Quick

IPv4 addressing
And
Subnetting

Olivoy
Edition : 1
Copyright © 2017 Olivoy
All rights reserved
 Table of contents

Quality of communications
External Factors
Internal Factors
The elements of a network
Components of the network
End devices
Intermediary devices
Protocol and Reference Models
OSI Model
Definition
Encapsulation
Model TCP/IP
Definition
Comparing the OSI Model with the TCP/IP Model
Address IPv4
Private Addresses
Binary to decimal conversion
Convert decimal to binary
Example
Subnetting
Example
Summary
Quality of communications
External Factors
The external factors affecting communication are related to the
complexity of the network and the number of devices a message must pass
through on its route to its final destination.
External factors affecting the success of communication include:
The quality of the pathway between the sender and the recipient
The number of times the message has to change form
The number of times the message has to be redirected or readdressed
The number of other messages being transmitted simultaneously on the
communication network
 Internal Factors
Internal factors that interfere with network communication are related
to the nature of the message itself. Internal factors affecting the successful
communication across the network include:
The size of the message
The complexity of the message
The importance of the message
The elements of a network
Rules
Medium
Messages
Devices
Components of the network
Devices
Media
Services
End devices
The network devices that people are most familiar with are called end
devices. These devices form the interface between the human network and the
underlying communication network. Some examples of end devices are:
Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web servers)
Network printers
VoIP phones
Security cameras
In the context of a network, end devices are referred to as hosts.
Intermediary devices
In addition to the end devices that people are familiar with, networks
rely on intermediary devices to provide connectivity and to work behind the
scenes to ensure that data flows across the network. These devices connect the
individual hosts to the network and can connect multiple individual networks
to form an internetwork. Examples of intermediary network devices are:
Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points)
Internetworking Devices (routers)
Communication Servers and Modems
Security Devices (firewalls)
Protocol and Reference Models
OSI Model
Definition
Encapsulation
Model TCP/IP
Definition
Comparing the OSI Model with the TCP/IP
Model
Address IPv4
An IPv4 address is encoded on 4 octets (32 bits) and consists of two
parts; The first part identifies the network (NetID) and the second a host
(HostID).

NB 1: Host addresses containing only zeros (0) and some (1) are
invalid. It is for this reason in the section Number of networks and hosts
that 2 (2 ^ 24-2)
NB 2: The zeros (0) represents the network address (Example:
127.0.0.0)
NB 3: Some (1) represent the broadcast address (Example:
127.255.255.255)
Private Addresses
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8).
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12).
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16).
Binary to decimal conversion
Convert decimal to binary
 Example
192.168.1.1 /24
This is a class C address
Network address is 192.168.1.0 and the machine address is 192.168.1.1
Broadcast address is an address used to send data to all hosts on the
network, set 1 in the host part of the address 192.168.1.11111111
192.168.1.255
There are IP addresses not routable only used in local networks called
private addresses and there is also the routable address used in Internet called
public address
Subnetting
Creating subnets creates multiple logical networks from a single
address block. To do this, it is necessary to develop the mask to borrow a few
bits from the host part of the address and create other network bits.
 Example
192.168.1.0/24
24 and the number of bits to 1 of mask:
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0
If one borrows a single bit from the host part we have 2^1 = 2 subnet (0
and 1)
subnet 1 192.168.1.00000000 192.168.1.0/25
192.168.1.0/255.255.255.128
subnet 2 192.168.1.10000000 192.168.1.128/25
192.168.1.128/255.255.255.128
2^7-2= Number of hosts for each subnet (7 is the number of bits remaining in
the host part is removed the x0000000 address by what it is only a network
address and we also removed x1111111 by what it is A broadcast subnet
address x)
If one borrows two bits of the host part we have 2^2 = 4 subnet (00, 01,
11, 10)
subnet1 192.168.1.00000000 192.168.1.0/26
192.168.1.0/255.255.255.192
subnet 2 192.168.1.01000000 192.168.1.64/26
192.168.1.64/255.255.255.192
subnet 3 192.168.1.10000000 192.168.1.128/26
192.168.1.128/255.255.255.192
subnet 4 192.168.1.11000000 192.168.1.192/26
192.168.1.192/255.255.255.192

Subnet 1 2 3
Network 192.168.1.00000000 192.168.1.01000000 192.168.1.10000000
address 192.168.1.0/26 192.168.1.64/26 192.168.1.128/26
Subnet 255.255.255.11000000 255.255.255.11000000 255.255.255.11000000
mask 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192
Address 192.168.1.00000001/26 192.168.1.01000001/26 192.168.1.10000001/26
start 192.168.1.1/26 192.168.1.65/26 192.168.1.129/26
Last 192.168.1.00111110/26 192.168.1.01111110/26 192.168.1.10111110/26
Address 192.168.1.62/26 192.168.1.126/26 192.168.1.190/26
broadcast 192.168.1.00111111/26 192.168.1.01111111/26 192.168.1.10111111/26
address 192.168.1.63/26 192.168.1.127/26 192.168.1.191/26
 Summary

Subnet 1 2 3 4
Network
192.168.1.0/26 192.168.1.64/26 192.168.1.128/26 192.168.1.192/26
address
Subnet
255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192
mask
Address
192.168.1.1/26 192.168.1.65/26 192.168.1.129/26 192.168.1.193/26
start
Last
192.168.1.62/26 192.168.1.126/26 192.168.1.190/26 192.168.1.254/26
Address
broadcast
192.168.1.63/26 192.168.1.127/26 192.168.1.191/26 192.168.1.255/26
address