15EEE-382 Electrical Machines Lab – II

Lab Manual, 5th Semester B. Tech

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Amrita School of Engineering

Bangalore Campus
Kasavanahalli, Carmellaram P.O. Bangalore-560035
 Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course code: 15EEE382

Course title: ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II
Semester/Branch: 5th / EEE
Credit: 01

Cycle 1 –

1. No load & blocked rotor test on 3-Ф Induction motor.

2. Load test on 3-Ф squirrel cage Induction motor.
3. Load test on 3-Ф Alternator
4. Load test on 1- Ф Induction motor.
5. Speed control of 3-Ф slip ring Induction motor.

Cycle 2 –

6. Predetermination of regulation of 3-Ф Alternator by EMF & MMF

methods.
7. Predetermination of regulation of 3-Ф Alternator by ZPF methods.
8. No load & blocked rotor test on 1- Ф Induction motor.
9. V-curve and Inverted V-curve of synchronous motor.
10. Load test on synchronous motor.
11. Synchronization of Alternator with infinite bus-bar.
12. Load test on 3-Ф slip ring Induction motor.
Exp. No: 1
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON A
THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct No load test and Blocked rotor test on a 3-ϕ induction motor and to determine following
values by using equivalent circuit diagram.
(i)Line current (ii)Input and output power (iii)Efficiency (iv) Slip (v) Torque (vi) Power factor. (at
rated conditions)

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Apparatus Specifications Quantity

1 Ammeter 1 No
2 Voltmeter 1 No
3 Wattmeter 2 Nos
4 Tachometer 1 No
5 Three-phase variac 1 No
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
The approximate per phase equivalent circuit of the 3-phase motor is shown in given figure. In
the circuit r1 and r2e represent the stator resistance and equivalent rotor resistance per phase. (X1 + X2e)
represents the sum of stator leakage reactance and equivalent rotor resistance per phase at standstill. The
magnetizing current Im is shown as the current flowing through a fictitious reactance ‘Xm’, where as the
core loss current Iw is represented by the current through a fictitious resistance ‘rm’, ‘S’ is the operating slip.
On no-load when‘s’ is nearly zero and r2e / s tends to become infinity. Thus the current ‘I2e’ becomes
negligible. Hence in the equivalent circuit on no load, load becomes open circuit, with condition as s = 0.
Under blocked rotor condition, current becomes large compared to I0. Further voltage applied under blocked
rotor condition is to be small to limit the current to an allowable value (normally the full-load value); core
loss current and magnetizing current are negligibly small. Hence in the equivalent circuit s = 1 and load is
acting as short circuit. The stator resistance ‘r1’ can be readily measured by using voltmeter-ammeter method.
Thus performing no-load and blocked rotor tests, the equivalent circuit parameters can be found out.

PRECATIONS:
1. TPST switch should be kept open.
2. Three-phase variac should be kept in minimum voltage position.
3. The machine should be in no-load condition.

PROCEDURE:
No-Load Test
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close TPST switch.
3. Adjust the three-phase variac till the voltmeter shows the rated line voltage of the Induction Motor.
4. Note the line voltage, line current power input and the speed indicated by the respective voltmeter,
ammeter, wattmeter’s and tachometer under no-load condition.

Blocked Rotor Test

1. Block the rotor by break drum arrangement.
2. Close TPST switch
3. Vary the voltage by variac up- to the rated current of the machine.
4. Note the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter’s readings.

RESULT:

Thus by conducting No load test and Blocked rotor test on a three-phase induction motor, the
following values are found by using circle diagram
(i) Line current (ii) Output power (iii) Efficiency (iv) Slip (v) Torque (vi) Power factor

TABULATION:
No-Load Test
Line Voltage Line Current Wattmeter Readings
Sl. (W)
Vo Io
No. W1 W2 Wo=W1 ±W2
(V) (A)

Blocked Rotor Test

Line Voltage Line Current Wattmeter Readings
Sl. (W)
VSC ISC
No. W1 W2 Wo=W1 ±W2
(V) (A)

Equations:
 …………….,
…………………….,

Effective Rotor Resistance required

Mechanical load on motor =

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
W1

M L
R A
A
C V S2
V S1
T R
440 V
P C E
3-Phase
Y Y
A
S Break
B Three-phase
Drum
C V Induction Motor
C E
B
T
A M L
W2

C E
Equivalent circuit diagram of induction motor:
Ex. No:2

LOAD TEST ON A THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct a load test on a three-phase induction motor and to draw the following performance
characteristic curves
(i) Output vs Efficiency (ii) Output vs Torque (iii) Output vs Slip
(iv) Output vs Line current (v) Output vs Power
(vi) Line current vs Efficiency (vii) Line current vs Torque
(viii) Line current vs Slip (ix) Line current vs Power factor
(x) Slip vs Torque

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Ammeter 1 No
2 Voltmeter 1 No
3 Wattmeter 2 Nos
4 Tachometer 1 No
5 Three-phase variac 1 No
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
Induction motors are the most commonly used AC machines for producing mechanical power output
from electrical power input. Three phase induction motors have more output power are more efficient,
cheaper, have a higher power factor and have better starting properties than the corresponding single-
phase motors. The squirrel cage induction motor has a stator with three-phase distributed winding and
a short-circuited cage rotor.
When a balanced three-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field is
set up. This induces an emf in the rotor winding and so current flows in these windings. At starting,
the rotor is stationary and the currents interact with the magnetic flux to produce torque on the rotor.
This makes the rotor to rotate in the same direction as that of the rotating field. But the rotor never
reaches the speed of the stator / field and hence there is a speed difference between the stator field and
the rotor. Stator field rotates at synchronous speed (Ns = 120f/P), where ‘f ‘is the supply frequency and
‘P’ is the number of poles of the stator, and rotor rotates at a slightly less speed. The amount by which
the rotor slips back from the synchronous speed is called the slip.

Percentage slip = [(Ns-N) / Ns] X 100

Induction motor under standstill condition is similar to a transformer with short-circuited
secondary. Hence, at starting it will take a large current from the supply mains with low power factor.
For reducing the starting current, a star-delta starter can be used. This provides a cheap and simple
method of induction motor starting. At the starting, each phase of the stator windings is connected in
star. When the motor speed reaches nearly its normal value the starter handle is changed over so as to
connect the winding in delta, so that each phase of the three phase winding is connected across the full
main voltage. When the motor is mechanically loaded, the rotor slows down slightly. Further, the
frequency and the value of rotor current increase and more amount of power is drawn by the stator
from the main supply. Alternate way of starting is by using an auto transformer.
The three phase input power can be measured by two wattmeter method. The total power output
is the algebraic sum of the wattmeter readings (P1 = W1 + W2). From the spring balance readings, the
output torque can be determine by the relation,
T = (S1 – S2) R’x 9.81 N-m, where R’ = R+ t/2, R is radius of the brake drum and‘t’ is the thickness
of the belt. Then output power P2 = 2Π NT / 60 Watt. Efficiency is the ratio of output power to the
input power. Power factor is given by the relation
cosΦ = P1 / (√3VI).

PRECAUTIONS:
Initially
1. TPST switch should be kept open.
2. Three-phase variac should be kept in minimum voltage position.
3. The machine should be in no-load condition.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close TPST switch.
3. Adjust the three-phase variac till the voltmeter shows the rated line voltage of the Induction
Motor.
4. Note down the line voltage, line current power input and the speed indicated by the respective
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter’s and tachometer under no-load condition.
5. Load the machine by means of break drum arrangement and note down the corresponding meter
readings and speed.
6. Repeat the same procedure up-to the rated current of the Induction Motor.

RESULT
Thus a load test on a given three-phase induction motor was performed and the following performance
characteristic curves are drawn
(i) Output vs Efficiency (ii) Output vs Torque (iii) Output vs Slip
(v) Output vs Line current (v) Output vs Power
(vi) Line current vs Efficiency (vii) Line current vs Torque
(viii) Line current vs Slip (ix) Line current vs Power factor
(xi) Slip vs Torque
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
W1

M L
R A
A
C V S2
V S1
T R
440 V

3-Phase P C E
Y Y
A
S
Break
B
Three-phase
Drum
50 Hz Induction Motor
T E C V
C
B
A M L
W2

C E

TABULATION:

Line Line Spring balance Wattmeter

Speed Power Output
readings Readings Torque
Sl. Voltage Current Factor power % %
N (kg) (W) T
No. VL IL cos Po Slip η
(rpm) S1 S2 S1 ~S2 W1 W2 W1 ±W2 (Nm)
(V) (A) (W)

FORMULAE USED:
1. Torque T =9.81× (S1~S2) ×R. (Nm)
2NT
2. Output power P0 = . (W)
60
3. Input power Pi = (W1 ±W2) = 3  VL  I L  cos . (W)

4. cos = (W1 ±W2) / 3  VL  I L

5. Percentage efficiency= (Output/Input) ×100 = (Po/Pi) 100.
6. Ns = 120 f/P (rpm)
 7. Percentage slip = (Ns-N)/Ns×100
Where,
S1, S2 - Spring balance readings (kg)
R - Radius of the brake drum (m)
cos - Power factor
VL - Line voltage (V)
IL - Line current (A)
N - Speed (rpm)
NS -Synchronous speed (rpm)
f - Frequency of the supply
P - No. of Poles.
3VI cos 
Multiplication Factor =
Full scale deflection

MODEL GRAPH:

O/P vs P.f
%Slip vs T
O/P vs % η

O/P vs T %Slip vs O/P

N (rpm)
Po (W)
O/P vs IL
T (Nm)
O/P vs N T (Nm)
IL (A)

P.f Po (W) %Slip

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. When the load is applied on three-phase Induction Motor whether the following parameters will
increase or decrease and explain the reason?
(i) Slip (ii) Power factor (iii) Line current
2. The two watt meters connected in the circuit of three-phase Induction Motor reads as follows
(i) W1 : +Ve value; W2 : +Ve value
(i) W1 : +Ve value; W2 : – Ve value
(i) W1 : +Ve value; W2 :0
Explain the condition under which the above natures of readings are observed?
3. Explain the need for starters in three-phase Induction Motor and list out the different types of
Starters?
4. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of three-phase Induction Motor?
5. Draw the slip torque characteristic of three-phase Induction Motor and mark the following
(i) Starting torque (ii) Maximum torque
(iii) Starting torque/Maximum torque and (iv) Full load torque/Max. Torque
6. Why the power factor of a lightly loaded Induction Motor is quite low?
7. What is single phasing of three-phase Induction Motor?
Exp. No. 3:
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR

AIM:

To determine the percentage regulation of the given alternator by conducting load test on it.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Particulars Specification Quantity

1. Ammeter 3
2. Voltmeter 2
3. Tachometer 1
4. Potential divider 1
5. Field Rheostat 1
6. Three phase variable resistive load 1
7. Three phase variable inductive load 1
8. Three phase variable capacitive load 1
9. connecting wires

THEORY:

The synchronous generator or alternator is the commonly used machine for generating AC
electric power. Similar to d.c. generator, it operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It
essentially consists of a revolving field magnetic system and a stationery armature with a distributed
winding. The field system has to be excited with a dc supply. Two general types of rotor constructions
are employed. They are i) the salient pole type and ii) the cylindrical type or non-salient pole type.

The speed of an alternator is intimately connected with the frequency of the generated e.m.f.
The speed of the alternator at which it has to be driven to generate an e.m.f of a particular frequency is
called its synchronous speed and is given by Ns = 120f / P where ‘ Ns ‘ is the speed in rpm, ‘f’ is the
frequency of generated voltage and ‘P’ is the number of poles of the alternator.

The terminal voltage of an alternator is affected by the load. Under no-load condition, the
terminal voltage is the same as the induced e.m.f. But, under load the change of the terminal voltage
 depends on load current and the load p.f. The factors contributing to the voltage drops are (1) armature
resistance (2) the leakage reactance and (3) armature reaction. The armature reaction can be represented
by the drop due to fictitious reactance ‘Xa’ when combined with the leakage reactance, is called the
synchronous reactance.The phasor sum of the resistance ‘R’ and the synchronous reactance ‘Xs’ is the
synchronous impedance Zs. Thus at a load current ‘I’, the induced emf E0 is the phasor sum of the
terminal voltage ‘V’ and the drop ‘IZs’.
Now, the voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the rise (fall) in terminal voltage
expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage when the specified load is thrown off, the excitation and
the speed remaining constant. The voltage regulation may become positive or negative depending on
whether the load is inductive or capacitive.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the switches should be kept open initially.

2. Field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position.
3. Potential divider should be kept in minimum voltage position.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close DPST Switch 1.
3. Start the machine using Three point Starter.
4. Vary the field rheostat and make the motor to run at rated speed.
5. Close DPST Switch 2.
6. Adjust the Potential divider till the voltmeter shows the rated line voltage of the Alternator.
7. Note down the line current and the field current indicated by the corresponding ammeters under
no load condition.
8. Close TPST Switch.
9. Load the Alternator by means of the given loading arrangement (Resistive, Inductive and
Capacitive) and note down the corresponding meter readings.
10. Repeat the same procedure upto the rated load current of the Alternator.

RESULT:

Thus determination of percentage regulation for the given three phase Alternator by actual load test
is performed.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. When the load an Alternator is varied, its terminal voltage is also found to vary. Why?
2. Discuss how the voltage regulation of an Alternator will vary with load current for (i) Lagging
power factor (ii) Unity power factor (iii) Leading power factor
3. An Alternator is found to have on load condition more than that on no load. What is the nature
of the load connected?
4. Discuss why the percentage regulation of an Alternator should be very low for a good
Alternator?
5. Which parameter of load influences the armature reaction of an Alternator?

TABULATION
 Resistive Load Inductive Load Capacitive Load
Sl.No. Terminal Load Terminal Load Terminal Load
Percentage Percentage Percentage
Voltage Current Voltage Current Voltage Current
Regulation Regulation Regulation
(V) (A) (V) (A) (V) (A)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

FORMULA:

 E V 
Percentage regulation = 0  100
 V 

Where,
E0 - No load Voltage (Volts)
V - Terminal Voltage on load (Volts)

MODEL GRAPH

Lag PF

UPF
Percentage

Regulation
Load Current IL (A)

Lead PF
Exp. No 4:

LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct a load test on a single-phase induction motor and to draw the following performance
characteristic curves
(i) Output vs Efficiency (ii) Output vs Torque (iii) Output vs Slip
(vii) Output vs Line current (v) Output vs Power
(vi) Line current vs Efficiency (vii) Line current vs Torque
(viii)Line current vs Slip (ix) Line current vs Power factor
(xii) Slip vs Torque

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Ammeter 1 No
2 Voltmeter 1 No
3 Wattmeter 1 No
4 Tachometer 1 No
5 Single-phase variac 1 No
 6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
Induction motors are the most commonly used AC machines for producing mechanical power output from
electrical power output. Single phase induction motors are more efficient, cheaper, have a higher power factor
and have better starting properties than the corresponding single-phase motors. The squirrel cage induction
motor has a stator with three-phase distributed winding and a short-circuited cage rotor.
When a balanced three-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field is set up.
This induces an emf in the rotor winding and so current flows in these windings. At starting, the rotor is
stationary and the currents interact with the magnetic flux to produce torque on the rotor. This makes the rotor
to rotate in the same direction as that of the rotating field. But the rotor never reaches the speed of the stator
/ field and hence there is a speed difference between the stator field and the rotor. Stator field rotates at
synchronous speed (Ns = 120f/P), where ‘f’ is the supply frequency and ‘P’ is the number of poles of the
stator, and rotor rotates at a slightly less speed. The amount by which the rotor slips back from the
synchronous speed is called the slip.
Percentage slip = [(Ns-N) / Ns] X 100
Induction motor under standstill condition is similar to a transformer with short-circuited
secondary. Hence, at starting it will take a large current from the supply mains with low power factor. For
reducing the starting current, a star-delta starter can be used. This provides a cheap and simple method of
induction motor starting. At the starting, each phase of the stator windings is connected in star. When the
motor speed reaches nearly its normal value the starter handle is changed over so as to connect the winding
in delta, so that each phase of the three phase winding is connected across the full main voltage. When the
motor is mechanically loaded, the rotor slows down slightly. Further, the frequency and the value of rotor
current increase and more amount of power are drawn by the stator from the main supply. Alternate way of
starting is by using an auto transformer.
The three phase input power can be measured by two wattmeter method. The total power output
is the algebraic sum of the wattmeter readings (P1 = W1 + W2). From the spring balance readings, the output
torque can be determine by the relation,
T = (S1 – S2) R’x 9.81 N-m, where R’ = (R+t/2,) R is radius of the brake drum and‘t’ is the thickness of the
belt. Then output power P2 = 2Π NT / 60 Watt. Efficiency is the ratio of output power to the input power.
Power factor is given by the relation
cosΦ = P1 / (√3VI).

PRECATIONS:
1. SPST switch should be kept open.
2. Single-phase variac should be kept in minimum voltage position.
3. The machine should be in no-load condition.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close SPST switch.
3. Adjust the single-phase variac till the voltmeter shows the rated line voltage of the Induction Motor.
4. Note down the line voltage, line current power input and the speed indicated by the respective voltmeter,
ammeter, wattmeter and tachometer under no-load condition.
5. Load the machine by means of break drum arrangement and note down the corresponding meter readings
and speed.
6. Repeat the same procedure up-to the rated current of the Induction Motor.
7. Note down the line voltage, line current power input and the speed indicated by the respective
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and tachometer under no-load condition.
8. Load the machine by means of break drum arrangement and note down the corresponding meter
readings and speed.
9. Repeat the same procedure up-to the rated current of the Induction Motor.
 RESULT:

Thus a load test on a given single-phase induction motor has been performed and the following
performance characteristic curves are drawn
(i) Output vs Efficiency (ii) Output vs Torque (iii) Output vs slip
(viii) Output vs Line current (v) Output vs Power
(vi) Line current vs Efficiency (vii) Line current vs Torque
(viii)Line current vs Slip (ix) Line current vs Power factor
(xiii)Slip vs Torque

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

Line Line Spring balance

Speed readings Wattmeter Torque Power Output power
Sl. Voltage Current
N (kg) Readings T Factor Po % Slip % η
No. VL IL (W) (Nm) cos (W)
(rpm) S1 S2 S1 ~S2
(V) (A)

FORMULAE USED:
1. Torque T =9.81× (S1~S2) ×R. (Nm)
2NT
2. Output power P0 = . (W)
60
3. Input power Pi = W = VL IL cosϕ (W)
4. cos = W / VL IL cosϕ
5. Percentage efficiency= (Output/Input) ×100 = (Po/Pi) 100.
6. Ns = 120 f/P (rpm)
 7. Percentage slip = (Ns-N)/Ns×100
Where,
S1, S2 - Spring balance readings (kg)
R - Radius of the brake drum (m)
cos - Power factor
VL - Line voltage (V)
IL - Line current (A)
N - Speed (rpm)
NS -Synchronous speed (rpm)
f - Frequency of the supply
P - No. of Poles.
Multiplication Factor = VI Cosø / Full scale deflection
MODEL GRAPH:

O/P vs P.f
%Slip vs T
O/P vs % η
%Slip vs O/P
O/P vs T
N (rpm) Po (W)
O/P vs IL
T (Nm) T (Nm)
O/P vs N
IL (A)
%Slip
P.f Po (W)
Exp. No 5:

SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
1. To control the speed of the given slip ring induction motor by changing rotor
resistance and to plot the variation of speed Vs % load for different values of
rotor resistance.
2. To control the speed of the given 3-phase slip ring induction motor by varying the
input voltage and to plot the variation of speed with voltage at no load and 25%
full-load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter 1
2 Ammeter 1
3 Wattmeter 2
 4 Tachometer 1 No
5 Three-phase variac 1 No
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:

The synchronous speed of an induction motor is given by Ns = 120f / P. So by changing the

number of poles on the stator, the synchronous speed and hence the rotor speed can be changed. The
number of stator and rotor poles must be equal. The stator winding can be designed so that by simple
change in coil connection the no. poles can be changed. As the no. poles on the stator are changed,
cage rotors adjust itself to same number of poles. The stator windings can be connected for 2-pole, 4-
pole or 6-pole configurations as shown the diagram.

The speed of a slip-ring induction motor can be changed by changing the rotor resistance. By
changing the rotor resistance, the same load torque can be obtained at different speeds. For a given
load torque as rotor resistance increases, the speed decreases and vice-versa. Even though with this
simple method high starting torque can be obtained, this has the drawback of power loss in the external
resistance.

As the torque developed by the induction motor is proportional to square of the voltage, the
speed can also be varied by changing the voltage when the frequency is fixed.

PROCEDURE:

ROTOR RHEOSTATIC SPEED CONTROL:

(1) Make the connections as shown in fig. 1

(2) Calculate the full-load torque corresponding to rated power at rated speed and hence also
calculate the load (in kg) corresponding to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% full-load.
(3) Keep the rotor rheostat at maximum resistance position and give supply to the stator. The
motor should be under no-load
(4) Motor starts rotating and rotor resistance is cut slowly, until the motor starts running with
minimum external resistance.
(5) Measure the speed and readings of all meters.
(6) Without changing the rotor resistance, load the motor in steps of 20% and at each step note
down the speed and the readings of all the meters.
(7) Reduce the load and bring the motor again to no-load condition.
(8) Set the rotor rheostat to a higher resistance position and repeat the experiment.
(9) Experiment is repeated for still another value of rotor of rotor circuit resistance.

SPEED CONTROL BY CHANGING THE VOLTAGE:

(1) Connections are made as shown in fig. 2

(2) Switch on the supply with motor under no-load and keeping the auto-transformer in the
minimum voltage (zero output) Position.
(3) Apply 20% normal voltage and note down the no-load speed.
(4) No-load speed is noted with 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% normal voltage.
(5) Experiment is repeated with 25% load on the motor and recording the speed under 25% full
load and the % of voltage applied.
(6) Reduce the load and voltage and switch of the motor supply.
 RESULTS:

Thus the speed control of slip ring induction motor by various methods is performed.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
W1

M L
R A
A
C V S2
V S1
T R
440 V

3-Phase P C E
Y Y
A
S
Break
B
Three-phase
Drum
50 Hz Induction Motor
T E C V
C
B
A M L
W2

C E

Fig. 1

Fig. 2
 TABULATION:

1. ROTOR RHEOSTATIC METHOD

External Rotor Circuit

Sl. Speed
Rotor resistance position Resistance
No. RPM
1 1

2 2

3
3
4 4

2. STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL:

Speed in RPM
Sl. Stator Voltage as percentage of
No. rated value No-Load 25 % Full Load
1 20%
2 40%
3 60%
4 80%
5 100%

Exp. No. 6

PREDETERMINATION OF PERCENTEAGE REGULATION OF

THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHOD

AIM

To predetermine the percentage regulation of the given three phase Alternator by EMF and MMF
Method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl. No. Particulars Specification Quantity

10. Ammeter 3

11. Voltmeter 2

12. Tachometer 1

13. Potential divider 1

 14. Field Rheostat 1

15. Carbon rheostat 1

16. connecting wires

THEORY:
When the alternator is loaded the terminal voltage changes and this change depends on the
amount of load and the load power factor. The factors contributing to the variation of terminal voltage
are (1) drop due to armature resistance. (2) drop due to leakage resistance and (3) the voltage drop
(change) due to armature reaction. The voltage regulation is defined as the rise (fall) in terminal voltage
expressed as the percentage of the rated voltage when the load is switched off, the frequency and the
excitation remaining the same.
The voltage regulation can be determined by actually loading the machine, at required pf
and observing the change in terminal voltage when the load is switched off, the speed and the excitation
being maintained constant. However because of the practical difficulties in conducting a direct load
test, other method have been adopted to predetermine the voltage regulation at any load or p.f. EMF
method and MMF method are two among them.
In EMF method the drop in voltage due to armature reaction is considered as a voltage drop
taking place in a fictitious reactance ‘Xa’. This reactance added with the leakage reactance is the
synchronous drop, gives the induced emf.
In MMF method the armature leakage reactance is represented by ‘fictitious mmf’ and to
this mmf. When the armature reaction m.m.f. is added, the m.m.f. corresponding to the given current
under short circuit is obtained when this m.m.f is added vectorially with the m.m.f. required for rated
voltage; the total m.m.f. corresponding to the generated voltage is obtained.
E.M. F. method:

Corresponding to the field current required to generator a given open circuit voltage ‘E’,
the short circuit current is found from the S C C (Isc). Then the synchronous impedance Zs = E (phase)
/ Isc ph. However since the value of synchronous impedance is not constant due to saturation, many
suggest that the value corresponding to maximum permissible current (usually limited to full-load
value) must be used. Accordingly find the field current corresponding to rated current from SCC. For
the same excitation find the generated voltage from O.C.C. The ratio of phase voltage to phase current
then gives the synchronous reactance. Refer the phasor diagrams related to EMF method.

For lagging power factor, we get

E0 = [(V cos Ф + IR) 2 + (V sin Ф + IXs) 2] ½

For lagging power factor, we get

E0 = [(V cos Ф + IR) 2 + (V sin Ф + IXs) 2] ½

Now the voltage regulation is (E0 – V /V) x 100 %

Where V = rated voltage per phase

I = load current per phase
R = armature resistance
Xs = Synchronous reactance
f = p.f. angle
E0 = induced imf per phase

MMF Method:
 Here the field current Ifo required to generated the voltage E0 under open circuit is obtained
by adding with the field current ‘If’ corresponding to rated voltage under open circuit, the field current
Ifsc required for the rated current under short circuit, at angle ( 90 +_ Ф ). Use ‘+ ‘sign for lagging p.f.
and ‘–‘sign for leading p.f. The resistance is usually neglected.

Thus for lagging p.f.

Ifo = [If 2 + Ifsc 2 – 2If * Ifsc * cos (90 + Ф)]1/2

For leading p.f,

Ifo = [If 2 + Ifsc 2 – 2If * Ifsc * cos (90 - Ф)]1/2
PRECAUTIONS

4.
All the switches should be kept open initially.
5.
Field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position.
6.
Potential divider should be kept in minimum voltage position.
7.
In the experiment of armature resistance measurement, carbon rheostat should be kept in
maximum position.
PROCEDURE

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

1. Make all the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close DPST Switch 1.
3. Start the machine by three point starter.
4. Adjust the field rheostat and make the machine to run at rated speed.
5. Close DPST switch 2.
6. Vary the potential divider till the voltmeter reads rated phase voltage of Alternator.
7. Note down the line current and field current indicated by the respective ammeters.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1. Bring back the potential divider to its original position.

2. Close TPST Switch.
3. Vary the potential divider till Alternator reaches its rated current.
4. Note down the field current value indicated by the respective ammeter.

PROCEDURE FOR Ra MEASUREMENT

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close DPST Switch.
3. Adjust carbon rheostat and note down the armature voltage, armature current indicated by the
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

RESULT:

Thus the predetermination of the percentage regulation for the given three phase Alternator by
EMF and MMF Method is performed.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR Ra MEASUREMENT

+ + -
A
R

D +

50 V P V
N
DC S _
Supply
T Y B
-
TABULATION

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Sl. No. Open circuit voltage(V) Field current(A)

1
2
3
4
5
6
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Short circuit armature current (A)

Sl. No. Field current(A)
Rated
1

Ra MEASUREMENT

Sl. No. Armature Voltage Armature Current Armature Resistance

(V) (A) (Ohms)
1
2
3
4
5

FORMULAE
 E V 
Percentage Regulation =  0  100
 V 

Where, E0 – No load Voltage (Volts), V – Rated Voltage (Volts)

EMF METHOD

Zs = Eoc / Isc (Ohms) for constant If

Where,
Zs – Synchronous impedance (Ohms)
Isc – Short circuit current (Amps)
Eoc – Open circuit voltage corresponding to short circuit currents (Volts)

Xs = Z s2  Ra2 (Ohms)

Where,
 E V 
Xs – Synchronous reactance (Ohms)  0  100
 V 
Ra – Armature resistance (Ohms)

E0 = (V cos   IRa ) 2  (V sin   IX s ) 2

(i) + for lagging PF (ii) – for leading PF
Where,
E – Voltage drop due to armature reaction (Volts)
V – Rated Voltage (Volts)
I – Rated Current (Amps)
Ra – Armature resistance (Ohms)
TABULATION

Power % Regulation at Full load % Regulation at Half load

Sl.No.
factor Lagging Leading Lagging Leading
1
2
3
4
5
6

MMF METHOD

1. If = I 2f 1  I 2f 2  2 I f 1 I f 2 sin 
(i) + for lagging (ii) – for leading
Where,
If1 – Field current corresponding to the voltage E (Amps) [Measured from
the graph]
If2 – Field current required for balancing armature reaction (Amps)
If – Total field current (Amps)
Note: Voltage corresponding to If is E0 [Measured from the graph]

TABULATION

Power % Regulation at Full load % Regulation at Half load

Sl. No.
factor Lagging Leading Lagging Leading
1
2
3
4
5
6

MODEL GRAPH:
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. What are the different methods for finding out the voltage regulation of an alternator?
2. What is meant by synchronous impedance of an Alternator?
3. What are the tests data required for predetermining the voltage regulation of an Alternator by
(i) EMF method (ii) MMF method?
4. Which method of predetermining the voltage regulation of an Alternator is referred to as
pessimistic method?
5. Which method of predetermining the voltage regulation of an Alternator is referred to as
optimistic method, discuss the reason?
6. Why is the short circuit characteristic of an Alternator is linear?

Exp. No. 7:

PREDETERMINATION OF PERCENTEAGE REGULATION OF

THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY ZPF METHOD

AIM:
To predetermine the percentage regulation of the given Three phase Alternator by Zero Power
Factor Method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Particulars Specification Quantity

17. Ammeter 3
18. Voltmeter 2
19. Tachometer 1
20. Potential divider 1
21. Field Rheostat 1
22. Carbon rheostat 1
23. connecting wires

THEORY:

ZPF method:

The regulation obtained by EMF and MMF methods is based on the total synchronous
reactance ie the sum of the reactance due to leakage flux and armature reaction. The alternator field
rheostats are kept in minimum position and the TPST switch is closed. Now the field rheostat of
alternator are adjusted until rated current of 1.8 A is obtained and the corresponding field current is
noted.
Now AC supply is switched on. Variac is adjusted to get 320V across its output terminals.
Now the three lamps should flicker simultaneously. If it is not flicker simultaneously its phase sequence
must be changed. Now the speed is adjusted to get larger darkening period. At that time TPST is closed
to synchronize the machine with the bus bar. Now the wattmeter should read zero
PRECAUTIONS:

8. All the switches should be kept open initially.

9. Field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position.
10. Potential divider should be kept in minimum voltage position.
11. In the experiment of armature resistance measurement, carbon rheostat should be kept in
maximum position.

PROCEDURE:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

8. Make all the connections as per the circuit diagram.

9. Close DPST Switch 1.
10. Start the machine by three point starter.
11. Adjust the field rheostat and make the machine to run at rated speed.
12. Close DPST switch 2.
13. Vary the potential divider till the voltmeter reads rated phase voltage of Alternator.
14. Note down the line current and field current indicated by the respective ammeters.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

5. Bring back the potential divider to its original position.

6. Close TPST Switch.
7. Vary the potential divider till Alternator reaches its rated current.
8. Note down the field current value indicated by the respective ammeter.

ZPF TEST

1. Modify the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close DPST Switch 1.
3. Adjust the field rheostat and make the machine to run at rated speed.
4. Close DPST Switch 2.
5. Vary the potential divider till voltmeter shows the rated phase voltage of Alternator.
6. Close TPST Switch.
7. Vary both the inductive load and potential divider to set the rated current and rated voltage
respectively.
8. Note down the corresponding field current value.

PROCEDURE FOR Ra MEASUREMENT

4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

5. Close DPST Switch.
6. Adjust carbon rheostat and note down the armature voltage, armature current indicated by the
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

PROCEDURE TO DRAW POTIER TRIANGLE

1. Obtain point A from the short circuit test data.

2. Mark point B from the ZPF test data.
3. Draw a line BH from B which is equal and parallel to OA.
4. Draw a tangent line OC to open circuit curve.
5. Draw a line H which is parallel to OC.
 6. Get a point D on No load curve, which corresponds to point B on full zero power factor curve.
7. Now obtain the triangle BHD which is called as Potier triangle.
RESULT:

Thus predetermination of percentage regulation for the given three phases Alternator by Zero
Power Factor Method is done.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. What is meant by armature reaction of Synchronous machine?

2. What is the test data required for predetermining the voltage regulation of an Alternator by
Potier method?
3. Discuss how the leakage reactance of an Alternator can be separated from the total reactance?
4. Why Potier method is called as Zero Power Factor Method?
5. What are the different methods for finding out the voltage regulation of an Alternator?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR Ra MEASUREMENT

+ -
+ A R

D
+
50 V P V
N
DC S
_
Supply Y
T B

- S

TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Sl. No. Open circuit voltage(V) Field current(A)

1
2
3
4
5
6

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Short circuit current (A)

Sl. No. Field current(A)
rated
1

ZPF TEST

Sl. No. Voltage(V) Load current(A) Field current(A)

1
2
3
4
5

Ra MEASUREMENT

Armature Voltage Armature Current Armature Resistance

Sl. No
(V) (A) (Ohms)
1
2
3
5
6

FORMULAE
Percentage Regulation = [(E0 – V) / V] *100
Where,
E0 – No load Voltage (Volts), V – Rated Voltage (Volts)

E= (V cos   IRa ) 2  (V sin   IX L ) 2

(i) + for lagging PF (ii) – for leading PF
Where,
E – Voltage drop due to armature reaction (Volts)
V – Rated Voltage (Volts)
I – Rated Current (Amps)
Ra – Armature resistance (Ohms)
XL – Leakage reactance (Ohms)

If = I 2f 1  I 2f 2  2 I f 1 I f 2 sin 
(i) + for lagging (ii) – for leading
Where,
If1 – Field current corresponding to the voltage E (Amps) [Measured from
the graph]
If2 – Field current required for balancing armature reaction (Amps)
If – Total field current (Amps)
Note: Voltage corresponding to If is E0 [Measured from the graph]

TABULATION

Sl. Lagging Power Factor Leading Power Factor

Power
N E If1 If2 If E0 % E If1 If2 If E0 %
Factor
o. (V) (A) (A) (A) (V) Reg (V) (A) (A) (A) (V) Reg
2
3
4
5

MODEL GRAPH

Exp No 8:
 NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON A
SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct No load test and Blocked rotor test on a single-phase induction motor and to
determine following values by using equivalent circuit diagram
(i) Current (ii) Output power (iii) Efficiency (iv) Slip (v) Torque (vi) Power factor

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Apparatus Specifications Quantity

1 Ammeter 1 No
2 Voltmeter 1 No
3 Wattmeter 1No
4 Tachometer 1 No
5 Single-phase variac 1 No
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:

The approximate equivalent circuit of the single-phase motor is shown in fig.. In the circuit r1 and
r2e represent the stator resistance and equivalent rotor resistance per phase. (X1 + X2e) represents the sum
of stator leakage reactance and equivalent rotor resistance at standstill. The magnetizing current Im is
shown as the current flowing through a fictitious reactance ‘Xm’, where as the core loss current Iw is
represented by the current through a fictitious resistance ‘rm’, ‘S’ is the operating slip.
On no-load when‘s’ is nearly zero and (r2e / S) tends to be large infinity. Thus the current ‘I2e’
becomes negligible. Hence the equivalent circuit on no load takes the form under blocked rotor condition
as S = 1, current becomes large compared to I0. Further voltage applied under blocked rotor condition is to
be small to limit the current to an allowable value (normally the full-load value), core-loss current and
magnetizing current and working current is negligibly small. Hence the equivalent circuit takes the form
shown. The stator resistance ‘r1’ can be readily measured by using voltmeter-ammeter method. Thus
performing no-load and blocked rotor tests, the equivalent circuit parameters can be found out.

PRECATIONS:
1. SPST switch should be kept open.
2. Single-phase variac should be kept in minimum voltage position.
3. The machine should be in no-load condition.

PROCEDURE:

No-Load Test
5. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
6. Close SPST switch.
7. Adjust the single-phase variac till the voltmeter shows the rated line voltage of the Induction Motor.
8. Note down the voltage, current power input and the speed indicated by the respective voltmeter,
ammeter, wattmeter and tachometer under no-load condition.
Blocked Rotor Test
5. Blocked the rotor by break drum arrangement.
6. Close SPST switch
7. Vary the voltage by variac up- to the rated current of the machine.
8. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.

RESULT:
Thus by conducting No load test and Blocked rotor test on a single-phase induction motor, the
following values are found by using circle diagram
(i) Current (ii) Output power (iii) Efficiency (iv) Slip (v) Torque (vi) Power factor

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:

No-Load Test
Line Voltage Line Current Wattmeter Readings
Sl. (W)
V0 I0
No. W1 W2 Wo=W1 ±W2
(V) (A)

Blocked Rotor Test

Line Voltage Line Current Wattmeter Readings
Sl. (W)
VSC ISC
No. W1 W2 WSC=W1 ±W2
(V) (A)

FORMULAE USED:
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

S = 1, X 0 / 2 is omitted as X2¹ < X 0

WB = IB2 (r1 +r2¹)

r2¹ = (WB / IB2 ) - r1

ZB = VB / IB = √ (r1 +r2¹)2 + ( X1 + X2¹)2, X1 +X2¹ = √ ZB2 - (r1 +r2¹)2

Assume X1 = X2¹ = (X1 + X2¹ ) / 2,

NO-LOAD TEST:
Slip ‘S’ is very less. So (r2¹ / 2S) is infinite. X2¹ < X 0 . So omit X 0 / 2 in backward sequence circuit. X1 &
X2¹ are known from blocked rotor test.

Reference :
Exp . No. 9:

V CURVE AND INVERTED V CURVE OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

AIM:

To plot the ‘V’ and inverted ‘V’ curves of the given synchronous machine operating as
synchronous motor, at constant input.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Ammeter 3 No
2 Voltmeter 2 Nos
3 Wattmeter 1 No
4 Tachometer 1 No
5 Rheostat 3 No
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
A synchronous motor which is not self starting can be started using starter. In which the
synchronous motor is started as a induction motor without DC supply to the rotor of the machine. When
the rotor reaches near to the synchronous speed the DC supply is fed to the rotor by the starter. Now
stator field is magnetically coupled to the rotor field and the machine is running as a synchronous motor
with constant speed.
When the synchronous motor is loaded, V’ and inverted ‘V’ curves of the can be plotted,
because of the following reasons
The magnitude of armature current varies with excitation. The current has large value both
for low and high values of excitation (though it is lagging for low excitation and leading for higher
excitation). In between, it has minimum value corresponding to certain excitation. The variations of I
with excitation are shown in fig. Which are known as ‘V’ curves because of their shape.
For the same input, armature current varies over a wide range and so causes the power factor
also to vary accordingly. When over-excited, motor runs with leading p.f and with lagging p.f when
under excited. In between, the p.f is unity. The variation of p.f with excitation are shown in fig. The
curve for p.f looks like inverted ‘V’ curve. It would be noted that minimum armature current
corresponds to unity power factor.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close TPST Switch.
3. Start the machine using Auto Synchronous Starter.
4. Measure the speed of motor.
5. Note down the line current, the field current and power indicated by the corresponding
ammeters and watt meters under load condition by loading arrangements.
6. Increase the load up-to the rated load current of the Alternator.
7. Note down the readings and plot V and inverted V curves.
 RESULT:

Thus, the ‘V’ and inverted ‘V’ curves of the given synchronous machine operating as synchronous
motor are drawn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION:

Armature Current Input power

Sl. Line Voltage Field Current Cosø
No. Vo (V) If (A) Io (A) (Watts)
1
2
3
4

MODEL GRAPH
cosø vs IL

IL (A)
If vs IL
cosø

If (A)
Exp . No10:

LOAD TEST ON SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

AIM:

Conduct load test on given synchronous machine operating as synchronous motor and plot the
following graph.
(i) Efficiency Vs Output power (ii) Load current Vs Output power
(iii) Power factor Vs Output power (iv) Speed Vs Torque

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Ammeter 3 No
2 Voltmeter 2 Nos
3 Wattmeter 1 No
4 Tachometer 1 No
5 Rheostat 3 No
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
A synchronous motor which is not self starting can be started using starter. In which the
synchronous motor is started as an induction motor without DC supply to the rotor of the machine.
When the rotor reaches near to the synchronous speed the DC supply is fed to the rotor by the starter.
Now stator field is magnetically coupled to the rotor field and the machine is running as a synchronous
motor with constant speed.

PROCEDURE:

11. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

12. Close TPST Switch.
13. Start the machine using Induction motor starting (damper winding starting).
14. Measure the speed of motor.
15. Apply reduced voltage by auto transformer. Connect the DC supply to the field circuit.
16. Now increase the supply voltage to the motor up to rated value.
17. Note down the line current, the field current and power indicated by the corresponding
ammeters and watt meters under load condition by loading arrangements.
18. Increase the load up-to the rated load current of the motor in steps and note down the readings
of all the meters.
19. Reduce the load. Reduce the field current and then reduce the armature current.

RESULT:
Load test on the given synchronous machine operating as synchronous motor is performed
successfully.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION:

Speed Spring balance Torque Efficiency

Armature readings Input
Sl. Line Field N (rpm)
No Voltage Current Current (kg) power Cosø
. Vo (V) If (A) Io (A) S1 S2 S1 ~S2 (Watts)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ExP. No: 11

SYNCHRONIZATION OF ALTERNATOR WITH BUS BAR

AIM:

To synchronize the synchronous generator with infinite bus-bar.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Ammeter 3 No
2 Voltmeter 2 Nos
3 Wattmeter 1 No
4 Tachometer 1 No
5 Rheostat 3 No
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
A large supply network characteristic by having constant voltage and frequency at all positions is
called infinite bus bar system.

The behavior of an alternator when connected to infinite bus is entirely different from that when
it is operating as an isolating machine or when it is supplying a local load. In the later case when the excitation
of the alternator is varied, the terminal voltage and the load current will vary. The frequency of the alternator
can be varied by changing the speed of the prime mover. In this case, it is a DC Shunt motor. Before the
alternator is connected to the infinite bus, a process called synchronizing should be done. In the process called
synchronization, the following three conditions must be satisfied.

(i) The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator should be equal to bus bar voltage.
(ii) The frequency of incoming alternator voltage must be equal to that of bus bar
frequency.
(iii)The phase sequence of the two voltages should be same.

Synchronization is usually done by dark lamp method or bright lamp method or by using synchroscope.

Dark Lamp method:

(i) Watch the changes in the glow of three lamp sets. If the phase sequence is correct, all the three
lamp sets come to fully bright position simultaneously at one instant and then slowly go to the
dark side and become fully dark simultaneous by at some instant. The cycle repeats. If required
small adjustments in excitation of alternator and the speed must be made to get long dark periods.
If phase sequence is incorrect then the lamps brighten up in a cyclic order, one after the other. In
that case switch off the whole supply, interchange any two leads of the alternator or supply mains
and restart.

Synchroscope Method:
It should be noted that synchronization by lamps is not quite accurate, because to a large extend, it depends
on the sense of correct judgment of the operator. Hence, to eliminate the element of personal judgment in
routine operation of alternators, the machines are synchronized by a more accurate device called a
synchroscope. It consists of three stationary coils and a rotating iron vane which is attached to a pointer. Out
of three coils, a pair is connected to one phase of the line and the other to the corresponding machine terminals,
potential transformer being usually used. The pointer moves to one side or the other from its vertical position
depending on whether the incoming machine is too fast or too slow. For correct speed, the pointer points
vertically up.

PROCEDURE:

Synchronization

(ii) Make the connections as shown in fig.

(iii) Keep the armature rheostat of the d.c machine in maximum resistance position and field rheostat
in the minimum resistance position. Also keeps the field rheostats of the alternator in maximum
resistance position. All the switches are kept open.
(iv) Switch on the d.c supply and start the motor using 3-point starter.
(v) Bring the speed of the d.c motor very close to the synchronous speed by adjusting the armature
rheostat and the field rheostat.
(vi) Put on a.c supply and measure its voltage.
(vii) Adjust the field current of the alternator so that its generated voltage is equal to supply voltage.
(viii) Watch the changes in the glow of three lamp sets. If all conditions are verified, then in the middle
of dark period synchronizing switch TPST is closed, there by connecting the Alternator with
infinite bus.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Exp. No 12:

LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct a load test on a three-phase induction motor and to draw the following performance
characteristic curves
(i) Output vs Efficiency (ii) Output vs Torque (iii) Output vs slip (iv) Output vs Line current
(v)Output vs Power (vi) Line current vs Efficiency (vii) Line current vs Torque (viii) Line
current vs Slip (ix) Line current vs Power factor (x) Slip vs Torque

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter 1
2 Ammeter 1
3 Wattmeter 2
4 Tachometer 1 No
5 Three-phase variac 1 No
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
Induction motors are the most commonly used AC machines for producing mechanical power
output from electrical power output. Three phase induction motors are more efficient, cheaper, have a
higher power factor and have better starting properties than the corresponding single-phase motors.
The squirrel cage induction motor has a stator with three-phase distributed winding and a short-
circuited cage rotor.
When a balanced three-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field is
set up. This induces an emf in the rotor winding and so current flows in these windings. At starting,
the rotor is stationary and the currents interact with the magnetic flux to produce torque on the rotor.
This makes the rotor to rotate in the same direction as that of the rotating field. But the rotor never
reaches the speed of the stator / field and hence there is a speed difference between the stator field and
the rotor. Stator field rotates at synchronous speed (Ns = 120f/P), where ‘f ‘is the supply frequency and
‘P’ is the number of poles of the stator, and rotor rotates at a slightly less speed.

Percentage slip = [(Ns-N) / Ns] X 100

Induction motor under standstill condition is similar to a transformer with short-circuited

secondary. Hence, at starting it will take a large current from the supply mains with low power factor.
For reducing the starting current, a star-delta starter can be used. This provides a cheap and simple
method of induction motor starting. At the starting, each phase of the stator windings is connected in
star. When the motor speed reaches nearly its normal value the starter handle is changed over so as to
connect the winding in delta, so that each phase of the three phase winding is connected across the full
main voltage. When the motor is mechanically loaded, the rotor slows down slightly. Further, the
frequency and the value of rotor current increase and more amount of power is drawn by the stator
from the main supply. Alternate way of starting is by using an auto transformer.
The three phase input power can be measured by two wattmeter method. The total power output
is the algebraic sum of the wattmeter readings (P1 = W1 + W2). From the spring balance readings, the
output torque can be determine by the relation,
T = (S1 – S2) R’x 9.81 N-m, where R’ = R+ t/2, R is radius of the brake drum and‘t’ is the thickness
of the belt. Then output power P2 = 2Π NT / 60 Watt. Efficiency is the ratio of output power to the
input power. Power factor is given by the relation
cosΦ = P1 / (√3VI).

PRECAUTIONS:
Before starting the machine –
1. TPST switch should be kept open.
2. Three-phase variac should be kept in minimum voltage position.
3. The machine should be in no-load condition.

PROCEDURE:

STARTING OF MOTOR USING ROTOR RHEOSTAT:

(10) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

(11) Close TPST switch.
(12) Keep the rotor rheostat at maximum resistance position and adjust the three-phase
variac till the voltmeter shows the rated line voltage of the Induction Motor. The
motor should be under no-load.
(13) Motor starts rotating and rotor resistance is cut slowly, until the motor starts running with
minimum external resistance.
(14) Note the line voltage, line current power input and the speed indicated by the respective
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter’s and tachometer under no-load condition.
(15) Without changing the rotor resistance, vary the load on the motor in steps by means of break
drum arrangement and note down the corresponding meter readings and speed.
(16) Repeat the same procedure up-to the rated current of the Induction Motor.
(17) Reduce the load and bring the motor again to no-load condition.
(18) Set the rotor rheostat to a higher resistance position.

RESULTS:

Load test on a three-phase induction motor has been carried out and following performance
characteristic curves are drawn
(i) Output vs Efficiency (ii) Output vs Torque (iii) Output vs slip (iv)Output vs Line current
(v)Output vs Power (vi) Line current vs Efficiency (vii)Line current vs Torque (viii)Line
current vs Slip (ix) Line current vs Power factor (x)Slip vs Torque
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

Line Line Spring balance Wattmeter

Speed Power Output
readings Readings Torque
Sl. Voltage Current Factor power % %
N (kg) (W) T
No VL IL cos Po Slip η
(rpm) S1 S2 S1 ~S2 W1 W2 W1 ±W2 (Nm)
(V) (A) (W)

FORMULAE USED:
1. Torque T =9.81× (S1~S2) ×R. (Nm)
2NT
2. Output power P0 = . (W)
60
3. Input power Pi = (W1 ±W2) = 3  VL  I L  cos . (W)

4. cos = (W1 ±W2) / 3  VL  I L

5. Percentage efficiency= (Output/Input) ×100 = (Po/Pi) 100.
6. Ns = 120 f/P (rpm)
7. Percentage slip = (Ns-N)/Ns×100
Where,
 S1, S2 - Spring balance readings (kg)
R - Radius of the brake drum (m)
cos - Power factor
VL - Line voltage (V)
IL - Line current (A)
N - Speed (rpm)
NS -Synchronous speed (rpm)
f - Frequency of the supply
P - No. of Poles.
3VI cos 
Multiplication Factor =
Full scale deflection

MODEL GRAPH:

O/P vs P.f
%Slip vs T
O/P vs % η

O/P vs T %Slip vs O/P

N (rpm)
Po (W)
O/P vs IL
T (Nm)
O/P vs N T (Nm)
IL (A)

P.f Po (W) %Slip