1.

Introduction

Automatic car parking system is very good substitute for car parking area. Since in
modern world, where space has become a very big problem and in the era of
miniaturization its become a very crucial necessity to avoid the wastage of space in
modern, big companies and apartments etc. In space where more than 100 cars need to be
parked, it’s a very difficult task to do and also to reduce the wastage of area, this system
can be used. This Automatic Car Parking enables the parking of vehicles and thus
reducing the space used. Here any number of cars can be park according to requirement.
These makes the systems modernized and even a space-saving one.

PLC based Automatic Car Parking

In our project that is Automatic Car Parking has two gates one for entry and another for
exit of cars and two sensors one at entry gate and another at exit gate. Each incoming car
being sensed by the entry gate sensor and outgoing by exit gate sensor that in turn give
signal to PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and then whole controlling process is
done through it like counting of cars , timing of opening the gate , indications of
indicators etc. As there is a certain limit of any parking area when that limit is finished
means when there is no space for more cars in the area then PLC indicate an indicator
and will not further open the entry gate for more cars until any entered car will exit.

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2. Block Diagram

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2.1 Block Diagram Description

The block diagram of whole circuitry consists of mainly three parts:

1> I/P unit

2> Control unit

3> O/P unit

2.1.1 Input unit

Input unit consists of SMPS, output of which is fed to IR Sensors and push buttons.
These are described as below:

2.1.1.1 SMPS

SMPS with input supply drawn from the ac mains, the input voltage is first rectified and
filtered using a capacitor at the rectifier output. The unregulated dc voltage across the
capacitor is then fed to a high frequency dc-to-dc converter. Most of the dc-to-dc
converters used in SMPS circuits have an intermediate high frequency ac conversion
stage to facilitate the use of a high frequency transformer for voltage scaling and
isolation.

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2.1.1.2 IR Sensors

Photoelectric sensors, also known as photoeyes, are electronic devices that are used to
sense the presence or absence of an object, or to measure the distance to the object,
sometimes simultaneously, and do so for a wide variety of applications. They utilize light
that is usually in the infrared spectrum to do so, which is sent through a light transmitter
and is sometimes sensed by a photoelectric receiver, but the latter component is not
always necessary. As for sensing object it uses infrared rays so it is also known as
infrared or IR Sensors.

2.1.1.3 Push buttons

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A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism
for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of
hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to
accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons
are most often biased switches, though even many un-biased buttons (due to their
physical nature) require a spring to return to their un-pushed state. Different people use
different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch.

2.1.2 Control Unit

Control unit consists of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) that control the whole
process through the program that is downloaded into it. It is described below:

2.1.2.1 PLC

A Programmable Logic Controller is a digital computer used for automation of

industrial processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines. The PLC is
a special data processor used as controller for machines in industrial processes.

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PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature
ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to
control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory.

A PLC typically consists of an input section, a logic (or processing) section, an output
section, and a power supply. A PLC is typically programmed with a sequential program
for controlling.

2.1.3 Output Unit

Output unit consists of indicators used to indicate specific operations like starting or
stopping of process, full space or vacant space in the area etc. It is described below:

2.1.3.1 Indicators

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light when an

electrical current is applied in the forward direction of the device. LEDs are widely used
as indicator lights on electronic devices.

3. Working

As PLC works on 24V DC and power supplied to our home is of 220V AC so we used
SMPS that will convert this 220V AC into 24V DC . Now firstly we will press the push
button that is used for starting the operation. After pressing this push button now if any
car will enter, it is sensed by an IR sensor that is connected at entry gate and this sensor
will give signal to PLC. PLC will count this car and will give signal to open the gate.
Similarly when another car will come that is also counted by PLC and PLC will again
give signal to open the gate. Suppose our parking area capacity is of five cars then after
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five cars PLC will not give signal to open the gate and will glow an indicator that will
indicate that there is no more space in parking area.

Now if any car will exit this is sensed by the sensor that is connected at exit gate, this
sensor will also give signal to PLC, PLC will again count this outgoing car and will give
signal to open the gate so that car can exit and will also give signal to indicator to make it
OFF that was showing no space in parking area as now we have space of one more car.
Now after exiting this car parking area has four cars now one more car can enter. So now
if any car will come PLC will now give signal to open the gate. In this way up to five cars
PLC will give signal to open the gate and after this no car can enter until any car being
exit. To stop the operation we can press another push button that is used for stopping the
operation. After pressing this push button PLC will neither give signal to open the gate
for entry nor will open the gate for exit of cars.

4. Circuit Diagram

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4.1 Circuit Diagram Description

 The whole circuitary consists of SMPS, IR Sensors(PNP), Push buttons, PLC,

indicators(LED) .

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  At input we used SMPS to convert 220V AC into 24V DC .

 Then we have two PNP type IR Sensors for sensing incoming and outgoing cars
and then give signal to PLC..

 At the input of PLC we also have two push buttons for starting and stopping the
whole process.

 Now PLC will control the whole process on the basis of the program that is
downloaded into it.

 Finally at output we have indicators to indicate various conditions like space or no

space in the parking area or process is going on or stop etc.

5. Component Description

5.1 Programmable Logic Controller

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A Programmable Logic Controller, PLC, or Programmable Controller is a digital
computer used for automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on
factory assembly lines. DICK MORLEY is considered as the “father” of the PLC. The
PLC is a special data processor used as controller for machines in industrial processes.

Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output
arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance
to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in
battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since
output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time,
otherwise unintended operation will result.

.Control panel with PLC i.e grey elements in the centre. This unit consists of separate
elements, from left to right; power supply , controller ,relay units for input and output.

The main difference from other computers is that PLC is armored for severe condition
(dust, moisture, heat, cold, etc) and has the facility for extensive input/output (I/O)
arrangements. These connect the PLC to sensors and actuators. PLCs read limit switches,
analog process variables (such as temperature and pressure), and the positions of complex
positioning systems. Some even use machine vision. On the actuator side, PLCs operate
electric motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, magnetic relays or solenoids, or analog
outputs. The input/output arrangements may be built into a simple PLC, or the PLC may
have external I/O modules attached to a computer network that plugs into the PLC.

Early PLCs were designed to be used by electricians to replace relay logic system. These
PLCs were programmed in "ladder logic", which strongly resembles a schematic diagram
of relay logic. Modern PLCs can be programmed in a variety of ways, from ladder logic
to more traditional programming languages such as BASIC and C.

5.1.1 History of PLCs

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In the 1960s programmable logic controllers were first developed to replace relays and
relay control systems. Relays, while very useful in some applications, also have some
problems. The main problem is the fact that they are mechanical. This means that they
wear down and have to be replaced every so often. Also, along with other considerations,
led to the development of PLCs. The lack of standardization in PLCs created other
problems. This was improved in the 1980s. The size of PLCs was also reduced then, thus
using space even more efficiently. They also saw the PLCs being replaced by PCs in
some cases. However, PLCs are still very much in use in all sorts of industries.
Programmable logic controller is a special data processor used as controller for machines
in industrial processes. As a part of process control, a programmable logic controller is
used to monitor input signals from a variety of input points which report events and
conditions occurring in a controlled process. During the execution of a stored control
program, they read inputs from the controlled process and, per the logic of the control
program, provide outputs to the controlled process. A PLC typically consists of an input
section, a logic (or processing) section, an output section, and a power supply. A PLC is
typically programmed with a sequential program for controlling a machine, such as a
pressing or marking machine that continuously repeats the same motions during, for
example, an automated assembly process or other manufacturing process. One common
development platform is called ladder logic. Ladder logic is a programming language
based on executing commands on a line-by-line permission system.

5.1.2 Features of PLCs

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Photograph showing several input and output modules of a single Allen-Bradley
PLC. With each module having sixteen "points" of either input or output, this PLC
has the ability to monitor and control dozens of devices. Fit into a control cabinet, a
PLC takes up little room, especially considering the equivalent space that would be
needed by electromechanical relays to perform the same functions

A PLC is a solid state, computerized industrial computer that performs discrete or

sequential logic in a factory environment. It was originally developed to replace
mechanical relays, timers counters. PLCs are used successfully to execute complicated
control operations in a plant. Its purpose is to monitor crucial process parameters and
adjust process operations accordingly. A sequence of instructions is programmed by the
user to the PLC memory and when the program is executed, the controller operates a
system to the correct operating specifications.

The first PLC system evolved from conventional computers in late 60s and early 70s.
These first PLCs were installed primarily in automotive plants. Traditionally the auto
plant had to be shut down for up to a month at model changeover time. The early PLCs
were used with other new automation techniques to shorten the changeover time. One of
the major time consuming changeover procedures had been wiring of new or revised
relays & control panels. The PLC programming procedures replaced the rewiring a panel
full of wires, relays, timers, counters & other components. The PLCs helped reduce the
changeover time to a matter of few days.

5.1.3 PLC Operation

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 Check input status

Execute program

Update output status

A PLC works by continually scanning a program. We can

think of this scan cycle as consisting of three important steps. Others are checking the
system and updating the current internal counter and timer values.

1. Check input status: first the PLC takes a look at each input to determine if it is ON or
OFF. In other words, is the sensor connected the first input ON? How about the second
input? How about the third input… it records this data into its memory to be used during
the next step.

2. Execute program: Next PLC executes our program one instruction at a time. For
ex.May be our program says that if the first input was ON then it should turn ON the first
output. Since it already knows which inputs are ON/OFF from the previous step, it will
be able to decide whether the first output should be turned ON based on the state of the
first input. It will store the execution results for later use during the next step.

3. Update output status : Finally PLC updates the status of the outputs. It updates the
output based on which input were ON during the first step and the results of a program
during the second step. Based on ex. in step two it would now turn ON the first output
because the first input was ON and our program says to turn ON the first output when
this condition is true.

After the third step the PLC goes back to the step one and repeats the steps continuously.
One Scan time is defined as the time taken to execute the three steps listed above.

5.1.4 Block diagram of PLC

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I0, I1 …. And O0, O1…. Are the input and output terminals of PLC and it can be many
in number. + and – are those terminals of input, output and common that can be
connected to either positive or negative of D.C supply which depends upon sinking and
sourcing concept. A programming port is used to connect the PLC to the program of the
operation that we want to execute.

5.1.5 Sinking and Sourcing Concept

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The side in which if the current or signal flow inward the PLC that side is called sink
while the side in which if the current or signal flows outward that side is called source.

Sink signal accepts only positive signal and then common is connected to negative while
source signal accepts only negative signal and then common is connected to positive.

PLC has input and output lines through which it is connected to a system it directs. This
is a very important about PLC controllers because it directly influences what can be
connected and how it can be connected to controller inputs or outputs.

As sink signal accepts positive signal so in fig 1 input is connected to positive of PLC as
well as of D.C supply and common to negative terminals similarly of output and vice
versa in fig 2.

5.1.6 Programming devices

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A programming device is needed to enter, modify, and troubleshoot the PLC program, or
to check the condition of the processor. Once the program has been entered and the PLC
is running, the programming device may be disconnected.

5.1.7 Programming language

PLC programs are typically written in a special application on a personal computer, and
then downloaded by a direct connection cable or over a network to the PLC. The program
is stored in the PLC in non volatile flash memory.

Ladder logic is most commonly used.

5.1.8 Addressing data files in micrologix 1000

Data files are those files that are organized by the type of data they contain. For the
purposes of addressing , each data file type is identified by a letter (identifier) and a file
number.

File type Identifier File number

Output O 0

Input I 1

Status S 2

Bit B 3

Timer T 4

Counter C 5

Control R 6

Integer N 7

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5.1.9 General format for logical addressing

Identifier: slot. Word / bit

Where colon shows separator.

For example:

Addressing for input is I:0.0/1 and for output O: 0.0/2

5.1.10 Software configuration

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1. Examine if closed(XIC)

Use the XIC instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is ON.
When the instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is
evaluated as true. When the instruction is executed , if the bit addressed is off (0), then
the instruction is evaluated as false.

2. Examine if open (XIO)

Use the XIO instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is off.
When the instruction is executed. If the bit addressed is off (0) , then the instruction is
evaluated as true. When the instruction is executed , if the bit addressed is on (1), then the
instruction is evaluated as false.

3. Output Instruction/ output energize(OTE)

--( )--

This Instruction Shows the States of Output.

ie; If any instruction either XIO or XIC is true then output will be high i.e energize. Due
to high output a 24 volt signal is generated from PLC processor.

5.1.11 Ladder logic

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Ladder logic is a graphical language very popular for programming Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLCs). The name is based on the observation that programs in this language
resemble ladders, with two vertical "rails" and a series of horizontal "rungs" between
them.

5.1.11.1 Example of a simple ladder logic program

The language itself can be seen as a set of connections between logical checkers (relay
contacts) and actuators (coils). If a path can be traced between the left side of the rung
and the output, through asserted (true or "closed") contacts, the rung is true and the
output coil storage bit is asserted (1) or true. If no path can be traced, then the output is
false (0) and the "coil" by analogy to electromechanical relays is considered "de-
energized"..

Each rung of ladder language typically has one coil at the far right. Some manufacturers
may allow more than one output coil on a rung.

The "coil" (output of a rung) may represent a physical output which operates some device
connected to the programmable controller, or may represent an internal storage bit for use
elsewhere in the program.

5.1.11.2 Rung

Rung is a simple line on which instruction are placed and logics are created

E.g.; ---------------------------------------------

Here is an example of what one rung in a ladder logic program might look like. In real
life, there may be hundreds or thousands of rungs.

For ex: . AND gate : Boolean expression is written as Y= A.B

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Output is high only when all the inputs are high. Therefore the AND gate is equivalent to
a series combination of normally open switches in a ladder as shown:

5.1.12 PLC Timer Functions

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5.1.12.1 Entering Parameters

Accumulator Value (.ACC)

This is the time elapsed since the timer was last reset. When enabled, the timer updates
this continually.

Preset Value (.PRE)

This specifies the value which the timer must reach before the controller sets the done
bit. When the accumulated value becomes equal to or greater than the preset value, the
done bit is set. We can use this bit to control an output device.

Preset and accumulated values for timers ranges from 0 to +32767. If a timer preset or
accumulated value is a negative number , a run time error occurs.

Timebase

The timebase determines the duration of each timebase interval. For Fixed and SLC 5/01
processors , the timebase is set at 0.01 second. For SLC 5/02 and higher processors and
Micrologix 1000 controllers, the timebase is selectable as 0.01(10ms) second or 1.0
second.

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5.1.12.2 Types of Timer

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5.1.12.2.1Timer ON delay

Use the TON instruction to turn an output on or off after the timer has been on for a
preset time interval. The TON instruction begins to count timebase intervals when rung
conditions become true. As long as rung conditions remain true, the timer adjusts its
accumulated value(ACC) each evaluation until it reaches the preset value(PRE). The
accumulated value is reset when rung conditions go false, regardless of whether the timer
has timed out.

Using status bits

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When the processor changes from the REMrun mode to the REM program mode or user
power is lost while the instruction is timing but has not reached its preset value, the
following occurs:

1. Timer Enable(EN) bit remains set.

2. Timer timing ( TT) bit remains set.

3. Accumulated value(ACC) remains the same.

On returning to REMrun mode, the following can happen:

5.1.12.2.2 Timer OFF delay (TOF)

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Use the TOF instruction to turn an output on or off after its rung has been off for a preset
time interval. The TOF instruction begins to count timebase intervals when rung makes a
true to false transition. As long as rung conditions remain false, the timer increments its
accumulated value(ACC) each evaluation until it reaches the preset value(PRE). The
accumulated value is reset when rung conditions go true, regardless of whether the timer
has timed out.

Using status bits

When the processor changes from the REMrun mode to the REM program mode or user
power is lost while the instruction is timing but has not reached its preset value, the
following occurs:

1. Timer Enable(EN) bit remains set.

2.Timer timing ( TT) bit remains set.

3. Timer Done (DN) bit remains set.

4. Accumulated value(ACC) remains the same.

On returning to REMrun mode, the following can happen:

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The Reset (RES) instruction cannot be used with the TOF instruction because RES
always clears the status bits as well as the accumulated value.

5.1.12.2.3 Retentive timer (RTO)

Use the RTO instruction to turn an output on or off after its rung has been on for a preset
time interval. The RTO instruction is a retentive instruction that begins to count timebase
intervals when rung becomes true.

The RTO instructions retains its accumulated value when any of the following occurs:

1. Rung conditions become false.

2. We change processor operation from REM run mode to REM program mode.

3. The processor loses power.

4. A fault occurs.

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When we return the processor to the REMrun mode and/or rung conditions go true,
timing continues from the retained accumulated value. By retaining its accumulated value
retentive timers measure the cumulative period during which rung conditions are true.

Using status bits

To reset the retentive timer’s accumulated value and status bits after the RTO rung goes
false, we must program a reset instruction(RES) with the same address in another rung.

When the processor changes from the REMrun mode to the REM program mode or user
power is lost while the instruction is timing but has not reached its preset value, the
following occurs:

1. Timer Enable(EN) bit remains set.

2. Timer timing ( TT) bit remains set.

3. Accumulated value(ACC) remains the same.

On returning to REMrun mode, the following can happen:

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5.1.13 PLC Counter functions

5.1.13.1 Entering parameters

Accumulator value(.ACC)

This is the number of false-to-true transitions that have occurred since the counter was
last reset.

Preset value(PRE)

Specifies the value which the counter must reach before the controller sets the done bit.
When the accumulator value becomes equal to or greater than the preset value, the done
status bit is set. You can use this bit to control an output device .

Preset and accumulated values for counters range from -32768 to +32767 and are stored
as signed integers. Negative values are stored in 2’s complement form.

5.1.13.2 How counter works

The figure below demonstrates how a counter works. The count value must remain in the
range of -32768 to +32767. If the count value goes above +32767 or below -32768, a
counter status overflow(OV) or underflow(UN) bit is set.

A counter can be reset to zero using the reset (RES) instruction.

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5.1.13.3 Types of Counter

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5.1.13.3.1 Up counter(CTU)

The CTU is an instruction that counts false-to-true rung transitions. Rung transitions can
be caused by events occurring in the program(from internal logic or by external field
devices) such as parts travelling past a detector or actuating a limit switch.

When rung conditions for a CTU instruction have made a false-to-true transition, the
accumulated value is incremented by one count. Provided the the rung containing the
CTU instruction is evaluated between these transitions. The ability of the counter to
detect false-to-true transitions depends on the speed (frequency) of the incoming signal.

The accumulated value is retained when the rung conditions again become false. The
accumulated count is retained until cleared by a reset (RES) instruction that has the same
address as the counter reset.

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Using status bits

The accumulated value is retained after the CTU instruction goes false, or when power is
removed from and then restored to the controller. Also the on or off status of counter
done, overflow and underflow bits is retentive. The accumulated value and control bits
are reset when the appropriate RES instruction is enabled. The CU bits are always set
prior to entering the REMrun mode.

5.1.13.3.2 Down Counter (CTD)

The CTD is an instruction that counts false-to-true rung transitions. Rung transitions can
be caused by evants occurring in the program(from internal logic or by external field
devices) such as parts travelling past a detector or actuating a limit switch.

When rung conditions for a CTD instruction have made a false-to-true transition, the
accumulated value is decremented by one count., provided tha the rung containing the
CTD instruction is evaluated between these transitions. The ability of the counter to
detect false-to-true transitions depends on the speed(frequency) of the incoming signal.

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The accumulated value is retained when the rung conditions again become false. The
accumulated count is retained until cleared by a reset (RES) instruction that has the same
address as the counter reset.

Using status bits

The accumulated value is retained after the CTD instruction goes false, or when power is
removed from and then restored to the controller. Also the on or off status of counter
done, overflow and underflow bits is retentive. The accumulated value and control bits
are reset when the appropriate RES instruction is enabled. The CD bits are always set
prior to entering the REMrun mode.

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5.1.13.4 Comparison Instructions

5.1.13.4 Arithmetic instructions

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5.2 IR Sensors

Photo Electric Sensors works on the principle of modulated Infra-Red rays. These
photoelectric beam sensors can sense the presence or absence of any opaque, semi-
transparent objects by using a light transmitter, often infrared, and
a photoelectric receiver which comes in its sensing range. Photo Electric Sensors have
large operating distance. They utilize light that is usually in the infrared spectrum to do
so, which is sent through a light transmitter and is sometimes sensed by
a photoelectric receiver, but the latter component is not always necessary. The target
either breaks a beam of light or reflects it back to the detector to activate the sensor
output As for sensing object it uses infrared rays so it is also known as infrared or IR
Sensors.

Photoelectric beam sensors are mainly divided into: Diffused Beam Sensors, Through
Beam Sensors with Amplifier Unit, Through Beam Sensors with Built in Amplifier,
Retro-Reflective Sensors.

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Through-beam type

Through-beam type photoelectric switch is designed that via the light beam between
opposite-mounted transmitter and receiver; the object passing through these two devices
will interrupt the light beam and start the receiver. (Fig R1). An opposed (through
beam) arrangement consists of a receiver located within the line-of-sight of the
transmitter. In this mode, an object is detected when the light beam is blocked from
getting to the receiver from the transmitter.

Advantages

 Can be coupled directly to PLC.

 Large sensing distance is possible as emitter and receiver are kept opposite to
each other.
 Suitable to precise detection of large as well as small objects. Repeatability and
indexing precision are not impaired even if the object surface or background is
reflecting.

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Diffuse type

Diffuse reflection type photoelectric switch integrates the transmitter and the receiver.
Light reflected by the photoelectric switch is reflected back to the receiver by the
detected object. (Fig.R2) A proximity-sensing (diffused) arrangement is one in which the
transmitted radiation must reflect off the object in order to reach the receiver. In this
mode, an object is detected when the receiver sees the transmitted source rather than
when it fails to see it.

Advantages

 Transmitter and receiver are housed in the same housing.

 As the self reflection of an object is used for detection; Dark & Light marks can
be distinguished.

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Retro reflective type

Retro reflective type photoelectric switch also integrates the transmitter and the receiver.
Its difference from other models is that reflector is used to reflect light to the
photoelectric switch.Though the object between the photoelectric switch and reflector can
reflect the light, it is much less efficient than the reflector so as to cut down reflected light
(Fig. R3) A retroreflective arrangement places the transmitter and receiver at the same
location and uses a reflector to bounce the light beam back from the transmitter to the
receiver. An object is sensed when the beam is interrupted and fails to reach the receiver.

Advantages

 Large active sensing range compared to diffused beam type.

 Easy assembly compared to the through beam type.

When it comes to reliability and accuracy, there is no photoelectric sensing mode better
than thru-beam sensing. This technology is the most reliable due to the extraordinary
levels of excess gain. Excess gain is the measurement of light energy above the level

35
required for turning on the output of the sensor. The more excess gain a sensor has, the
more tolerant it is of dirt, moisture and debris in the air or accumulating on the lens.

5.3 SMPS
There are many types of power supply. Most of the them are designed to convert high
voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and
other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which
performs a particular function.

For example a 5V regulated supply:

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

 Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

 Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
 Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
 Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

But we used SMPS because of following advantages over linear power supply:

 High efficiency
 High reliability
 Low temperature rise
 Built in EMI filter

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 Low output ripple, noise
 Compact size, light weight
 Rugged heavy duty enclosure
 Short Circuit protection, Overload / Over voltage protection
 100% Full load burn-in-tested
 Over Temperature Protection
 Parallel / Redundancy operation is possible
 Lower values of filter capacitors are required to reduce the ripples.

Like a linear power supply, the switched mode power supply too converts the available
unregulated ac or dc input voltage to a regulated dc output voltage. However in case of
SMPS with input supply drawn from the ac mains, the input voltage is first rectified
and filtered using a capacitor at the rectifier output. The unregulated dc voltage across
the capacitor is then fed to a high frequency dc-to-dc converter. Most of the dc-to-dc
converters used in SMPS circuits have an intermediate high frequency ac conversion
stage to facilitate the use of a high frequency transformer for voltage scaling and
isolation. In contrast, in linear power supplies with input voltage drawn from ac mains,
the mains voltage is first stepped down (and isolated) to the desired magnitude using a
mains frequency transformer, followed by rectification and filtering. The high
frequency transformer used in a SMPS circuit is much smaller in size and weight
compared to the low frequency transformer of the linear power supply circuit.

The ‘Switched Mode Power Supply’ owes its name to the dc-to-dc switching converter
for conversion from unregulated dc input voltage to regulated dc output voltage. The
switch employed is turned ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ (referred as switching) at a high frequency.
During ‘ON’ mode the switch is in saturation mode with negligible voltage drop across
the collector and emitter terminals of the switch where as in ‘OFF’ mode the switch is
in cut-off mode with negligible current through the collector and emitter terminals. On
the contrary the voltage-regulating switch, in a linear regulator circuit, always remains
in the active region.

37
 a simplified schematic switching arrangement is described that omits the transformer
action. In fact there are several other switched mode dc-to-dc converter circuits that do
not use a high frequency transformer. In such SMPS circuits the unregulated input dc
voltage is fed to a high frequency voltage chopping circuit such that when the
chopping circuit (often called dc to dc chopper) is in ON state, the unregulated voltage
is applied to the output circuit that includes the load and some filtering circuit. When
the chopper is in OFF state, zero magnitude of voltage is applied to the output side.
The ON and OFF durations are suitably controlled such that the average dc voltage
applied to the output circuit equals the desired magnitude of output voltage. The ratio
of ON time to cycle time (ON + OFF time) is known as duty ratio of the chopper
circuit. A high switching frequency (of the order of 100 KHz) and a fast control over
the duty ratio results in application of the desired mean voltage along with ripple
voltage of a very high frequency to the output side, consisting of a low pass filter
circuit followed by the load. The high frequency ripple in voltage is effectively filtered
using small values of filter capacitors and inductors.

5.4 Push buttons

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a

simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process.
Buttons are typically made out of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The
surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand, so as
to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased, though even
many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to return
to their un-pushed state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of
the button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch.

38
.

Datasheets

DIFFUSED BEAM SENSOR (DBT)

This diffused photoelectric beam sensors consist of a transmitter and a receiver together.
These beam sensors look alike Inductive Proximity Sensors and hence also known as IR
Proximity Sensors. The emitter emits Infra red rays which are reflected on the receiver
through the object to be registered. In the use of these photoelectric sensors, it is
important to bear in mind the colour of the object. Light colour corresponds to the
maximum distance and vice versa. In case of shiny object; the effect of surface of object
is more important than the colour.

Field of application

These beam sensors are particularly used for position sensing and counting of non
metallic objects. It is also used for Bottle sensing, Level sensing, Height sensing Plastic
film sensing Edge detection of paper or sheet metal etc.

Specifications

Response Time 5 msec

Switching Frequency 100 Hz

39
 Operating Voltage 10-30 VDC

Maximum Load Current 100 mA

Output NPN or PNP

Maximum Current
24 mA (OFF)
consumption
34 mA (ON)
@ 24V DC {No Load)

Voltage Drop 1 V Max

Short Circuit Protection Provided

LED Indicator Provided

Temperature Limit 0-55oC

Cable 2 Mtrs (std.)

THROUGH BEAM SENSOR WITH BUILT IN AMPLIFIER (SBTA)

This consist of two devices, a light emitter and a light receiver. The light receiver device
contains amplifier circuit which gives transistorised output. These two devices are kept
apart facing each other. The transmitter sends pulses of light in the infrared range which
are invisible to the human eye. The receiver device opposite to the transmitter receives
these rays. On interruption of these rays by the target object, receiver gives a signal
which is amplified and fed to output transistor.

Field of Application

 Silver Breakage detection.

40
 Bottle sensing.
 Door opening / closing.
 Film sensing.
 Counting objects on moving conveyor.

Specifications

Response Time 5 msec

Switching
100 Hz
Frequency

Operating Voltage 10-30 VDC

Maximum Load
100 mA
Current

Output NPN or PNP

Maximum Current
consumption 29 mA in OFF state 
@ 24V DC (No 34 mA in ON state
Load)

Voltage Drop 1 V Max

Short Circuit
Provided
Protection

LED Indicator Provided

Temperature Limit 0-55°C

Cable 2 Mtrs (std.)

41
RETRO-REFLECTIVE SENSOR (RBI)

This is a system which consist of one device and a reflector. The device contains emitter
and receiver The rays emitted by the emitter are reflected by the reflector to the receiver.
The sensing of the object occurs when these rays are interrupted. 

Field of Application

This sensors can be used where it is difficult to install Through Beam Sensors due to
space constraint. Further, simple wiring makes it suitable where sensing objects are
bigger in size. Thus these sensors are used for loop control in decoiler, edge detection in
paper/sheet metal etc.

42
Specifications

Response Time 5 msec

Switching Frequency 100 Hz

Operating Voltage 10-30 VDC

Maximum Load
100 mA
Current

Output NPN or PNP

Maximum Current
25 mA in OFF state
consumption
35 mA in ON state
@ 24V DC (No Load)

Voltage Drop 1 V Max

Short Circuit
Provided
Protection

LED Indicator Provided

Temperature Limit 0-55°C

Cable 2 Mtrs (std.)

43
Model composition and definition of infrared ray photoelectric switch

N.o Composition Description

1
Basic form G: infrared ray photoelectric switch

2 18,50,76……
Outward appearance code

3
Working voltage 2.90-250VAC 3:10-30VDC 4:12-240VDC/24-240VAC 5:Special voltage
A: diffuse type
4
B: retro reflective type
Detection way C: through-beam type
D: mark detection type
G: optical fiber type
05:5cm
5
Detection distance 10:10cm
3:3cm
101:10m
N: NPNP:PNP
6
J: Relay contact outputL:AC two-wire output
Output form S: with two outputs: NPN and PNP
A: Normally open(light entering ON)
7
Output state B: Normally close(light sheltering ON)
C: normally open+normally close
T1: front delay    T2: rear delay      Y: oil proof
8
Subsidiary T: with connector  I: special requirement

44
For example: G18-3A 10NA

That indicates the infrared ray photoelectric switch of M18 cylinder, DC 10-30V working voltage,diffused reflection
type,
detection distance 10 cm, and NPN normally open type.

5.5 Push Buttons

5.6 Indicators

5.7 How do I make an electromagnet

6 Program

45
 CTU
CU
C5:0
DN

MOV
Source C5:0 ACC
Dest C5:1 ACC

RTO T4:0
PRE
ACC
TB

Res

46
6.1 Program Description

Firstly to start the process we will press NO push button which is indicated by
I:0.0/2 and for stopping the process NC push button is used, indicated by I:0.0/3.
Output O:0.0/0 becomes high when the process has been started otherwise low
and the purpose for connecting the same in the parallel with I:0.0/2 is to make
the output high for the whole process until we don’t press the stop push button
i.e. I:0.0/3.

Now when car will come in, sensor will sense it and send the signal to PLC at its
input terminal with address I:0.0/0, due to which output terminal of PLC with
address O:0.0/1 becomes high that will send a signal to coil to open the entry
gate. We have connected a done bit of counter C5:0 in series with I:0.0/1 to

47
 make O:0.0/1 as low when there is no space in parking area means done bit
becomes high that makes O:0.0/0 as low and the purpose for connecting TT i.e.
timer timing bit of timer T4:0 in parallel with I:0.0/0 is to make the O:0.0/1 high
when car has passed in front of the sensor but still not passed the gate.
Now we have used an up counter i.e. CTU C5:0 for counting the incoming cars
and a MOV block to move the accumulator (ACC) value of this up counter to
the accumulator of down counter(CTD) C5:1.
Now for starting the timer we will take O:0.0/1 at the input of it so that when car
will come O:0.0/1becomes high and starts the timing.
Now when car will come out, output sensor will sense it and send a signal to
PLC at its input terminal with address I: 0.0/1 due to which O:0.0/4 becomes
high and again will send a signal to coil to open the exit gate.
And then we have used a down counter CTD to count the outgoing cars and a
MOV block to move accumulator (ACC) value of this down counter to the
accumulator of up counter(CTU).
But if in any case there is no car inside the parking area and any other object
coming out from exit gate, counter will not down count it because of GRT block
and will not open the gate and again for gate to be open after passing the car in
front of sensor we will use timer T4:1.
Lastly we used O:0.0/2 and O:0.0/3. O:0.0/2 becomes high when there is vacant
space in the parking area and when there is no vacant space in the parking area
O:0.0/3 becomes high.

7 Scope and Applications

48
8 List of components

9 Troubleshooting

10 References

49