MICROCONTROLLER BASED RADAR SYSTEM

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

RADAR is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range,
altitude, direction, or speed of objects. Radar systems come in a variety of sizes and have
different performance specifications. Some radar systems are used for air-traffic control at
airports and others are used for long range surveillance and early-warning systems. A radar
system is the heart of a missile guidance system.

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

Actual radar systems are built with high-power transmitters and receivers, huge
antennae, complex processing systems using digital signal processors and large displays.

This microcontroller based ultrasonic radar circuit demonstrates the working of a

radar system. It uses ultrasonic waves to detect an object and measure its distance and angular
position, and displays the same on a MATLAB Graph. It can detect multiple objects at
different angles and distances as new objects are detected. This means that the distance and
angle of all objects are displayed one by one on the same MATLAB Graph.

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1.2 HARDWARE USED

 ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER

 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER

 SERVO MOTOR

 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

 RF MODULE (NRF24L01)

 POWER SUPPLY

 BLUETOOTH

 MOTOR DRIVER

 DC MOTOR

1.3 SOFTWARE USED

 MATLAB (for GUI)

 ARDUINO

1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Fig 1.1 Transmitter Part

Fig 1.2 Receiver Part

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CHAPTER-2 MICROCONTROLLER

Fig 2.1 ATMEGA328 Microcontroller

2.1 FEATURES

 High performance, low power design


 8-bit Microcontroller

 Advanced RISC Architecture

 Powerful Instructions

 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Register

 Fully Static Operation

 1Kbytes EEPROM

 2Kbytes Internal SRAM

 Programing Lock for Software Security

 Most Single Clock Cycle Execution

 Operating Voltages 4.5V - 5.5V

 Up to 64 Sense Channels

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2.2 SOME SPECIAL FEATURES

 Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection


 Internal Calibrated Oscillator

 Internal and External Interrupt Sources

 Six Sleep Mode

 23 Programmable I/O Lines

 Temperature Range: -40C to 105C 

 Six PWM Channels


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CHAPTER-3 SERVO MOTOR

Fig 3.1 Servo Motor

3.1 WHAT IS SERVO MOTOR

A servo motor is an electrical device which can push or rotate an object with great
precision. If you want to rotate and object at some specific angles or distance, then you use
servo motor. It is just made up of simple motor which run through servo mechanism. If
motor is used is DC powered then it is called DC servo motor, and if it is AC powered motor
then it is called AC servo motor. We can get a very high torque servo motor in a small and
light weight packages. Doe to these features they are being used in many applications like toy
car, RC helicopters and planes, Robotics, Machine etc.

Servo motors are rated in kg/cm (kilogram per centimetre) most hobby servo motors
are rated at 3kg/cm or 6kg/cm or 12kg/cm. This kg/cm tells you how much weight your servo
motor can lift at a particular distance. For example: A 6kg/cm Servo motor should be able to
lift 6kg if the load is suspended 1cm away from the motors shaft, the greater the distance the
lesser the weight carrying capacity.

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The position of a servo motor is decided by electrical pulse and its circuitry is
placed beside the motor.

3.2 SERVO MECHANISM

Servo mechanism consists of three parts:

1) Controlled Device
2) Output Sensor
3) Feedback System

It is a closed loop system where it uses positive feedback system to control motion and
final position of the shaft. Here the device is controlled by a feedback signal generated by
comparing output signal and reference input signal.

3.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SERVO MOTOR

A servo consists of a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, gear assembly and a

controlling circuit. First of all we use gear assembly to reduce RPM and to increase torque of
motor. Say at initial position of servo motor shaft, the position of the potentiometer knob is
such that there is no electrical signal generated at the output port of the potentiometer.

Now an electrical signal is given to another input terminal of the error detector
amplifier. Now difference between these two signals, one comes from potentiometer and
another comes from other source, will be processed in feedback mechanism and output will be
provided in term of error signal. This error signal acts as the input for motor and motor starts
rotating. Now motor shaft is connected with potentiometer and as motor rotates so the
potentiometer and it will generate a signal. So as the potentiometer’s angular position
changes, its output feedback signal changes.

After sometime the position of potentiometer reaches at a position that the output of
potentiometer is same as external signal provided. At this condition, there will be no output

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signal from the amplifier to the motor input as there is no difference between external applied
signal and the signal generated at potentiometer, and in this situation motor stops rotating.

3.4 CONTROLLING OF SERVO MOTOR

All motors have three wires coming out of them. Out of which two will be used for
Supply (positive and negative) and one will be used for the signal that is to be sent from the
MCU.
Servo motor is controlled by PWM (Pulse with Modulation) which is provided by the
control wires. There is a minimum pulse, a maximum pulse and a repetition rate. Servo motor
can turn 90 degree from either direction form its neutral position. The servo motor expects to
see a pulse every 20 milliseconds (ms) and the length of the pulse will determine how far the
motor turns. For example, a 1.5ms pulse will make the motor turn to the 90° position, such as
if pulse is shorter than 1.5ms shaft moves to 0° and if it is longer than 1.5ms than it will turn
the servo to 180°.

Fig 3.2 Angular Rotation of Servo Motor

Servo motor can be rotated from 0 to 180 degree, but it can go up to 210 degree,
depending on the manufacturing. This degree of rotation can be controlled by applying
the Electrical Pulse of proper width, to its Control pin. Servo checks the pulse in every 20

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milliseconds. Pulse of 1 ms (1 millisecond) width can rotate servo to 0 degree, 1.5ms can
rotate to 90 degree (neutral position) and 2 ms pulse can rotate it to 180 degree.

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CHAPTER-4 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Fig 4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor

4.1 ULTRASONIC DISTANCE SENSOR

Ultrasonic Distance Sensor provides range from very short (2 Centimetres) to long-
range (5 Meters) for applications in detection and ranging. The sensor provides precise and
stable noncontact distance measurements from about 2 cm to 5 meters with very high
accuracy.

The ultrasonic sensor can easily be interfaced to microcontrollers where the triggering
and measurement can be done using two I/O pin. The sensor transmits an ultrasonic wave and
produces an output pulse that corresponds to the time required for the burst echo to return to
the sensor. By measuring the echo pulse width, the distance to target can easily be calculated.

This Ultrasonic Distance Sensor is perfect for any number of applications that require
you to perform measurements between moving or stationary objects.

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4.2 SPECIFICATIONS

 Power Supply : 5V DC
 Quiescent Current : <2mA
 Effectual Angle : <15°
 Ranging Distance : 2cm – 500cm
 Resolution : 0.3cm

4.3 FEATURES

 Accurate and Stable Range Data

 Data Loss in Error Zone Eliminated
 Modulation at 40 KHz
 Triggered Externally by Supplying a Pulse to the TRIG pin
 5V DC Supply Voltage and Current - <20mA
 Can Communicate with 5 V TTL or 3.3V CMOS Microcontrollers
 Echo Pulse : Positive TTL Pulse, 87µs Minimum to 30ms Maximum (PWM)

4.4 DIMENSIONS
Fig 4.2 Sensor Dimensions

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CHAPTER-5 RF MODULE (NRF24L01)

Fig 5.1 NRF24L01

5.1 OVERVIEW

NRF 24L01 UART MODULE is a wireless transceiver module which provides easy to
use RF communication at 2.4 GHz.

It can be used to transmit and receive data at 9600/4800 baud rate from any standard
CMOS / TTL. It works in half duplex mode. Channelling allows the user to use multiple
modules communicating in the same RF range. Module allows host ends to communicate
using two different baud rates (9600/4800).

5.2 FEATURES

 Supports Baud Rate 9600/4800

 Works on ISM band (2.4 GHz)
 4 Frequency Channels
 1 to 30 bytes Dynamic Payload Length
 Transmit / Receive LED Indication.
 Automatic Packet Handling
 Authentication based Packet Communication
 Auto Re-transmit if no Authentication
 Designed to be as Easy to use as Cables.
 No External Antenna Required.

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 Plug and Play Device.

 Works on 5 DC Supply.

5.3 SPECIFICATIONS

 Input Voltage: +5V DC.

 Baud Rate: 9600/4800.
 TTL Interface.
 Range : Approx. 100 feet's
 Channel Selection Jumpers.
 Baud Rate Selection Jumpers.

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CHAPTER-6 MATLAB

MATLAB DESIGN SUITE

MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-
generation programming language. Developed by Math Works, MATLAB allows matrix
manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user
interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java,
and Fortran.

FACILITIES PROVIDED BY MATLAB TOOL

 High-level language for technical computing.
 Development environment for managing code, files, and data.
 Interactive tools for iterative exploration, design, and problem solving.
 Mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis, Filtering,
optimization, and numerical integration 2-D and 3-D graphics functions for
visualizing data.
 Tools for building custom graphical user interfaces.
 Functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and
languages, such as C, C++, FORTRAN, Java, COM, and Microsoft Excel.

LATEST MATLAB R2018B

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Fig MATLAB Window

MATLAB CODE

Fig: MATLAB Code

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SUMMARY

ADVANTAGES

 Radar uses electromagnetic wave that does not require a medium like Sonar (that uses
water) so can be used in space and air. Radar can be long range and the wave
propagate at the speed of light rather than sound (like with sonar). It is less susceptible
to weather conditions compared with Lasers. And be used at night unlike passive
cameras. It does not require target cooperation to emit any signals or emission.
 Very flexible - can be used in a number of ways!
 Stationary mode
 Moving mode
 Two Directional mode
 Beam spread can incorporate many targets!
 Can often select fastest target, or best reflection!
 Still very reliable.

DISADVANTAGES

 Time - Radar can take up to 2 seconds to lock on!

 Cannot track if deceleration is greater than one!
 More interference sources.

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GRAPH OF RADAR

Graph of Radar

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MODEL

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CONCLUSION

In this project we made a robo car which is connected with the ultrasonic sensor use for senses
the object near by area for the security purpose. we can capture the data from enemy area
without entering in there area.

REFERENCES:

 https://circuitdigest.com/article/servo-motor-basics
 https://www.sunrom.com/p/ultrasonic-distance-sensor-pwm-
out
 https://www.electronicshub.org/understanding-7805-ic-
voltage-regulator/
 \www.google.com/patent

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