1. What is OOPS?

OOPS is abbreviated as Object Oriented Programming system in which

programs are considered as a collection of objects. Each object is
nothing but an instance of a class.

2. Write basic concepts of OOPS?

Following are the concepts of OOPS and are as follows:.

1. Abstraction.
2. Encapsulation.
3. Inheritance.
4. Polymorphism.
3. What is a class?

A class is simply a representation of a type of object. It is the blueprint/

plan/ template that describe the details of an object.

4. What is an object?

Object is termed as an instance of a class, and it has its own state,

behavior and identity.

5. What is Encapsulation?

Encapsulation is an attribute of an object, and it contains all data

which is hidden. That hidden data can be restricted to the members of
that class.

Levels are Public,Protected, Private, Internal and Protected Internal.

6. What is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism is nothing butassigning behavior or value in a subclass

to something that was already declared in the main class. Simply,
polymorphism takes more than one form.

7. What is Inheritance?

Inheritance is a concept where one class shares the structure and

behavior defined in another class. Ifinheritance applied on one class is
called Single Inheritance, and if it depends on multiple classes, then it
is called multiple Inheritance.

8. What are manipulators?

Manipulators are the functions which can be used in conjunction with

the insertion (<<) and extraction (>>) operators on an object. Examples
are endl and setw.
9. Define a constructor?

Constructor is a method used to initialize the state of an object, and it

gets invoked at the time of object creation. Rules forconstructor are:.

 Constructor Name should be same asclass name.

 Constructor must have no return type.
10. Define Destructor?

Destructor is a method which is automatically called when the object

ismade ofscope or destroyed. Destructor name is also same asclass
name but with the tilde symbol before the name.

11. What is Inline function?

Inline function is a technique used by the compilers and instructs to

insert complete body of the function wherever that function is used in
the program source code.

12. What is avirtual function?

Virtual function is a member function ofclass and its functionality can

be overridden in its derived class. This function can be implemented by
using a keyword called virtual, and it can be given during function
declaration.

Virtual function can be achieved in C++, and it can be achieved in C

Languageby using function pointers or pointers to function.

13. What isfriend function?

Friend function is a friend of a class that is allowed to access to Public,

private or protected data in that same class. If the function is defined
outside the class cannot access such information.

Friend can be declared anywhere in the class declaration, and it

cannot be affected by access control keywords like private, public or
protected.

14. What is function overloading?

Function overloading is defined as a normal function, but it has the

ability to perform different tasks. It allowscreation of several methods
with the same name which differ from each other by type of input and
output of the function.

Example
void add(int& a, int& b);
void add(double& a, double& b);
void add(struct bob& a, struct bob& b);
15. What is operator overloading?
Operator overloading is a function where different operators are
applied and depends on the arguments. Operator,-,* can be used to
pass through the function , and it has their own precedence to execute.

16. What is an abstract class?

An abstract class is a class which cannot be instantiated. Creation of

an object is not possible with abstract class , but it can be inherited.
An abstract class can contain only Abstract method. Java allows only
abstract method in abstract class while for other language it allows
non-abstract method as well.

17. What is a ternary operator?

Ternary operator is said to be an operator which takes three

arguments. Arguments and results are of different data types , and it is
depends on the function. Ternary operator is also called asconditional
operator.

18. What is the use of finalize method?

Finalize method helps to perform cleanup operations on the resources

which are not currently used. Finalize method is protected , and it is
accessible only through this class or by a derived class.

19. What are different types of arguments?

A parameter is a variable used during the declaration of the function or

subroutine and arguments are passed to the function , and it should
match with the parameter defined. There are two types of Arguments.

 Call by Value – Value passed will get modified only inside the function ,
and it returns the same value whatever it is passed it into the function.
 Call by Reference – Value passed will get modified in both inside and
outside the functions and it returns the same or different value.

20. What is super keyword?

Super keyword is used to invoke overridden method which overrides

one of its superclass methods. This keyword allows to access
overridden methods and also to access hidden members of the
superclass.

It also forwards a call from a constructor to a constructor in the

superclass.

21. What is method overriding?

Method overriding is a feature that allows sub class to provide
implementation of a method that is already defined in the main class.
This will overrides the implementation in the superclass by providing
the same method name, same parameter and same return type.

22. What is an interface?

An interface is a collection of abstract method. If the class implements

an inheritance, and then thereby inherits all the abstract methods of an
interface.

23. What is exception handling?

Exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program.

Exceptions can be of any type – Run time exception, Error exceptions.
Those exceptions are handled properly through exception handling
mechanism like try, catch and throw keywords.

24. What are tokens?

Token is recognized by a compiler and it cannot be broken down into

component elements. Keywords, identifiers, constants, string literals
and operators are examples of tokens.

Even punctuation characters are also considered as tokens – Brackets,

Commas, Braces and Parentheses.

25. Difference between overloading and overriding?

Overloading is static binding whereas Overriding is dynamic binding.

Overloading is nothing but the same method with different arguments ,
and it may or may not return the same value in the same class itself.

Overriding is the same method names with same arguments and return
types associates with the class and its child class.

26. Difference between class and an object?

An object is an instance of a class. Objects hold any information , but

classes don’t have any information. Definition of properties and
functions can be done at class and can be used by the object.

Class can have sub-classes, and an object doesn’t have sub-objects.

27. What is an abstraction?

Abstraction is a good feature of OOPS , and it shows only the

necessary details to the client of an object. Means, it shows only
necessary details for an object, not the inner details of an object.
Example – When you want to switch On television, it not necessary to
show all the functions of TV. Whatever is required to switch on TV will
be showed by using abstract class.

28. What are access modifiers?

Access modifiers determine the scope of the method or variables that

can be accessed from other various objects or classes. There are 5
types of access modifiers , and they are as follows:.

 Private.
 Protected.
 Public.
 Friend.
 Protected Friend.
29. What is sealed modifiers?

Sealed modifiers are the access modifiers where it cannot be inherited

by the methods. Sealed modifiers can also be applied to properties,
events and methods. This modifier cannot be applied to static
members.

30. How can we call the base method without creating an instance?

Yes, it is possible to call the base method without creating an instance.

And that method should be,.

Static method.

Doing inheritance from that class.-Use Base Keyword from derived

class.

31. What is the difference between new and override?

The new modifier instructs the compiler to use the new implementation
instead of the base class function. Whereas, Override modifier helps to
override the base class function.

32. What are the various types of constructors?

There are three various types of constructors , and they are as follows:.

– Default Constructor – With no parameters.

– Parametric Constructor – With Parameters. Create a new instance of

a class and also passing arguments simultaneously.

– Copy Constructor – Which creates a new object as a copy of an

existing object.
33. What is early and late binding?

Early binding refers to assignment of values to variables during design

time whereas late binding refers to assignment of values to variables
during run time.

34. What is ‘this’ pointer?

THIS pointer refers to the current object of a class. THIS keyword is

used as a pointer which differentiates between the current object with
the global object. Basically, it refers to the current object.

35. What is the difference betweenstructure and a class?

Structure default access type is public , but class access type is

private. A structure is used for grouping data whereas class can be
used for grouping data and methods. Structures are exclusively used
for dataand it doesn’t require strict validation , but classes are used to
encapsulates and inherit data which requires strict validation.

36. What is the default access modifier in a class?

The default access modifier of a class is Private by default.

37. What is pure virtual function?

A pure virtual function is a function which can be overridden in the

derived classbut cannot be defined. A virtual function can be declared
as Pure by using the operator =0.

38. What are all the operators that cannot be overloaded?

Following are the operators that cannot be overloaded -.

1. Scope Resolution (:: )

2. Member Selection (.)
3. Member selection through a pointer to function (.*)

39. What is dynamic or run time polymorphism?

Dynamic or Run time polymorphism is also known as method overriding

in which call to an overridden function is resolved during run time, not
at the compile time. It means having two or more methods with the
same name,same signature but with different implementation.

40. Do we require parameter for constructors?

No, we do not require parameter for constructors.

41. What is a copy constructor?

This is a special constructor for creating a new object as a copy of an
existing object. There will be always only on copy constructor that can
be either defined by the user or the system.

42. What does the keyword virtual represented in the method

definition?

It means, we can override the method.

43. Whether static method can use non static members?

False.

44. What arebase class, sub class and super class?

Base class is the most generalized class , and it is said to be a root

class.

Sub class is a class that inherits from one or more base classes.

Super class is the parent class from which another class inherits.

45. What is static and dynamic binding?

Binding is nothing but the association of a name with the class. Static
binding is a binding in which name can be associated with the class
during compilation time , and it is also called as early Binding.

Dynamic binding is a binding in which name can be associated with the

class during execution time , and it is also called as Late Binding.

46. How many instances can be created for an abstract class?

Zero instances will be created for an abstract class.

47. Which keyword can be used for overloading?

Operator keyword is used for overloading.

48. What is the default access specifier in a class definition?

Private access specifier is used in a class definition.

49. Which OOPS concept is used as reuse mechanism?

Inheritance is the OOPS concept that can be used as reuse

mechanism.

50. Which OOPS concept exposes only necessary information to the

calling functions?

Data Hiding / Abstraction

What is the full form of OOPS?

What is a class? What is an object?

List the types of inheritance supported in C++.What is the role of

protected access specifier?

What is encapsulation? What is abstraction? What is inheritance?

Explain the purpose of the keyword volatile.What is an inline function?

What is a storage class?Mention the storage classes names in C+
+.What is the role of mutable storage class specifier?Distinguish
between shallow copy and deep copy.What is a pure virtual function?
What is an abstract class in C++?What is a reference variable in C++?
What is role of static keyword on class member variable?Explain the
static member function.Name the data type which can be used to store
wide characters in C++.What are/is the operator/operators used to
access the class members?Can we initialize a class/structure member
variable as soon as the same is defined?What is the data type to store
the Boolean value?What is function overloading?What is operator
overloading?Do we have a String primitive data type in C++?Name the
default standard streams in C++.Which access specifier/s can help to
achive data hiding in C++?When a class member is defined outside the
class, which operator can be used to associate the function definition
to a particular class?What is a destructor? Can it be overloaded?What
is a constructor?What is a default constructor? Can we provide one for
our class?Which operator can be used in C++ to allocate dynamic
memory?What is the purpose of ‘delete’ operator?Can I use malloc()
function of C language to allocate dynamic memory in C++?Can I use
‘delete’ operator to release the memory which was allocated using
malloc() function of C language?What is a friend function?What is a
copy constructor?Does C++ supports exception handling? If so what
are the keywords involved in achieving the same.Explain the pointer –
this.What is the difference between the keywords struct and class in
C++?Can we implement all the concepts of OOPS using the keyword
struct?What is the block scope variable in C++?What is the role of the
file opening mode ios::trunk?What is the scope resolution operator?
What is a namespace?What are command line arguments?What is a
class template?How can we catch all kind of exceptions in a single
catch block?What is keyword auto for?What is a static variable?What is
the purpose of extern storage specifier.What is the meaning of base
address of the array?When should we use the register storage
specifier?Can a program be compiled without main() function?Where an
automatic variable is stored?What is a container class?What is a
token?What is a preprocessor?What are command line arguments?
What are the different ways of passing parameters to the functions?
Which to use when?What is reminder for 5.0 % 2?Which compiler
switch to be used for compiling the programs using math library with
g++ compiler?Can we resize the allocated memory which was allocated
using ‘new’ operator?Who designed C++ programming language?Which
operator can be used to determine the size of a data type/class or
variable/object?How can we refer to the global variable if the local and
the global variable names are same?What are valid operations on
pointers?What is recursion?What is the first string in the argument
vector w.r.t command line arguments?What is the maximum length of
an identifier?What is the default function call method?What are
available mode of inheritance to inherit one class from another?What is
the difference between delete and delete[]?Does an abstract class in
C++ need to hold all pure virtual functions?Is it legal to assign a base
class object to a derived class pointer?What happens if an exception is
thrown outside a try block?Are the exceptions and error same?What is
function overriding?Which function is used to move the stream pointer
for the purpose of reading data from stream?Which function is used to
move the stream pointer for the purpose of writing data from stream?
Are class functions taken into consideration as part of the object size?
Can we create and empty class? If so what would be the size of such
object.What is ‘std’?What is the full form of STL?What is ‘cout’?What is
‘cin’?What is the use of the keyword ‘using’?If a pointer declared for a
class, which operator can be used to access its class members?What
is difference between including the header file with-in angular braces <
> and double quotes “ “S++ or S=S+1, which can be recommended to
increment the value by 1 and why?What is the difference between
actual and formal parameters?What is the difference between variable
declaration and variable definition?Which key word is used to perform
unconditional branching?Is 068 a valid octal number?What is the
purpose of #undef preprocessor?Can we nest multi line comments in a
C++ code?What is a virtual destructor?What is the order of objects
destroyed in the memory?What is a friend class?