146 Chapter 3 Evaluating Properties, (b) the temperature at p = 60 tbflin2, » = 5.982 fb, nF {© the specitic volume at T= TIO", p = 58 bin’, in fb. 39 Determine the volume change, in ft’, when 1 Ib of water, initially saturated liquid, is heated to saturated vapor while pressure remains constant at 10, 147 100, and 500, each in {bffin? Comment 10 For HO, determine the specified property at the indicated state. Locate the state on a sketch of the T-v diagram. 300 kPa, v = 0.5 miykg. Find 7, in °C 18 MPa, T= 200°C. Find v, in m/kg. (©) p = L MPa, T = 405°C. Find wv, in ar"ikg. (a) T= 100°C, x = 60%, Find v, in m’Vkg, (a) )p 3.1 For each case, determine the specific volume at the indicated state. Locate the state on a sketch of the T-v diagram, (@) Water at p = 147 Ibifin?, 7 = 00°F. Find w, in feb. (b) Ammonia at T = ~30°C, x = 50%. Find », in m’Vkg (@) Refrigerant’ 14a at p = "15 MPa, T = 100°C. Find v, in mikg, 342 For cach case, determine the specified property at the indicated state, Locate the state on a skeich of the 7-v diagram, . (a) Water at v = 05 mk, p = 3 bar, determine 7, in °C. {b) Ammonia at p = 11 Ibffin?, T = ~20°R, determine v, in fb. (@) Propane at p = 1 MPa, T = 85°C, determine v, in meg. 343 For HO, determine the specific volume at the indicated state, in m/kg, Locate the states on a sketch of the T-v diagram, (a) T= 400°C, p = 20 MPa. (b) T= 40°C, p = 20 MPa, = 2 MPa. 34 For H,O, locate each of the following states on sketches of the p-v, T-v, and phase diagrams. @T ()T @T 3.45 Complete the following exercises. In each case locate the state on sketches of the T-v and p-v diagrams (@) Four kg of water at 100°C fill a closed container having ft volume of 1 m?. If the water at this state is a vapor, determine the pressure, in bar, If the water is @ two-phase liguid-vapor mixture, determine the quality, (b) Ammonia at a pressure of 40 Tbffin* has a specific internal energy of 308.75 Btullb, Determine the specific ‘volume at the state, in ft/lb. 36 Two kg of a two-phase, liquid-vapor mixture of carbon dioside (CO) exists at 40°C in a 0.05 m tank, Determine the quality ofthe mixture, ifthe values of specific volume for saturated liquid and saturated vapor CO; at ~40°C are ty = 0896 X10 milky and v, = 3.824 % 10? mike, respectively 3.17 Bach of the following exercises requires evaluating the ‘quality of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture: {@) The quality of a two-phase lquid-vqpor mixture of HO at 40°C with a specific volume of 10 mfg is {i 0, (i) 0.486 (i) 0.512, () 1 {0) The quality of a two-phase liguid-vapor mixture of fropane at 20 bar wth a specific internal energy of 300 Kk is (i) 0.166, (i) 0.214, (ii) 0.575, (iv) 0.62% {the quality of a two-phase liguid-vapor mixture of Refrigerant [6a at 90 Ibf/in? with a specific enthalpy of 90 Blais () 038% Gi) 0718, i) 0.06, (is) 0854 {@) The quality of a two-phase liquid-rapor mixture of cpononin at 20°F with a specific volume of 11 107 is (i) 0, Gi) 0.251, (ii) 0.537, (iv) 0.749. 418 Determine the quality of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of (a) H,0 at 10Ibtin? with a specific volume of 15 fb. (b) Refrigerant 134a at 60°F with a specific internal enessy of 505 Biull (©) ammonia at 80 Ibflin? with a specific enthalpy of 350 Buu. (d) propane at ~20°F with a specific volume of 1 fr'tb. 349A two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of ammonia has specific volume of 10 ft/lb, Determine the quality if the temperature is (a) 100°F, (b) O°F Locate the states on sketch of the T-v diagram. 3.20 A. two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of a substance has @ pressure of 150 bar and occupies a volume of 02 m’. The Thasses of saturated liquid and vapor present are 3.8 kg and 42 kg, respectively. Determine. the specific volume of the mixture, in m'/kg. 1321 As shown in Fig, P3.21, a closed, rigid eylinder contains different volumes of saturated liquid water and saturated ‘water vapor at a temperature of 150°C. Determine the quality of the mixture, expressed as a percent, Fig. P3.23 322 As shown in Fig, P322,0.1 kg of water is contained within ‘a piston- 10 bin? Fig. P3.59cuapter 3 Evaluating Properties temperature, in °F, (b) the final pressure, in Tbffin?, and (6) the heat transfer, in Btu. 3.460 A rigid, insulated tank fitted with a paddle whee! is | filled with water, initially a two-phase liquld-vapor mixture at 20 Ibfin?, consisting of 0.07 Ib of saturated liquid and (0.07 Ib of saturated vapor. The tank contents are stirred by the paddle wheel until all of the water is saturated vapor | at a pressure greater than 20 Ibffin.* Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. For the water, determine the (@) volume occupied, in (b) initial temperature, in °F (©) final pressure, in Ibéin? (8) work, in Buu | 3461 Ifthe hot plate of Example 32 transfers energy at a rate ‘of 0:1 KW to the two-phase mixture, determine the time requited, in h, to bring the mixture from (a) state 1 to state 2, (b) state 1 to state 3. (3.62 A closed, rigid tank filled with water, initially at 20 bar, a {quality of 80%, and a volume of 0.5 m, is cooled until the pressure is 4 bar. Show the process of the water on a sketch Of the T-v diagram and evaluate the heat transfer, in KX a/343 As shown in Fig, P3.63, a closed, rigid tank fitted with a fine-wire electric resistor i filled with Refrigerant 22, initially at —10°C, a quality of 80%, and a volume of 0.01 m’. A TP-volt battery provides a 5-amp current to the resistor for 5 minutes If the final temperature ofthe refrigerant is 40°C, determine the heat transfer, in KJ, from the refrigerant. 3.64 A rigid, wel-insulated tank contains a two-phase mixture ‘of ammonia with 0.0025 £0 of saturated liquid and 15 {P of saturated vapor, initially at 40 Ibffin® A paddle whee! stirs the mixture until only saturated vapor at higher pressure remains in the tank, Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. For the ammonia, determine the amount of eneray transfer by work, in Btu. D365 A close ig tank is led with 00 of water, nial at 120°F and a quality of 50%. The water receives 8 Btu by heat transfer. Determine the temperature, in °F, pressure, in Ibfin?, and quality of the water at its final state, 346 A piston-cylinder assembly contains ammonia, initially at ‘a temperature of ~20°C and a quality of 50%. The ammonia is slowly heated to a final state where the pressure is 6 bar and the temperature is 130°C. While the ammonia is heated, 12yolt battery provides 2 ‘Samp eurtent for Smits, its pressure varies linearly with specific volume. Show the process of the ammonia on a sketch of the p-v diagram. For the ammonia, determine the work and heat transfer, each in kirkg. 367 A rigid, wellinsulated container with’a volume of 2 hholds 0.12 tb of ammonia initially at a pressure of 20 Ibffin® ‘The ammonia is stirred by a paddle wheel, resulting in an energy transfer to the ammonia with a magnitude of 1 Btu For the ammonia, determine the intial and final temperatures, teach in °R, and the final pressure, in Ibffin? Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects, ‘3468 Water contained in a piston-cylinder assembly, initially at 300°F, a quality of 90%, and a volume of 6 tis heated at constant temperature to saturated vapor. Ifthe rate of heat transfer is 03 Btw, determine the time, in min, for this process of the water to occur. Kinetic and potential energy effects aro negligible. 3.69 Five kg of waters contained in a piston-cylinder assembly, initially at 5 bar and 240°C, The water is slowly heated at constant pressure to a final state. Ifthe heat transfer for the process is 2960 kJ, determine the temperature at the final State, in °C, and the work, in ki. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible, 3.70 Referring to Fig. P3.70, water contained in a. piston cylinder assembly, initially at 15 bar and a quality of 20%, is heated at constant pressure until the piston hits the stops. Heating then continues until the water is saturated vapor. ‘Show the processes of the water in series on a sketch of the ‘T-v diagram, For the overall process of the water, evaluate the work and heat transfer, each in kifkg. Kinetic and potential effects are negligible. 3.71 A piston-cylinder assembly contains 2Ib of water, initially, at 300°F, The water undergoes two processes in series! constant-volume heating followed by a constant-pressure process At the end of the constant-volume process, the ‘pressure is 100 Ibffin® and the water is a two-phase, liquid vapor mixture with a quality of 80%. At the end of the constant-pressure process, the temperature is 400°F Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects. (2) Sketch T-v and p-v diagrams showing key states and the processes. {(b) Determine the work and heat transfer for each of the ‘wo processes, all in Btu.Fig. P3.70 372 A system consisting of 3 tb of water vapor in a piston~ colnder assembly, intlly at 350°F and a volume of 717 f°, ‘8 expanded in a constantpressure process (0 a volume of (85.38 (6. The system then is compressed isothermally to a final volume of 28.2 ft°, During the isothermal compression, energy transfer by work into the system is 72. Btu. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. Determine the heat fransfer, in Bt, foreach process. 373 Ammonia in a piston-eyinder assembly undergoes two proceses in series Intl, the ammonia is saturated vapor at i = 100 Ibfin? Process 1-2 involves cooling at constant pressure until x, = 75%, The seoond process from state 2 10 state 3, involves heating at constant volume until xy = 100%. Kinetic and potential energy effects ate nepligible. For L2 Ib of ammonia, determine (a) the heat transfer and work for Process 1-2 and (b) the heat trnser for Process 2-3, ll in Bus 34 ‘Three Ib of waters contained ina piston-elinder assembly, initially occupying a volume Vj = 30 f° at T, = 300°F. The water undergoes two processes in series: Process 1-2: Constant-emperature compression to V2 = 1119, during which there is an energy transfer by heat from the water of 1275 Btu. Process 2-3 Constant-volume heating to py = 120 Ibfin® Sketch the two processes in series on a T-v diagram. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects, determine the work in Process 1-2 and the heat transfer in Process 2-3,each in Bru. 3.35 As shown in Fig. P375, a piston-cylinder assembly fitted With stops contains 0.1 kg of water, intially at 1 MPa, 500°C. ‘The water undergoes two processes in series: Process 1-2: Constant-pressure cooling until the piston face rests against the stops. The volume occupied by the water is then one-half is initial volume. Process 2-3: With the water cools to 25°C. iston face resting against the stops the Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 151 Sketch the two processes in series on a p-v diagram, Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects, evaluate for each process the work and heat transfer, each in Kl 3.76 A two-phase, liquid-vapor mixture of H;0, initially at x = 30% and a pressure of 100 kPa, is contained in a piston~ cylinder assembly, as shown in Fig P3.76. The mass of the piston is 10 kg, and its diameter is 15 cm. The pressure of the surroundings is 100 kPa. As the water is heated, the pressure inside the eyinder remains constant until the piston hits the stops Heat transfer to the water continues at constant volume until the pressure is 150 kPa, Friction between the piston and the cylinder wall and kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible, For the overall process of the water, determine the work and heat transfer, each in k. ‘Wate, : Piston inal D= Sem Process 1-2: Constant-pressure heating at 10 bar from saturated. vapor. Process 2-3: Constant-volume cooling to p3 = 5 bar, T; = 160°C. 8158 kl. Process 3-4 Isothermal compression with Qs = Process 4-1: Constant-volume heating. Sketch the cycle on T-v and p-v diagrams. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects, determine the thermal efficiency.454 Chapter 3 Evaluating Properties Working with the Ideal Gas Model 3.100 A tank contains 0.5 m° of nitrogen (N:) at ~71°C and 1356 kPa, Determine the mass of nitrogen, in kg, using, (a) the ideal gas model (b) data from the compressibility chart. Comment on the applicability of the ideal gas model for nitrogen at this state. af 3:01 Determine the percent error in using the ideal gas model to determine the specific volume of (a) water vapor at 4000 lbffin’, 1000°F (b) water vapor at 5 tbffin?, 250°F (©) ammonia at 40 Ibffin?, 60°F. (@) air at 1 atm, S60°R. (c) Refrigerant 134a at 300 Ibtlin?, 180°R 3.402 Check the applicability of the ideal gas model (a) for’ water at 700°F and pressures of 1600 Ibffin? and 160 Iblin? (b) for carbon dioxide at 865 K and pressures of 75 bar and 3 bat. 3.403 Determine the specific volume, in mikg, of Refrigerant 134a at 16 bar, 100°C, using (@) Table At. (b) Figure AL. (©) the ideal gas equation of state. Compare the values obtained in parts (b) and (¢) with that of part (a). 3.404 Determine the specific volume, in mg, of ammonia at ‘50°C, 10 bar, using (2) Table As. (b) Figure A (6) the ideal gas equation of state ‘Compare the values obtained in parts (b) and (¢) with that of part (2), 3405 A closed, rigid tank is filled with a gas modeled as an ‘ideal gas, intially at 27°C and a gage pressure of 300 KPa. If the gas is heated to 77°C, determine the final pressure, coxpressed as a gage pressure, in kPa. The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm. 3106 The air in a room measuring 8 ft X 9 {tx 12 fis at 80°F ‘and 1 atm. Determine the mass of the air, in Ib, and its weight, in Ibf if g = 320 fu 307 Determine the total mass of nitrogen (Nin kg required to inflate all four tres ofa vehicle, each to a gage pressure of 180 kPa at a temperature of 25°C. The volume of each tire is 0.6 mand the atmospheric pressure is 1 atm 3.408 Using Table A-8, determine the temperature, in K and, °C, of propane al a state where the pressure is 2 bar and the specific volume is 0.307 m’lkg, Compare withthe temperature, in K and °C, respectively, obtained using Fig, A-L. Comment. 3.409 A balloon filled with helium, initially at 27°C, 1 bar, is, released and rises in the atmosphere until the helium is at IPC, 0.9 bar. Determine, as a percent, the change in volume of the helium from its inital volume. Using Energy Concepts and the Ideal Gas Model 3410 As shown in Fig, P3.110, 2 piston-eylinder assembly fitted with a paddle wheel contains air, initially at py = 30 Ibflin.?, T, = S40°F, and V; = 4 £0. The air undergoes 1 process fo a final state where p> = 20 Ibfin’, V> = 45 1. During the process, the paddle wheel transfers energy 10 the air by work in the amount 1 Btu, while the ar transfers energy by work fo the piston in the amount 3.31 Btu ‘Assuming ideal gas behavior, determine for the air (a) the temperature at state 2, in °R, and (b) the heat transfer, in Buu. Orr, V, = 4.0 Filly, p= 201bin?, Vz 450. Fig. P3.120 BAIL A piston-cylinder assembly contains air, initially at 2 bar, 300 K, and a volume of 2 m’. The air undergoes a process to @ state where the pressure is 1 bar, during Which the pressure-volume relationship is pV = constant. Assuming ideal gas behavior for the air, determine the mass of the air, n kg, and the work and heat transfer, each in kd. 3412 Air contained in a piston-cylinder assembly, initially at 2 bar, 200 K, and a volume of 1 L, undergoes a process to a final state where the pressure is 8 bar and the volume is 2 L. During the process, the pressure-volume relationship is linear. Assuming the ideal gas model for the air, determine the work and heat transfer, each in KI 3.113 Carbon dioxide (CO,) contained in a piston-cylinder arrangement, infally at 6 bar and 400 K, undergoes an expansion to a final temperature of 298 K, during which the pressure-volume relationship is pV? = constant. Assuming the ‘ideal gos model for the COs, determine the final pressure, in bar, and the work and heat transfer, each in Kk 3.414 Water vapor contained in a piston-cylinder assembly "undergoes an isothermal expansion at 240°C from a pressure fof 7 bar to a pressure of 3 bar. Evaluate the work, in ki/kg. Solve two ways: using (a) the ideal gas model, (b) IT with water/steam data. Comment. 1g One kilogram of nitrogen fils the cylinder of a piston cylinder assembly, as shown in Fig, P3115. There is no friction between the piston and the cylinder walls and the surroundings are at 1 atm. The initial volume and pressure in the cylinder are Lm? and 1 atm, respectively: Heat transfer to the nitrogen ‘occurs until the volume is doubled. Determine the heat transfer for the process, in KJ, assuming the specific heat ratio is constant, k = 14 L456 Chapter 3 Evaluating Properties ‘occurs from the nitrogen fo its surroundings. Assuming ideal gas behavior, determine the nitrogen’s final temperature, °C, and final pressure, in MPa, 3.126 A closed, rigid tank fitted with @ paddle wheel contains (1 kg of air, intially at 300 K, 0.1 MPa. The paddle wheel stirs the air for 20 minutes, with the power input varying with time according to W = —10t, where W is in watts and t is time, in minutes. The final temperature of the air is 1060 K. ‘Assuming ideal gas behavior and no change in kinetic of potential energy, determine forthe ai (a) the final pressure, jn MPa, (b) the work, in KI, and (c) the heat transfer in kl. 327 As shown in Fig. P3.127, one side of a rigi, insulated container initially holds 2m? of air at 27°C, 0.3 MPa, The air is separated by a thin membrane from an evacuated volume of 3m, Owing to the pressure of the air, the membrane stretches and eventually bursts allowing the air to occupy the full volume. Assuming the ideal gas model for the ait, determine (a) the mass of the air, in kg, (b) the final temperature of thé sr, in K, and (c) the final pressure ofthe sir, in MPa. Fig. P3127 slstas iris confined to one side of sig contincr divided by a partition, as shown in Fig, P3.128, The other side is initially evacuated, The aris initially at p, = 5 bar, T; = $00 K, ‘and V; = 02 m’, When the partition is removed, the air ‘expands to fill the entire chamber. Measurements show that Vz = 2 V; and po = py. Assuming the air behaves as an {deal gas, determine () the final temperature, in K, and (b) the heat transfer, Kl nial: aly Fig. P3.228 3.4129 Two kilograms of air, initially at 5 bar, 350 K and 4 kg. ‘of carbon monoxide (CO) initially at 2 bar, 450 K are confined to opposite sides ofa rigid, well-insulated container by a partition, as shown in Fig, P3129. The partition is free to move and allows conduction from one gas to the other without energy storage in the partition itself The air and CO och behave a ie gn with cosant ec Bat al 395. Determine at equilibrium (a) the temperature, in KO te pressure, in bar, and (2 the volume occupied by ‘each gas, in m’. 3430 As shown in Fig. P3.130, a piston-eylinder assembly. ‘contains 5 g of air holding the piston against the stops. The air, initially at 3 bar, 600 K, is slowly cooled until the piston just begins to move downward in the elinder. The ait behaves as an ideal gas, g = 9.81 mis’, and friction is negligible. Sketch the process of the air on a p-V diagram labeled with the temperature and pressure at the end states, ‘Also determine the heat transfer, in kl, between the air and its surroundings. 3,191 Five kilograms of a gas with molecilar weight of 32 ke! kmol and a temperature of 110°C is contained in a closed, rigid tank fitted with an electric resistor whose mass is negligible, The resistor draws a constant current of 12 amps458 Chapter 3 Evaluating Properties Isothermal 2 process (akg) Fig. P3.137 3.139 One kilogram of air in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes two processes in series from an initial state where py = 0.5 MPa, T, = 227°C: Process 1-2: Constant-temperature expansion until the volume is twice the initial volume, Process 2-2 Constant-volume heating until the pressure is again 0.5 MPa, Sketch the two processes in series on ap-v diagram. Assuming ideal gas behavior, determine (a) the pressure at state 2, in ‘MPa, (b) the temperature at state 3, in °C, and for each of the processes (c) the work and heat transfer, each in kl. ‘V 3.140 Aircontained in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes the ‘power ojcle shown in Fig, P3.140. Assuming ideal gas behavior for the air, evaluate the thermal efficiency of the cycle Teothenat p as proces 1 3 2 ——1 ~ at ° r 3 (mg) Fig. P3.ag0 341 A piston-cylinder assembly contains air modeled as an ideal gas with a constant specific heat ratio, k = 14. The fir undergoes a power cycle consisting of four processes in Process 1-2: Constant-temperature expansion at 600 K from Ps = 05 MPa to p; = 0.4 MPa, Process 2-3: Polytropic expansion with 03 MPa Process 3-42 Constant-prossure compression 10 V4 = Vj. Process 4-1: Constant-volume heating. ‘Sketch the eycle on a p-v diagram, Determine (a) the work and heat transfer for each process, in kWfkg, and (d) the ‘thermal efficiency. 34142. One Ib of oxygen, O; undergoes power cycle consisting of the following processes: Process 1-2: Constant-volume from p, = 20 Ibfin’, to Ty = 820R. Process 2-3: Adiabatic expansion to vy = 14320, r= 500°R Process 3-1: Constant-pressure compression to stato 1. Sketch the cycle on a p-v diagram. Assuming ideal gas behavior, determine (a) the pressure at state 2, in Ibffin? (6) the temperature at state 3, in *R (6) the heat transfer and work, each in Bt, forall processes. (6) the thermal efficiency of the eet 3.143 A system consists of 2 kg of carbon dioxide gas iitaly atstate I, where p = 1 bar, T; = 300 K.The system undergoes a power cycle consisting of the following processes: Process 1-2: Constant volume to pa.P2> Pi Process 2-3: Expansion with pu!™ = constant Process 3-1: Constant-pressure compression ‘Assuming the ideal gas model and negleting kinetic and potential energy effects, (@) sketch the cycle on a p-v diagram, (©) plot the thermal efficiency versus p2/p; ranging trom 105 to 4, & a4 Air undergoes a polytropie proces ina pston-oylinder EL assembly from py = 14.7 Iblin’, Ty = 70°F to p; = 100 Ibélin.? Using /T, plot the work and heat transfer, each in Btu per Ib of aie, for polytropie exponents ranging from 10 to 16, Investigate the error in the heat transfer introduced by assuming constant c, evaluated at 70°F, Discus. 3445 Steam, iniialy at 5 MPa, 280°C undergoes a poytopic EY ‘process in a piston-cylinder assembly to a final pressure of 20 MPa, Using 17, plot the heat transfer, in KI per kg of steam, for polytropic exponents ranging from L0 to L6, Investigate the error in the heat transfer introduced by assuming ideal gas behavior for the steam, Discuss. Reviewing Concepts 3.4146 Answer the following true or false, Explain, (2) Fora gas modeled as an ideal gas, cj = c, + R, where Ris the gas constant for the gas () Air always can be regarded as a pure substance. (c) Water at p = 100 Ibffin.* and v = 0.0169 fr'/lb is a compressed ligud (@ Atmospheric air is normaly not modeled as an ideal gas (©) For liquid water, the following approximation is reasonable for many engineering calculations: o(7, p) = (0) |