 cos xn
=
2 xn + 4 sin xn
xn2 + 4 xn sin xn + 4 cos xn
=
2 xn + 4 sin xn
Using x1 = 1.5
1.52 + 4(1.5) sin(1.5) + 4 cos(1.5)
x2 =
2(1.5) + 4 sin(1.5)
= 1.2186
x3 = 1.2016
x4 = 1.2015
Root is 1.20 to 2 dp
19 (a) 2x – 1 = 3 cos x
y = 2x – 1

Since the graphs of y = 2x – 1 and y = 3 cos x intersect at one point

⇒ 2x – 1 = 3 cos x
has exactly one real root
(b) f ( x) = 2 x − 1 − 3 cos x
f (1) =2 − 1 − 3 cos1 =− 0.621
f (2) = 4 − 1 − 3 cos 2 = 4.248
∴ the root lies between 1 and 2
(c) f ( x )= 2 x − 1 − 3 cos x
f ′( x)= 2 + 3 sin x

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 12 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2 xn − 1 − 3 cos xn
xn +=
1 xn −
2 + 3 sin xn
3xn sin xn + 1 + 3 cos xn
xn +=
1 xn −
2 + 3 sin xn
Using x1 = 1.5,
4.5sin1.5 + 1 + 3 cos1.5
x2 =
2 + 3 sin1.5
= 1.14190
x3 = 1.13424
x4 = 1.134237
Root is 1.134 (3 dp)
20 7 x + 34 x 2 =
3
4 − 23x
Let f ( x) = 7 x3 + 34 x 2 + 23x − 4
f (0) = − 4
f (1) =7 + 34 + 23 − 4 =60
Since f(0) f(1) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = α in the interval [0, 1] such that f(α) = 0
∴ A root lies between 0 and 1
x = 0, f(0) = –4
x = 1, f(1) = 60
a f (b ) + b f ( a )
x1 =
f ( a ) + f (b )
(0) (60) + (1) (4)
=
4 + 60
4 1
= =
64 16
3 2
 1  1  1  1
f   =7   + 34   + 23   − 4 =− 2.42798
 16   16   16   16 
 1 1
Since f   f (1) < 0, a root lies between and 1
 16  16
1
(60) + (1) (2.42798)
∴ x2 = 16
2.42798 + 60
= 0.09896
f (0.09896) = 7(0.09896)3 + 34(0.09896) 2 + 23(0.09896) − 4
= –1.38417
Since f (0.09896) f (1) < 0 , a root lies between 0.09896 and 1
(0.09896) (60) + (1) (1.38417)
x3 = 0.11928
1.38417 + 60
f (0.11928) = 7(0.11928)3 + 34(0.11928) 2 + 23(0.11928) − 4 =− 0.76094
(0.11928) (60) + (1) (0.76094)
x4 = 0.13031
0.76094 + 60
f (0.13031) = − 0.41004
(0.13031) (60) + (1) (0.41004)
x5 = 0.13621
0.41004 + 60
f (0.13621) = − 0.21867

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 12 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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(0.13621) (60) + (1) (0.21867)

x6 =
0.21867 + 60
= 0.13935
Root is 0.14 to 2 dp
21 (a) f ( x) = x5 − x + 2
f ( −1) =( −1)5 − ( −1) + 2 =2
f (−2) =−( 2)5 − (−2) + 2 = − 32 + 4 =− 28
Since f(–2) f(–1) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = α in the interval [–2, –1] such that f(α)
=0
∴ A root lies in the interval [–2, –1]
a f (b ) + b f ( a )
x1 =
f ( a ) + f (b )
(−2) (2) + (−1) (28)
= = − 1.06667
2 + 28
f (−1.06667) = 1.68584
∴ A root lies between –1.06667 and –2
(−2) (1.68581) + (−1.06667) (28)
x2 = = − 1.11967
1.68581 + 28
Two approximations are –1.067 and –1.120 (3 dp)
22 f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x + 1
f (1) =1 − 3 + 1 =− 1
f (2) = 8 − 6 + 1 = 3
Since f(1) f(2) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = α in the interval [1, 2] such that f(α) = 0
∴ A root lies between 1 and 2
a f (b) + b f (a) (1) (3) + (2) (1) 5
x=1 = = = 1.25
f ( a ) + f (b ) 1+ 3 4
f (1.25) = −0.79688
(1.25) (3) + (2) (0.79688)
Root lies= between 1.25 and 2, x2 = 1.40741
0.79688 + 3
f (1.40741) = −0.43443
(1.40741) (3) + (2) (0.43443)
Root lies= between 1.40741 and 2, x3 = 1.48237
0.43443 + 3
f (1.48237) = − 0.18972
(1.48237) (3) + 2 (0.18972)
Root lies = between 1.48237 and 2 x4 = 1.51316
0.18972 + 3
f (1.51316) = −0.074568
(1.51316) (3) + 2(0.074868)
x5 = 1.52501
0.074868 + 3
f (1.52501) = − 0.028382
(1.52501) (3) + 2(0.028382)
x6 = 1.52946
0.028382 + 3
f (1.52946) = − 0.010594
(1.52946) (3) + 2(0.010594)
x7 = 1.53112
0.010594 + 3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 12 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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f (1.53112) = − 0.0039118
1.53112(3) + 2(0.0039118)
x8 = 1.53173
0.0039118 + 3
f (1.53173) = − 0.0014500
1.53173 (3) + 2(0.00145)
= x9 = 1.53196
0.00145 + 3
f (1.53196) = − 0.00052087
1.53196 (3) + 2(0.00052087)
x10 = 1.53204
0.00052087 + 3
Root is 1.532 (3 dp)
23 f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2 − 4 x + 11
f (3) = 27 − 27 − 12 + 11 = −1
f (4) = 64 − 48 − 16 + 11 = 11
a f (b) + b f (a) (3) (11) + (4) (1) 37
=
x1 = = = 3.08333
f ( a ) + f (b ) 1 + 11 12
f (3.08333) = −0.54111
(3.08333) (11) + 4(0.54111)
x2 = 3.12631.
0.54111 + 11
f (3.12631) = −0.27071
(3.12631) (11) + 4(0.27071)
x3 = 3.14730
0.27071 + 11
f (3.14730) = −0.13012
(3.14730) (11) + 4(0.13012)
x4 = 3.15727
0.13012 + 11
f (3.15727) = − 0.06136
(3.15727) (11) + 4(0.06136)
x5 = 3.1619
0.06136 + 11
Root is 3.16 (2 dp)
24 f ( x) = 3x + sin x − e x
f (0) =
3(0) + sin 0 − e0 =
−1
f (1) = 3 + sin1 − e = 1.12319
Since f(0) f(1) < 0 ⟹ by the IMVT there exists x = α in the interval [0, 1] such that f(α) = 0
∴ A root lies between 0 and 1
(0) (1.12319) + (1) (1)
=x1 = 0.47099
1 + 1.12319
f (0.47099) = 0.26516
Root is between 0 and 0.47099
(0) (0.26516) + (0.47099) (1)
x2 = 0.37228
1 + 0.26516
f (0.37228) = 0.02954
Root is between 0 and 0.37228
(0) (0.02954) + (0.37228) (1)
x3 = 0.36160
1 + 0.02954
f (0.36160) = 0.002947

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 12 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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(0) (0.002947) + (0.36160) (1)

x4 = 0.36054
1 + 0.002947
Root is 0.36 (2 dp)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 12 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013