PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No.

1152 In the establishment of ambient air quality standards, factors such as local atmospheric
conditions, location and land use, and available technology, shall be considered among
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL CODE others.

WHEREAS, the broad spectrum of environment has become a matter of vital concern to Section 4. National Emission Standards. There shall be established national emission
the government; standards for new and existing stationary and mobile sources of pollution which shall
consider among others such factors as type of industry, practicable control technology
WHEREAS, the national leadership has taken a step towards this direction by creating the available, location and land use, and the nature of pollutants emitted.
National Environmental Protection Council under Presidential Decree No. 1121;
Section 5. Community Noise Standards. Appropriate standards for community noise levels
shall be established considering, among others, location, zoning and land use classification.
WHEREAS, it is necessary that the creation of the Council be implemented with the
launching of a comprehensive program of environmental protection and management;
Section 6. Standards for Noise-Producing Equipment. There shall be established a standard
for noise producing equipment such as construction equipment, transportation equipment,
WHEREAS, such a program can assume tangible and meaningful significance only by
stationary engines, and electrical or electronic equipment and such similar equipment or
establishing specific environment management policies and prescribing environment
contrivances. The standards shall set a limit on the acceptable level of noise emitted from a
quality standards in a Philippine Environment Code:
given equipment for the protection of public health and welfare, considering among others,
the magnitude and condition of use, the degree of noise reduction achievable through the
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Republic of the application of best available technology and the cost of compliance.
Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and
decree:
The Installation of any noise-producing equipment shall conform with the requirements of
Presidential Decree No. 1096 and other applicable laws as well as their implementing rules
Section 1. Short Title. This Decree shall be known and cited as the "Philippine and regulations.
Environment Code."
Section 7. Aircraft Emission and Sonic Booms. Appropriate government agencies shall
TITLE I encourage research studies on the harmful effects of aircraft emissions in the environment
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT in order to establish permissible emission standards.

Section 2. Purposes. The purposes of this Title are: Research and studies shall also be undertaken to mitigate and/or minimize the effects of
sonic booms in the environment.
(a) to achieve and maintain such levels of air quality as to protect public health;
and Chapter II
Regulation and Enforcement
(b) to prevent to the greatest extent practicable, injury and/or damage to plant and
animal life and property, and promote the social and economic development of the Section 8. Air Quality and Noise Standards. The National Pollution Control Commission
country. in coordination with appropriate government agencies shall be responsible for the
enforcement of ambient air quality emission and noise standards, including the monitoring
Chapter I and surveillance of air pollutants, licensing and permitting of air pollution control facilities,
Standards and the promulgation of appropriate rules and regulations.

Section 3. Ambient Air Quality Standards. There shall be established ambient air quality Existing air quality emission and noise standards may be revised and/or modified
standards which shall prescribe the maximum concentration of air pollutants permissible in consistent with new development and technology.
the atmosphere consistent with public health, safety and general welfare.
Section 9. Aircraft Noise. Community noise standards around airports shall be (b) establishment of water quality standards;
implemented by the Civil Aeronautics Administration in coordination with the National
Pollution Control Commission. (c) protection and improvement of the quality of the Philippine water resources, and

Section 10. Vehicular Emissions. The Land Transportation Commission, in coordination (d) responsibilities for surveillance and mitigation of pollution incidents.
with the National Pollution Control Commission, shall implement emission standards for
motor vehicles and may deputize other appropriate law enforcement agencies for the
Chapter I
purpose.
Classification and Standards

Section 11. Radioactive Emissions. The release and emission of radioactivity into the
Section 15. Classification of Philippine Waters. The National Pollution Control
environment incident to the establishment or possession of nuclear energy facilities and
Commission, in coordination with appropriate government agencies, shall classify
radioactive materials, handling, transport, production, storage, use and disposal of Philippine waters, according to their best usage. In classifying said waters, the National
radioactive materials shall be regulated by the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission in Pollution Control Commission shall take into account, among others, the following:
coordination with other appropriate government agencies.
(a) the existing quality of the body of water at the time of classification;
Chapter III
Monitoring
(b) the size, depth, surface area covered, volume, direction, rate of flow, gradient
of stream; and
Section 12. Air Quality Monitoring. The National Pollution Control Commission, in
coordination with appropriate government agencies, shall establish to the greatest extent
practicable an air quality monitoring network. Such air quality monitoring network shall (c) the most beneficial uses of said bodies of water and lands bordering them for
put to maximum use the capabilities of these agencies. residential, agricultural, commercial, industrial, navigational, recreational, and
aesthetic purposes.
The National Environmental Protection Council shall be furnished with the results of air
quality monitoring activities. Section 16. Reclassification of Waters Based on Intended Beneficial Use. Where the public
interest so requires, the National Pollution Control Commission, in coordination with
appropriate government agencies, shall reclassify a body of water based on the intended
Section 13. Weather Modification. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and beneficial use and take such steps as may be necessary to upgrade the quality of said water.
Astronomical Services Administration shall monitor regularly meteorological factors
Other government agencies may adopt higher standards for a particular body of water,
affecting environmental conditions in order to effectively guide air pollution monitoring
subject to the approval of the National Pollution Control Commission.
activities.
Section 17. Upgrading of Water Quality. Where the quality of water has deteriorated to a
Activities relating to weather modification such as rainfall stimulation and storm seeding
degree where its state will adversely affect its best usage, the government agencies
experiments shall be undertaken in consultation and/or in coordination with the Philippine
concerned shall take such measures as may be necessary to upgrade the quality of such
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration.
water to meet the prescribed water quality standards.

TITLE II Section 18. Water Quality Standards. The National Pollution Control Commission shall
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT prescribe quality and effluent standards consistent with the guidelines set by the National
Environmental Protection Council and the classification of waters prescribed in the
Section 14. Purpose. It is the purpose of this Title to prescribe management guidelines preceding sections, taking into consideration, among others, the following:
aimed to protect and improve the quality of Philippine water resources through:
(a) the standard of water quality or purity may vary according to beneficial uses;
(a) classification of Philippine waters; and
 (b) the technology relating to water pollution control. Section 23. National Land Use Scheme. The Human Settlements Commission, in
coordination with the appropriate agencies of the government, shall formulate and
Chapter II recommend to the National Environmental Protection Council a land use scheme consistent
Protection and Improvement of Water Quality with the purpose of this Title.

Section 19. Enforcement and Coordination. The production, utilization, storage and The Land Use Scheme shall include among others, the following:
distribution of hazardous, toxic and other substances such as radioactive materials, heavy
metals, pesticides, fertilizers, and oils, and the disposal, discharge and dumping of (a) a science-based and technology-oriented land inventory and classification
untreated wastewater, mine tailings and other substances that may pollute any body of system;
water of the Philippines resulting from normal operations of industries, water-borne
sources, and other human activities as well as those resulting from accidental spills and (b) a determination of present land uses, the extent to which they are utilized,
discharge shall be regulated by appropriate government agencies pursuant to their underutilized, rendered idle or abandoned;
respective charters and enabling legislations. In the performance of the above functions, the
government agencies concern shall coordinate with the National Environmental Protection
(c) a comprehensive and accurate determination of the adaptability of the land for
Council and furnish the latter with such information as may be necessary to enable it to
community development, agriculture, industry, commerce and other fields of
attain its objectives under Presidential Decree No. 1121.
endeavor;

Section 20. Clean-up Operations. It shall be the responsibility of the polluter to contain, (d) a method of identification of areas where uncontrolled development could
remove and clean up water pollution incidents at his own expense. In case of his failure to
result in irreparable damage to important historic, cultural, or aesthetic values, or
do so, the government agencies concerned shall undertake containment, removal and clean-
natural systems or processes of national significance;
up operations and expenses incurred in said operations shall be charged against the persons
and/or entities responsible for such pollution.
(e) a method for exercising control by the appropriate government agencies over
the use of land in areas of critical environmental concern and areas impacted by
Section 21. Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance. The various government agencies
public facilities including, but not limited to, airports, highways, bridges, ports
concerned with environmental protection shall establish to the greatest extent practicable a
and wharves, buildings and other infrastructure projects;
water quality surveillance and monitoring network with sufficient stations and sampling
schedules to meet the needs of the country. Said water quality surveillance network shall
put to maximum use the capabilities of such government agencies. Each agency involved (f) a method to ensure the consideration of regional development and land use in
in such network shall report to the National Environmental Protection Council the results local regulations;
of these monitoring activities as the need arises.
(g) policy for influencing the location of new communities and methods for
TITLE III assuring appropriate controls over the use of land around new communities;
LAND USE MANAGEMENT
(h) a system of controls and regulations pertaining to areas and development
Section 22. Purpose. The purposes of this Title are: activities designed to ensure that any source of pollution will not be located where
it would result in a violation of any applicable environmental pollution control
regulations; and
(a) to provide a rational, orderly and efficient acquisition, utilization and
disposition of land and its resources in order to derive therefrom maximum
benefits; and (i) a recommended method for the periodic revisions and updating of the national
land use scheme to meet changing conditions.
(b) to encourage the prudent use and conservation of land resources in order to
prevent and imbalance between the nation's needs and such resources. Section 24. Location of Industries. In the location of industries, factories, plants, depots
and similar industrial establishments, the regulating or enforcing agencies of the
government shall take into consideration the social, economic, geographic and significant Chapter II
environmental impact of said establishments. Wildlife

TITLE IV Section 28. Management Policy. The national government through the Department of
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION Natural Resources, shall establish a system of rational exploitation and conservation of
wildlife resources and shall encourage citizen participation in the maintenance and/or
Section 25. Purposes. The purposes of this Title are: enhancement of their continuous productivity.

(a) to provide the basic policy on the management and conservation of the Section 29. Measures for Rational Exploitation. Measures for rational exploitation of
country's natural resources to obtain the optimum benefits therefrom and to wildlife resources may include, but shall not be limited to, the following:
preserve the same for the future generations; and
(a) regulating the marketing of threatened wildlife resources.
(b) to provide general measures through which the aforesaid policy may be carried
out effectively. (b) reviewing all existing rules and regulations on the exploitation of wildlife
resources with a view of formulating guidelines for the systematic and effective
Chapter I enforcement thereof; and
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
(c) conserving the threatened species of fauna, increasing their rate of
Section 26. Management Policy. The National government, through the Department of reproduction, maintaining their original habitat, habitat manipulation, determining
Natural Resources, shall establish a system of rational exploitation of fisheries and aquatic bag/creel limits, population control in relation to the carrying capacity of any
resources within the Philippine territory and shall encourage citizen participation therein to given area, banning of indiscriminate and/or destructive means of catching or
maintain and/or enhance the optimum and continuous productivity of the same. hunting them.

Section 27. Measures for National Exploitation. Measures for the national exploitation of Chapter III
fisheries and other aquatic resources may include, but shall not be limited to, the following: Forestry and Soil Conservation

(a) undertaking manpower and expertise development; Section 30. Management Policy for Forestry. The national government, through the
Department of Natural Resources, shall undertake a system of rational exploitation of
forest resources and shall encourage citizen participation therein to keep the country's
(b) acquiring the necessary facilities and equipment;
forest resources at maximum productivity at all time.
(c) regulating the marketing of threatened species of fish or other aquatic
Section 31. Measures for Rational Exploitation of Forest Resources. Measures for the
resources;
rational exploitation of forest resources may include, but shall not be limited to, the
following:
(d) reviewing all existing rules and regulations on the exploitation of fisheries and
aquatic resources with a view of formulating guidelines for the systematic and
(a) regulating the marketing of threatened forest resources;
effective enforcement thereof; and

(b) reviewing all existing rules and regulations on the exploitation of forest
(e) conserving the vanishing species of fish and aquatic resources such as turtles,
sea snakes, crocodiles, corals, as well as maintaining the mangrove areas, marshes resources with a view of formulating guidelines for the systematic and efficient
and inland waters, coral reef-areas and islands serving as sanctuaries for fish and enforcement thereof;
other aquatic life.
(c) conserving threatened species of flora as well as increasing their rate of
propagation; the banning of destructive modes of exploitation, kaingin making or
 shifting cultivation, indiscriminate harvesting of minor forest products the (f) measures to stimulate research in matters relating to natural water and soil
recycling methods of waste materials, and conservation and the application of knowledge thereby acquired.

(d) carrying out a continuing effect on reforestation; timber stand improvement; Section 35. Measures to Mitigate Destructive Effects of Calamities. The national
forest protection; land classification; forest occupancy management; agri- government, through the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
silviculture; range management; agri-silvicultural/kaingin management; industrial Administration, shall promote intensified and concerted research efforts on weather
tree plantation; parks and wildlife management; multiple use forest; timber modification, typhoon, earthquake, tsunami, storm surge, and other tropical natural
management and forest research. phenomena in order to bring about any significant effect to mitigate or prevent their
destructive effects.
Section 32. Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in
agriculture shall be regulated prescribing therefor a tolerance level in their use. Their use Chapter V
shall be monitored by appropriate government agencies to provide empirical data for Energy Development
effective regulation.
Section 36. Policy. Consistent with the environmental protection policies, the national
Section 33. Management Policy on Soil Conservation. The national government, through government, through the Energy Development Board, shall undertake an energy
the Department of Natural Resources and the Department of Agriculture, shall likewise development program encouraging the utilization of invariant sources such as solar, wind
undertake a soil conservation program including therein the identification and protection of and tidal energy.
critical watershed areas, encouragement of scientific farming techniques, physical and
biological means of soil conservation, and short-term and long-term researches and Section 37. Measures for Energy Development. Measures for energy development program
technology for effective soil conservation. may include, but shall not be limited to, the following:

Chapter IV (a) setting up of pilot plants utilizing invariant sources of energy;

Flood Control and Natural Calamities
(b) training of technical personnel for purposes of energy development; and
Section 34. Measures in Flood Control Program. In addition to the pertinent provisions of
existing laws, the following shall be included in a soil erosion, sediment and flood control
(c) conducting researches aimed at developing technology for energy
program; development.

(a) the control of soil erosion on the banks of rivers, the shores of lakes, and the
Section 38. Safety Measures on Energy Development. Rules and regulations shall be
seashores;
promulgated to prevent or mitigate the adverse effects of energy development on the
environment. For this purpose, all nuclear powered plants exploring and utilizing
(b) the control of flow and flooding in and from rivers and lakes; geothermal energy, whether owned or controlled by private or government entities shall:

(c) the conservation of water which, for purposes of this Section shall mean forms (a) observe internationally accepted standards of safety; and
of water, but shall not include captive water;
(b) provide safety devices to ensure the health and welfare of their personnel as
(d) the needs of fisheries and wildlife and all other recreational uses of natural well as the surrounding community.
water;
Chapter VI
(e) measures to control the damming, diversion, taking, and use of natural water, Conservation and Utilization of Surface and Ground Waters
so far as any such act may affect the quality and availability of natural water for
other purposes; and
Section 39. Management Policy. In addition to existing laws, the national government (c) to provide measures to guide and encourage appropriate government agencies
through the National Water Resources Council in coordination with other appropriate in establishing sound, efficient, comprehensive and effective waste management.
government agencies, shall prescribe measures for the conservation and improvement of
the quality of Philippine water resources and provide for the prevention, control and Chapter I
abatement of water pollution. Enforcement and Guidelines

Chapter VII Section 43. Waste Management Programs. Preparation and implementation of waste
Mineral Resources management program shall be required of all provinces, cities and municipalities. The
Department of Local Government and Community Development shall promulgate
Section 40. Management Policy. - The national government, through the Department of guidelines for the formulation and establishment of waste management programs.
Natural Resources, shall undertake a system of gainful exploitation and rational and
efficient utilization of mineral resources and shall encourage citizen participation in this Every waste management program shall include the following:
endeavor.
(a) an orderly system of operation consistent with the needs of the area concerned;
Section 41. Measures for Exploitation and Utilization of Mineral Resources. Measures for
the gainful exploitation and rational and efficient utilization of such mineral resources may
(b) a provision that the operation will not create pollution of any kind or will
include, but shall not be limited to the following: constitute public nuisance;

(a) increasing research and development in mineral resources technology;

(c) a system for a safe and sanitary disposal of waste;

(b) training of additional technical manpower needed in geology, geophysics, (d) a provision that existing plans affecting the development, use and protection of
mining engineering, and related fields; air, water or natural resources shall be considered;

(c) regulating the exploitation of identified mineral reserves;

(e) schedules and methods of implementing the development, construction and
operation of the plan together with the estimated costs; and
(d) accelerating the exploration of undiscovered mineral deposits; and
(f) a provision for the periodic revision of the program to ensure its effective
(e) encouraging the establishment of processing plants for refined metals. implementation.

TITLE V Section 44. Responsibility of Local Governments. Each province, city or municipality shall
WASTE MANAGEMENT provide measures to facilitate the collection, transportation, processing and disposal of
waste within its jurisdiction in coordination with other government agencies concerned.
Section 42. Purpose. The purposes of this Title are: For this purpose, the national government shall provide the necessary subsidy, to local
governments upon request made through the National Environmental Protection Council
(a) to set guidelines for waste management with a view to ensuring its and subject to such terms and conditions as the latter may provide.
effectiveness;
Chapter II
(b) to encourage, promote and stimulate technological, educational economic and Methods of Solid Waste Disposal
social efforts to prevent environmental damage and unnecessary loss of valuable
resources of the nation through recovery, recycling and re-use of wastes and waste Section 45. Solid Waste Disposal. Solid Waste disposal shall be by sanitary landfill,
products; and incineration, composing, and other methods as may be approved by competent government
authority.
Section 46. Sanitary Landfills. Local governments, including private individuals, Section 52. Population-Environment Balance. In the assessment of development projects,
corporations or organizations may operate one or more sanitary landfills. Any entity the National Environmental Protection Council, hereinafter referred to in this Title as the
proposing to operate a sanitary landfill shall submit to the appropriate government agency "Council" shall take into consideration their effect on population with a view to achieving a
an operational work plan showing, among other things, a map of the proposed work rational and orderly balance between man and his environment.
location, disposal areas for rubbish, garbage, refuse and other waste matter; and the
equipment or machinery needed to accomplish its operations. In no case shall landfill or Section 53. Environmental Education. The Department of Education and Culture shall
work locations under this Section be located along any shore or coastline, or along the integrate subjects on environmental education in its school curricula at all levels. It shall
banks of rivers and streams. lakes throughout their entire length, in violation of any also endeavor to conduct special community education emphasizing the relationship of
existing rules and regulations. man and nature as well as environmental sanitation and practices.

Section 47. Incineration and Composting Plants. The installation and establishment of The Council and other government agencies implementing environmental protection laws
incineration or composting plants, or the alteration/modification of any part thereof shall be in coordination with public information agencies of the government shall undertake public
regulated by the local governments concerned in coordination with the National Pollution information activities for the purpose of stimulating awareness and encouraging
Control Commission. involvement in environmental protection.

Section 48. Disposal Sites. The location of solid waste disposal sites shall conform with Section 54. Environmental Research. The Council shall undertake and/or promote
existing zoning; land use standards, and pollution control regulations. continuing studies and research programs on environmental management and shall, from
time to time, determine priority areas of environmental research.
Section 49. Dumping into the Sea and Other Navigable Waters. The dumping or disposal
of solid wastes into the sea and any body of water in the Philippines, including shorelines Section 55. Monitoring and Dissemination of Environmental Information of Foreign
and river banks, where these wastes are likely to be washed into the water is prohibited. Origin. The Council shall keep itself informed of current environmental developments by
However, dumping of solid wastes or other materials into the sea or any navigable waters obtaining information and literature from foreign sources through the Department of
shall be permitted in case of immediate or imminent danger to life and property, subject to Foreign Affairs, government agencies and other entities, both domestic and foreign. Such
the rules and regulations of the Philippine Coast Guard and the National Pollution Control information and literature shall be given the widest dissemination possible.
Commission.
Section 56. Incentives. To operate the installation and the utilization of pollution control
Government agencies and private entities which are undertaking solid waste management facilities, the following incentives are hereby granted:
programs shall make consultations with the government agencies concerned with respect to
the effects of such dumping to the marine environment and navigation.
(a) exemption to the extent of fifty (50) per cent of tariff duties and compensating
tax for the importation of pollution control equipment, devices, spare parts and
Chapter III accessories for a period of five (5) years from the effectivity of this Decree subject
Methods of Liquid Waste Disposal to the conditions that will be imposed by the Council.

Section 50. Liquid Waste Disposal. Wastewater from manufacturing plants, industries, (b) a tax credit equivalent to fifty (50) per cent of the value of the compensating
community, or domestic sources shall be treated either physically, biologically or tax and tariff duties that would have been paid on the pollution control equipment,
chemically prior to disposal in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by devices, spare parts and accessories had these items been imported shall, within a
proper government authority. period of seven (7) years from the effectivity of this Decree be given to the person
or firm who or which purchases them from a domestic manufacturer, and another
Section 51. Applicability of Sec. 8. The provisions of Sec. 8 hereof shall likewise apply to tax credit equivalent to twenty-five (25) per cent thereof shall be given to the said
the dumping or disposal of liquid waste into the sea and other bodies of water. manufacturer subject to such conditions as may be imposed by the Council; and

TITLE VI (c) deductions equivalent to fifty (50) per cent of the expenses actually incurred
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS on research projects undertaken to develop technologies for the manufacture of
 pollution control equipment which have been proven effective and commercially (d) "Water Quality Surveillance" means a close and continuous supervision of the
reproducible, from the taxable income of the person or firm actually undertaking water quality to detect development movements or changes in the characteristics
such projects subject to the conditions that may be imposed by the Council. of the water.

The pollution control equipment, devices, spare parts and accessories acquired under this (e) "Water Quality Standard" means a plan that is established by governmental
Section shall not be sold, transferred or disposed of within five (5) years from the date of authority as a program for water pollution prevention and abatement. Such a
acquisition without the prior approval of the Council otherwise the importer or purchaser standard may include water use classification and the criteria to support the uses
shall pay twice the amount of the tax exemption or tax credit granted. of the water.

Section 57. Financial Assistance/Grant. Financial assistance/grant for the study, design (f) "Effluent Standards" means restrictions established to limit levels of
and construction of environmental protection facilities especially for waste disposal in concentration of physical, chemical and biological constituents which are
favor of cities, municipalities, small and medium-scale industries may be granted on a case discharged from point sources.
to case basis subject to such conditions as may be imposed by the Council.
(g) "Clean-up Operations" refers to activities conducted in removing the
Section 58. Participation of Local Government Units and Private Individuals. It shall be pollutants discharged or spilled in water to restore it to pre-spill condition.
the responsibility of local government units as well as private individuals to actively
participate in the environmental management and protection programs of the government. (h) "Accidental Spills" refers to spills of oil or other hazardous substances in water
that result from accidents involving the carriers of such substance such as
Section 59. Preservation of Historic and Cultural Resources and Heritage. It shall be the collisions and grounding.
duty of every person to help preserve the historic and cultural resources of the country such
as sites, structures, artifacts, documents, objects, memorials and priceless trees. (i) "Areas of Critical Environmental Concern" are areas where uncontrolled
development could result in irreparable damage to important historic, cultural, or
Section 60. Government Offices Performing Environmental Protection aesthetic values or natural systems or processes of national significance.
Functions. Government agencies vested by law to exercise environmental management
powers, shall continue to function as such within their respective jurisdictions. The Council (j) "Hazardous Substances" means elements or compounds which when
may, however, in the exercise of its powers and functions under Presidential Decree No. discharged in any quantity present imminent or substantial danger to public health
1121, inquire into any action or issue of environmental significance. and welfare.

Section 61. Public Hearings. The Council may, whenever it deems necessary, conduct (k) "Areas Impacted by Public Facilities" refers to areas where the introduction of
public hearings on issues of environmental significance. public facilities may tend to induce development and urbanization of more than
local significance or impact.
Section 62. Definition of Terms. As used in this Code:
(l) "Environmental Impact" is the alteration, to any degree, of environmental
(a) "Ambient Air Quality" means the average atmospheric purity as distinguished conditions or the creation of a new set of environmental conditions, adverse or
from discharge measurements taken at the source of pollution. It is the general beneficial, to be induced or caused by a proposed project.
amount of pollution present in a broad area.
(m) "Government Agencies" refers to national, local and regional agencies and
(b) "Emission" means the act of passing into the atmosphere an air contaminant, instrumentalities including government-owned and controlled corporations.
pollutant, gas stream and unwanted sound from a known source.
TITLE VII
(c) "Water Quality" means the characteristics of water which define its use in FINAL PROVISIONS
terms of physical, chemical and biological contents; hence the quality of water for
domestic use is different from industrial use.
Section 63. Separability of Provisions. If any provision of this Code, or the application of
such provisions to any person or circumstance, is declared unconstitutional, the remainder
of the Code or the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not
be affected by such declaration.

Section 64. Effectivity. This Code shall take effect upon its approval.

Done in the City of Manila, this 6th day of June in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred
and seventy-seven.