REGULATIONS 2016 SYLLABUS

for Courses affiliated to the

Kerala University of Health Sciences
Thrissur 680596

Bachelor of Dental Surgery [B.D.S]

Course Code 002

(2016-17 Academic year onwards)

2016

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl. No: Item Page No:

1 Course Content 3

2 Syllabus 17

3 Examinations 185

4 Internship 194

207
5 Annexure

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 2. Course Content
2.1. Title of course:
Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S)
2.2. Aims & Objectives of BDS Course

A. Aims:
To create a graduate in Dental Science who has adequate knowledge, necessary skills and
such attitudes which are required for carrying out all the activities appropriate to general
dental practice involving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and diseases
of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues. The graduate should also understand the
concept of community oral health education and be able to participate in the rural health
care delivery programmes existing in the country.

B. Objectives:
The objectives are dealt under three headings namely (a) knowledge and understanding (b)
skills and (c) attitudes.
(a) Knowledge and understanding
The student should acquire the following during the period of training.
1. Adequate knowledge of the scientific foundations on which dentistry is based and
good understanding of various relevant scientific methods and principles of biological
functions.
2. Adequate knowledge to evaluate and analyse scientifically various established facts
and data.
3. Adequate knowledge of the development, structure and function of teeth, mouth,
jaws and associated tissues both in health and disease and their relationship and
effect on general state of health and also their bearing on physical and social well-
being of the patient.
4. Adequate knowledge of clinical disciplines and methods, which provide a coherent
picture of anomalies, lesions and diseases of the teeth, mouth and jaws.
5. Adequate knowledge on the preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of
dentistry.
6. Adequate knowledge on laboratory steps involved in dental treatment.
7. Adequate clinical experience required for general dental practice.

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 8. Adequate knowledge of biological function and behavior of persons in health and
sickness as well as the influence of natural and social environment on the state of
health so far as it affects dentistry.
(b) Skills
A graduate should be able to demonstrate the following skills necessary for practice of dentistry:
1. Able to diagnose and manage various common dental problems encountered in general
dental practice, keeping in mind the expectations and the right of the society to receive
the best available treatment wherever possible.
2. Acquire skill to prevent and manage complications if any encountered while carrying
out various dental surgical and other procedures.
3. Possess skill to carry out required investigative procedures and ability to interpret
laboratory findings.
4. Acquire skill in laboratory procedures involved in dental treatment.
5. Promote oral health and help to prevent oral diseases wherever possible.
6. Competent in control of pain and anxiety during dental treatment.
(c) Attitudes
A graduate should develop during the training period the following attitudes.
1. Willing to apply current knowledge of dentistry in the best interest of the patients
and the community.
2. Maintain a high standard of professional ethics and conduct and apply these in all
aspects of professional life.
3. Seek to improve awareness and provide possible solutions for oral health problems
and needs throughout the community.
4. Willingness to participate in the continuing education programmes to update
knowledge and professional skills from time to time.
5. To help and to participate in the implementation of national health programmes.

C. Goals of BDS Curriculum

On completion of the undergraduate training program the graduates shall be
competent in the following. –
i. General Skills
 Apply knowledge & skills in day to day practice.
 Apply principles of ethics.
 Analyze the outcome of treatment.
 Evaluate the scientific literature and information to decide the treatment.
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  Participate and involve in professional bodies.
 Be capable of self-assessment and be willing to update the knowledge & skills from
time to time.
 Inclined to do simple research projects.
 Acquire minimum computer proficiency to enhance knowledge and skills.
 Be aware of one’s limitations and know when to refer patients to specialists.
 Be familiar with basic Forensic Odontology techniques and manage Geriatric dental
problems.
 Death certification

ii. Practice Management

 Evaluate practice location, population dynamics & reimbursement mechanism.
 Able to communicate freely, orally and in writing with all concerned.
 Maintain records.
 Implement & monitor infection control and environmental safety programs.
 Practice within the scope of one's competence Communication & Community
Resources.
 Assess patient’s goals, values and concerns to establish rapport and guide patient
care.
 Co-ordinate & supervise the activities of allied dental health personnel.
 Participate in improving the oral health of the individuals through community
activities.

iii. Patient Care – Diagnosis

 Obtaining patient's history in a methodical way.
 Performing thorough clinical examination.
 Selection and interpretation of clinical, radiological and other diagnostic information.
 Obtaining appropriate consultation.
 Arriving at provisional, differential and final diagnosis.

iv. Patient Care - Treatment Planning

 Integrate multiple disciplines into an individual comprehensive sequenced treatment
plan using diagnostic and prognostic information.
 Be able to order appropriate investigations.

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 v. Patient Care – Treatment
 Recognition and initial management of medical emergencies that may occur during
Dental treatment.
 Perform basic cardiac life support.
 Management of pain including post operative.
 Administration of all forms of local anesthesia.
 Administration of intra muscular and venous injections.
 Prescription of drugs, pre operative, prophylactic and therapeutic requirements.
 Uncomplicated extraction of teeth.
 Transalveolar extractions and removal of simple impacted teeth.
 Minor oral surgical procedures.
 Management of Oro-facial infections.
 Simple orthodontic appliance therapy.
 Taking, processing and interpretation of various types of intra oral radiographs.
 Various kinds of restorative procedures using different materials available.
 Simple endodontic procedures.
 Removable and basic fixed Prosthodontics.
 Various kinds of periodontal therapy.

D. Competencies Expected- Specialty wise

ORAL MEDICINE & RADIOLOGY
On completion of the undergraduate training programme the graduate should:
 Be able to identify the common dental problems like dental caries and periodontal
disease and their sequelae
 Be able to differentiate the normal variations and oral mucosal lesions
 Be able to identify pre cancerous and cancerous lesions of the oral cavity and refer
to the concerned specialty for their management.
 Have an adequate knowledge about common laboratory investigations and
interpretation of their results.
 Have adequate knowledge about medical complications that can arise while
treating systemically compromised patients and take prior precautions/ consent
from the concerned medical specialist.

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  To formulate a clinical diagnosis, order investigations, seek expert consultations to
come to a final diagnosis and chart out a proper treatment plan for patients with
oral lesions.
 Have adequate knowledge about radiation health hazards, radiation safety and
protection.
 Be competent to take intra-oral radiographs and interpret the radiographic findings
 Gain adequate knowledge of various extra-oral radiographic procedures, TMJ
radiography and sialography.
 Be aware of the importance of intra- and extra-oral radiographs in forensic
identification and age estimation.
 Be familiar with jurisprudence, ethics and understand the significance of dental
records with respect to law.

ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY

On completion of the undergraduate training programme the graduate should:
 Be able to apply the knowledge gained in the basic medical and clinical subjects in
the management of patients with surgical problems.
 Be able to diagnose, manage and treat patients with basic oral surgical problem
 Have a broad knowledge of maxillofacial surgery and oral Implantology.
 Be familiar with legal, ethical and moral issues pertaining to patient care and
communication skills.
 Have acquired the skill to examine any patient with an oral surgical problem in an
orderly manner.
 Understand and practice the basic principles of asepsis and sterilization.
 Be competent in the extraction of the teeth under local anesthesia.
 Be Competent to carry out certain minor oral surgical procedures under Local
Anesthesia like trans-alveolar extraction, frenectomy, Dentoalveolar procedures,
simple impaction, biopsy, etc.
 Be Competent to assess, prevent and manage common complications that arise
during and after minor oral surgery.
 Able to provide primary care and manage medical emergencies in the dental office.
 Be familiar with the management of major oral surgical problems and principles
involved in the in-patient management.
 Be able to Certify Death

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 PERIODONTOLOGY
On completion of the undergraduate training programme the graduate should:
 Be able to diagnose the patient’s periodontal problem, plan and perform
appropriate periodontal treatment.
 Be Competent to educate and motivate the patient.
 Be Competent to perform thorough oral prophylaxis, subgingival scaling, root
planning and minor periodontal surgical procedures.
 Give proper post treatment instructions and do periodic recall and evaluation.
 Be Familiar with concepts of osseointegration and basic surgical aspects of
implantology.

CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS

On completion of the undergraduate training programme the graduate should:
 Be Competent to diagnose all carious lesions.
 Be Competent to perform Class I and Class II cavities and their restoration with
amalgam.
 Be able to restore class V and Class III cavities with glass ionomer cement.
 Be able to diagnose and appropriately treat pulpally involved teeth (pulp capping
procedures).
 Be able to perform RCT for anterior teeth
 Be competent to carry out small composite restorations
 Understand the principles of aesthetic dental procedures

ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPAEDICS

On completion of the undergraduate training programme the graduate should:
 Understand about normal growth and development of facial skeleton and dentition.
 Be able to pinpoint aberrations in growth process both dental and skeletal and plan
necessary treatment
 Be able to diagnose the various malocclusion categories
 Be able to motivate and explain to the patient and parent/guardian about the
necessity of treatment
 Be able to plan and execute preventive orthodontics (space maintainers or space
regainers)
 Be able to plan and execute interceptive orthodontics (habit breaking appliances)

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  Be able to manage treatment of simple malocclusion such as anterior spacing using
removable appliances
 Be able to handle delivery and activation of removable orthodontic/myofacial
appliances.
 Be able to diagnose and appropriately refer patients with complex malocclusion to
the specialist.

PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY

On completion of the undergraduate training programme the graduate should:
 Apply the principles of health promotion and disease prevention.
 Have knowledge of the organization and provision of health care in community and
in the hospital service
 Have knowledge of the prevalence of common dental conditions in India
 Have knowledge of community based preventive measures
 Have knowledge of the social, cultural and environmental factors, which contribute
to health or illness.
 Be able to administer hygiene instructions, topical fluoride therapy and fissure
sealing.
 Be able to educate patients concerning the etiology and prevention of oral disease
and encourage them to assure responsibility for their oral health.

PROSTHODONTICS AND CROWN & BRIDGE

On completion of the undergraduate training programme the graduate should:
 Be able to understand and use various dental materials.
 Be competent to carry out treatment of conventional Simple complete and partial
removable dentures and anterior crowns.
 Be able to carry out Prosthodontic laboratory procedures.
 Be familiar with the concepts of osseointegration and the value of implant-
supported Prosthodontic procedures.
 Be able to diagnose and appropriately refer patients requiring complex treatment
procedures to the specialist

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 PAEDIATRIC AND PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY
On completion of the undergraduate training programme the graduate should:
 Be able to instill a positive attitude and behavior in children towards oral health and
understand the principles of prevention and preventive dentistry right from birth to
adolescence.
 Be able to guide and counsel the parents/guardian in regards to various treatment
modalities including different facets of preventive dentistry.
 Be able to treat dental diseases occurring in child patient.
 Be able to manage the physically and mentally challenged / disabled children
effectively and efficiently, tailored to the needs of individual requirement and
conditions.

2.3 Medium of Instruction

The medium of Instruction and examinations of BDS course will be in English language.

2.4 General Outline of BDS Degree Course

1) The undergraduate course involves organisation of year-wise teaching program. However, this
course, as a whole, should demonstrate integration of the basic sciences, clinical dentistry and
practical or laboratory skills. The course should be designed and integrated in such a way as to
permit smooth progression from pre-clinical to clinical phase. Collaboration should be
encouraged between teachers of basic sciences, dental sciences and clinical subjects.

2) The undergraduate dental course consists of three main components. The first component
consists subjects common to modern medicine and dentistry like anatomy, physiology,
biochemistry and behavioral science, leading to pharmacology, pathology, microbiology and
then on to general medicine and general surgery. The second component runs concurrently
with the first and deals with special aspects of oral and dental tissues, oral biology and oral
pathology. Finally, the third component based on the foundations of the first two, deals with
the clinical and technical aspects of dentistry as is required for general dental practice.

3) The first component of the course is intended to provide initially, an appreciation of normal
human structure, development, function and behavior, leading to understanding of the
diseases, its prevention and treatment. The main objective is to provide student with a broad
knowledge of normal structures and functions of the body, the alterations which take place in
disease with particular reference to those conditions in which medical and dental co-operation
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 is essential for proper management. At this stage, the student should also be made aware of
the social and psychological aspects of patient care with special reference to the relationship
between dentist and patient. The behavioral sciences including both sociology and psychology
should be introduced at the initial stages of the training program, much before the students
actually deal with the patients.

4) The second component of dental undergraduate program includes instruction in the subjects
dealing with dental and oral aspects to ensure a detailed knowledge of the structure and
function of the dental and oral tissues. This enables the student to diagnose, prevent and treat
the dental and oral diseases and disorders, which were not included in the first component. The
subject of oral biology is to be introduced at this level to provide the students a comprehensive
knowledge and application of oral physiology, microbiology, biochemistry and oral immunology.
Students should be exposed to the basic aspects of forensic odontology at this stage of the
course along with oral biology/oral pathology.

5) The third component of the course comprising the clinical and technical aspects of dentistry
actually prepares the student to undertake total oral and dental health care of patients of all
ages. The emphasis at this stage should be on the prevention of the various dental diseases and
how to preserve natural teeth with their supporting structures. The importance of various
preventive methods needs to be stressed. The significance of diagnosis of various dental and
oral problems needs to be emphasized along with treatment planning before actual treatment
procedures are undertaken. In addition to acquiring the knowledge, the students need to gain
adequate clinical hands-on-experience in extractions and other minor oral surgical procedures,
all aspects of Conservative Dentistry, Endodontics, Crown and Bridge, provision of partial and
complete dentures, various periodontal therapeutic procedures and use of removable
orthodontic appliances. Familiarity with various radiological techniques, particularly intra-oral
methods and proper interpretation of the radiographs, is an essential part of this component of
training and has application in clinical diagnosis, forensic identification and age estimation.
Training in handling medico-legal cases including death certification should be imparted at this
stage. Towards the final stage of the clinical training, each student should be involved in
comprehensive oral health care or holistic approach to enable him or her to plan and treat
patients as a whole, instead of piece-meal treatment provided in each specialty. The aim of the
undergraduate program should undoubtedly be to produce a graduate, competent in general
dental practice.

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 6) The commitment towards the society as a whole needs to be stressed along with the knowledge
and treatment skills gained. Instruction in public health dentistry should emphasise the
sociological aspects of health care and palliative care particularly; oral health care, including the
reasons for variation in oral and dental needs of different sections of the society. It is important
to know the influence of social, behavioral, environmental and economic factors on oral and
dental health. Students should be made aware of the National oral health Policy and the
importance of being a member of the Health care team delivering medical and oral health care
particularly among rural population. Students should also be encouraged to participate in
simple research project work
7) The undergraduate curriculum stresses the significance of infection and cross infection control
in dental practice. Aspects like sources of infection, measures to be adopted both general and
specific for control, particularly the HIV and hepatitis is incorporated in the curriculum so that
the graduates are aware of its significance and follow it in their practice.

8) The information technology has touched every aspect of an individual's personal and
professional life. The University hence recommends that all undergraduates acquire minimum
computer proficiency, which will enable them to enhance their professional knowledge and
skills.

2.5 Duration & course of Study

1. The undergraduate dental training program leading to B.D.S. degree shall be of four and a
half years duration in addition to one year compulsory paid rotating internship. During this
period, the students shall be required to engage in full time study at a Dental college
recognized or approved by the Dental Council of India. During the first four and a half years
of undergraduate course, the instruction in clinical subjects should be at least for two and a
half years.

2. Basic Medical & Dental Subjects

The basic medical and dental sciences comprise of Anatomy - Gross and Microscopic,
Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, science of Dental Materials and Oral biology.
Subjects like behavioral sciences, which would be useful to develop communication skills,
should also be introduced in the first year itself and spread over the undergraduate course.
An introduction to Public Health Dentistry also will be useful to develop the concept of
commitment to community. The laboratory skills like pre-clinical Prosthodontics, Crown and
Bridge, Conservative dentistry and Orthodontics is to be developed by the students.
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 Studying dental morphology also is a part of initial training. At the end of this period the
student should be in a position to understand and comprehend in general the development,
structure and function of the human body in both health and disease.

3. The instruction in basic dental sciences should include theoretical and practical aspects of
oral anatomy and physiology, to provide a detailed knowledge of the form and structure of
teeth, associated tissues and occlusal relationships. The study should also aim at
development of a concept regarding physiological and biochemical processes relevant to
oral cavity for better understanding of the changes that occur with the onset of disease in
the oral cavity. The student should be made aware of the importance of various dental
tissues in forensic investigation.

4. Clinical, Medical and Dental subjects:

The students should be introduced to clinics in the initial stage, preferably in the first year,
as an observer to familiarize with clinical set-up and working. The period of instruction in
the clinical subjects shall not be less than two and a half years full time. During this, the
student shall attend a dental hospital, general hospital, community camps and satellite
clinics, in order to obtain instruction and experience in the practice of dentistry. The main
objective of training in clinical dental subjects is to produce a graduate, able and competent
to recognize or diagnose various dental and oral diseases, to undertake general dental
treatment, advice on the provision of specialized treatment available and finally advise the
patient on prevention. The student should also understand the relationship between oral
and systemic diseases.

5. The general medicine and surgery training should provide sufficient knowledge on human
disease to enable the student to understand its manifestations as relevant to the practice of
dentistry. This requires clinical teaching on patients and shall be carried out in inpatient and
outpatient medical departments and specialist clinics. This clinical instruction should enable
the student to understand and perhaps diagnose common systemic diseases, which have
relevance to dental practice, by adopting a systematic approach of history taking and clinical
examination. The student should also realize the significance of various general and special
investigations in the diagnosis of diseases. The ability to recognize physical and mental
illness, dealing with emergencies, effective communication with patients, and interaction
with professional colleagues also become important aspects of this training.

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 6. All dental students should receive instruction in first-aid and principles of cardio-pulmonary
resuscitation. The students should also attend to the accident and emergency department
of a Medical hospital.

7. The purpose of the clinical training is to provide sufficient practical skill in all aspects of
clinical dentistry. The instruction should also include patient management skills, treatment
of patients of all ages with special reference to children (paediatric), very elderly (geriatric),
medically compromised and disabled patients.

8. During the two and a half years of clinical course, the students should receive thorough
instruction which involves history taking, diagnosis and treatment planning in all aspects of
dentistry and should be competent on graduation to carry out all routine general
procedures. In Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, instruction should include the knowledge of
various maxillofacial problems like injuries, infections and deformities of the jaws and
associated structures. The clinical experience should include those procedures commonly
undertaken in general practice like extraction of teeth, minor oral surgical procedure etc. In
Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge and
Periodontology students should be competent on graduation to carry out routine
treatments like restorations of various types, endodontic procedures, removable
Prosthodontics, and finally various kinds of periodontal therapy. In Orthodontics &
Dentofacial Orthopaedics, students should carry out simple appliance therapy including
myofacial appliances for patients. Students should also be able to appreciate the role of
Dentofacial growth in the development and treatment of malocclusion. In addition, students
should be aware of their limitations on graduation, need to refer patients for consultant
opinion and/or treatment and also the need for postgraduate and continuous education
programmes.

9. In Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry, the students should concentrate on effective

management of the behavior of the child patient to instill a positive attitude, on efficacy of
preventive measures and clinical management, including the treatment needs particularly
for children with disabilities. In oral medicine and Radiology, the student should receive
instruction in various common lesions, occurring in the oral cavity and its diagnosis with
particular reference to oral cancer. All students should receive instructions and gain
practical experience in taking various types of intra and extra oral radiographs and its
processing and interpretation. They should be aware of the hazards of radiation and proper
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 protective measures from radiation for the patient, operator and other staff. Since
Paediatric dentistry involves the practice of various branches of clinical dentistry, training in
Paediatric Dentistry is extended to Part II of the final year.

10. The successful control and management of pain is an integral part of dental practice. Upon
graduation the students should be competent to administer all forms of local anesthesia.
The value of behavioral methods of anxiety management should be emphasized. The
students should also have the practical experience in the administration of intra-muscular
and intra-venous injections. Knowledge of pain mechanisms and strategies to control post-
operative pain is essential for practice of dentistry.

11. Instruction should be given in dental jurisprudence, legal and ethical obligations of dental
practitioners and the constitution and functions of Dental Council of India. Students should
be made competent in the management of medico legal cases and death certification.

12. Infection and cross infection control assume significance in dental practice. The students
should be made aware of the potential risk of transmission of various infectious diseases
particularly HIV and hepatitis in the dental surgery. The students should be aware of their
professional responsibility for the protection of the patients, themselves and their staff and
the requirements of the health and safety regulations.

13. The subjects of Aesthetic dentistry, Oral Implantology, Behavioral sciences and Forensic
Odontology have assumed great significance. Hence, these four specialties are incorporated
into the undergraduate curriculum. The instruction and clinical training in aesthetic
dentistry shall be carried out by the departments of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge and
Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics. Similarly, the instruction and clinical training in Oral
Implantology shall be done by the departments of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge, Oral
& Maxillofacial Surgery, and Periodontology. The instruction in behavioral sciences should
ideally commence before the students come in contact with the patients and shall be
carried out by the departments of Public Health Dentistry and Paediatric and Preventive
Dentistry. Forensic Odontology including procedures of death certification will be a part of
Oral Pathology & Oral Microbiology, Oral Medicine & Radiology and Oral & Maxillofacial
Surgery.

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14. With increased life expectancy and treatment facilities, Palliative care has gained
importance in the modern world. Palliative medicine is the branch of medicine involved in
treatment of patients with advanced, progressive, life-threatening disease for whom the
focus of care is maximising their quality of life through expert symptom management,
psychological, social and spiritual support as part of a multi-professional team.
Understanding the role of dental surgeon in the field of palliative care this subject is
introduced in the syllabus to be handled by faculty under public health dentistry trained in
palliative care.

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 2.6 Syllabus

(The syllabus given below is a guideline and is not intended to restrict the student from learning
relevant topics not mentioned herein and is not intended to restrict the examiner in assessing the
extent of knowledge of the student in the subject)

Page
Contents
No.
Syllabus
1. Content of each year subject wise
1) General Anatomy including Embryology and Histology 18
2) General Human Physiology 28
3) Biochemistry 35
4) Dental Anatomy, Embryology and Oral histology 40
5) General Pathology 47
6) General Microbiology 53
7) Dental Materials 60
8) General and Dental Pharmacology & Therapeutics 71
9) Preclinical Conservative Dentistry 76
10) Preclinical Orthodontics 79
11) Preclinical Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge 82
12) General Medicine 84
13) General Surgery 87
14) Oral Pathology &Oral Microbiology 91
15) Public Health Dentistry 101
16) Periodontology 110
17) Oral Medicine & Radiology 118
18) Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics 122
19) Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 129
20) Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics 143
21) Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge 154
22) Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry 161
2. Year wise split up of hours of study for each subject 170
3. Subjects taught in each year of course 171
4. Number of Hours per subject 173
5. Recommended Books 175

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1. GENERAL HUMAN ANOTMY INCLUDING EMBRYOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY

a) GOAL
The students should gain the knowledge and insight into, the functional anatomy of the normal
human head and neck, functional histology and an appreciation of the genetic basis of
inheritance and disease, and the embryological development of clinically important structures.
So that relevant anatomical & scientific foundations are laid down for the clinical years of the
BDS course.

b) OBJECTIVES:
i. Knowledge & understanding:

At the end of the 1st year BDS course in Anatomical Sciences the undergraduate student is
expected to:
(1) Know the normal disposition of the structures in the body while clinically examining a
patient and while conducting clinical procedures.
(2) Know the anatomical basis of disease and injury.
(3) Know the microscopic structure of the various tissues, a pre-requisite for understanding
of the disease processes.
(4) Know the nervous system to locate the site of lesions according to the sensory and or
motor deficits encountered.
(5) Have an idea about the basis of abnormal development, critical stages of development,
effects of teratogens, genetic mutations and environmental hazards.
(6) Know the sectional anatomy of head neck and brain to read the features in radiographs
and pictures taken by modern imaging techniques.
(7) Know the anatomy of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation.

ii. Skills

1) To locate various structures of the body and to mark the topography of the living
anatomy.
2) To identify various tissues under microscope.
3) To identify the features in radiographs and modern imaging techniques.
4) To detect various congenital abnormalities.

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 c) INTEGRATION
By emphasizing on the relevant information and avoiding unwanted details, the anatomy
taught integrally with other basic sciences & clinical subjects not only keeps the curiosity
alive in the learner but also lays down the scientific foundation for making a better doctor, a
benefit to the society.
This insight is gained in a variety of ways:

i. Lectures & small group teaching

ii. Demonstrations
iii. Dissection of the human cadaver
iv. Study of dissected specimens
v. Osteology
vi. Surface anatomy on living individual
vii. Study of radiographs & other modern imaging techniques.
viii. Study of Histology slides.
ix. Study of embryology models
x. Audio-visual aids
Throughout the course, particular emphasis is placed on the functional correlation, clinical
application & on integration with teaching in other bio dental disciplines.

d) AN OUTLINE OF THE COURSE CONTENT:

General anatomy: Introduction of anatomical terms and brief outline of various systems of the
body.
i. Regional anatomy of head & neck with Osteology of bones of head & neck, with
emphasis on topics of dental importance.
ii. General disposition of thoracic, abdominal & pelvic organs.
iii. The regional anatomy of the sites of intramuscular & intra vascular injections, &
lumbar puncture.
iv. General embryology & systemic embryology with respect to development of head
& neck.
v. Histology of basic tissues and of the organs of gastrointestinal, respiratory,
Endocrine, excretory systems & gonads.
vi. Medical genetics

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e) THEORY: 100 HOURS
THEORY
TOPICS HOURS
1 Introduction to anatomical terms, position, skin, superficial fascia 1
and deep fascia
2 Simple epithelium, compound epithelium, Glandular epithelium 1
3 Scalp 1
4 Muscles of facial expression 1
5 Norma verticalis & Norma frontalis 1
6 Norma occiptalis & norma lateralis 1
7 Cervical vertebrae 1
8 Deep cervical fascia 1
9 Development of face 1
10 Brachial plexus 1
11 Classification of joints 1
12 Connective tissue 2
13 Cartilage 1
14 Bone 2
15 Muscle 1
16 Nervous tissue – Neurons, classification, regeneration, optic nerve, 2
sciatic nerve, sensory & autonomic ganglia
17 Thyroid gland & development & developmental anomalies 1
18 Lymphatic drainage of head & neck. 1
19 Lacrimal apparatus & eyelid 1
20 Parotid gland & development 1
21 Dural venous sinuses – classification, cavernous sinus in detail 1
22 Pituitary gland and development & anomalies 1
23 Vascular tissue – Large artery, Medium sized artery, Large vein 1
24 Lymphatic tissue 2
25 Skin and its appendages – hair follicle – Sebaceous gland – sweat 1
gland – nail
26 Anterior cranial fossa 1
27 Middle cranial fossa 1

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 28 Posterior cranial fossa 1
29 Parietal bone 1
30 Occipital bone 1
31 Frontal bone 1
32 Temporal bone 2
33 Norma basalis 2
34 General embryology – oogenesis 1
35 General embryology – spermatogenesis 1
36 General embryology – fertilization 1
37 General embryology – implantation bilaminar 1
38 General embryology – bilaminar germ disc 1
39 General embryology - Neural tube formation, trilaminar germ disc, 2
neural crest, Intraembryonic mesoderm & its fate, Notochord
40 General embryology - Folding of embryo 1
41 General embryology - Placenta & foetal membranes 2
42 Pharyngeal pouches & cleft 1
43 Bony orbit 1
44 Muscles of mastication 1
45 Temporomandibular joint 1
46 Hyoglossus muscle and its relations 1
47 Mandible 2
48 Maxilla 2
49 Zygomatic & hyoid bones 1
50 Pharynx 2
51 Nasal cavity & its lateral wall 1
52 Larynx 2
53 Tongue and its development & developmental anomalies 1
54 Middle ear & development 1
55 Coats of the eye – uveal tract in detail 1
56 External features of spinal cord 1
57 Leptomeninges 1
58 Blood supply of brain 1
59 Medulla oblongata– external features 1
60 Pons – external features 1
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21
 61 Cerebellum 1
62 4th ventricle 1
63 Mid brain – external features 1
64 3rd ventricle 1
65 Cerebrum – Sulci, gyri and functional area 1
66 Lateral ventricle 1
67 Optic pathway 1
68 White matter of cerebrum and internal capsule 2
69 Basal ganglia 1
70 III Cranial Nerve & IV Cranial nerves 1
71 V Cranial nerve & VI cranial nerves 1
72 VII cranial nerve 1
73 VIII, IX cranial nerves 1
74 X, XI, XII cranial nerves 1
75 Gastrointestinal system 2
76 Respiratory system 2
77 Cardiovascular system 2
78 Excretory system 2
79 Reproductive system – male (1 hr), female (1 hr) 2
80 Medical genetics – Mitosis, Meiosis, Chromosomes and anomalies 1
81 Medical Genetics - Gene structure and genetic disorders 1
82 Medical Genetics - Mode of inheritance 1

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22
 Sl. No. SEMINARS
1. Submandibular gland
2. Nasal septum
3. Soft palate
4. Auditory tube
5. Otic ganglion
6. Pterygopalatine ganglion
7. Submandibular ganglion
8. Ciliary ganglion
9. Ansa cervicalis
10. Internal and external jugular veins
11. Subclavian artery
12. Autonomic nervous system
13. Paranasal air sinuses
14. Lingual artery
15. Circle of Willis
16. Choroid plexuses of the ventricles

f) PRACTICAL: 175 HOURS

Sl. No. PRACTICALS
HISTOLOGY
1. Simple epithelium
2. Compound epithelium
3. Glandular epithelium
4. Connective tissue
5. Cartilage
6. Bone
7. Muscle
8. Neuron – Optic Nerve - Peripheral Nerve
9. Ganglia
10. Blood vessels
11. Lymphatic tissue – Lymph node, - Spleen, - Thymus, - Tonsil

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23
 12. Skin – Thin skin, Thick skin
13. Placenta & Umbilical cord
14. Trachea & lung
15. Spinal cord, Cerebellum, Cerebrum
16. Cornea & Retina
17. Thyroid & Parathyroid gland
18. Suprarenal & Pituitary glands
19. Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder
20. Ovary, Corpus luteum, Testis
21. Tongue – filiform, fungiform, circumvallate papillae
22. Salivary glands – Mucous – Serious – Mixed
23. Liver, Pancreas
DISSECTION
24. Introduction to dissection
25. Scalp
26. Superficial dissection of face – muscles of face
27. Side of the neck & Posterior triangle
28. Back of the neck – suboccipital triangle
29. Anterior triangle
30. Deep dissection of the neck – Thyroid gland parathyroid
gland trachea, oesophagus, Brachiocephalic trunk,
Subclavian artery Bracheiocephalic vein Thoracic duct.
Cervical pleura Neurovascular bundle of the neck,
Sympathetic chain, Scalene muscles; Cervical fascia
31. Lymph nodes & lymph vessels of head & neck
32. Prevertebral region – Vertebral artery – Vertebral vein
33. Deep dissection of face – Facial artery – Other vessels -
Nerves
34. Structures in the cheek & lips
35. Eyelid & lacrimal apparatus
36. Parotid region
37. Cranial cavity –meninges Dural folds, Venous sinuses
38. Anterior cranial fossa
39. Middle cranial fossa – Pituitary gland
40. Posterior cranial fossa
41. Orbit – structures in the orbit

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24
 42. Temporal and infratemporal regions
43. Submandibular region
44. Mouth and pharynx
45. Soft palate and Auditory tube
46. Cavity of the nose
47. Larynx
48. Tongue
49. Organs of hearing & equilibrium – External ear – Middle
ear – Internal ear
50. Eye ball
51. Joints of the neck
52. Spinal Cord
53. Introduction to brain
54. Meninges of brain
55. Blood vessels of brain
56. Base of brain
57. Hind brain –Medulla
58. Hind brain – Pons
59. Hind brain – Cerebellum
60. 4th ventricle
61. Midbrain
62. Cerebral hemispheres
63. White matter of cerebrum
64. 3rd ventricle
65. Lateral ventricle
66. Thalami – Optic tract
67. Deep dissection of cerebral hemisphere & Internal capsule
68. Deep nuclei and connections of thalamus
DEMONSTRATION OF SPECIMENS
69. Thoracic wall
Chambers of heart
Coronary arteries
Pericardium
70. Lungs
Pleural cavity
Diaphragm
71. Abdomen –

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25
 Peritoneal cavity
Organs in abdominal & pelvic cavities
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
72. Intramuscular injections
Deltoid muscle
Gluteal region
Quadriceps femoris
73. Intravenous injection
Median cubital vein
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Long saplenous vein
Short saplenous vein
74. Arterial pulsations
Superficial temporal
Facial
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
Dorsalis pedis
Lumbar puncture

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26
 g) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

Distribution of Topics and Type of Questions for University Written examination:

Types of
Contents Questions and Marks
Marks
Questions from any topic included in the theory syllabus Structured Essays
20
2x 10marks
Questions from any topic included in the theory syllabus Except from Short Notes
20
the topics from which the long essays have been set 4 x 5marks
Brief Notes
10x3marks 30
Total 70
i. Theory
University Written 70 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Viva Voce: Examiner 1-Gross Anatomy-
Examiner 2-Osteology, Surface Marking & embryology 20Marks

ii. Practicals:
University Practical Examination: 80 Marks
Gross Anatomy including osteology Spotters (2 mark each) 2x 15 30 Marks
Discussion on Dissected parts (2 Specimens) 2x15 30 Marks
Histology –spotters (10 slides) 2x10 20 Marks

Internal Assessment: 20 Marks

Grand Total 200 Marks

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27
2. GENERAL HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
a) GOAL
The broad goal of the teaching undergraduate students in Physiology aims at providing the
student comprehensive knowledge of the normal functions of the organ systems of the body to
facilitate an understanding of the physiological basis of health and disease.
b) OBJECTIVES
i. Knowledge
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
(1) Explain the normal functioning of all the organ systems and their interactions for well
co-ordinated total body function.
(2) Assess the relative contribution of each organ system towards the maintenance of the
milieu interior.
(3) List the physiological principles underlying the pathogenesis and treatment of disease.
ii. Skills
At the end of the course, the student shall be able to:
(1) Conduct experiments designed for the study of physiological phenomena.
(2) Interpret experimental and investigative data
(3) Distinguish between normal and abnormal data derived as a result of tests which he/she
has performed and observed in the laboratory.
iii. Integration
At the end of the integrated teaching the student shall acquire an integrated knowledge of
organ structure and function and its regulatory mechanisms.

c) THEORY: 120 Hours

. Hours
1. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
Homeostasis: Basic concept, Feedback mechanisms
Structure of cell membrane, transport across cell membrane
Body fluid Compartments: distribution of total body water, intracellular & 4
extracellular compartments, major anions & cations in intra and extra cellular
fluid.
Membrane potentials. RMP & Action Potential.
2. BLOOD:
15
Composition & functions of blood,

*
28
 Plasma proteins - Types, concentration, functions & variations, Erythrocyte:
Morphology, functions & variations.
Erythropoiesis & factors affecting erythropoiesis,
ESR- factors affecting, variations & significance.
Haemoglobin - Normal concentration, method of determination [P] &
variation in concentration, functions
Anaemia - Definition, classification, life span of RBC's destruction of RBC's,
formation & fate of bile pigments, Jaundice - types.
Leucocytes: Classification, number, percentage, distribution morphology,
properties, functions & variation. Role of lymphocytes in immunity, life span &
fate of leucocytes. [Mention Leukemia]
Thromobocytes - Morphology, number, variations, function.
Haemostatsis – Role of vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation in
haemostasis, coagulation factors, intrinsic & extrinsic pathways of coagulation,
clot retraction.
Fibrinolytic system.
Tests of haemostatic function, platelet count, clotting time, bleeding time,
prothrombin time - normal values, method & variations. Anticoagulants -
mechanism of action.
Bleeding disorders.
Blood groups: ABO & Rh system, method of determination, importance,
indications & dangers of blood transfusion, blood substitutes.[mention only]
Blood volume: Normal values, variations.
Functions of reticulo-endothelial system.
Specific gravity,
Packed cell volume,
Methods of estimation [in practicals]
Blood Indices - MCV, MCH, MCHC - definition, normal values, variation.
Leucopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis.
3.MUSCLE AND NERVE
Classification of nerves,
8
Structure of skeletal muscle - Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction,
Neuromuscular junction and NM transmission.

*
29
 Properties of skeletal muscle.
Structure and properties of cardiac muscle & smooth muscle.
4. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM :
Introduction to digestion: General structure of G.I. tract, Innervation.
Salivary glands: Saliva: composition, regulation of secretion & functions of
saliva.
Stomach: Composition and functions of gastric juice, mechanism and
regulation of gastric secretion. HCl secretion. Physiological basis of Peptic ulcer
management [briefly]
Exocrine Pancreas - Structure, composition of pancreatic juice, functions of 10
each component, regulation of pancreatic secretion.
Liver : structure , composition of bile, functions of bile
Gall bladder: structure, functions.
Small intestine - Composition, functions
Large intestine - Functions.
Motor functions of GIT: Mastication, deglutition, gastric filling & emptying,
movements of small and large intestine, defecation.
5. EXCRETORY SYSTEM :
Structure & functions of kidney, functional unit of kidney & functions of
different parts. Juxta Glomerular apparatus. Special functional features of renal
circulation.
Formation of Urine: Glomerular filtration rate - definition, normal values,
factors influencing G.F.R. Tubular reabsorption - Reabsorption of sodium,
glucose, water & other substances. Tubular secretion - secretion of urea, 8
hydrogen and other substances. Countercurrent mechanisms.
Micturition: anatomy & innervation of Urinary bladder, mechanism of
micturition.
Determination of GFR.
Role of kidney in the regulation of pH of the blood.
Urinary bladder: abnormalities.
6. SKIN AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION [basics only] 4

7. ENDOCRINOLOGY
14
General endocrinology- endocrine glands & hormones. Second messengers.

*
30
 Endocrine function of hypothalamus.
Hormones of anterior pituitary & their actions, Disorders of secretion of
anterior pituitary hormones.
Posterior pituitary hormones: actions
Thyroid: secretion & transport of hormones, actions of hormones, regulation.
Adrenal cortex & Medulla- action,
Other hormones - Angiotensin, local hormones
Pancreatic Hormone
PTH
Endocrine Disorders to be taught with each gland.
8. REPRODUCTION
Physiological anatomy of male and female sex organs,
Gonadotropic hormones. Sex chromatin.
Female reproductive system: Menstrual cycle, functions and hormones of
ovary. Ovarian and uterine changes during menstrual cycle. Actions of
6
oestrogen &Progesterone control of secretion of ovarian hormones,
fertilization, implantation, maternal changes during pregnancy and parturition.
Lactation, milk ejection reflex.
Male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, hormones-testosterone. Semen.
Contraception.
9. CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM
Functional anatomy and innervation of heart. Properties of cardiac muscle.
Origin & propagation of cardiac impulse and Pacemaker potential. Action
potential.
Cardiac cycle - Phases, Pressure changes in atria, ventricles & aorta. Volume
changes in ventricles. Heart sounds.
Jugular venous pulse
15
Arterial pulse.
Electrocardiogram- Basic principles only. Normal electrocardiogram.
Heart rate: Normal value, variation.
Stroke volume and Cardiac output: definition, normal values, variations, factors
affecting.
Arterial blood pressure: Definition, normal values, variations, determinants.
Regulation of heart rate, stroke volume, blood pressure: integrated concept.

*
31
 Coronary circulation: special features.
Cardiac murmurs
Cardiac output: one method of determination
Cardio vascular homeostasis in exercise & posture.
10. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Physiology of Respiration: External & internal respiration. Functional anatomy
of respiratory passage & lungs. Respiratory movements: Muscles of respiration,
Mechanism of inflation & deflation of lungs. Intra pleural & intra pulmonary
pressures & their changes during the phases of respiration. Mechanics of
breathing - surfactant, compliance & work of breathing [basics only].
Spirometry: Lung volumes & capacities definition, normal values, significance,
factors affecting vital capacity, variations in vital capacity, Pulmonary
ventilation- alveolar ventilation & dead space-ventilation.
Pulmonary circulation: Functional features. 12
Composition of inspired air, alveolar air and expired air.
Exchange of gases: Diffusing capacity, factors affecting it.
Transport of Oxygen & carbon dioxide in the blood. Regulation of respiration-
neural & chemical.
Hypoxia, cyanosis, dyspnoea, periodic breathing.
Artificial respiration.
FEV & its variations.
Pulmonary function tests
Respiratory changes during exercise
11. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Organisation of central nervous system
Neuronal organisation at spinal cord level,
Synapse: functional significance.
Receptors, reflexes, sensations and sensory tracts, motor system
Physiology of pain. Referred pain. Analgesia systems. 10
Functions of thalamus, cerebellum.
Vestibular apparatus [basics only]
Cerebral cortex: Basics of higher functions.
Formation and functions of CSF: clinical significance.
Autonomic nervous system

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32
 12. SPECIAL SENSES
Fundamental knowledge of vision, hearing, taste and smell.
Errors of refraction. 14
Tests of auditory function
.

d) PRACTICALS
The following list of practical is minimum and essential. The entire practical have been
categorized as procedures and demonstrations. The procedures are to be performed by the
students during practical classes to acquire skills. All the procedures are to be included in the
University practical examination. Those categorized as demonstrations are to be shown to the
students during practical classes. However these demonstrations would not be included in the
University examinations but question based on this would be given in the form of charts, graphs
and calculations for interpretation by the students.

Practicals & demonstrations: 60 hours

Practicals Hours
Study of Microscope and its uses 02
Collection of blood and study of haemocytometer 02
Haemoglobinometry 02
Determination of RB count 08
Determination of WBC count 04
Determination of blood groups 02
Leishman's staining and differential leucocyte count 10
Calculation of blood indices 02
Determination of bleeding time 01
Determination of clotting time 01
Blood pressure recording 03
Auscultation of Heart sounds 02
Demonstrations
Determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate(ESR) 02
Determination of packed cell volume(PCV) 02
Determination of specific gravity of blood 02
Fragility test for RBC 02
Clinical examination of Cardiovascular and Respiratory System 03
Determination of vital capacity 02
Artificial respiration 02
Demonstration of deep and superficial reflexes 02
Activity of frog's heart and effects of Acetylcholine, Atropine and 02
Electrocardiography:
Adrenaline. Demonstration of recording of normal Electro 02
Total 60
cardiogram

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33
e) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Types of Questions for written examination

Type of Questions Marks

Structured Essays
10
1x 10 marks
Short Notes
10
2 x 5 marks

Brief Notes
15
5 x 3 marks

Total 35
i. Theory:
University written Examination: 35Marks
University Viva: 10Marks
Internal Assessment: 5 Marks
Total: 50 Marks

ii. Practicals:
Internal Assessment: 10 Marks
University Practicals: 40Marks
Total: 50 Marks
Grand Total 100Marks
Mark distribution for University practical examination
Major Experiments: 20Marks
Any one of the Major Experiments: R.B.C. Count, W.B.C. Count, Differential Count,
Blood Pressure Recording
Minor Experiments: 15Marks
Any one of the minor Experiments: Determination of Blood Groups, Determination of
Bleeding & Clotting time, Haemoglobin Estimation, Calculation of absolute
Hematological Indices–MCH, MCV, MCHC
Practical Work record: 5 Marks

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34
3. BIOCHEMISTRY, NUTRITION AND DIETETICS
a) AIMS AND SCOPE
The major aim is to provide a sound but crisp knowledge on the biochemical basis of the life
processes relevant to the human system and to dental/medical practice. The contents should
be organized to build on the already existing information available to the students in the pre-
university stage and reorienting. A mere rehash should be avoided.
The chemistry portion should strive towards providing information on the functional groups,
hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties and weak valence forces that organise macromolecules.
Details on structure need not be emphasised.
Discussion on metabolic processes should put emphasis on the overall change, interdependence
and molecular turnover. While details of the steps may be given, the student should not be
expected to memorise them. An introduction to biochemical genetics and molecular biology is a
must but details should be avoided. The exposure to antivitamins, antimetabolites and enzyme
inhibitors at this stage, will provide a basis for the future study of medical subjects. An overview
of metabolic regulation is to be taught by covering hormonal action, second messengers and
regulation of enzyme activities. Medical aspects of biochemistry should avoid describing
innumerable functional tests, most of which are not in vogue. Cataloguing genetic disorders
under each head of metabolism is unnecessary. A few examples which correlate genotype
change to functional changes should be adequate.
At the end of the course the student would be able to acquire a useful core of information,
which can be retained for a long time.
b) THEORY: 70 HOURS
HOURS
No. TOPIC
ALLOTTED
1 CARBOHYDRATES 12 hours
Definition, biological importance and classification.
Monosaccharide’s –Glucose, 1
fructose, galactose, mannose
Reactions: reducing property, oxidation, osazone, Molisch test.
1
Define anomerism, epimerism with examples.
Disaccharides-lactose, maltose, sucrose, Glycosidic bond, amino
1
sugars, deoxy sugars
Polysaccharides. Structures of starch and glycogen,
1
Mucopolysaccharides (definition, name, components, biochemical

*
35
 significance. nature of linkages not required) Dietary fibers.
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. associated disorders(in
1
brief)
Glycolysis, fates of pyruvate Gluconeogenesis. 2
Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, 2
Significance of pentose phosphate pathway. Importance of
1
glucuronic acid.
Regulation of blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus: impaired fasting
glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, gestational diabetes mellitus. 2
Evaluation of glycemic status.
2 LIPIDS 9 hours
Definition, biological importance and classification. Fats and fatty
acids. Essential fatty acids. Introduction to compound lipids. 2
Cholesterol.
Digestion and absorption of lipids 1
Beta oxidation of fatty acids 1
Fatty acid synthesis, (in brief) 1
Ketone body formation and utilization 1
Outlines of cholesterol synthesis and compounds formed from
1
cholesterol
Plasma lipoproteins: Formation, function and dyslipidemia,
2
Atherosclerosis.
3 ENZYMES 6 hours
Definition, classification, specificity and active site. Cofactors. 1
Factors affecting enzyme action 2
Enzyme inhibition 2
Clinical important enzymes- AST,ALT,ALP,PSA,LDH,CK,G6PD,GGT 1
4 PROTEINS 9hours
Amino acids: Classification.
Introduction to peptides, peptide bond
3
Proteins: Classification. Charge properties. Buffer action. Levels of
protein organization Denaturation.
Digestion and absorption of proteins. Nitrogen balance. Essential
2
amino acids. Protein quality and requirement (methods for

*
36
 evaluation of protein quality to be excluded).
Protein-calorie malnutrition, Balanced diet.( in brief)
Formation of Ammonia and Urea cycle. 1
Reactions of amino acids-transamination, trans methylation, trans
1
sulfuration (in brief)
Compounds formed from glycine 1
Biologic importance of aromatic amino acids, sulphur containing
amino acids, 1
Aminoacidurias (in brief)
INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM
5 High energy compounds, Electron transport chain and oxidative 2hours
phosphorylation.
6 VITAMINS 5 hours
Fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K, sources, functions, daily requirements,
2
deficiency, Toxicity
Water soluble vitamins B, C, sources, functions, daily requirements,
3
deficiency, Toxicity
ACID BASE BALANCE
7 4hours
Buffers, respiratory and renal regulation, disorders, analysis
8 MINERALS 6hours
Classification, daily requirement. Calcium and phosphorous: sources,
2
uptake, excretion, function. Serum calcium regulation.
Iron: sources, uptake and transport. Heme and nonheme iron
2
functions; deficiency
Iodine: Brief introduction to thyroxine synthesis. General functions
of thyroxine. 1
Fluoride: function, deficiency and excess
Indications of role of other minerals 1
9 HAEMOGLOBIN 3 hours
Structure, synthesis, degradation 1
Hemoglobinopathies 1
Jaundice 1
PLASMA PROTEINS
10 2 hours
Classification and separation. Functions of albumin.

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37
 immunoglobulins. Biochemistry of AIDS.
11 LIVER FUNCTION TESTS 1 hours
12 KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS 1 hours
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 8 hours
Nucleic acids: Building units. Nucleotides. Outline structure of DNA
2
and RNA.
13 Formation and degradation of nucleotides. (in brief) Gout. Lesch-
2
nyhan syndrome
Replication. Transcription. (in brief) Antimetabolites and antibiotics
2
interfering in replication, transcription
Outline of translation process. 2
14 Techniques-colorimetry, ELISA, RIA 2 hours

c) PRACTICALS,DEMONSTRATION& SEMINAR: 60 hours

i. Practical: 45 hours
Sl.No. Procedure Hours
1. Introduction to lab procedures 1
2. Normal & abnormal constituents 12
of urine
3. Introduction to clinical chemistry 2
4. Estimation of blood urea 2
5. Estimation of serum protein 2
6. Estimation of blood sugar 2
7. Estimation of serum creatinine 2
8 Estimation of serum albumin 2
ii. Demonstration: 20 hours
Sl.No. Procedure Hours
1. Electrophoresis 2
2. Chromatography 2
3. GTT charts 2
4. LFT charts 2
5. Revision 3
iii. Seminars: 15 hours

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38
d) SCHEMEOF EXAMINATION
Types of Questions for written examination

Type of Questions Marks

Structured Essays
10
1x 10 marks
Short Notes
10
2 x 5 marks
Brief Notes
15
5 x 3 marks
Total 35
i. Theory:
University written Examination: 35Marks
University Viva: 10Marks
Internal Assessment: 5 Marks
Total: 50 Marks

ii. Practicals:
Internal Assessment: 10 Marks
University Practicals: 40Marks
Total: 50 Marks
Grand Total 100Marks
Mark distribution for University practical examination;
One procedure for quantitative estimation 15marks
One procedure for qualitative analysis 20marks
Practical Work record: 5 Marks

The following Procedures are suggested for University Practical Examination:

Quantitative Estimation (Any ONE estimation to be done)

Estimation of blood sugar/serum creatinine/blood urea/serum protein/serum albumin
Qualitative Analysis (Any ONE analysis to be done)
Urine Analysis–normal constituents
Report of abnormal urine

*
39
4. DENTAL ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ORAL HISTOLOGY.

a) INTRODUCTION:
The course includes instructions in the subject of Dental Morphology, Oral Embryology, Oral
Histology and Oral Physiology. A composite study of basic Dental Sciences & their clinical
applications.
b) SKILLS
The student should acquire basic skills in:
i. Carving of crowns of permanent teeth in wax.
ii. Microscopic study of Oral tissues.
iii. Identification of Deciduous & Permanent teeth
iv. Age estimation by patterns of teeth eruption from plaster casts of different age groups.
c) OBJECTIVES
After a course on Oral Biology,
i. The student is expected to appreciate the normal development, morphology, structure
& functions of oral tissues & variations in different pathological/non-pathological states.
ii. The student should understand the histological basis of various dental treatment
procedures and physiologic ageing process in the dental tissues.
iii. The students must know the basic knowledge of various research methodologies
d) COURSE CONTENT
i. Theory: 105 hours
DENTAL ANATOMY HOURS
1. Introduction, Dental Anthropology & Comparative Dental Anatomy
2. Function of teeth.
3
3. Nomenclature.
4. Tooth numbering systems (Different system)(Dental formula).
5. Chronology of deciduous and permanent teeth.
(First evidence of calcification, crown completion, eruption and root 2
completion).
6. Deciduous teeth - a) Nomenclature. b) Importance of deciduous teeth.
4
c) Form & function, comparative dental anatomy, fundamental curvature
7. Gross morphology of deciduous teeth. 5
8. General differences between deciduous and permanent teeth. 1
9. Morphology of permanent teeth.
12
Chronology, measurements, description of individual surface and

*
40
 variations of each tooth.
10. Morphological differences between incisors, premolars and molars of
1
same arch.
11. Morphological differences between maxillary and mandibular.
1
incisors, canines, premolars and molars of the opposite arch
12. Internal Anatomy of Pulp. 1
13. Occlusion:
a. Development of occlusion.
b. Dental arch form.
c. Compensating curves of dental arches.
d. Angulations of individual teeth in relation to various planes.
e. Functional form of the teeth at their incisal and occlusal thirds.
f. Facial relations of each tooth in one arch to its antagonist or
antagonists in the opposing arch in centric occlusion.
g. Occlusal contact and interscusp relations of all the teeth of one arch
with those in the opposing arch in centric occlusion.
8
h. Occlusal contact and intercusp relations of all the teeth during the
various functional mandibular movements.
i. Neurobehavioral aspect of occlusion
14. Temporo Mandibular Joint (T.M.J.):
Gross Anatomy and articulation.Muscles (Muscles of mastication).
Mandibular position and movements.Histology.
Clinical considerations with special emphasis on Myofacial Pain 2
Dysfunction Syndrome (MPDS) - (Desirable to Know)
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY
1. Theories of calcification 1
2. Mastication and deglutition 1
Oral Embryology, Anatomy and Histology:
1. Development and growth of face and jaws. 1
2. Development of tooth. 3
3. Cranial nerves with more emphasis on V.VII and IX. 1
4. Blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage of teeth
1
and surrounding structures
5. Cell - structure and function 1

*
41
 6. Maxillary sinus - Structure, Variations, Histology
2
function and clinical considerations
7. Salivary Glands - Classification, structure, function,
4
Histology, Clinical Considerations and age changes.
8. Oral Mucous membrane:
Definitions, General consideration. Functions and classifications.
Structure and microscopic appearance of gingiva, palate, lips, alveolar 8
mucosa, tongue, floor of mouth. Gingival sulcus and dentogingival
junction. Clinical considerations and age changes.
9.ENAMEL:
Physical characteristics, chemical properties structure. Development -
8
Life cycle of ameloblasts, Amelogenesis and Mineralisation. Clinical
considerations. Age changes.
10.DENTIN:
Physical characteristics, chemical properties, structure.
6
Types of dentin. Dentin innervation and hypersensitivity. Development -
Dentinogenesis and mineralisation. Clinical considerations. Age Changes.
11.PULP:
Anatomy, structural features, functions, pulp organs. Developments.
6
Clinical consideration
Age changes.
12.CEMENIUM:
Physical characteristics, chemical properties, structure. Cementogenesis. 4
Clinical consideration Age changes.
13.PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT:
Cells and fibers, Functions, Development, Clinical Considerations., Age 5
Changes
14.ALVEOLAR BONE:
Physical characteristics, chemical properties structure. Structure, 5
Development., Internal reconstruction, Clinical consideration.
Tissue processing & Histochemistry 4
THEORIES OF ERUPTION AND SHEDDING. (Physiological tooth
4
movement)

*
42
 ii. Practical: 250 Hours
DENTAL ANATOMY:
Carving on wax blocks:-
a. Individual tooth - Only permanent teeth of both arches.
- Central, Incisors, Lateral, Canines, Premolars and 1st and
2nd molars
HISTOLOGY:
List of Histology slides:
Development of tooth:
01. Bud stage of tooth development.
02. Cap stage of tooth development.
03. Early bell stage of tooth development.
04. Late Bell stage of tooth development.
05. Root formation.
ENAMEL:
01. Enamel rod.
02. Hunter-Schreger Bands
03. Tufts, Lamellae, Spindles.
04. Incremental lines of Retzius.
05. Neonatal line.
06. Gnarled Enamel.
DENTIN:
01. Dentino - Enamel junction.
02. Dentinal Tubules.
03. Incremental lines of Von Ebner.
04. Contour lines of Owen.
05. Neonatal line.
06. Tomes granular layer.
07. Interglobular Dentin.
08. Secondary Dentin.
09. Intratubular Dentin.
10. Intertubular Dentin.
CEMENTUM:
01. Cellular cementum.

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 02. Acellular cementum.
03. Cemento enamel junction
- Type 1 - 60% type - Overlapping.
- Type 2 - 30% type - Butt
- Type 3 - 10% type - Cementum & Enamel do not meet.
04. Sharpey's fibers.
05. Hypercementosis.
PULP:
01. Zones of Pulp.
02. Pulp stones.
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT:
01. Principle fibers of Periodontal ligament
- Apical, Horizontal, Oblique, Alveolar crest, Interradicular,
Transeptal
ALVEOLAR BONE:
01. Haversian system.
02. Trabeculated bone.
03. Mature and immature bone.
SALIVARY GLANDS:
01. Mucous gland.
02. Serous gland.
03. Mixed gland.
MAXILLARY SINUS:
Sinus lining (Pseudostratified ciliated columnar)
(Desirable to know)
ORAL MUCOUS MEMBRAIN:
01. Parakeratinised epithelium.
02. Orthokeratinised epithelium.
03. Palate - Anterolateral zone.
04. Palate - Posterolateral zone.
05. Alveolar mucosa.
06. Vermilion border of lip.
07. Tongue - Circumvallate Papillae.
- Fungiform Papillae
- Filiform Papillae

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 Preparation of Ground sections, haematoxylin & Eosin sections & decalcified section
iii. Lecture demonstration:
Identification of Individual teeth
(1) Deciduous
(2) Permanent
(3) Mixed dentition using study models
(4) Demonstration of preparation of ground section, Decalcification, Paraffin
section and H & E Staining.

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e) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Type of Questions for University written examination
Contents Type of Questions and
Marks
Marks
Dental anatomy - one question - 14 marks
Detailed morphology of Permanent teeth, Differences
between Primary & Permanent teeth, Occlusion and
Arrangement of teeth.
B. Oral histology - one question - 14 marks Structured Essays
20
Development of tooth, Enamel-structure & development, 2x 10marks
Dentin-structure& development, Cementum, Dental pulp-
structure & histology, Periodontal ligament, Alveolar bone-
structure & histology, Oral mucosa-structure & histology,
Eruption of teeth
A. Oral histology - two questions - 16 marks
Short notes
B. Dental anatomy - one question - 08 marks 20
C. Oral physiology - one question - 08 marks
4 x 5marks
A. Oral histology - five questions - 20 marks
B. Dental anatomy - three question - 12 marks Brief Notes
30
C. Oral physiology - one question - 04 marks 10x3marks
D. Oral embryology - one question - 04 marks
Total 70
i. Theory
University written Examination: 70Marks
University Viva: 20Marks
Internal Assessment: 10 Marks
ii. Practicals:
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks
University Practicals: 80Marks
Grand Total 200 Marks
Mark Distribution for University Practical Examination:
Tooth Carving: (Time allotted 75 Minutes) 25 Marks
Spotters: (15X3 marks) 45 Marks
Practical work Record: 10 marks
Type of Spotters:
8 Histology and Ground Section slides
5 Tooth identification
2 Casts for identification of teeth, numbering system and age assessment

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5. GENERAL PATHOLOGY
a) AIM:
At the end of the course the student should be competent to: Apply the scientific study of
disease processes, which result in morphological and functional alterations in cells, tissues and
organs to the study of pathology and the practice of dentistry.
b) OBJECTIVES:
Enabling the student
i. To demonstrate and analyze pathological changes macroscopically explain their
observations in terms of disease processes.
ii. To integrate knowledge from the basic sciences, clinical medicine and dentistry in the study
of Pathology.
iii. To demonstrate understanding of the capabilities and limitations of morphological
Pathology in its contribution to medicine, dentistry and biological research.
iv. To demonstrate ability to consult resource materials outside lectures, laboratory and
tutorial classes.

c) COURSE CONTENT:

i. Theory: 55Hours
Sl. HOURS
TOPIC
No. ALLOTTED
Introduction , Terminologies, The cell in health, The normal cell
1 1
structure, The cellular functions
Etiology and Pathogenesis of disease, Cell Injury
Types - congenital, Acquired
Mainly Acquired causes (Hypoxic injury, chemical injury, physical
2 3
injury, immunological injury) Cell death& Necrosis Apoptosis,
definition, causes, features and types of necrosis Gangrene - Dry, wet,
gas Pathological Calcifications (Dystrophic and metastatic)
Degenerations, Amyloidosis, Fatty change, Cloudy swelling, Hyaline
3 2
change, mucoid degeneration
Inflammation, Definition, causes types, and features, Acute
inflammation, The vascular response, The cellular response, Chemical
4 3
mediators, The inflammatory cells Fate, Chronic inflammation,
Granulomatous inflammation
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 Healing Regeneration, Repair Mechanisms, Healing by primary
5 intention, Healing by secondary intention, Fracture healing, Factors 3
influencing healing process, Complications
Immunological mechanisms in disease Humoral & cellular immunity
6 2
Hypersensitivity & autoimmunity
Infections & infestations
(1) Syphilis: Epidemiology, Types and stages of syphilis, Pathological,
features, Diagnostic criteria, Oral lesions
(2) Typhoid, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Pathological features,
Diagnostic criteria, Thrombosis
(3) Tuberculosis, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, (Formation of
7 tubercle), Pathological, features of Primary and secondary TB, 6
Complications and Fate
(4) AIDS & Hepatitis
(5) Actinomycosis
(6) Candidiasis
(7) Mucormycosis
(8) Pyogenic infections
(1) Disorders of circulation, Hyperemia, Shock
(2) Definition, Pathophysiology, Formation, complications & Fate of
a thrombus
(3) Embolism, Definition, Types, Effects
8 4
(4) Ischemia and Infarction, Definition, etiology, types, Infraction of
various organs
(5) Derangements of body fluids, Oedema - Pathogenesis, Different
types
Nutritional Disorders, starvation, obesity, malnutrition, pathogenesis
9 of deficiency diseases with special reference to disorders of vitamins 3
& minerals
Diabetes Mellitus, Definition, Classification, Pathogenesis, Pathology in
10 2
different organs
Hypertension, Definition, classification, Pathophysiology, Effects in
11 2
various organs
12 Brief introduction to growth & differentiation Adaptive disorders of 1

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 growth, Atrophy & Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia and
Dysplasia
General Aspects of neoplasia, Definition, terminology, classification,
Differences between benign and malignant neoplasms, The neoplastic
cell, Metastasis, Etiology and pathogenesis of neoplasia,
13 Carcinogenesis, Tumour biology, Oncogene and anti-oncogenes, 4
Diagnosis, Precancerous lesions, Common specific tumours, Sq
papilloma & Ca, Basal cell Ca, Adenoma & Adenocarcinoma, Fibroma &
Fibrosarcoma, Lipoma and liposarcoma
Common diseases of Bones, Osteomyelitis, Metabolic bone diseases,
14 Bone Tumours, Osteosarcoma, Osteocalstoma, Giant cell Tumour, 3
Ewing's sarcoma, Fibrous dysplasia, Aneurismal bone cyst
Diseases of oral cavity, Lichen planus, Stomatitis, Leukoplakia,
15 Squamous cell Ca, Dental caries, Dentigerious cyst, Ameloblastoma 4
Diseases of salivary glands, Normal structure, Sialadenitis & Tumours
Diseases of Cardiovascular system Cardiac failure, Congenital heart
16 disease ASD, VSD, PDA, Fallot’s Tetrology, Infective Endocarditis, 2
Atherosclerosis, Ischaemic heart Disease
Introduction to haematology , haemopoiesis, bone marrow aspiration
& biopsy, Anaemias, classification, Iron Deficiency anaemia,
17 3
Megaloblastic anaemia, hemolytic anaemeas and their lab
investigations, Polycythemea.
Haemorrhagic Disorders, Coagulation cascade Coagulation disorders
18 3
Platelet function, Platelet disorders
Diseases of WBC’s pathologic variations in white blood cell counts and
leukemoid reactions, Leukaemias, Acute and chronic leukaemias,
19 Diagnosis and clinical features 4
Diseases of Lymph nodes, Hodgkin's disease, Non Hodgkins lymphoma,
Metastatic carcinoma

ii. Practicals and lecture demonstrations: 55 hours

(1) Lecture demonstrations: 10 Hours

a) Anti coagulants, Blood indices
b) PCV & ESR
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 c) Instruments & their uses:
(i) Neubauer’s Counting chamber
(ii) Haemoglobinometer
(iii) W.B.C Pipette
(iv) Wintrobe Tube
(v) Urinometer
d) Cytologic Techniques- FNAC and buccal smear
e) Study of anaemeas- Microcytic, Macrocytic and Dimorphic blood picture
f) Study of Acute leukemias- Any one type
g) Study of Chronic Leukemias- Any one type

(2) Histopathology Slides & Specimens: 20 Hours

a) Tissue Processing, Staining

b) Histopathology slides
(i) Acute appendicitis,
(ii) Granulation tissue,
(iii) fatty liver
(iv) CVC lung, CVC liver, CVC spleen
(v) Kidney amyloidosis
(vi) Tuberculosis,
(vii) Actionomycosis,
(viii) Rhinosporidiosis
(ix) Squamous cell papilloma,
(x) Transitional cell papilloma,
(xi) Pleomorphic adenoma
(xii) Basal cell carcinomas
(xiii) Sqamous cell carcinoma
(xiv) Osteosarcoma,
(xv) osteoclastoma,
(xvi) fibrosarcoma
(xvii) Malignant melanoma,
(xviii) Ameloblastoma,
(xix) Adenocarcinoma
(xx) Pleomorphic adenoma
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 (xxi) Metastatic carcinoma in lymph node
(xxii) Capillary and cavernous haemangioma
(xxiii) Fibroma
(xxiv) Neurofibroma
(xxv) Lipoma
(xxvi) Osteoma, chondroma

c) Specimens
(i) Acute Appendicitis.
(ii) Tuberculosis Lymphnode.
(iii) Fatty liver.
(iv) Infarction spleen.
(v) Chronic Venous Congestion (C.V.C.) Liver
(vi) Squamous papilloma
(vii) Basal cell carcinoma
(viii) Lipoma
(ix) Squamous cell carcinoma
(x) Malignant Melanoma
(xi) Adenocarcinoma
(xii) Osteosarcoma
(xiii) Osteoclastoma.
(xiv) Gangrene.

(3) Practicals that must be done by the students: 25hrs.

(i) Determination of Haemoglobin percentage
(ii) Blood grouping.
(iii) Total Leukocytecount
(iv) Bleeding time , Clotting time
(v) Peripheral blood smear staining and study
(vi) Differential leukocyte count.
(vii) Urine examination- for sugar, ketone bodies, protein, blood, bile pigments and
bile salts- any one standard test

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d) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

i. Theory:

Distribution of Topics and Type of Questions for written examination

Types of
Contents Questions and Marks
Marks
Question from General Pathology
Inflammation, Healing and Repair, Tuberculosis, Leprosy,
Structured Essay
Syphilis, Thrombosis, Neoplasia, Diseases of bone, Cell injury, 10
1x 10marks
metabolic disturbances, Circulatory disturbances,
Hypertension, diseases of oral cavity
Two questions from General Pathology
Intracellular accumulations, Necrosis, Gangrene, Apoptosis,
Amyloidosis, Pathologic calcification, hypersensitivity reactions,
Short Notes
Infections, Shock, Oedema, Infarction, Congestion, 10
2 x 5marks
Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Premalignant Conditions,
Neoplasia, Osteomyelitis, Anaemias, Neoplastic Proliferation of
Brief notes
WBCs–Leukaemias and Lymphomas, Haemorrhagic disorders, 15
5x3
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(ESR),Urine sediment.
Two from Haematology
One from Clinical Pathology
Total 35
i. Theory:
University written Examination: 35Marks
University Viva: 10Marks
Internal Assessment: 5 Marks
Total: 50 Marks

ii. Practicals:
Internal Assessment: 10 Marks
University Practicals: 40Marks
Total: 50 Marks
Grand Total 100Marks
Mark distribution for University practical examination
Spotters
Haematology slide 2x 2marks
Histopathology slides 5x2marks
Specimens 2x2marks
Instruments 1x2marks
Any three of the following exercises to be evaluated:
To examine given sample of urine for abnormal constituents
To do differential count on the given peripheral blood smear
To estimate haemoglobin percentage in the given sample of blood 3x 5 marks
To determine blood groups (ABO and Rh) in the given sample of blood

Practical work record 5marks

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6 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
a) AIMS:
Introduce the students to the exciting world of microbes. To make the students aware of
various branches of microbiology and the role of microbes in human diseases. The objectives of
teaching microbiology can be achieved by various teaching techniques such as:
Lectures
Lecture Demonstrations
Practical exercises
Audio visual aids
Small group discussions with regular feedback from the students to be arranged.
b) OBJECTIVES:
i. Knowledge and Understanding
At the end of the Microbiology course the student is expected to:
(1) Understand the basics of various branches of microbiology and able to apply the
knowledge relevantly.
(2) Apply the knowledge gained in related medical subjects like General Medicine and
General Surgery and Dental subjects like Oral Pathology, Public Health Dentistry,
Periodontics, Oral Surgery, Pedodontics, Conservative Dentistry and Oral medicine in
higher classes.
(3) Understand and practice various methods of Sterilisation and disinfection in dental
clinics.
(4) Have a sound understanding of various infectious diseases and lesions in the oral cavity.
ii. Skills
(1) Student should have acquired the skill to diagnose, differentiate various oral lesions.
(2) Should be able to select, collect and transport clinical specimens to the laboratory.
(3) Should be able to carry out proper aseptic procedures in the dental clinic.

c) COURSE CONTENT:
A brief syllabus of Microbiology is given as follows:
i. General microbiology:
(1) History, Introduction, Scope, Aims and Objectives.
(2) Morphology and Physiology of bacteria.
(3) Detail account of Sterlisation and Disinfection.
(4) Brief account of Culture media and Culture techniques.

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 (5) Basic knowledge of selection, collection, transport, processing of clinical specimens
and identification of bacteria.
(6) Bacterial Genetics and Drug Resistance in bacteria.
ii. Immunology:
(1) Infection - Definition, Classification, Source, Mode of transmission and types of
Infectious disease.
(2) Immunity
(3) Structure and functions of Immune system
(4) The Complement System
(5) Antigen
(6) Immunoglobulins - Antibodies - General structure and the role played in defense
mechanism of the body.
(7) Immune response
(8) Antigen - Antibody reactions - with reference to clinical utility.
(9) Immuno deficiency disorders - a brief knowledge of various types of immuno
deficiency disorders - A sound knowledge of immuno deficiency disorders relevant to
dentistry.
(10) Hypersensitivity reactions
(11) Autoimmune disorders - Basic knowledge of various types - sound knowledge of
autoimmune disorders of oral cavity and related structures.
(12) Immunology of Transplantation and Malignancy
(13) Immune haematology
iii. Systematic bacteriology:
(1) Pyogenic cocci - Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Gonococcus and
Meningococcus - brief account of each coccus - detailed account of mode of spread
laboratory diagnosis, Chemo therapy and prevention.
(2) Detailed account of Cariogenic Streptococci
(3) Corynebacterium diphtheriae - mode of spread, important clinical feature, Laboratory
diagnosis, Chemotherapy and Active immunisation.
(4) Mycobacteria - Tuberculosis and Leprosy
(5) Clostridium - Gas gangrene, food poisoning and tetanus.
(6) Non-sporing Anaerobes - in brief about classification and morphology, in detail about
dental pathogens - mechanism of disease production and prevention.
(7) Spirochaetes - Treponema pallidum - detailed account of Oral Lesions of syphilis,
Borrelia vincentii, Actinomycetes.
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 iv. Virology:
(1) Introduction
(2) General properties, cultivation, host - virus interaction with special reference to
Interferon.
(3) Brief account of Laboratory diagnosis, Chemotherapy and immuno prophylaxis in
general.
(4) A few viruses of relevance to dentistry.
a) Herpes Virus
b) Hepatitis B Virus - brief about other types
c) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
d) Mumps Virus
e) Brief- Measles and Rubella Virus
(5) Bacteriophage - structure and Significance
v. Mycology:
(1) Brief Introduction
(2) Candidosis - in detail
(3) Briefly on oral lesions of systemic mycoses.
vi. Parasitology:
(1) Brief introduction - protozoans and helminthes
(2) Brief knowledge about the mode of transmission and prevention of commonly seen
parasitic infection in the region.
d) Theory: 65 Hours
Topics Hours
I.GENERALBACTERIOLOGY
1. Introduction, History and classification. 02
2. Morphology, Physiology of Bacterial cell. 02
3. Bacterial Genetics 02
4. Infection 02
II.IMMUNOLOGY
1. Immunity 02
2. Antigen 01
3. Antibodies 01
4. Structures and functions of Immune system 01
5. Immune response 01
6. Antigen and antigen reactions &compliment 04
7. Hypersensitivity 02
8. Autoimmunity 01

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 9. Immunology of transplantation 01
III.SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY
1. Staphylococci 01
2. Streptococci (Dental Caries) 02
3. Pneumococci 01
4. Meningococci &Gonococci 01
5. Corynebacterium diphtheria 02
6. Bacillus 01
7. Clostridia 02
8. Non sporing Anaerobes 02
9. Mycobacteria 03
10. Spirochaetes ( Treponema, leptospira and 03
Borrelia)
11. Normal bacterial flora of the Oral Cavity 01
IV.VIROLOGY
1. General properties of viruses 03
2. Herpes viruses 02
3. Measles and Mumps 01
4. Rabies virus. 01
5. Hepatitis viruses 02
6. Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) 01
7. Oncogenic viruses &Poliomyelitis 02
V. PARASITOLOGY
1. Introduction to parasitic diseases 01
2. Entamoeba histolytica, Malaria, Leishmania 03
VI. MYCOLOGY
1. Candidiasis (in detail) 02
2. Rhinosporidiosis 02
VII.APPLIEDMICROBIOLOGY
1. Immunisation schedule, Collection of 02
materials, Experimental animals &hospital
infections – in brief
vii. Practicals/Demonstrations: 50 Hours
(1) Demonstrations:
a) Morphological forms of microbes
b) Different morphological forms of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites.
c) Sterilization Methods – Specified techniques – their uses.
d) Culture Media – transport media
e) Special staining techniques, stained preparations – dark ground microscopy.
f) Demonstration of bacteria in stained clinical material.
g) Demonstration of viruses – Permanent preparations morphology, inclusion bodies.
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 h) Demonstration of parasite – in blood smear – in stool – in urine.
i) Demonstration of common fungi – candida – Dermatophytes.

(2) Practicals:
a) Simple staining of bacteria
b) Gram’s staining – isolated bacteria – Clinical materials.
c) Ziehl-Neelsen staining – prepared and fixed smears.
d) Collection of materials for culture – pus, blood.

(3) List of practical materials slides for demonstration:

a) Staphylococcus
b) Streptococcus
c) Gonococcus
d) Pneumococcus
e) Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
f) Mycobacterium leprae
g) Anthrax
h) Cl. Tetani
i) Spirochaetes
j) Gram Negative Bacilli
k) Candida
l) Actinomyces

(4) Slides for practical exercises:

a) Grams stains
(i) Staphylococci
(ii) Gram negative bacilli
(iii) Mixture of any two organisms
(iv) Gram stain of the oral cavity
b) Albertsstain–Kleb’s Loffeler’s Bacilli(KLB)culture, slide
c) Ziehl-Neelson’sstain -Sputum positive for AFB

(5) Media for demonstration:

i. Un-inoculated media:
(i) Nutrient agar plate
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 (ii) Blood agar plate

(iii) Chocolate agar plate

(iv) Macconkey agar plate
(v) Glucosecitrate broth(Blood culture bottle)
(vi) Lowenstein Johnson’s Mediaslope
(vii) Loefflers serum slope
(viii) Sabourauds slope
(ix) Milk agar plate
(x) Robert Cooked Meat broth
ii. Inoculated media:
(i) Nutrient agar with staphylococci
(ii) Blood Agar with Alpha Haemolytic Streptococci
(iii) Blood Agar withBeta Haemolytic Streptococci
(iv) Potassium Tellurite with growth of C.diphtheriae
(v) Milk agar with staphylococci
(vi) Antibiotic sensitivity plate
iii. Animals:
(i) Guinea pig
(ii) Rabbit
(iii) Mice
iv. Instruments:
(i) VDRL slide
(ii) Tuberculin syringe
(iii) Sterile swab
(iv) Seitz filter
(v) MacIntosh Fildes jar
(vi) Widal rack with tubes
(vii) Microtitre plate
(viii) Disposable syringe
(ix) Surgical gloves

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e) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
i. Theory
Distribution of Topics and Type of Questions for University written examination:
Contents Type of Questions and Marks Marks
One Long Essay question from Systematic Structured Essay
10
Bacteriology 1 x 10marks
One question from General bacteriology
One question from Immunology
One question from Mycology
Short notes
One question from Parasitology / Oral 10
2 x 5marks
Microbiology
One question from Systematic
Bacteriology
One question from General bacteriology
One question from Immunology
Brief Notes
One question from Systematic 15
5x3marks
Bacteriology
Two questions fromVirology
Total 35
iii. Theory:
University written Examination: 35Marks
University Viva: 10Marks
Internal Assessment: 5 Marks
Total: 50 Marks

iv. Practicals:
Internal Assessment: 10 Marks
University Practicals: 40Marks
Total: 50 Marks
Grand Total 100Marks
Mark distribution for University practical examination
Spotters
Slides 5x 2 Marks
Media 3x2 Marks
Instruments 2x2 Marks
Gram's Stain 7 Marks
Ziehl-Neelsen's Stain 8 Marks
Practical work record 5 Marks

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7 DENTAL MATERIALS

a) INTRODUCTION:
The science of Dental Material has undergone tremendous changes over the years. Continued
research has led to new material systems and changing concepts in the dental field. Interlinked
with various specialized branches of chemistry, practically all engineering applied sciences and
biological characteristics, the science of dental material emerged as basic sciences in itself with
its own values and principles.
b) AIMS:
Aim of the course is to present basic chemical and physical properties of Dental materials as
they are related to its manipulation to give a sound educational background so that the practice
of the dentistry emerged from art to empirical status of science as more information through
further research becomes available. It is also the aim of the course of Dental materials to
provide with certain criteria of selection and which will enable to discriminate between facts
and propaganda with regards to claims of manufactures.
c) OBJECTIVES:
To understand the evolution and development of science of dental materials. Impart knowledge
of physical and chemical properties and advantages and disadvantages of various materials
used in dentistry. Acquire knowledge of biomechanical requirements of particular restorative
material and its application & limitations. Laying down standards or specifications of various
materials to guide to manufacturers as well as to help professionals. Search for newer and
better materials which may answer our requirements with greater satisfaction. To understand
and evaluate the claims made by manufactures of dental materials.
At the end of the course the student should have the knowledge about the composition,
properties, manipulative techniques and their various commercial names. The student should
also acquire skills to select and use the materials appropriately for laboratory and clinical use.

d) NEED FOR THE COURSE:

The profession has to raise from an art to a science, the need for the dentist to possess
adequate knowledge of materials to exercises his best through knowledge of properties of
different types of materials. There is growing concern of health hazards due to mercury toxicity,
inhalation of certain vapors or dust materials, irritations and allergic reaction to skin due to
contact of materials. The Dentist must acquire wider knowledge of physical, chemical and
biological properties of the various materials used in the mouth because they may cause
irritation of oral tissues. pH of some of the restorative materials causes inflammation and

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 necrosis of pulp which is a concern and the patient should be protected from these. Certain
criteria of selection are provided that will enable the dentist to discriminate between facts and
propaganda, which will make a material biologically acceptable.
e) SCOPE:
Dental materials are employed in mechanical procedures including restorative dentistry such as
Prosthodontics, Endodontics, Periodontics and Orthodontics. There is scarcely a dental
procedure that does not make use of dental materials in one form or another and therefore the
application of dental material is not limited to any one branch of dentistry. Branches such as
minor surgery and Periodontics require less use of materials but the physical and chemical
characters of materials are important in these fields. The toxic and tissue reaction of dental
materials and their durability in the oral cavity where the temperature is between 32 & 37
degree centigrade, and the ingestion of hot or cold food ranges from 0-70 degree centigrade.
The acid an alkalinity of fluids shown pH varies from 4 to 8.5. The load on 1 sq. mm of tooth or
restorative materials can reach to a level as high as many kilograms. Thus the biological
properties of dental materials cannot be separated from their physical and chemical properties.
f) THEORY: 80 HOURS (20 hours in First BDS & 60 hours in second BDS)
Section A- Prosthodontics, Section B- Conservative Dentistry
Sl.
Topic Hours
No
1. Introduction - Section A Prosthodontics & Section B Conservative Dentistry 2
Structure of matter and principles of adhesion- Section A
Change of state, inter atomic primary bonds, inter atomic secondary bonds, inter
2. atomic bond distance and bonding energy, thermal energy, crystalline structure, non 2
crystalline structures, diffusion, adhesion and bonding and adhesion to tooth
structures.
Important physical properties applicable to dental materials - Section B
Physical properties are based on laws of mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics,
electricity, magnetism, radiation, atomic structure or nuclear phenomena. Hue, value,
chroma and translucency physical properties based on laws of optics, dealing with
3. phenomena of light, vision and sight. Thermal conductivity & coefficient of thermal 6
expansion are physical properties based on laws of thermodynamics. Stress, strain,
proportional limit, elastic limit yield strength, modulus of elasticity, flexibility, resilience,
impact, impact strength, permanent deformation, strength, flexure strength fatigue,
static fatigue, toughness, brittleness, ductility & malleability, hardness, abrasion

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 resistance, relaxation, rheology, Thixotropic, creep, static creep, dynamic creep, flow,
colour, three dimensional colour - hue, values, chroma, Munsell system, metamersim,
fluorescence, physical properties of tooth, stress during mastication.
Biological considerations in use of dental materials- Section B
Materials used are with the knowledge of appreciation of certain biological
considerations for use in oral cavity. Requirement of materials with biological
compatibility. Classification of materials from perspective of biological compatibility, eg.
Contact with soft tissues, affecting vitality of pulp, used for root canal fillings, affecting
4. hard tissues of teeth, laboratory materials that could be accidentally be inhaled or 2
ingested during handling. Hazards associated with materials: pH-effecting pulp,
polymers causing chemical irritation, mercury toxicity, etc. Microleakage, Thermal
changes, Galvanism, toxic effect of materials. Biological evaluation for systemic toxicity,
skin irritation, mutagenecity and carcinogenicity. Disinfection of dental materials for
infection control.
Gypsum & gypsum products- Section A
Gypsum - its origin, chemical formula, Products manufactured from gypsum. Dental
plaster, Dental stone, Die stone, high strength, high expansion stone. Application and
manufacturing procedure of each, macroscopic and microscopic structure of each.
Supplied as and Commercial names. Chemistry of setting, setting reaction, theories of
setting, gauging water, Microscopic structure of set material. Setting time: working time
5. and setting time, Measurement of setting time and factors controlling setting time. 4
Setting expansion, Hygroscopic setting expansion - factors affecting each. Strength: wet
strength, dry strength, factors affecting strength, tensile strength Slurry - need and use.
Care of cast. ADA classification of gypsum products Description of impression plaster
and dental investment Manipulation including recent methods or advanced methods.
Disinfection: infection control, liquids, sprays, radiation Method of use of disinfectants
Storage of material - shelf life.
Impression materials used in dentistry- Section A
Impression plaster, Impression compound, Zinc oxide Euginol impression paste & bite
registration paste incl., non Euginol paste, Hydrocolloids, reversible and irreversible,
6. Elastomeric impression materials. Polysulphide, Condensation silicones, Addition 10
silicones, Polyether, Visible light cure polyether urethane dimethacrylate. Historical
background & development of each impression material, Definition of impression,
Purpose of making impression, Ideal properties required and application of material.

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 Classification as per ADA specification, general & individual impression material.
Application and their uses in different disciplines. Marketed as and their commercial
names, Mode of supply & mode of application bulk/wash impression. Composition,
chemistry of setting, Control of setting time, Type of impression trays required,
Adhesion to tray, manipulation, instruments & equipments required. Techniques of
impression, storage of impression, (Compatibility with cast and die material). Any
recent advancement in material and mixing devices. Study of properties: Working time,
setting time, flow, accuracy, strength, flexibility, tear strength, dimensional stability,
and compatibility with cast & die materials incl., electroplating Biological
properties: tissue reaction, Shelf life & storage of material. Infection control -
disinfection Advantages & disadvantages of each material.
Synthetic resins used in dentistry - Section A
Historical background and development of material, Denture base materials and their
classification and requirement. Classification of resins, Dental resins - requirements
of dental resins, applications, polymerisation, polymerisation mechanism stages in 3
addition polymerisation, inhibition of polymerisation, co-polymerization, molecular
weight, crosslinking, plasticizers, Physical properties of polymers, polymer structures
types of resins.
Acrylic resins: - Section A
Mode of polymerisation: Heat activated, Chemically activated, Light activated Mode of
supply, application, composition, polymerisation reaction of each. Technical
considerations: Methods of manipulation for each type of resin. Physical properties of
7. denture base resin. Miscellaneous resins & techniques: Repair resins, Relining and 3
rebasing. Short term and long-term soft-liners, temporary crown and bridge resins,
Resin impression trays, Tray materials, Resin teeth, materials in maxillofacial
prosthesis, Denture cleansers, Infection control in detail, Biological properties and
allergic reactions.
Restorative resins: - Section B
Historical background, Resin based restorative materials, unfilled & filled, Composite
restorative materials, Mode of supply, Composition, Polymerisation mechanisms:
Chemically activated, Light activated, Dual cure: Degree of conversion, Polymerisation 4
shrinkage. Classification of Composites: Application, composition and properties of
each, Composites of posterior teeth, Prosthodontics resins for veneering.
Biocompatibility - microleakage, pulpal reaction, pulpal protection Manipulation of

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 composites: Techniques of insertion of Chemically activated, light activated, dual cure
Polymerisation, Finishing and polishing of restoration, Repair of composites. Direct
bonding, Need for bonding, Acid - etch technique, Enamel bonding, Dentin bonding
agents. Mode of bonding, Bond strength, Sandwich technique its indication and
procedure Extended application for composites: Resins for restoring eroded teeth, Pit
and fissure sealing, Resin inlays system - Indirect & direct, Core build up, Orthodontic
applications.
Metals and alloys - Section B
Structure and behaviour of metals, Solidification of metals, mechanism of
crystallisation amorphous & crystalline. Classification of alloys, Solid solutions, and
Constitutes or equilibrium phase diagrams: Electric alloys, Physical properties,
Peritectic alloys, Solid state reaction other binary systems: Metallography & Heat
treatment Tarnish and corrosion Definition, causes of corrosion, protection against
corrosion, Corrosion of dental restorations, clinical significance of galvanic current.
Dental amalgam- Section B
History, Definition of dental amalgam, application, Alloy classification, manufacture of
8. alloy powder composition - available as. Amalgamation: setting reaction & resulting 10
structure, properties, Micro leakage Dimensional stability, Strength, Creep, Clinical
performance Manipulation: Selection of alloy, proportioning, mechanism of trituration,
condensation, carving & finishing. Effect of dimensional changes, Marginal
deterioration. Repair of amalgam, mercury toxicity, mercury hygiene.
Direct filling gold- Section B
Properties of pure gold, mode of adhesion of gold for restoration forms of direct filling
gold for using as restorative material. Classification: Gold Foil, Electrolytic precipitate,
powdered gold Manipulation: Removal of surface impurities and compaction of direct
filling gold. Physical properties of compacted
Dental casting alloys - Section B
Historical background, desirable properties of casting alloys. Alternatives to cast metal
technology: direct filling gold, amalgam, mercury free condensable intermetallic
compound - an alternative to metal casting process. CAD-CAM process for metal &
9. 6
ceramic inlays - without need of impression of teeth or casting procedure, pure
titanium, most bio compatible metal which are difficult to cast can be made into
crowns with the aid of CAD- CAM technology . Another method of making copings - by
copy milling (without casting procedures). Classification of casting alloys: By function &

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 description. Recent classification, High noble (HN), Noble (N) and predominantly base
metal (PB) Alloys for crown & bridge, metal ceramic & removable partial denture.
Composition, function, constituents and application, each alloy both noble and base
metal, Properties of alloys: Melting range, mechanical properties, hardness,
elongation, modulus of elasticity, tarnish and corrosion. Casting shrinkage and
compensation of casting shrinkage. Biocompatibility - Handling hazards & precautions
of base metal alloys, casting investments used. Heat treatment: Softening & hardening
heat treatment. Recycling of metals. Titanium alloys & their application, properties &
advantages. Technical considerations in casting. Heat source, furnaces, gold, Clinical
performance.
Dental waxes including inlay casting wax - Section B
Introduction and importance of waxes: Sources of natural waxes and their chemical
nature. Classification of Waxes: Properties: melting range, thermal expansion,
mechanical properties, flow & residual stresses, ductility. Dental Wax: Inlay wax: Mode
of supply: Classification & composition, Ideal requirements: Properties of inlay wax:
10 2
Flow, thermal properties Wax distortion & its causes. Manipulation of inlay wax:
Instruments & equipment required, including electrically heated instruments metal tips
and thermostatically controlled wax baths. Other waxes: Applications, mode of supply
& properties. Casting Wax, Base plate wax, Processing wax, Boxing wax, Utility wax,
Sticky wax, Impression wax for corrective impressions Bite registration wax.
Dental casting investments - Section A
Definition, requirements, classification Gypsum bonded - classification. Phosphate
bonded, Silica bonded Mode of Supply: Composition, application, setting mechanism,
setting time & factors controlling. Expansions: Setting expansion, Hygroscopic Setting
11 expansion, & thermal expansion: factors affecting. Properties: Strength, porosity, and 2
fineness & storage. Technical considerations: For Casting procedure Preparation of die,
Wax pattern, spruing, investing, control of shrinkage compensation, wax burnout, and
heating the invested ring, casting. Casting machines, source of heat for melting the
alloy. Defects in casting.
Soldering, brazing and welding - Section B(Classes to be handled by orthodontics
department)
12 Need of joining dental appliances, Terms & Definition, Solders: Definition, ideal 2
requirement, types of solders - Soft & hard and their fusion temperature, application.
Mode of supply of solders, Composition and selection, Properties. Tarnish & corrosion

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 resistance mechanical properties, microstructure of soldered joint. Fluxes & Anti
fluxes: Definition, Function, Types, commonly used fluxes & their selection Technique
of Soldering & Brazing: free hand soldering and investment, steps and procedure.
Welding,: Definition, application, requirements, procedure, weld decay - causes and
how to avoid it. Laser welding.
Wrought base metal alloys - Section A (Classes to be handled by orthodontics
department)
Applications and different alloys used mainly for orthodontics purpose
Stainless steel
Cobalt chromium nickel
Nickel titanium
Beta titanium
Properties required for orthodontic wires, working range, springiness, stiffness,
13 3
resilience, Formability, ductility, ease of joining, corrosion resistance, stability in oral
environment, bio compatibility
Stainless steels: Description, type, composition & properties of each type. Sensitisation
& stabilisation, Mechanical properties - strength, tensile, yield strength, KHN. Braided
& twisted wires their need, Solders for stainless steel, Fluxes, Welding. Wrought cobalt
chromium nickel alloys, composition, allocation, properties, heat treatment, physical
properties. Nickel - Titanium alloys, shape, memory & super elastic Titanium alloys,
application, composition, properties, welding, Corrosion resistance
Dental cements- Section B
Definition & Ideal requirements of Dental Cements: Silicate, Glass ionomer, metal
modified glass ionomer, resin modified glass ionomer, zinc oxide Euginol, modified
zinc oxide Euginol, zinc phosphate, zinc silico phosphate, zinc poly carboxylate Cavity
liners and cement bases Varnishes Calcium hydroxide. Gutta percha
14 5
Application, classification (general and individual), setting mechanism, mode of supply,
Properties, factors affecting setting, special emphasis on critical procedures of
manipulation and protection of cement, mode of adhesion, biomechansim of caries
inhibition. Agents for pulpal protection, Modifications and recent advances, Principles
of cementation. Special emphasis on cavity liners and cement bases and luting agents.
Dental ceramics - Section A
15 Historical background & General applications of Dental ceramics: definition, 8
classification, application, mode of supply, manufacturing procedure, methods of

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 strengthening. Properties of fused ceramic: Strength and factors affecting, modulus of
elasticity, surface hardness, wear resistance, thermal properties, specific gravity,
chemical stability, esthetic properties, biocompatibility, technical considerations.
Metal Ceramics (PFM): Alloys - Types and composition of alloys Ceramic - Type and
Composition. Metal Ceramic Bond, Nature of bond. Bonding using electro deposition,
foil copings, bonded platinum foil, swaged gold alloy foil coping. Technical
considerations for porcelain and porcelain fused metal restorations. Recent advances -
all porcelain restorations, Manganese core, injection moulded, castable ceramics, glass
infiltrated alumina core ceramic (In ceram), ceramic veneers, inlays and onlays, and
CAD - CAM ceramic. Chemical attack of ceramic by fluoride. Porcelain furnaces.
Abrasion & polishing agents - Section A
Definition of abrasion and polishing. Need of abrasion and polishing. Types of
abrasives: Finishing, polishing & cleaning. Types of abrasives: Diamond, Emery,
aluminum oxides garnet, pumice, Kieselgurh, tripoli, rouge, tin oxide, chalk, chromic
16 oxide, sand, carbides, diamond, zirconium silicate Zinc oxide. Abrasive action. Desirable 1
characteristics of an abrasive, Rate of abrasion, Size of particle, pressure and speed.
Grading of abrasive & polishing agents. Binder, Polishing materials & procedures used.
Technical consideration, Material and procedure used for abrasion and polishing
Electrolytic polishing and burnishing.
Die and counter die materials including electroforming and electro polishing - Section
17 A 1
Types - Gypsum products, Electroforming, Epoxy resin, Amalgam
Dental implants - Section A
18 2
Evolution of dental implants, types and materials.
Mechanics of cutting - Section B
19 1
Burs and points.
Waste disposal - Section B
At the end of the course the student should have the knowledge about the
composition, properties, manipulative techniques and their various commercial names.
20 The student should also acquire skills to select and use the materials appropriately for 1
laboratory and clinical use.
(1) Qualitative observation of restorative dental resins.
(2) Determination of setting time of chemically activated composite resins.

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g) PRACTICALS: 240 Hours (40 hours in First BDS & 200 Hours in second BDS)
Demonstration of manipulation of all materials (for a batch not more than 8 students).
Exercises to be done by each student:
Impression material
Manipulation, making impressions, identifying setting time and defects. (Comparative studies
included)
Gypsum products
Manipulation, pouring impressions-identify setting time and working time and relation of
working time with reference to proportion of water, change in temperature and spatulation
time.
Self-cure and heat cure acrylic resin-manipulation and curing.
Cements-manipulation and studying setting time and working time for luting, base and
restoration.
Silver Amalgam-manipulation, trituration, condensation and studying setting and working
time.

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h) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION:
The University Theory examination will have two sections of 35 marks each Section A
Prosthodontics & Section B Conservative Dentistry (overlapping of topics may occur)
For Dental Materials University Practical Examination, if internal examiner is from
Prosthodontics, External examiner should be from Conservative Dentistry and vice versa
Distribution of Topics and Type of Questions for written examination
Section A: Prosthodontics
Types of Questions
Contents Marks
and Marks
Question from any Prosthodontic topic preferably Structured Essay
10
included in Section A 1x 10marks
Questions from any Section A topic including Short Notes
10
orthodontics. 2 x 5marks
Avoid questions in the topic from which long
Brief Notes
essay question is set 15
5x3marks
Total 35
i. Theory:
University written Examination: 35Marks
University Viva: 10Marks
Internal Assessment: 5 Marks
Total: 50 Marks

ii. Practicals:
Internal Assessment: 10 Marks
University Practicals: 40Marks
Total: 50 Marks
Grand Total 100Marks
Spotters (5x 2Marks) 10 Marks
Manipulation of Any one of the following Dental materials: 25 Marks
Gypsum products
Irreversible Hydrocolloid
Impression Compound
Rubber base impression Material
Zinc Oxide Impression Material
Heat cured PMMA
Practical Work Record 5 Marks

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 Distribution of Topics and Type of Questions for University Written examination:
Section B: Conservative Dentistry
Types of Questions
Contents Marks
and Marks
Question from Any Conservative Dentistry topic Structured Essay
10
preferably included in Section B 1x 10marks
Questions from any Section B topic including Short Notes
10
orthodontics. 2 x 5marks
Avoid questions in the topic from which long
Brief Notes
essay question is set 15
5x3marks
Total 35
i. Theory:
University written Examination: 35Marks
University Viva: 10Marks
Internal Assessment: 5 Marks
Total: 50 Marks

ii. Practicals:
Internal Assessment: 10 Marks
University Practicals: 40Marks
Total: 50 Marks
Grand Total 100Marks
Spotters (5x 2Marks) 10 Marks
Manipulation of Any one of the following Dental Cements: 25 Marks
ZnO Euginol (Luting/Filing Consistency)
Zinc Phosphate Cement (Luting/base Consistency)
Glass Ionomer Cement Type I/II (Luting/Filling Consistency)
Polycarboxylate Cement (Luting Consistency)
Amalgam Trituration
Practical Work Record 5 Marks

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8. GENERAL AND DENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS
a) GOAL:
The broad goal of teaching under graduate students in pharmacology is to inculcate rational and
scientific basis of therapeutics keeping in view of dental curriculum and Profession.
b) OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
i. Describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of essential and commonly used
drugs in general and in dentistry in particular,
ii. List the indications, contraindications; interactions, and adverse reactions of commonly
used drugs with reason,
iii. Tailor the use of appropriate drugs in disease with consideration to its cost, efficacy,
safety for individual and mass therapy needs,
iv. Indicate special care in prescribing common and essential drugs in special medical
situations such as pregnancy, lactation, old age, renal, hepatic damage and immuno
compromised patients,
v. Integrate the rational drug therapy in clinical pharmacology,
vi. Indicate the principles underlying the concepts of "Essential drugs".
vii. Recognise and report adverse drug reaction to suitable authorities.
c) SKILLS:
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
i. Prescribe drugs for common dental and medical ailments.
ii. To appreciate adverse reactions and drug interactions of commonly used drugs.
iii. Observe experiments designed for study of effects of drugs.
iv. Critically evaluate drug formulations and be able to interpret the clinical pharmacology
of marketed preparations commonly used in dentistry.
d) INTEGRATION:
Practical knowledge of use of drugs in clinical practice will be acquired through integrated
teaching with clinical departments.
e) THEORY: 70 HOURS
1. General Pharmacology :
a. Definitions: Pharmacology, drug, Pharmacy, sources of drugs with examples. 1
b. Pharmacokinetics with clinical implications. 2
c. Routes of administration: oral, inhalation, intradermal, Subcutaneous,
intramuscular, intravenous, intrathecal, perineural &Newer drug regimes. 1
(Advantages and disadvantages with the examples of drugs administered).
d. Pharmacodynamics: mechanism of action ,factors modifying drug actions 2
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 with emphasis on factors like-age, sex, dose ,frequency & route of
administration, presence of other drugs, Pharmacogenetics and Pathological
conditions.
e. Therapeutics: Principles of drug therapy, Adverse drug reactions and drug
3
interactions.
2.ANS drugs:
Clinically used examples, their important pharmacological actions (which form the basis for
the uses),clinical uses along with dental uses if any and specific adverse effect s of-
a. Sympathomimetics 1
b. Sympatholytics-alphablockers, Beta -blockers. 2
c. Cholinomimetics. 2
d. Anticholinergics & Skeletal muscle relaxants 2
3. Detailed pharmacology of:
a.Clinically used opioid and non-opioid analgesics. 2
b. Clinically used local anesthetics. 2
Detailed Pharmacology &Enumeration of clinically used agents, their brief
Pharmacology, clinical uses along with dental uses if any, and specific
adverse effects of:
a. Ethylalcohol- actions, uses and drug interactions. 1
b. General anesthetics & Pre-anaesthetic medication 2
c. Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics 2
d. Sedativehypnotics 2
e. Antiepileptics 1
CVS drugs:
Enumeration/Classification of clinically used agents their important
pharmacological actions(that form the basis of their uses)Clinical uses along
with dental uses if any, and specific adverse effects of
a. Cardiac glycosides 1
b. Antiangina drugs 1
c. Antihypertensives. 1
d. Diuretics 1
e. Pharmacotherapy of shocks-anaphylactic, cardiogenic hypovolemic &Septic. 1
Drugs acting on blood: Detailed pharmacology of:
a. Coagulants, anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, antiplatelet drugs and styptics 3
b. Hematinics: Iron preparationVit.B12,FolicacidVit.C 3
c. Vit.D and calcium preparations 1
Endocrines:
Enumeration/Classification of clinically used agents and their preparations,
Mechanism of action, clinical uses along with dental uses if any and specific
adverse effects of:
a. Drugs used in diabetes mellitus 2
b. Corticosteroids 2
Chemotherapy:
Enumeration/Classification of clinically used Agents, their mechanism of

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 action clinical uses along with dental uses if any and specific adverse effects
of:
a. Sulfonamides 1
b. Beta-lactum antibiotics 2
c. Macrolides and aminoglycosides 1
d. Broad spectrum antibiotics 1
e. Antifungal and antiviral (acyclovir) agents 2
f. Metronidazole and fluoroquinolones 1
g. Antineoplastic Drugs: Alkylating agents, Antimetabolities, Radioactive
2
Isotopes, Vinka Alkaloids, Anticancer antibiotics.
h. Drug Therapy of Tuberculosis, Leprosy & Malaria 3
Other drugs:
Enumeration o clinically used agents, general uses along with dental uses if
any and specific adverse effects of:
a. Antihistamines and anti emetics 2
b. Drugs used in bronchial asthma and cough 1
c. Drugs used in peptic ulcer 2
d. Chelating agents-BAL, EDTA & Penicillamine 1
e. Antihelminthics 2
Dental Pharmacology
a. Fluoride pharmacology 1
b. Antiseptics, astringents & Sialogogues 1
c. Obtundents, Mummifying agents and disclosing agents 1
d.Prevention and drug therapy of emergencies in dental practice
1. Seizures
2. Anaphylaxis
3. Severe bleeding
4. Shock 2
5. Tetany
6. Status asthmaticus
7. Acute addisonian crisis
8. Diabetic Ketoacidosis

f) PRACTICALS AND DEMONSTRATIONS: 20 HOURS

To familiarise the student with the methodology: prescription writing and dispensing.
Rationale of drug combinations of marketed drugs.
Sl. Procedure Hours
No.
1 Introduction-equipments used in dispensing pharmacy, prescription-parts and 2
model prescription.
2 Demonstration of common dosage forms used in clinical practice
3 Mixtures-one example(Expectorant/Salicylate)of simple and diffusible (Bismuth 2
Kaolin/chalk)mixtures
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4 Emulsion-Types and example(Liniment turpentine/Shark liver oil) of emulsion 2
5 Powders-toothpowder 2
6 Mandl's paint/Gum paint percentage dilution-concept and calculations with 2
suitable examples.
7 Mouthwashes-Alkaline, antiseptic, astringent 2
8 Toothpastes 2
9 Prescription writing for15 general conditions commonly encountered in clinical 2
practice. eg. Bronchial asthma, hypertension congestive heart failure, angina
pectoris, peptic ulcer, bacillary dysentery,diabetes mellitus, diabetic coma,
osteoarthritis, anaphylaxis, status asthmaticus, Status epilepticus, iron deficiency
& pernicious anaemia
10 Dental prescriptions for about fifteen dental conditions commonly encountered 2
in practice eg. Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis, acute herpetic
gingivitis/stomatitis, acute gingival abscess, pericoronal abscess (impacted
teeth), dental caries, aphthous ulcers, hypersensitive dentine, dentoalveolar
abscess, xerostomia, acute toothache, post-operative pain, post extraction pain
with swelling, oral candidiasis, acute tonsillitis/ pharyngitis,common cold,scurvy
etc.

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g) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Type of Questions for University Written examination:
Types of Questions
Contents Marks
and Marks
Questions from Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics,
antibiotics, NSAID’s, Local Anaesthetics, Anticoagulants, Beta
Structured Essays
blockers, Glucocorticoids, Calcium Channel blockers, ACE 20
2x 10marks
inhibitors, Opioid analgesics, Sympathomimetics, Anti-
Cholinergics, Cardiac Glycosides, Dental Pharmacology.
Questions should Preferably be set from all other chapters Short notes
20
excluding the one from which a Long Essay Question has 4 x 5marks
been set Brief Notes
30
10x3marks
Total 70
i. Theory
University Written 70Marks
Internal Assessment 20 Marks
Viva Voce 10 Marks
ii. Practicals:
University Practical Examination: 80 Marks
Spotters 10x 1Mark 10 Marks
Prescriptions (1 Medical & 1 Dental) 2x10Marks 20 Marks
Preparations (1 Medical & 1 Dental) 2x20Marks 40 Marks
Practical Work Record 10 Marks
Internal Assessment 20 Marks

Grand Total 200Marks

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9. PRE CLINICAL CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY
a) LABORATORY EXERCISES

Sl.No. Practical exercise Hours

Identification and study of hand cutting instruments chisels, gingival margin
1 3
trimmers, excavators and hatchet.
Identification and use of rotary cutting instruments in contra angle hand pieces
2 2
burs (Micromotor)
Preparation of class I and extended class I and class II and MOD's and class V
3 30
amounting to 10 exercises in plaster models
Exercises on phantom head models(Typhodonts) which includes tooth
preparation, base and varnish application, matrix and wedge placement followed
by amalgam restoration
Class I 5
4
Class I with extension 2 95
Class II 10
Class II MODS 2
Class V and III for glass ionomer 4
Class V for amalgam 2
10 exercises on mounted extracted teeth .Tooth preparation, base application,
matrix and wedge placement, and restoration with amalgam.
Class I 2
5 Class I with extension 2 20
Class II 4
Class V 2
Polishing of above restorations
Management of deep caries
6
a. Pulp capping : Direct/ Indirect on extracted teeth
3
Demonstration of Light cure composite and Glass Ionomer
7
Restorations.

Cast Restoration –Inlay preparation:

Class I 1 To prepare Wax patterns
8 20
Class II 2+1 MOD To prepare wax patterns

Class V 1 (posterior)

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 9 Pulpotomy on extracted posterior teeth
Endodontic exercises.
Root canal access preparation on Upper Extracted Central incisor. Determination 27
10 of working length
Demonstration of Instrumentation and Obturation of root canal space.
Restoration of access preparation

To appear for IIBDS preclinical Conservative Dentistry examination it is Mandatory that Laboratory
exercises from No. 1to No. 7 mentioned in the table above is completed.

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b) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

i. Practicals
University practical examination 60
University Viva Voce 20
Internal Assessment 20

Grand Total 100

Distribution of Marks for Preclinical Conservative Dentistry University Practical
Examination

(1) Tooth Preparation and Restoration 45 Marks

(2) Spotters ( 5 x 2 Marks) 10 Marks
(3) Preclinical Practical Work Record 05 Marks
Total: 60 Marks
Practical Exercise No. (1): 45 Marks
Class II Conventional / Conservative preparation for Silver Amalgam restoration on
Maxillary or Mandibular first or second Molar typhodont tooth.
Cavity preparation 45 Minutes 20 Marks
Base and Matrix 15 Minutes 10 Marks
Amalgam restoration and carving 30 Minutes 15 Marks
Practical Exercise No. (2):
Spotters: Time: (2 minutes each x 5) 10 Minutes 10Marks
Type of Spotters:
Hand instruments used for tooth preparation and restoration
Identification of Root Canal Instruments

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10. PRE CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS

a) SCHEME OF STUDY
The undergraduate study of orthodontics spans over second year, third year and fourth year. In
second year the emphasis is given for basic and preclinical wire bending exercises and appliance
fabrication.

b) AN OUTLINE OF THE COURSE CONTENT:

Preclinical basic wire bending exercises enable the candidate to get accustomed with the
orthodontic wire, learn the basic skills of wire bending, learn how to construct various
components of removable appliances and to acrylise various removable appliances.

c) PRATICAL TRAINING DURING SECOND YEAR B.DS

Sl Topic Hours
.No.
1 Basic wire bending exercises
 Straightening of wire
 Equilateral triangle
 Square 40

 Rectangle
 Circle
 U–V
2 Pre clinical wire bending exercises (Mandatory)
 C – clasp
 Full clasp
 Triangular clasp
 Adams clasp
 Finger spring
 Double cantilever spring
 Coffin spring 60

 Short labial bow

 Long labial bow
 Split labial bow

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  U loop buccal canine retractor
 Helical canine retractor
 Self supported canine retractor
Pre clinical wire bending exercises (Desirable)
 Palatal canine retractor
 T spring
 Reverse labial bow
 Roberts retractor
3 Appliance fabrication
 Hawley's appliance
 any one of the habit breaking appliance -
a. Tongue guard appliance
b. Oral screen 60
 Desirable appliances
a) Hawley' s appliance with Anterior bite plane
b) Hawley 's appliance with PBP and Z spring
c) Catalans appliance
d) Expansion appliance
Theory topics listed below to be covered in second BDS. Lecture hours should be adjusted with the
practical classes.
a) Introduction to orthodontics
b) Removable appliances - parts, uses, modifications, advantages, disadvantages
etc.
c) Wrought wire alloys
d) Soldering and welding

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d) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

i. Practicals
University practical examination 60
University Viva Voce 20
Internal Assessment 20

Grand Total 100

Distribution of Marks for Preclinical Orthodontics University Practical Examination

(1) Wire bending exercises 55 Marks
(2) Preclinical Practical Work Record 05 Marks
Wire bending exercises and their mark distribution should be as follows:
a) Labial bow 20 Marks
b) Clasp 20 Marks
c) Spring 15Marks

Note: Preclinical viva should be limited to, Orthodontic material science (orthodontic
wire alloys, impression materials, acrylic, Gypsum products), removable appliances,
study models, soldering and welding

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 11. PRECLINICAL PROSTHODONTICS AND CROWN & BRIDGE
a) LABORATORY EXERCISES: Total 380 Hours ( I yr. 100, II yr. 200, IIIyr.80)

Sl.No. Practical Exercise Hours

Laboratory steps related to complete denture

1 Impression and model preparation

Preparation of special trays in shellac base plates – trimmed margin. Maxillary &
2
Mandibular
3 Special tray in self cured acrylic resin. Maxillary & Mandibular

4 Preparation of heat cured acrylic permanent bases. Maxillary & Mandibular

5 Preparation of Self cured acrylic temporary bases Maxillary & Mandibular 150

6 Preparation of occlusion rims

7 Articulating the model in Mean value articulator

8 Teeth arrangement in Mean value articulator (Class I) - 5 Numbers

9 Processing trial denture in heat cured acrylic- 1

10 Repair of fractured Denture

Laboratory steps related to partial denture

Fabrication of heat cured acrylic Partial Dentures – (Kennedy class I, class II, class III &class
11
IV)
12 Surveying a model ( demo only) 100

13 Preparation of wax pattern on models for cast RPD (Kennedy class I &class II,)

14 Preparation of wax pattern on models for cast RPD (Kennedy class III & class IV,)demo only

Maxillofacial Prosthesis
50
14 Preparation of Obturators

Fixed Prosthodontics
16 Preparation of full crowns on large sized teeth – anterior all ceramic & posterior PFM.
80
17 Preparation of full crowns on Typhodont anterior teeth on phantom head.

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 A work record should be maintained by all students and should be submitted at the time of
examination after due certification from the Head of the Department.
To appear for IIBDS preclinical Prosthodontics examination it is Mandatory that Laboratory
exercises from Nos. 1 to 11 mentioned in the table above are completed.

b) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
i. Practicals
University practical examination 60
University Viva Voce 20
Internal Assessment 20

Grand Total 100

Distribution of Marks for Preclinical Prosthodontics University Practical Examination

(1) Arrangement of teeth in class I relation, Waxing, Carving & Polishing: 35 Marks
(2) Drawing the Design for a Cast Partial Denture and marking its components 15 Marks
(3) Preclinical Practical Work Record 10 Marks

Note: Preclinical viva should be limited to, Laboratory Procedures related to Complete
Denture Fabrication, Articulators, Anatomical landmarks, Impression Procedures,
Introduction to jaw relation recording, Selection & arrangement of teeth, Complete
Denture Occlusion, Try in Procedures and Components of RPD & FPD.

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12. GENERAL MEDICINE

a) GUIDELINES:
Special emphasis should be given throughout on the importance of various diseases as
applicable to dentistry.
i. Special precautions/ contraindication for anaesthesia in oral and dental procedures in
different systemic diseases.
ii. Oral manifestations of systemic diseases.
iii. Medical emergencies in dental practice.
A dental student should be taught in such a manner that he/she is able to record the arterial
pulse, blood pressure and be capable of suspecting by sight and superficial examination of the
body, diseases of the heart, lungs, kidneys, blood etc. He should be capable of handling medical
emergencies encountered in dental practice.
b) THEORY: 60 HOURS
CORE TOPICS Hours
1. Aims of medicine, definitions of diagnosis, treatment & prognosis. History
taking, Physical examination of the patient, diagnosis and management of 2
disease. Genetics and disease, Medical Ethics.
2.Infections: Enteric fever, HIV, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, Syphilis
,Diphtheria, Malaria, Actinomycosis, Viral hepatitis, Tuberculosis. Infectious 5
mononucleosis Mumps, Measles, Rubella, Leprosy, Organisation and
functions of the immune systems.
3. G.I.T: Stomatitis, Gingival hyperplasia, Dysphagia, Acid peptic disease,
Jaundice, Acute and chronic hepatitis, Cirrhosis of liver, Ascitis, Amoebiasis, 5
Tender hepatomegaly, Hepatotoxic drugs, Portal hyper tension. Diarrhoea
and Dysentery including Malabsorbtion syndromes,Helicobacter pylori.
4. CVS :Acute rheumatic fever Valvular heart disease, Hypertension,
Ischemic heart disease (myocardial infarction), Infective endocarditis, 7
Common arrhythmias, Classification of congenital heart disease,
Congestive cardiac failure. Heart failure, Fallot’s tetralogy, ASD, VSD.
5.Respiratory System: Applied Anatomy and physiology of RS, Pneumonia,
COPD, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Bronchial asthma, Pleural effusion, Acute
respiratory tract infections, Pulmonary embolism, Suppurative lung diseases, 6
and Lung abscess. Pneumothorax, Bronchiectasis Lung Cancer, Empyema,
Sleep apnea, ARDS, Respiratory failure.
6.Hematology: Hematopoiesis, Anaemias, Bleeding & Clotting disorders,
Acute and chronic myeloid leukemias, Agranulocytosis and Neutropenia,
Thrombocytopenia , Splenomegaly Lymphomas, Oral manifestations of 7
haematological disorders, Generalized Lymphadenopathy. Principles of
blood and blood products transfusion, Thromboembolic disease,
Oncogenesis, Haemolytic anemia, DIC (Disseminated Intravascular
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 Coagulation).
7.Renal System :Acute nephritis and Nephrotic syndrome, U.T.I Renal 5
function tests ,CRF
8. Nutrition: Balanced diet, PEM, Vitamin deficiency disease, Calcium and 4
phosphate metabolism, Flurosis, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis.
9. CNS: Facial palsy, Facial pain Trigeminal neuralgia, Epilepsy, Headache
including migraine. Meningitis (Acute and Chronic) Anticonvulsants, 7
Examination of comatose patient, Examination of cranial nerves.
10. Endocrine: Diabetes mellitus Acromegaly, Hypothyroidism,
Thyrotoxicosis, Calcium metabolism and parathyroids. Addison's disease, 6
Cushing's syndrome, Parathyroid disease and calcium metabolism,
Preoperative assessment of diabetic patients, Acute adrenal deficiency.
11. Critical care: Syncope, Cardiac arrest, Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation 4
(CPR), Cardiogenic shock, Anaphylaxis, Allergy, Angio -neurotic edema. Acute
LVF, ARDS, Coma.
Miscellaneous: Adverse drug reactions, Drug interactions. Rheumatoid
disease, Osteoarthritis, Scleroderma.

c) CLINICAL TRAINING: 90 HOURS (posting in a general hospital)

The student must be able to take history, do general physical examination (including build,
nourishment, pulse, BP, temperature, edema, respiration, clubbing, cyanosis, jaundice,
lymphadenopathy, and oral cavity) and be able to examine CVS, RS, abdomen and facial
nerve and signs of meningeal irritation.

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d) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Types of Questions for University Written Examination:
Types of Questions and
Total Marks
Distribution of Marks
Structured Essays
20
2x 10marks
Short notes
20
4 x 5marks
Brief notes
30
10x3marks
Total 70
i. Theory
University Written 70 Marks
Viva Voce 20 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

ii. Clinical:
University Clinical Examination: 80 Marks
Case History 15 Marks
Clinical Examination 30 Marks
Investigation 10Marks
Diagnosis & D.D 15 Marks
Management 10 Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks

Grand Total 200Marks

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13. GENERAL SURGERY

a) AIMS:
To acquaint the student with various diseases which may require surgical intervention. And to
train the student to analyze the disease history and be able to do a thorough physical
examination of the patient. The diseases as related to head and neck region are to be given due
importance, at the same time other relevant surgical problems are also to be addressed. At the
end of one year of study the student should have a good theoretical knowledge of various
ailments, and be practically trained to differentiate benign and malignant diseases and be able
to decide which patient requires further evaluation.
b) OBJECTIVES:
Skills to be developed by the end of teaching are to examine a routine swelling, ulcer and other
related diseases and to perform minor surgical procedures such as draining an abscess, taking a
biopsy etc.

c) THEORY: 60 HOURS
Sl.
Topic Hours
No.
HISTORY OF SURGERY: The development of surgery as a specialty over the
years, will give the students an opportunity to know the contributions
1 made by various scientists, teachers and investigators. It will also enable 1
the student to understand the relations of various specialties in the
practice of modern surgery.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SURGERY: Introduction to various aspects of
surgical principles as related to orodental diseases. Classification of
2 2
diseases in general. This will help the student to understand the various
diseases, their relevance to routine dental practice.
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIVE SURGERY: Principles as applicable to minor
surgical procedures including detailed description of asepsis, antiseptics,
3 sterilisation, principles of anaesthesia and principles of tissue 1
replacement. Knowledge of sutures, drains, diathermy, cryosurgery and
use of Laser in surgery.
WOUNDS: Their classification, wound healing, repair, treatment of
4 wounds, skin grafting, medicolegal aspects of accidental wounds and 3
complications of wounds.

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 INFLAMMATION: Of soft and hard tissues. Causes of inflammation,
5 1
varieties, treatment and sequelae.
INFECTIONS: Acute and chronic abscess skin infections, cellulitis,
carbuncle, and erysipelas. Specific infections such as tetanus,
6 5
gangrene, syphilis, gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, Actinomycosis, Vincents
angina, cancrum oris. Pyaemia, toxaemia and septicaemia.
TRANSMISSABLE VIRAL INFECTIONS: HIV and Hepatitis B with special
7 reference to their prevention and precautions to be taken in treating 2
patients in a carrier state.
SHOCK AND HAEMORRHAGE: Classification, causes, clinical features and
management of various types of shock. Syncope, Circulatory collapse.
Haemorrhage -different types, causes, clinical features and management.
8 5
Blood groups, blood transfusion, precautions and complications of blood
and their products. Hemophilia's, their transmission, clinical features and
management especially in relation to minor dental procedures.
TUMOURS, ULCERS, CYSTS, GANGRENE, SINUS, AND FISTULAE:
Classification, clinical examination and treatment principles in various
9 9
types of benign and malignant tumours, ulcers, cysts, gangrene, sinus and
fistulae.
DISEASES OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: Especially those occurring in head and
10 neck region. Special emphasis on identifying diseases such as tubercular 1
infection, lymphomas, leukaemias, metastatic lymph node diseases.
DISEASES OF THE ORAL CAVITY: Infective and malignant diseases of the
oral cavity and oropharynx including salivary glands with special emphasis
11 2
on preventive aspects of premalignant and malignant diseases of the oral
cavity.
NECK SWELLINGS – Midline and Lateral swellings, Cystic and Solid
12 1
swellings –Classification, Differential diagnosis, Treatment
DISEASES OF LARYNX, NASOPHARYNX: Infections and tumours affecting
13 2
these sites. Indications, procedure and complications of tracheostomy.
NERVOUS SYSTEM: Surgical problems associated with nervous system
with special reference to the principles of peripheral nerve injuries, their
14 1
regeneration and principles of treatment. Detailed description of
afflictions of facial nerve And its management. Trigeminal neuralgia, its

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 presentation and treatment.
FRACTURES: General principles of fractures, clinical presentation and
15 treatment with additional reference to newer methods of fracture 1
treatment. Special emphasis on fracture healing and rehabilitation.
16 HEAD INJURY MANAGEMENT 1
17 MANAGEMENT OF SEVERELY INJURED PATIENT – RESUSCITATION 1
DISEASES OF ARTERIES AND VEINS IN GENERAL –Varicose veins,
18 1
Atherosclerosis, Aneurysm, Carotid Body tumours
ANOMALIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF FACE: Surgical anatomy and
19 development of face. Cleft lip and cleft palate—principles of 1
management.
DISEASES OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID: Surgical anatomy,
pathogenesis, clinical features and management of dysfunction of thyroid
20 2
and parathyroid glands. Malignant diseases of the thyroid—classification,
clinical features and management.
SWELLINGS OF THE JAW: Differential diagnosis and management of
21 2
different types of swellings of the jaw, Osteomyelitis of mandible
22 BIOPSY: Different types of biopsies routinely used in surgical practice. 1
23 BURNS AND SCALDS 1
Desirable to know: Introduction to oncology, radiotherapy, surgery and genetic engineering
E.N.T: Ear: Middle ear infection; Nose: Para nasal sinuses; Throat: Tonsillitis & Peritonsillar
Abscess
d) CLINICALS: 90 HOURS (posting in a general hospital)

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e) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Types of Questions for University Written examination:
Types of Questions and
Total Marks
Distribution of Marks
Structured Essays
20
2x 10marks
Short Notes
20
4 x 5marks
Brief Notes
30
10x3marks
Total 70
i. Theory
University Written 70 Marks
Viva Voce 20 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

ii. Clinical:
University Clinical Examination: 80 Marks
Long Case
Case History 15 Marks
Clinical Examination 30 Marks
Suggested Investigations 10Marks
Diagnosis & D.D 15 Marks
Management 10 Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks

Grand Total 200Marks

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14. ORAL PATHOLOGY & ORAL MICROBIOLOGY
a) OBJECTIVES:
At the end of Oral Pathology & Microbiology course, the student should be able to:
i. Comprehend the different types of pathological processes that involve the Orofacial
tissues.
ii. Comprehend the manifestations of common diseases, their diagnosis & correlation with
clinical pathological processes.
iii. Understand the oral manifestations of systemic diseases and correlate with the systemic
physical signs & laboratory findings.
iv. Understand the underlying biological principles governing treatment of oral diseases.
v. Understand the principles of certain basic aspects of Forensic Odontology.

b) SKILLS:
The Following skills are to be developed:
i. Microscopic study of common lesions affecting oral tissues through microscopic slides &
projection slides
ii. Study of the disease process by surgical specimens
iii. Study of teeth anomalies/polymorphisms through tooth specimens & plaster casts.
iv. Microscopic study of plaque pathogens
v. Study of haematological preparations (blood films) of anaemias & leukemias
vi. Basic exercises in Forensic Odontology such as histological methods of age estimation and
appearance of teeth in injuries.

c) THEORY: 145 Hours (II yr. 25 hrs. III yr. 120 hrs.)
Sl.
Topics for II year Description Hours
No:
Introduction Scope and Outline of Oral Pathology, Broad divisions,
1 1
Interrelationship with medical specialities
a) Developmental disturbances of Jaws
Developmental - Agnathia, Micrognathia, Macrognathia, Facial
disturbances of Hemihypertrophy, Facial
2
oral & paraoral Hemiatropy
structures b) Developmental Disturbances of lips and palate
- Congenital Lip pits and Commissural pits and fistulas

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 - Double lip, Cleft lip, cleft Palate, Chelitis Glandularis, Chelitis
Granulomatosa, Hereditary Intestinal Polyposis, Hereditary
Melanotid
Macule
c) Developmental disturbances of Oral Mucosa
- Fordyce's Granules
- Focal epithelial Hyperplasia
d) Developmental disturbances of gingiva
- Fibromatosis Gingiva, Retrocuspid Papilla
e) Developmental Disturbances of Tongue
- Macroglossia, Microglossia, Ankyloglossia, Cleft Tongue,
Fissured
Tongue, Median Rhomboid Glossitis, Benign Migratory Glossitis,
Hairy
Tongue.
f) Development disturbances of oral lymphoid tissue:
- Reactive lymphoid aggregates
- Lymphoid hamartoma
- Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia
- Lympho-epithelial cyst
g) Developmental disturbances of salivary glands:
- Aplasia, Xerostomia, Hyperplasia of the palatal glands, Atresia,
Abberrancy, Stafine's cyst 14
h) Developmental disturbances in size of teeth:
- Microdontia, Macrodontia
i) Developmental disturbances in the shape of the teeth:
79
- Fusion, Germination, Concrescence, Dilacerations, Talon's
Cusp, Dens
in Dente, Dens Evaginatus, Taurodontism, Supernumerary
Roots,
Enameloma
j) Developmental Disturbances in number of teeth
- Anodontia, Supernumerary teeth, Predecidious and Post

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 Permanent
dentition
k) Developmental Disturbances in Structure of Teeth:
- Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Enamel Hypoplasia, Dentinogenesis
Imperfecta, Dentinal dysplasia, Regional Odontodysplasia, Shell
Teeth.
l) Developmental Disturbances in eruption of teeth:
- Premature Eruptions, Eruption Sequestrum, Delayed Eruption,
Multiple
Unerupted teeth, Submerged Teeth.
m) Developmental / Fissural cysts of the Oral cavity
- Median palatal cyst, Globulomaxillary cyst, Median
Mandibular cyst,
Naso-alveolar cyst, Palatal cyst of neonates, Thyroglossal duct
cyst,
Epidermoid, and Dermoid cyst, Nasopalatine cyst.
Theories, Clinical features, Classification, Histopathology,
3 Dental caries Microbiology of Dental caries ,Immunology, Caries activity 4
tests, Factors influencing caries
a) Diseases of the Dental Pulp
- Pulpitis, Focal Reversible Pulpitis, Chronic Pulpitis, Pulp Polyp.
b) Diseases of the Periapical Tissues
- Periapical Granuloma, Periapical Abscess, Periapical Cyst
Diseases of the c) Osteomyelitis
Pulp & - Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis, Chronic Focal and Diffuse
4 6
Periapical Sclerosing Osteomyelitis, Garre's Ostemyelitis
tissues Sequelae of periapical abscess - summary of space infections,
systemic complications & significance
Cellulitis, Ludwig’s angina, Intra cranial complication of dental
infection, Maxillary sinusitis, Focal infection and foci of
infection
Topics for III
Description
Year
1 Benign and Classification of Odontogenic, Non-Odontogenic & Salivary

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 malignant Gland Tumours. Etiopathogenesis, clinical features,
tumours of histopathology, radiological features & laboratory diagnosis (as
Oral cavity appropriate) of the following common tumours :- 1
1.Odontogenic tumours
-Classification
Benign
a.Odontogenic epithelium without odontogenic
ectomesenchyme-Ameloblastoma, Calcifying Epithelial
Odontogenic Tumour, Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumour,
Squamous Odontogenic tumour
b.Odontogenic epithelium with Odontogenic ectomesenchyme- 9
Ameloblastic Fibroma ,Ameloblastic fibro odontoma,
Odontoma,Dentinogenic Ghost cell Tumour
c.Odontogenic ectomesenchyme with or without included
odontogenic epithelium-Peripheral and Central odontogenic
fibroma, Odontogenic Myxoma, Benign cementoblastoma
Malignant
a.Odontogenic carcinomas: Metastasizing ameloblastoma,
Ameloblastic carcinoma
2. Non-odontogenic
a. Benign tumours of epithelial tissue origin
-Papilloma, Keratoacanthoma,Nevus 30
b. Premalignant lesions and conditions
-Definition, Classification
-Epithelial dysplasia
-Leukoplakia, Carcinoma in situ, Erythroplakia, Oral submucous
fibrosis
c. Malignant tumours of epithelial tissue origin
-Basal cell carcinoma, Epidermoid carcinoma (Epidemiology, etiology,
clinical & histological features, Grading and TNM staging), Verrucous
carcinoma ,Malignant melanoma, Recent advances in diagnosis ,
management and prevention of Oral cancer
d. Benign tumours of Connective tissue origin
-Fibroma, Giant cell fibroma, Peripheral and Central ossifying fibroma,

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 Lipoma, Haemangioma(different types), Lymphangioma, Chondroma,
Osteoma, Osteoid osteoma, Benign osteoblastoma, Tori and Multiple
exostoses
e. Tumour like lesions of Connective tissue origin-
-,Peripheral ossifying fibroma
f. Malignant tumours of Connective tissue origin
-Fibrosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma,
Osteosarcoma ,Hodgkin’s and Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s
lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Solitary Plasma cell myeloma
g. Benign tumours of Muscle tissue origin 8
-Leiomyoma, Rhabdomyoma, Congenital Epulis of new born, Granular
cell tumour
h. Benign and Malignant tumours of Nerve tissue origin
-Neurofibroma and Neurofibromatosis, Schwannoma, Melanotic
neuroectodermal tumour of infancy, Malignant Schwannoma.
i. Metastatic tumours of Jaws and Soft tissues of Oral cavity
3. Salivary Gland
Benign neoplasms - Pleomorphic Adenoma, Warthin's tumour,
& Oncocytoma.
Malignant neoplasms –Malignant Pleomorphic adenoma
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma, Acinic
Cell Carcinoma & Adenocarcinomas.
Classification, etiopathogenesis, clinical features,
histopathology, laboratory & radiological features (as
appropriate) of
Odontogenic cysts- Odontogenic keratocyst, Dentigerous cyst,
Cysts of the Oral
Primordial cyst, Dental lamina cyst of newborn ,Gingival cyst of
2 & Paraoral 8
adults, Lateral periodontal cyst, Calcifying odontogenic cyst,
region
Radicular cyst
N on-Odontogenic cysts- Pseudocysts of jaws, Aneurysmal
bone cyst, Traumatic bone cyst & soft tissue cysts of oral &
paraoral region.
Non neoplastic Sialolithiasis,Sialosis, Sialadenitis, Xerostomia & Ptyalism.
3.
Salivary Gland Sjogren’s syndrome ,Benign lymphoepithelial lesion, 2

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 Diseases : Necrotizing sialometaplasia
Pyogenic granuloma, Peripheral& Central Giant cell granuloma,
exostoses Fibrous Hyperplasia, Traumatic Ulcer, mucocele &
Traumatic,
Traumatic Neuroma. 5
Reactive &
Attrition, Abrasion, Abfraction Erosion, Bruxism,
Regressive
4. Hypercementosis, Dentinal changes, Pulp calcifications &
lesions of Oral
Resorption of teeth.
Cavity :
Radiation effects of oral cavity,
Allergic reactions of the oral cavity.
-Angioedema, Stomatitis medicamentosa, Stomatitis venenata
Microbiology, defense mechanisms including immunological
aspects, oral manifestations, histopathogy and laboratory
diagnosis of common bacterial, viral & fungal infections namely
:-
Microbial Bacterial: Scarlet fever, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Syphilis,
infections of Actinomycoses & its complications - Cancrum Oris, Tetanus,
5. 10
oral soft tissues Noma.
: Viral: Herpes Simplex, Varicella zoster, Measles, Mumps & HIV
infection and Oral manifestation of AIDS.
Fungal : Candidiasis, Histoplasmosis
Immunological diseases: Reccurent Aphthous stomatitis,
Bechet’s syndrome, Reiter’s syndrome, Sarcoidosis.
Common non- Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, radiological & laboratory
inflammatory values in diagnosis of: Fibrous dysplasia, Cherubism,
6. diseases Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Paget's bone disease, Cleidocranial 6
involving the dysplasia, Rickets, Achondroplasia, Marfan's syndrome , Down's
jaws syndrome and Histiocytosis X disease.
Biopsy, Factors affecting healing of wounds
Cytology and -healing of extraction wound and Dry socket 4
7. Healing of Oral Biopsy-techniques, Healing of biopsy wound
wounds -Exfoliative cytology-Indications, Staining and Interpretation

Systemic Brief review & oral manifestations, diagnosis & significance of

8.
Diseases common Blood, Nutritional, Hormonal & Metabolic diseases of 4

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 involving Oral Oral cavity.
cavity a. Blood dyscrasias-Clinico-pathological aspects and oral
manifestations of
Anemias,Polycythemia,Leukopenia,Neutropenia,Agranulocytosi 5
s,Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Leukocytosis, Infectious
mononucleosis, Leukemias , Purpura Haemophilia
b. Oral aspects of Disturbances in mineral metabolism
c. Oral aspects of Avitaminosis and Hypervitaminoses
d. Oral Aspects of Endocrine dysfunction
Etiopathogenesis, clinical features & histopathology of the
Mucocutaneou following common lesions. Lichen Planus, Lupus
9. s Iesions : Erythematosus, Pemphigus & Pemphigoid lesions, Erythema 10
Multiforme, Psoriasis, Scleroderma, Ectodermal Dysplasia,
Epidermolysis bullosa & White sponge nevus.
Stains, Calculus, Dental plaque
Etiopathogenesis, microbiology, clinical features,
histopathology & radiological features (as appropriate) of
Periodontal
10. gingivitis, gingival enlargement, ANUG, chronic desquamative 4
Diseases :
gingivitis periodontitis and juvenile periodontitis. Basic
immunological mechanisms of periodontal disease to be
highlighted.
Ankylosis, luxation and subluxation, summary of different types
Diseases of TM
11. of arthritis & other developmental malformations, traumatic
Joint
injuries & myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. 2
Diseases of the Facial neuralgias – Trigeminal, Sphenopalatine &
Nerves : Glossopharyngeal neuralgias, VII nerve paralysis, Causalgia 2
12.
Psychogenic facial pain & Burning mouth syndrome.
Pigmentation of Oral & Paraoral region & Discolouration of
Pigmentation
teeth : 2
13. of Oral tissues
Causes & clinical manifestations.

Diseases of Traumatic injuries to sinus, Sinusitis, Cysts & Tumours involving

Maxillary 2
14. antrum
Sinus
Principles of Introduction, definition, aims & scope.
Basic Forensic Sex and ethnic (racial) differences in tooth morphology and

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15. Odontology histological age estimation
Determination of sex & blood groups from buccal mucosa / 6
saliva.
Dental DNA methods
Bite marks, rugae patterns &lip prints
Dental importance of poisons and corrosives
Overview of forensic medicine and toxicology

d) LABORATORY/PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
Students have to maintain records of laboratory procedures/work done/report of practical:
i. Oral Pathology and Microbiology
Identification of the hard tissue anomalies:
Microdontic tooth
Macrodontic tooth
Gemination of tooth
Fused teeth
Concrescence of tooth
Dilaceration
Dens in dente
Dens evaginatus
Supernumerary root
Hypoplastic enamel
Fluorosis
Abrasion
Attrition
Fracture tooth
Stained tooth
Hypercementosis
Complex &Compound Odontomes
Examination of the following gross specimens:
Papilloma
Fibroma
Torus
Carcinoma of oral structures
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 Salivary Gland Tumours
Ameloblastoma
Periapical Granuloma
Dentigerous Cyst
Pulp Polyp
Histopathologic review of:
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
Leukoplakia
Carcinoma in situ
Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Carcinoma of Oral Mucosa
Pleomorphic Adenoma
Malignant Pleomorphic Adenoma
Mucous extravasation cyst
Mucous retention cyst
Warthin’s tumour
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Periapical cyst
Dentigerous Cyst
Odontogenic Keratocyst
Ameloblastoma
Gingival Hyperplasia
ANUG
Lichen Planus
Pemphigus
Dental Caries
ii. Forensic Pathology
Age determination from skull.
Gustafson’s method of age determination- using incisors

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e) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Types of Questions for University Written Examination:
Types of Questions and
Contents Total Marks
Distribution of Marks
One or both questions can be Essays
20
from Oral pathology. 2x 10marks
A. Oral Pathology - three
questions Short Notes
20
B. Oral Microbiology - one 4x5marks
question
A. Oral Pathology - eight
questions Brief Notes
30
B. Forensic Odontology - two 10x3marks
questions
Total 70
i. Theory
University Written 70 Marks
Viva Voce 20Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

ii. Clinical:
University Clinical Examination: 80 Marks
Spotters (Specimen-identification & points in support-5x 4 Marks) 20 Marks
Histopathology slides(Diagram, Labelling and salient features) 10x4 40Marks
Forensic Odontology (Estimation of age from ground sections) 10 Marks
Clinical Work Record & Seminar 10 Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks
Grand Total 200Marks

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15. PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY

a) GOAL:
To prevent and control oral diseases and promote oral health through organized community
efforts
b) OBJECTIVES:
i. Knowledge:
At the conclusion of the course the student shall have a knowledge of the basis of public
health, preventive dentistry, public health problems in India, palliative care, Nutrition,
Environment and their role in health, basics of dental statistics, epidemiological methods,
National oral health policy with emphasis on oral health policy.
ii. Skill and Attitude:
At the conclusion of the course the students shall have acquired the skill of identifying
health problems affecting the society, conducting health surveys, conducting health
education classes and deciding health strategies. Students should develop a positive
attitude towards the problems of the society and must take responsibilities in providing
health and palliative care.
iii. Communication abilities:
At the conclusions of the course the student should be able to communicate the needs of
the community efficiently, inform the society of all the recent methodologies in preventing
oral disease.

PALLIATIVE CARE:

Objective of including palliative care in to the curriculum of BDS:

Objective of the curriculum is to train future dental surgeons in the basics of Palliative
Medicine. Palliative medicine is the branch of medicine involved in the treatment of patients
with advanced, progressive, life-threatening disease for whom the focus of care is
maximising their quality of life through expert symptom management, psychological, social
and spiritual support as part of a multi-professional team. Government of Kerala has
declared palliative care as part of Primary Health Care. Dental surgeons come across many
patients with chronic and incurable diseases like cancer, HIV-AIDS etc. Also learning the
symptom, control and communication will help them to provide better care to the patients
coming under their care.

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 Structure of the Training:

The palliative care training will be given in the third academic year. The training to include
didactic sessions, role plays, discussions, case presentations

Theory*: Introduction (3 hours), Communication (5 hours), Pain management (3 hours),

Nursing care (3 hours). Total 14 hours

*Classes in Palliative care to be handled by faculty in Public Health Dentistry who have
undergone training in palliative care from KUHS recognised centres.

1: Introduction to palliative care

Learning Outcomes:
The trainee will be able to discuss the philosophy and definitions of palliative care. The
trainee will demonstrate that this knowledge and understanding improves his/ her clinical
practice, decision-making and management of practice.
The trainee will demonstrate the knowledge, attitudes and skills required to foster timely
and efficient communication between services necessary for a smooth continuum of patient
care
The trainee will demonstrate the skilful application of knowledge and understanding to
prepare individuals for bereavement, to support the acutely grieving person/family. This will
include the ability to anticipate / recognise abnormal grief and access specialist help
The trainee will demonstrate an understanding of the theoretical basis for applied ethics in
clinical practice, and be able to evaluate personal attitudes, beliefs and behaviours.
The trainee will demonstrate an awareness of, and respect for, the social and cultural values
and practices of others
The trainee will recognise differences in beliefs and personal values. The trainee will be able
to deal with conflicts in the beliefs and values within the clinical team. The trainee will
recognise the psycho social and spiritual components of problems in advanced diseases and
understand the role of non-professional members of the community in addressing them.

Block 1: Philosophy and Principles of palliative care.

Unit 1: Definitions- hospice, palliative care and terminal care, Principles of palliative care.
Quality of Life (QOL), concepts of ‘Good Death’, grief, bereavement team work, inter and
multidisciplinary teams. Role of family and community, ethics, spirituality
 Definitions of: palliative care approach; general palliative care; specialist palliative care;
hospice; specialist palliative care unit; palliative medicine; supportive care
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  Evolving nature of palliative care over the course of illness, including integration with active
treatment, and the significance of transition points
 Differing concepts of what constitutes quality of life (including measurement) and a “good
death”
 Re-adaptation and rehabilitation
 Shared care with other members of the team and community as a doctor and an individual
 Communication skills relevant to negotiating these roles
 Critical analysis of current theoretical approaches to: medical ethics, including ‘four
principles (beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and respect for autonomy)
 Understanding the concept of spirituality
2: Psychological issues and communication

Learning Outcomes:

The trainee will demonstrate knowledge and understanding of psychological responses to

illness in a range of situations, and skills in assessing and managing these in practice
The trainee will demonstrate good communication skills and use of reflective practice to
ensure these skills are maintained.
The trainee will be able to identify obstacles to communication and demonstrate skills in
overcoming these.
The trainee will demonstrate a professional attitude to confidentiality

Block 1: Communication.
Unit 1: Communication- Different types, barriers, how to overcome?
Unit 2: Breaking bad news, and handling uncertainty, collusion, denial, anxiety, depression,
anger
 Skills in active listening, open questioning and information giving to:
 elicit concerns across physical, psychological, social and spiritual domains
 managing awkward questions and information giving, sensitively and as appropriate to
wishes and needs of the individual
 facilitate decision making and promote autonomy of the individual patient
 Ensure that the patient is apprised of arrangements for the continuity of their care and
whom to contact in case of need.

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  Knowledge of theories and evidence base for communication practice including breaking
bad news, collusion and discussing natural death
 Awareness of different styles of communications and critical evaluation of own consulting
skills
 Awareness of common barriers to communication for both patients and professionals
 Awareness of common communication problems: deafness, expression and learning
disabilities
 A professional understanding of the ethical and legal aspects to confidentiality

Block 2: The family in palliative care.

Unit 1: Terminal/ Chronic illnesses- problems of families.
Unit 2: Coping with the problems - patient to family, family to palliative Care worker, patient
to palliative care worker

3: Management of pain

Learning outcomes:
The trainee will have the knowledge, understanding and skills to manage pain in patients
with life limiting progressive diseases

Block 1: Pharmacological Management of pain.

Unit 1: General considerations, pathophysiology, types and assessment of pain
Unit 2: WHO analgesic ladder
Unit 3: Opioids, nonopioid analgesics and adjuvants in pain management.
Unit 4: Neuropathic pain, diagnosis and management
Unit 5: Other Pains- Breakthrough pain, incident pain, end of dose pain –management
Unit 6: Relevant invasive procedures for pain management.

4: Nursing Care

Learning outcomes:
The trainee will inculcate knowledge and skills required to identify, manage and refer
problems in need of specific nursing interventions during the course of palliative care

Block 1: Mouth care & nutrition

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 Unit 1: Management of oral problems in advanced/terminal disease
Unit 2: Nutritional requirements in chronic /terminal disease.

Block 2: Wound care

Unit 1: Prevention and Management of Pressure sores, fungating and Painful ulcers
Unit 2: Management of bleeding from wounds.

c) THEORY: 74 HOURS ( III yr. 24hrs, Final Yr. Part I. 50 hrs)

Sl.No. Topic No. of hours
1. Introduction to Dentistry: Definition of Dentistry, History of
3
dentistry, Scope, aims and objectives of Dentistry.
2. Public Health:
i. Health & Disease: - Concepts, Philosophy, Definition and
4
Characteristics
ii. Public Health: - Definition & Concepts, History of public
1
health
iii. General Epidemiology: - Definition, objectives, methods 3
iv. Environmental Health: - Concepts, principles, protection,
sources, purification environmental sanitation of water, 3
disposal of waste, sanitation, their role in mass disorder
v. Health Education: - Definition, concepts, principles, methods,
2
and health education aids
vi. Public Health Administration: - Priority, establishment,
manpower, private practice management, hospital 1
management
vii. Ethics and Jurisprudence: Professional liabilities, negligence,
malpractice, consents, evidence, contracts, and methods of, 3
identification in forensic dentistry
viii. Nutrition in oral diseases 1
ix. Behavioral science: Definition of sociology,
anthropology and psychology and their relevance in dental 3
practice and community
x. Health care delivery system: Center and state, oral health
2
policy, primary health care, national programmes, health

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 organizations. Primary Health care counselling
3. Dental Public Health
i. Definition and difference between community and clinical
2
health.
ii. Epidemiology of dental diseases-dental caries, periodontal
6
diseases, malocclusion, dental fluorosis and oral cancer.
iii. Survey procedures: Planning, implementation and
evaluation, WHO oral health survey methods 1997, indices 3
for dental diseases
iv. Delivery of dental care: Dental auxiliaries, operational and
non-operational, incremental and comprehensive health 2
care, school dental health.
v. Payments of dental care: Methods of payments and dental
2
insurance, government plans
vi. Preventive Dentistry- definition, Levels, role of individual,
community and profession, fluorides in dentistry, plaque 5
control programmes.
4. Research Methodology and Dental Statistics
i. Health Information: - Basic knowledge of Computers, MS
1
Office, Window 2000, Statistical Programmes
ii. Research Methodology: -Definition, types of research,
1
designing a written protocol
iii. Bio-Statistics: - Introduction, collection of data, presentation
of data, Measures of Central tendency, measures of
6
dispersion, Tests of significance, Sampling and sampling
techniques-types, errors, bias, blind trails and calibration.
5. Practice Management
i. Place and locality
ii. Premises & layout 4
iii. Selection of equipments
iv. Maintenance of records/accounts/audit.
v. Dentist Act 1948 with amendment. Dental Council of India
1
and State Dental Councils Composition and responsibilities.
vi. Indian Dental Association Head Office, State, local and 1

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 branches.
6. Palliative Care
i. Introduction 3
ii. Communication 5
iii. Pain management 3
iv. Nursing care 3
d) PRACTICALS/CLINICALS/FIELD PROGRAMME IN PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY:
These exercises designed to help the student in IV and V year:
i. Understand the community aspects of dentistry
ii. To take up leadership role in solving community oral health programme
iii. To gain hands on experience on research methodology
e) PRACTICALS: 200 HOURS (III Yr.60Hrs.Final Yr. Part I 140Hrs.)
Sl.No. Exercise No. of hours
1. Short term research project: Epidemiology & Advocacy 60
Purpose: Apply the theory and practice of epidemiology, planning
and evaluation, statistics to dental public health. Most of the
students are unfamiliar with research and hence this short term
project which will be divided across two years (IV and V BDS) would
address this issue.
Depending on the topic chosen student can incorporate
a) Collection of statistical data (demographic) on population in
India, birth rates, morbidity and mortality, literacy, per capita
income
b) Incidence and prevalence of common oral diseases like
dental caries, periodontal disease, oral cancer, fluorosis at
national and international levels
c) Preparation of oral health education material posters,
models, slides, lectures, plays acting skits etc.
d) Oral health status assessment of the community using
indices and WHO basic oral health survey methods
e) Exploring and planning setting of private dental clinics in
rural, semi urban and urban locations, availment of finances
for dental practices-preparing project report.
2. Field visits 100

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 a) Visit to primary health center-to acquaint with activities and
primary health care delivery.
b) Visit to water purification plant/public health
laboratory/center for treatment of western and sewage
water
c) Visit to schools-to assess the oral health status of school
children, emergency treatment and health education
including possible preventive care at school (tooth brushing
technique demonstration and oral rinse programme etc.)
d) Visit to institution for the care of handicapped, terminally ill,
physically, mentally, or medically compromised patients
Note : Field visits should have relevance to the short term research
project as far as possible
Minimum of two visits – one per year (IV and V BDS)
3. Preventive dentistry: in the department application of pit and 40
fissure sealants, fluoride gel application procedure, A. R. T.,
Comprehensive health for 5 pts at least 2 patients.
4. Statistical exercise

Note: The colleges are encouraged to involve in the National Service Scheme. programme for students
to carry out social work in rural areas.

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 SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Types of Questions for University Written Examination:
Types of Questions and
Contents Total Marks
Distribution of Marks
Structured Essays
20
Any topic within the syllabus of 2x 10marks
Public Health Dentistry Short Notes
20
4 x 5marks
Any topic within the syllabus of
Brief Notes
Public Health Dentistry two 30
10x3marks
questions from palliative care
Total 70
iii. Theory
University Written 70 Marks
Viva Voce 20 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

iv. Clinical:
University Clinical Examination: 80 Marks
Case history taking 10 Marks
Assessment of oral health status using any 2 relevant indices 30Marks
Spotters (Epidemiology, biostatistics, Preventive dentistry,
Bioethics) 20Marks
Oral Health Education Talk/ Presentation of oral health
education material/Short term student research project
presentation /statistical test 15 Marks
Record 5Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks

Grand Total 200Marks

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16. PERIODONTOLOGY
a) OBJECTIVES:
The student shall acquire the skill to:-
i. Perform dental scaling diagnostic tests of periodontal diseases
ii. To use the instruments for periodontal therapy and maintenance of the same.
The student shall develop attitude to:-
i. Impart the preventive measures namely, the prevention of periodontal diseases and
prevention of the progress of the disease
ii. Perform the treatment with full aseptic precautions
iii. Shall develop an attitude to prevent iatrogenic diseases
iv. To conserve the tooth to the maximum possible time by maintaining periodontal health
v. To refer the patients who require specialist's care.
b) THEORY: 80 HOURS (III yr.30hrs,Final yr. Part I . 50 hrs)
Topic Hours
1. Introduction, Definition of Periodontology, Periodontics, Periodontia,
1
Brief historical background, Scope of Periodontics
2. Development of periodontal tissues, Micro-structural anatomy and
biology of periodontal tissues in detail Gingiva. Junctional epithelium in
1
detail, Epithelial-Mesenchymal interaction, periodontal ligament,
Cementum, Alveolar bone
3. Defensive mechanisms in the oral cavity: Role of Epithelium, Gingival
1
fluid, Saliva and other defensive mechanisms in the oral environment
4. Age changes in teeth and periodontal structures and their association
1
with periodontal diseases and their significance in Geriatric dentistry
5. Classification of periodontal diseases: need for classification, Scientific
basis of classification, Classification of gingival and periodontal diseases 1
as described in World Workshopl989
6. Gingivitis: Plaque associated, ANUG, steroid hormone influenced,
Medication influenced, Desquamative gingivitis, other forms of gingivitis 1
as in nutritional deficiency, bacterial and viral infections etc.
7. Periodontitis: Adult Periodontitis, rapidly progressive Periodontitis A &B,
Juvenile Periodontitis (localized, generalized, and post-juvenile), 1
Prepubertal Periodontitis, Refractory Periodontitis
8. Gingival diseases: Localized and generalized gingivitis, Papillary, marginal 7

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 and diffuse gingivitis aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, symptoms
and management of
a) Plaque associated gingivitis
b) Systemically aggravated gingivitis (sex hormones, drugs and
systemic diseases)
c) ANUG
d) Desquamative gingivitis-Gingivitis associated with Lichen Planus,
Pemphigoid, Pemphigus, and other Vesiculobullous lesions
e) Allergic gingivitis
f) Infective gingivitis-Herpetic, Bacterial and Candidial
g) Pericoronitis
h) Gingival enlargement (classification and differential diagnosis)
9. Epidemiology of periodontal diseases Definition of index, incidence,
prevalence, epidemiology, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic
Classification of indices (Irreversible and reversible), deficiencies of
earlier indices used in Periodontics, Detailed understanding of Silness &
Loe Plaque Index, Loe & Silness Gingival Index, CPITN &CPL, Prevalence of 3
periodontal diseases in India and other countries. Public health
significance (All these topics are covered at length under community
dentistry. Hence, the topics may be discussed briefly. However, questions
may be asked from the topics for examination.)
10. Extension of inflammation from Gingiva, mechanism of spread of
inflammation from gingival area to deeper periodontal structures, 1
Factors that modify the spread
11. Pocket ,Definition, signs and symptoms, classification, pathogenesis,
1
histopathology, root surface changes and contents of the pocket
12. Etiology
a) Dental Plaque (Biofilm), Definition, New concept of Biofilm , Types,
composition, bacterial colonization, growth, maturation &disclosing
agents, Role of dental plaque in periodontal diseases, Plaque
5
microorganisms in detail and bacteria associated with periodontal
diseases, Plaque retentive factors, Materia alba, Food debris
b) Calculus, Definition, Types, composition, attachment, theories of
formation, Role of calculus in disease

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 c) Food Impaction, Definition Types, Etiology, Hirschfield’s
classification, Signs, symptoms & sequelae of treatment
d) Trauma from occlusion, Definition, Types, Histopathological
changes, Role in periodontal disease, Measures of management in
brief
e) Habits, Their periodontal significance, Bruxism & Parafunctional
habits, tongue thrusting, lip biting, occupational habits
f) Iatrogenic factors,
(i) Conservative Dentistry:-Restorations, Contact point,
marginal ridge, surface roughness, overhanging
restorations, interface between restoration and teeth
(ii) Prosthodontics, Interrelationship, Bridges and other
prosthesis, Pontics (types), surface contour, relationships 4
of margins to the periodontium, gingival protection
theory, muscle action theory& theory of access to oral
hygiene.
(iii) Orthodontics, Interrelationship, removable appliances &
fixed appliances, Retention of plaque, bacterial changes
g) Systemic diseases, Diabetes, Sex hormones, nutrition ( Vit.C&
proteins),AIDS & periodontium, Hemorrhagic diseases, Leukemia, 1
clotting factor disorders, PMN 1disorder
13. Risk factors, Definition, Risk factors for periodontal diseases 1
14. Host response: Mechanism of initiation and progression of periodontal
diseases, Basic concepts about cells, Mast cells, neutrophils,
macrophages, lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, complement system,
2
immune mechanisms & cytokines in brief, Stages in gingivitis-Initial,
early, established & advanced, Periodontal disease activity, continuous
paradigm, random burst & asynchronous multiple burst hypothesis
15. Periodontitis:
a) Etiology, histopathology, clinical signs & symptoms, diagnosis and
treatment of adult Periodontitis
5
b) Periodontal abscess; definition, classification, pathogenesis,
differential diagnosis and treatment
c) Furcation involvement, Glickman’s classification, prognosis and

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 management
d) Rapidly progressive Periodontitis Juvenile Periodontitis: Localized
and generalized Post juvenile Periodontitis
e) Periodontitis associated with systemic diseases ,Refractory
Periodontitis
16. Diagnosis:
a) Routine procedures, methods of probing, 2 types of probes,
(According to case history) 3
b) Halitosis: Etiology and treatment. Mention advanced diagnostic aids
and their role in brief.
17. Prognosis, Definition, types, purpose and factors to be taken into
1
consideration
18. Treatment plan Factors to be considered 1
19. Periodontal therapy
a) General principles of periodontal therapy. Phase I, II, III, IV therapy.
b) Definition of periodontal regeneration, repair, new attachment and
reattachment
c) Plaque control 5
(i) mechanical :tooth brushes, Interdental cleaning aids,
dentifrices
(ii) Chemical: classification and mechanism of action of each
& pocket irrigation
20. Pocket eradication procedures
a) Scaling and root planning: Indications, Aims & objectives, Healing
following root planning, Hand instruments, sonic, ultrasonic &
Piezo-electric Scalers
b) Curettage: Definition Indications present concepts Aims 5
&objectives, Procedures & healing response
c) Flap surgery: Definition, Types of flaps, Design of flaps, papilla
preservation Indications & contraindications, Armamentarium,
Surgical procedure & healing response
21. Osseous Surgery:
a) Osseous defects in periodontal disease, Definition, Classification 6
b) Surgery: resective, additive osseous surgery (osseous grafts with

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 classification of grafts)
c) Healing responses
d) Other regenerative procedures; root conditioning
e) Guided tissue regeneration
22. Mucogingival surgery & periodontal plastic surgery:
a) Definition, Mucogingival problems: etiology,
b) classification of gingival recession ( P.D.Miller Jr. and Sullivan and
Atkins), Indications, objectives
5
c) Gingival Augmentation procedures apical and coronal to recession :
d) Frenectomy, Frenotomy
e) Crown lengthening procedures
f) Periodontal microsurgery in brief
g) Splints: Periodontal splints, Purpose & classification, Principles of
1
splinting
h) Hypersensitivity, Cause, theories & Management 1
i) Implants: Definition, types, scope & biomaterials used, Periodontal
considerations: such as Implant-bone interface, Implant-Gingiva 1
interface, Implant failure, Peri-implantitis &management
23. Maintenance phase (SPT):
a. Causes, Theories & management
b. Aims, objectives, and principles
4
c. Importance
d. Procedures
e. Maintenance of implants
24. Pharmacotherapy:
a. Periodontal dressings
4
b. Antibiotics & anti-inflammatory drugs
c. Local drug delivery systems
25. Periodontal management of medically compromised patients: Topics
concerning periodontal management of medically compromised 2
patients
26. Inter-disciplinary care: Pulpo-Periodontal involvement, Routes of spread
1
of infection, Simons classification, Management
27. Systemic effects of periodontal diseases in brief: Cardiovascular diseases, 1

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 Low birth weight babies etc.
28. Infection control protocol: Sterilization and various aseptic procedures 1
29. Ethics. 1

c) TUTORIALS DURING CLINICAL POSTING:

i. Infection control
ii. Periodontal instruments
iii. Chair position and principles of instrumentation
iv. Maintenance of instruments (sharpening)
v. Ultrasonic, Piezoelectric and sonic scaling - demonstration of technique
vi. Diagnosis of periodontal disease and determination of prognosis
vii. Radiographic interpretation and lab investigations
viii. Motivation of patients- oral hygiene instructions
ix. Students should be able to record a detailed periodontal case history, determine
diagnosis, prognosis and plan treatment.
x. Student should perform scaling, root plaining local drug delivery and SPT.
xi. Shall be given demonstration of all periodontal surgical procedures.
d) DEMONSTRATIONS:
i. History taking and clinical examination of the patients
ii. Recording different indices
iii. Methods of using various scaling and surgical instruments
iv. Polishing the teeth
v. Bacterial smear taking
vi. Demonstration to patients about different oral hygiene aids
vii. Surgical procedures- gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, and flap operations
viii. Follow up procedures, post operative care and supervision

e) MINIMUM CLINICAL REQUIREMENTS MANDATORY TO APPEAR FOR UNIVERSITY

EXAMINATION:
i. Diagnosis, treatment planning, and discussion and total periodontal treatment- 10 cases
(5 Long cases + 5 Short Cases)
ii. Supra gingival scaling 50 complete cases (including minimum 2 ultrasonic scaling) and
oral hygiene instructions –
iii. Sub gingival Scaling and Root Plaining - 10 cases
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 iv. Assistance in periodontal surgery- 2 cases
v. A work record should be maintained by all the students and should
be submitted at the time of examination after due certification from the head of the
department.
vi. Students should have to complete the work prescribed by the concerned department
from time to time and submit a certified record for evaluation.

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f) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Types of Questions for University Written Examination:
Types of Questions and
Contents Total Marks
Distribution of Marks
Structured Essays
20
2x 10marks
Questions from any of the Short Notes
20
Periodontology Topics 4 x 5marks
Brief Notes
30
10x3marks
Total 70
v. Theory
University Written 70 Marks
Viva Voce 20 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

vi. Clinical:
University Clinical Examination: 80 Marks
Case History, Clinical Examination, Diagnosis &
Treatment Planning 30Marks
Oral prophylaxis 30 Marks
Clinical Work Record & Seminar 20 Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks

Grand Total 200Marks

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 17. ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY
a) AIM
i. To train the students to diagnose the common disorders of Orofacial region by clinical
examination and with the help of such investigations as may be required and medical
management of oro-facial disorders with drugs and physical agents.
ii. To train the students about the importance, role, use and techniques of radiographs and
other imaging methods in diagnosis.
iii. The principles of the clinical and radiographic aspects of Forensic Odontology.
b) COURSE CONTENT
i. The syllabus in ORAL MEDICINE & RADIOLOGY is divided into two main parts.
Part-I: Diagnosis, Diagnostic methods and Oral Medicine {which is again subdivided into
three sections. (a) Diagnostic methods (b) Diagnosis and differential diagnosis (c) Oral
Medicine & Therapeutics} and Part-II: Oral Radiology. Emphasis should be laid on oral
manifestations of systemic diseases and ill-effects of oral sepsis on general health.
ii. To avoid confusion regarding which lesion and to what extent the student should learn and
know, this elaborate syllabus is prepared. As certain lesions come under more than one
group, there is repetition.
c) THEORY: 75 HOURS (III YR. 25 HRS, FINAL YR. PART. I. 50 HRS.)
THEORY TOPICS FOR THIRD YEAR (25 Hrs)
Sl Oral Medicine Topics Hours
No
1. Introduction to oral medicine, terminologies & Ethics (Professional liabilities, negligence, 1
malpractice, consent etc)
2. Case history and clinical examination (examination of soft tissues and hard tissues, 2
primary & secondary lesions, lymph nodes, TMJ, muscles of mastication, salivary glands,
swelling, ulcer, white & red lesions, pigmented lesions)
3. Lymphatic drainage of head and neck. D/d of cervical lymphadenopathy 1
4. Investigations in oral medicine (chair side and laboratory investigations including 2
haematological, microbiological, immunologic, biochemical and biopsy).
5. Dental therapeutics (drugs commonly used: antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, analgesics, 2
anaesthetics, steroids, topical applications, coagulants &anticoagulants, sialogogues).
6. Emergencies in dental practice 1
7. Developmental disorders of the teeth & paradental structures 1
8. Acute and chronic infections of the jaws (sequalae of dental infection, spread of 1
infection, facial space infections, osteomyelitis, foci of oral infections)
9. Disorders of tongue 1
Total Oral Medicine teaching hours in third year 12
Radiology Topics
1. lHistory of dental radiology, Radiation Physics (electromagnetic spectrum, properties of X 1
rays)

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2. Construction and working of x-ray tube, production of X-rays, factors controlling x-ray 2
beam, interaction of x-rays with matter
3. Radiation biology. 1
4. Radiation protection. 1
5. Films used in dental radiology, grids and intensifying screen 1
6. Intraoral radiographic techniques (periapical, bitewing, occlusal & localization techniques). 2
7. Processing of X-ray films. 1
8. Qualities of an ideal radiograph. 1
9. Infection control and Quality assurance in Dental Radiology 1
10. Radiographic normal anatomical landmarks. 2
Total Radiology teaching hours in third year 13
THEORY TOPICS FOR FINAL YEAR PART I (50 Hrs)
Sl Oral Medicine Topics Hours
No1. Oro Facial pain (Classification, differential diagnosis & management) 2
2. White & Red lesions (classification, differential diagnosis and Management). 2
3. Potentially malignant
Vesiculobullous Oral disorders:
& Ulcerative lesionsClinical features,
(classification, Diagnosisdiagnosis,
differential and management
management, a 1
2
note on autoimmune diseases affecting orofacial
4. Bacterial (Bacterial, Viral & Fungal infections) region) 1
5. Viral Infections of oral and paraoral structures 2
6. Fungal Infections of oral and paraoral structures 1
7. Granulomatous diseases affecting orofacial region 1
8. Nutritional deficiencies (Vitamins, Minerals) 1
9. Pigmented lesions affecting oral mucosa (exogenous & endogenous, differential 1
diagnosis)
10. RBC &WBC disorders (oral manifestations & dental considerations) 2
11. Bleeding & Clotting disorders ( Oral manifestations & Dental considerations) 1
12. System review in oral medicine - Endocrine (Pituitary, thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, 1
Diabetics, pregnancy -oral manifestation & dental considerations)
13. System review in oral medicine - CVS (oral manifestation & dental considerations) 1
14. System review in oral medicine - CNS , GIT & Respiratory System (oral 2
15. manifestation
System review&indental considerations)
oral medicine - Renal System (oral manifestation & dental 1
considerations)
16. Saliva as a diagnostic tool and salivary gland disorders (developmental, functional, 2
obstructive,
17. TMJ infections,
disorders neoplasms).
(classification, developmental disorders, degenerative disorders, disc 1
18. displacement, ankylosis,
Benign & malignant nonsubluxation,
- odontogenicdislocation).
tumors of the orofacial region (epithelial, 1
connective tissue, vascular,
19. Fibroosseous lesions of jaws nerve tissue.) 1
20. Cysts & of orofacial region (Odontogenic & Non Odontogenic). 1
21. Odontogenic Tumors 1
22. Oral Cancer (Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, Diagnosis, management & 2
prognosis)
23. Forensic odontology 2
Total Oral Medicine teaching hours in final year part I 33
Radiology Topics
1. Principles of radiographic interpretation. 1
2. Faulty radiographs :- Causes and rectification 1
3. Role of radiography in diagnosis of dental caries & periodontal disease. 1
4. Periapical radiolucencies & Generalized rarefactions of jaws 1
5. Pericoronal radiolucencies 1
6. Multilocular radiolucencies 1
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7. Radiopacities in jaws 1
8. Mixed radiopaque - radiolucent lesions of jaws. 1
9. Panoramic Radiography 1
10. Extra oral radiography &Imaging of maxillary sinus 1
11. TMJ radiography & Radiographic features of the diseases of TMJ. 1
12. Salivary gland imaging & Radiographic features of the diseases of salivary glands 1
13. Radiography of traumatized teeth & jaws 1
14. Contrast radiography, Radioisotopes & Scintigraphy 1
15. Digital radiography. 1
16. Recent imaging modalities and its application in dentistry (CT, CBCT, MRI & USG) 1
17. Role of radiographs in Forensic odontology 1
Total Radiology teaching hours in Final year Part I 17

d) CLINICALS:
1. Training in:
 Patient examination
 Patient assessment
 Treatment planning
 Medications if any, with dose
 Follow up protocols
2. In view of the above each student shall maintain a record of work done, which shall be
evaluated for marks at the time of university examination.
3. The minimum clinical requirement to appear for University examination is listed below:
Minimum clinical and academic requirements (Year wise split up)
Third Year
Sl No Procedure Minimum
requirement
1 Short cases (routine OP) 40
2 Observation of specialty cases in the PG Clinic 5
3 Observation of minor surgical procedures 2
4 *Seminar on basic topics 1
Final year Part I
Sl No Procedure Minimum
requirement
1 Short cases (routine OP) 60
2 Long Cases 10
3 Assisting minor surgical procedures 2
4 Taking & interpretation of IOPA radiographs 20
5 Taking & interpretation of Bitewing radiographs 2
6 Taking & interpretation of Occlusal radiographs 2
7 Observation of Specialized imaging modalities like panoramic & 4
skull radiographs, CBCT, USG etc…
8 Seminars 2 (One Oral
Medicine & One
Radiology topic)

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e) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Types of Questions for University Written Examination:
Types of Questions and
Contents Total Marks
Distribution of Marks
One question from oral
Structured Essays
medicine and one from 20
2x 10marks
radiology
A. Diagnostic Methods – Two
questions
B. Differntial Diagnosis - two
questions
C. Therapuetics– Two question Short Notes
20
D. Radiation Physics – One 4 x 5marks
question
E. Techniques – Two Questions
F. Radiographic Interpretation
– One Question
A. Four Questions from
Oral Medicne
B. Four Questions from Brief Notes
30
Radiology 10x3marks
C. Two from Forensic
Odontology
Total 70
vii. Theory
University Written 70 Marks
Viva Voce 20 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
viii. Clinical:
University Clinical Examination: 80 Marks
Spotters (1 mark each) 1x 10 10 Marks
Discussion Long Case 1x30 30 Marks
Taking and Interpretation of Radiograph 1x30 30 Marks
Work Record and seminar 10 Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks
Grand Total 200 marks

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18. ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPAEDICS

a) AIM
Undergraduate programme in Orthodontics is designed to enable the qualifying dental surgeon
to diagnose, analyze and treat common orthodontic problems by preventive, interceptive and
corrective orthodontic procedures
b) COURSE CONTENT
The undergraduate study of orthodontics spans over second year, third year and fourth year. In
second year the emphasis is given for basic and preclinical wire bending exercises and appliance
fabrication. In third year the student has to undergo clinical postings where patient care and
appliance management is emphasized. In fourth year of study the candidate will be allotted
with long cases for detailed discussion treatment plan formulation appliance construction,
insertion and management. In addition they will be trained to attend routine out patients,
appliance activation, cephalometric interpretation etc.
c) SKILLS
i. To diagnose a case of malocclusion and formulate a treatment plan
ii. To make a good alginate impression
iii. To fabricate a good study model
iv. To perform various model analysis and cephalometric analysis
v. To construct routine removable and myofunctional appliances using cold cure acrylic
vi. Insertion and management of appliance

d) INTEGRATION
By learning the science of Orthodontics, the student should be able to diagnose different types
of malocclusion, develop a treatment plan and manage simple malocclusions. The student
should acquire skills to recognize Complex malocclusions and the same may be referred to a
specialist.
This insight is gained in a variety of ways:

i. Pre clinical training

ii. Lectures & small group teaching
iii. Demonstrations
iv. Spot diagnosis and discussions
v. Long case discussions
vi. Seminar presentations
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e) AN OUTLINE OF THE COURSE CONTENT:
Study of clinical Orthodontics to enable the student to understand the science and art of
orthodontics

f) THEORY: 70 Hours (III yr. 20hrs, Final yr. Part. I. 50 Hrs)

Sl no Topics for III year Hours
Introduction definition historical background aims and objectives of
1 1
orthodontics and need for orthodontic care
Growth and development –General principles.
Definition, growth spurts and differential growth, factors influencing
growth and development, methods of measuring growth, Growth
theories (Genetic, Sicher's, Scott's, Moss's, Petrovic’s, Multifactorial)
1.Genetic and epigenetic factors in growth
2. Cephalocaudal gradient in growth.
3.Morphologic Development Of Craniofacial Structures
a. Methods of bone growth
b. Prenatal growth of craniofacial structures
2 c. Postnatal growth and development of: cranial base, maxilla, mandible, 7
dental arches and occlusion.
4. Functional Development of Dental Arches and Occlusion
a. Factors influencing functional development of dental arches and
occlusion.
b. Forces of occlusion
c. Wolfe's law of transformation of bone
d. Trajectories of forces
5. Clinical Application Of Growth And Development
Normal And Abnormal Function Of Stomatognathic System
Occlusion and Malocclusion in general
a. Concept of normal occlusion
b.. Definition of malocclusion
3 4
c. Description of different types of dental, skeletal and functional
malocclusion.
Classification of Malocclusion

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 Principle, description, advantages and disadvantages of classification of
malocclusion by Angle's, Simon's, Lischer's and Ackerman and Proffitt's.
Etiology of malocclusion
a. Definition, importance, classification, local and general etiological
4 2
factors.
b.. Etiology of various types of malocclusion.
Diagnosis And Diagnostic Aids
a. Definition, Importance and classification of diagnostic aids
b. Importance of case history and clinical examination in orthodontics
c. Study Models: - Importance and uses - Preparation and preservation
of study models
d. Importance of intraoral X-rays in orthodontics
e. Panoramic radiographs: - Principles, Advantages, disadvantages and
uses
5 f) Cephalometrics: Its advantages, disadvantages 5
1. Definition
2. Description and use of cephalostat
3. Description and uses of anatomical landmarks lines and angles used in
Cephalometric analysis
4. Analysis- Steiner's, Down's, Tweed's, Witts, Ricket's-E- line
g. Electromyography and its uses in orthodontics h. Wrist X-rays and its
importance in orthodontics

Topics for Final year ( Part I)

Preventive orthodontics
1 Definition and Different procedures undertaken in preventive 2
orthodontics and their limitations
Interceptive orthodontics
a. Definition
b. Different procedures undertaken in interceptive orthodontics
2 3
c. Serial extractions: Definition, indications, contra-indication,
technique, advantages and disadvantages.
d. Role of muscle exercises as an interceptive procedure
3 General principles in orthodontic treatment planning 2

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 Anchorage
4 Anchorage in Orthodontics - Definition, Classification, Types and 2
Stability Of Anchorage
Biomechanical principles in orthodontic Tooth Movement
5 a. Different types of tooth movements 2
b. Age factor in orthodontic tooth movement
Biology of tooth movement
6 2
Tissue response to orthodontic force application
Methods of gaining space
Proximal stripping
Extractions
7 7
Expansions
Distalisation
Proclination of anteriors and de-rotation of posteriors
Orthodontic appliances – general
8 2
Indications, classifications, advantages and disadvantages
Removable orthodontic appliances
9 2
Components, indications, advantages and disadvantages
Fixed orthodontic appliances
10 Historical development, various systems, components, advantages 2
disadvantages.
Myo functional appliances
11 Definition, classification, various appliances like activator, Frankel, 5
Twinblock, bionator and fixed functional appliances
Orthopaedic appliances
12 3
Head gear, face mask and chin cap
13 Cleft lip and palate – orthodontic management 2
Surgical orthodontics – general
Minor surgical procedures
14 3
Major surgical procedures
Surgical decompensation
Principles of management of various malocclusions
15 Deep bite, open bite, cross bites, midline diastema, class I, II and III 3
malocclusion

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 16 Adult orthodontics 2
Retention and relapse
17 Schools of thought, theorems of retention, various fixed and removable 2
retainers
18 Computers and recent developments in orthodontics 2
19 Genetics 1
20 Ethics 1
Miscellaneous topics
a) Soldering and welding
21 1
b) Sterilization
c) Laboratory procedures.

g) CLINICAL TRAINING
Sl no Training In III year Hours
Model analysis
 Pont’s analysis
 Ashley Howe’s analysis
1
 Carey’s analysis
 Bolton’s analysis
 Moyer’s mixed dentition analysis
Cephalometric analysis
 Down’s analysis
2  Steiner’s analysis
 Tweed’s analysis
 Witts appraisal
60
Short cases
 Impressions
 Model fabrication
3  Wire bending
 Acrylization
 Trimming and polishing
 Insertion of appliance
Training In Final year ( Part I)
Long case taking
1 140
 Case taking
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  Model analysis
 Discussion
 Appliance fabrication and insertion
Short cases
2  Spot diagnosis and spot discussion
 Appliance fabrication and insertion
3 Attending O P cases and appliance review
Desirable exercises
Modified Adam’s clasp
4 Adams clasp on anterior teeth
Split labial bow, reverse labial bow, mills retractor,
Roberts retractor, high labial bow with aprons spring

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 h) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Types of Questions for University Written Examination:
Types of Questions
and Total
Contents
Distribution of Marks
Marks
Growth and development, classification and
etiology of malocclusion, diagnostic aids,
interceptive orthodontics, anchorage,
Structured Essays
biomechanics, biology of tooth movement, 20
2x 10marks
methods of gaining space, myofunctional
appliances, orthopaedic appliances, retention and
relapse
Introduction and historical background, growth Short Notes
20
and development, occlusion and malocclusion – 4 x 5marks
classification and etiology. Diagnostic aids,
skeletal maturity indicators, preventive and
interceptive orthodontics, general principles of
treatment planning, anchorage, biomechanics,
biology of tooth movement, methods of gaining
space, orthodontic appliances – removable and Brief Notes
30
fixed appliances, myo-functional and orthopaedic 10x3marks
appliances, management of various
malocclusions, management of cleft lip and
palate, surgical orthodontics, adult orthodontics,
retention and relapse, computers in orthodontics,
genetics and ethics.
Total 70
ix. Theory
University Written 70 Marks
Viva Voce 20Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

x. Clinical:
University Clinical Examination: 80 Marks
Case Presentation 40Marks
Impression Making 20 Marks
Spotters (10 x 1 Marks) 10 Marks
Clinical Work Record/Seminar/Assignment 10 Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks

Grand Total 200Marks

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19. ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY

a) AIM
To produce a graduate who is competent in performing extraction of teeth and minor surgeries
under both local and general anaesthesia, prevent and manage related complications, acquire
knowledge regarding aseptic procedures, have reasonable understanding of management of
infectious patients and prevention of cross infections, learn about BLS, acquire a reasonable
knowledge and understanding of the various diseases, injuries, infections occurring in the Oral
& Maxillofacial region and offer solutions to such of those common conditions and has an
exposure in to the in-patient management of maxillofacial problems and also to acquire
reasonable knowledge regarding the surgical principals involved in implant placement and be
able to communicate properly and understand medico legal responsibilities
b) OBJECTIVES:
i. Knowledge & Understanding
At the end of the course and the clinical training the graduate is expected to –
(1) Able to apply the knowledge gained in the preclinical subjects and related medical
subjects like general surgery and general medicine in the management of patients with
oral surgical problem.
(2) Able to diagnose, manage and treat (understand the principles of treatment of) patients
with oral surgical problems.
(3) Knowledge of range of surgical treatments.
(4) Ability to decide the requirement of a patient to have oral surgical specialist opinion or
treatment.
(5) Understand the principles of in-patient management.
(6) Understand the principles of emergency management of maxillofacial injuries, BLS
measures and the medico legal responsibilities and formalities.
(7) Understanding of the management of major oral surgical procedures and principles
involved in patient management.
(8) Be able to decide the need for medical/ surgical consultations and the method of doing
so.
(9) Should know ethical issues and have communication ability.
(10) Should know the common systemic and local diseases, drugs used and drug interactions
(11) Death Certification & legal aspects of forensic medicine
ii. Skills:
A graduate should have acquired the skill to:
(1) Examine any patient with an oral surgical problem in an orderly manner.
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 (2) Be able to understand requisition of various clinical and laboratory investigations and is
capable of formulating differential diagnosis.
(3) Should be competent in the extraction of teeth under both local and general anesthesia.
(4) Should be able to carry out certain minor oral surgical procedures under L.A. simple
impactions, draining of abscesses, simple dental wiring, biopsies etc.
(5) Ability to assess, prevent and manage various complications during and after surgery.
(6) Able to provide primary care and manage medical emergencies in the dental office.
(7) Understanding of the management of major oral surgical problems and principles
involved in inpatient management.
(8) Should be competent in measures necessary for homeostasis and wound closures.

c) THEORY: 70 HOURS (III Yr. 26 hrs, Final Yr. Part I. 20 hrs. Part II. 30 hrs.)
Sl.
Topics Description Hours
No.
Topics for III Year
Definition, scope, aims and objectives.
Diagnosis in oral surgery: History taking, Clinical
Introduction examination, Investigations.
1. 1
Principles of infection control and cross-infection
control with particular reference to HIV/AIDS and
Hepatitis.
1) Asepsis:
Definition
Measures to prevent introduction of
infection during Surgery.
Preparation of the patient,
Principles of Oral Measures to be taken by operator,
2. Surgery Sterilization of instruments - various 4
methods of sterilization etc,
Principles and need for cleaning of
infected/ used instruments prior to re
sterilization
Surgery set up.
2) Painless Surgery:

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 Pre- anesthetic considerations
Pre-medication: purpose, drugs used
Anesthetic considerations a) Local b)
Local with IV sedations
Use of general anesthetic
3) Access:
Intra-oral: Mucoperiosteal flaps,
principles, commonly used intraoral
incisions.
Bone Removal: Methods of bone
removal. Use of Burs: Advantages &
precautions Bone cutting instruments:
Principles of using chisel & osteotome.
Extra-oral. Skin incisions - principles,
various extra-oral incision to expose
facial skeleton. a) Submandibular b) Pre
auricular Incision for TMJ, Access to
maxilla & orbit , Bi coronal incision
4) Control of hemorrhage during surgery
Normal Haemostasis
Local measures available to control
bleeding
Hypotensive anaesthesia etc.
5) Drainage & Debridement
Purpose of drainage in surgical wounds
Types of drains used
Debridement: purpose, soft tissue &
bone debridement.
6) Closure of wounds
Type wounds, Classification of wounds
Suturing: Principles
Suture material: Classification, ideal
requirements
Body response and resorbability of

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 various materials etc.
7) Post operative care
Post operative instructions
Physiology of cold and heat in the
control of pain and swelling
Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs
in the control of pain and swelling
Control of infection – antibiotics,
principles of antibiotic therapy,
prevention of antibiotic abuse
Long term post operative follow up -
significance.
Introduction and Neurophysiology
Concept of LA
Classification of local anesthetic agents
Ideal requirements, Mechanism of action,
Armamentarium required
Types of local anaesthesia
Use of vaso constrictors in local anesthetic
solution -Advantages, contra-indications, Various
vaso constrictors used.
Anaesthesia of the mandible -Pterygomandibular
3. Local Anaesthesia space - boundaries, contents etc. Intra oral and 5
extra oral techniques of Inferior Alveolar Nerve
Block, Mandibular Nerve Block, Mental Nerve
Block, Infiltrations, etc.
Anaesthesia of Maxilla – Infiltrations, Infra -
orbital nerve block, Posterior superior alveolar
nerve block, Infiltrations, Maxillary nerve block –
Intra oral and extra oral Techniques
Complications of local anaesthesia- local and
systemic
Disposal of sharp instruments

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 Concept of general anaesthesia.
Indications of general anaesthesia in dentistry.
Pre-anesthetic evaluation of the patient.
Pre-anesthetic medication - advantages, drugs
used.
Conscious sedation
General
4. Commonly used anesthetic agents. 2
Anaesthesia
Complication during and after G.A.
I.V. sedation with Diazepam and Midazolam.
Indications, mode of action, technique etc.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Use of oxygen and emergency drugs.
Tracheostomy.
General considerations
Ideal Extraction.
Indications/ contra indications for extraction of
teeth
Extractions in medically compromised patients.
Methods of extraction
Forceps or intra-alveolar or closed method.
Principles, types of movement, force, role of left
hand etc.
5. Exodontia 4
Trans-alveolar, surgical or open method
Indications, surgical procedure.
Dental elevators, uses, classification, principles in
the use of elevators, commonly used elevators.
Armamentarium, Complications
Complications during exodontia Common to both
maxilla and mandible.
Post-operative complications
Prevention and management of complications.
Medical Primary care of medical emergencies in dental
6. Emergencies in practice 3
dental practice (a) Cardio vascular (b) Respiratory (c) Endocrine

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 (d) Anaphylactic reaction (e) Epilepsy
Basic Life Support
Emergency drugs Emergency drugs required in a dental clinic
7. & Intra muscular Applied anatomy. Sites for intra muscular and 1
and I.V. Injections intra venous injections, techniques etc.
Death Certification Legal procedure and courts 1
& legal aspects of Medicolegal Autopsy, Objective, Procedure -
2
Forensic Exhumation
medicine.(classes Sudden and unexpected death 1
to be handled by Forensic traumatology -Mechanical injuries,
8.
faculty from the Medicolegal aspect of injury, Head injury, 1
department of Transportation injuries
forensic medicine Dental investigation in mass disaster incidents
of a recognized 1
medical college)*
Topics for Final year ( Part I)
i. Incidence, definition, etiology.
ii. Impacted mandibular third molar
Classification, reasons for removal
Assessment - both clinical & radiological.
Armamentarium and surgical procedures for
removal. Complications during and after
removal, its prevention and management.
iii. Maxillary third molar, Indications for
removal, classification,
9. Impacted teeth 4
Armamentarium and surgical
procedure for removal, Complications
during and after removal, its
prevention and management.
iv. Impacted maxillary canine. Reasons for
canine impaction, indications for
removal, Methods of management,
Localization, labial and palatal
approaches, Complications during and

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 after removal, its prevention and
management Surgical
exposure,Transplantation
i. Trigeminal neuralgia - definition, etiology,
Neurological
clinical features and methods of management
Diseases
including medical and surgical.
10. ii. Facial paralysis - etiology, clinical features. 3
iii. Nerve injuries - Classification, clinical features
and management, Nerve Grafting -Neuropathy
etc.
Concept of osseointegration, History of implants
their design & surface characteristics. Knowledge
of various types of implants, Bone biology,
Morphology, Classification of bone and its
11. Implants 2
relevance to implant placement. Bone
augmentation materials. Soft tissue
considerations in implant dentistry. Surgical
procedure to place implants.
Surgical anatomy and development of the sinus.
Sinusitis both acute and chronic
Diseases of the Surgical approach of sinus - Cald well-Luc
12. maxillary sinus procedure, Knowledge of FESS, 2
Removal of root from the sinus.
Oro-antral fistula and communications- etiology,
clinical features and surgical methods for closure.
Definition, classification, pathogenesis.
Diagnosis - Clinical features, radiological, FNAC,
Cysts of the mouth
use of contrast media and histopathology.
13. and jaws 4
Management - types of surgical procedures.
Rationale of the techniques, indications,
contraindications, procedures, complications etc.
Basic forms - Prognathism, Retrognathism and
Jaw deformities
14. open bite.
3
Reasons for correction.

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 Diagnosis and treatment planning
Outline of surgical methods carried out on
mandible and maxilla-subapical, body,sagittal split
osteotomy, genioplasty, anterior maxillary
Osteotomy, Le fort I osteotomy
Role of distraction osteogenesis in correction of
jaw deformities
Definition
Classification of procedures
Corrective procedures: Alveoloplasty, Reduction
of maxillary tuberosities, Frenectemies and
Pre-prosthetic
15. removal of tori. 2
Surgery
Ridge extension or Sulcus extension procedures,
Indications and various surgical procedures
Ridge augmentation and reconstruction.
Indications, use of bone grafts, hydroxyapatite etc
Topics for Final year ( Part II)
Etiology of the clefts, incidence, classification
Cleft Lip and Palate Role of dental surgeon/ maxillofacial surgeon in
16. 1
the cleft team.
Outline of the closure procedures,
Introduction, surgical anatomy of the superficial
and deep fasciae of head and neck
Factors responsible for infection, pathogenecity,
virulence
Dento-alveolar abscess - aetiology, clinical
Infections of the
17. features and management. 6
Oral cavity
Spread of odontogenic infections through various
facial spaces and its management
Ludwig's angina - definition, aetiology, clinical
features, management and complications
Course of odontogenic infections
Fungal Infections Candidiasis, Actinomycosis, Coccidiodmycosis,
18. 1
of head and neck Rhinosporidosis,

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 region Antifungal agents
Osteomyelitis of Definition, etiology, pre-disposing factors,
19. 1
the jaws classification, clinical features and management.
Lymphatic Spread.
TNM classification, Staging.
Biopsy-types, filling of Histopathology request
Carcinoma of the form
20. 2
oral cavity Outline of management of Squamous Cell
Carcinoma: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy
Role of dental surgeons in the prevention and
early detection of oral cancer.
Definition, etiology, theories, pre-disposing
Osteoradionecrosis
21. factors, classification, clinical features and 1
-
management.
Emergency management in maxillofacial trauma
General considerations, types of fractures,
aetiology, clinical features and general principles
of management.
Mandibular fractures - Applied anatomy,
classification. Diagnosis - Clinical and radiological
features, Management - Reduction -closed and
open Fixation and immobilization methods outline
of rigid and semi-rigid internal fixation
Maxillofacial
Fractures of the condyle - etiology, classification,
22. Traumatology 7
clinical features, principles of management
Fractures of the middle third of the face.
Definition of the mid face, applied surgical
anatomy, classification, clinical features and
outline of management.
Alveolar fractures - methods of management
Fractures of the Zygomatic complex and orbit.
Classification, clinical features, indications for
treatment, various methods of reduction and
fixation

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 Faciomaxillary Injuries in Children
Complications of fractures - delayed union, non-
union and malunion.
Surgical Anatomy of Minor and Major salivary
glands
Sialography, contrast media, procedure.
Inflammatory conditions of the salivary glands
Sialolithiasis- Sub mandibular duct and gland ,
parotid duct and gland ,Clinical features,
Salivary gland
management, Intraoral and extra oral
23. diseases 3
Sialolithotomy.
Salivary fistulae, sialocoele
Autoimmune diseases of the salivary glands,
diagnosis management
Common tumours of salivary glands like
Pleomorphic adenoma including minor salivary
glands.
General considerations, surgical principles
Non odontogenic benign tumours occurring in
oral cavity - fibroma, papilloma, lipoma, ossifying
Tumors of the Oral
fibroma, myxoma etc.
24. cavity 4
Odontogenic tumors: both benign and malignant.
Ameloblastoma - Clinical features, radiological
appearance and methods of management.
Osteogenic tumours of the faciomaxiliary region.
Applied surgical anatomy of the joint.
Development of the TMJ
Surgical approaches to TM.J
Radiological investigations
Disorders of T.M.
25. Hypermobilty of TMJ; Dislocation - Types,
Joint 4
aetiology, clinical features and management.
Hypomobility of TMJ; Classification, Ankylosis -
Definition, aetiology, clinical features and
management

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 Myo-facial pain dysfunction syndrome, etiology,
clinical features, management-
Non surgical and surgical.
Internal derangement of the joint.
Inflammatory Diseases of T.M. Joint.
Arthroscopy

d) CLINICAL AND ACADEMIC REQUIREMENTS

i. Case Taking: Detailed clinical examinations, investigations and diagnosis – 10 nos.
ii. Dental extractions under local anesthesia – 180 nos.
iii. Suturing of extraction wound -5 nos.
iv. Incision and drainage – 3 nos.
v. Arch bar wiring, eyelet wiring and intermaxillary fixation on plaster or acrylic models- 1
each
vi. IV/ IM injection technique on patients- 5 nos. each
vii. Wound dressing – 5 nos.
viii. Observing minor surgery done by staff member- 5 nos.
ix. Surgical Assistance of minor surgeries- 5 nos.
x. Observation of major surgeries in Operation Theatre- 3 nos.
xi. Observation of surgical procedures performed in casualty– 5 nos.
xii. Training in handling medical emergencies. CPR and basic life support
xiii. Seminars: 6 nos. Two in the third year, Two in the fourth year and Two in the final year
A work record should be maintained by all students detailing each of the clinical and
academic requirements duly signed by the teacher in charge and should be submitted at the
time of examination after due certification from the head of the department.
e) CLINICAL REQUIREMENTS YEAR WISE SPILT UP:

Sl. Quota:
Topic Procedures in III Year
No. Must do
1 Detailed clinical examinations, 2 cases
Case Taking
investigations and diagnosis
2 Dental Extraction of anterior and mobile teeth 30 cases
Extraction under LA : Infiltration only
3 Seminars on basic subjects, local 2 no.
Seminars
anesthesia, investigative procedures,

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 exodontia etc
Injection IV/ IM injection technique on patients- 5nos.each
4 Observing minor surgery under LA done by 2 cases
Observation
staff member
Procedures in Final year ( Part I)
1 Detailed clinical examinations, 3 cases
Case Taking
investigations and diagnosis
2 Dental Extraction of anterior and posterior teeth 90 cases
Extraction under LA : Infiltration and blocks
3 Suturing Suturing of extraction wound 5 no.
4 Seminars on oral surgery subjects, cross 2 no.
contamination and infection, impactions,
Seminars
medically compromised patients, medical
emergencies etc.
5 Observing minor surgery under LA done by 3 cases
Observation
staff member
6 Assistance of minor surgery under LA done 2 cases
Assistance
by staff member
7 Observation of cases managed in the 2 cases
Observation
casualty
8 Skill Wiring procedures in models 3 nos.
development
Procedures in Final year ( Part II)
1 Detailed clinical examinations, 5 cases
Case Taking
investigations and diagnosis
2 Dental Extraction of anterior and posterior teeth 60cases
Extraction under LA : Infiltration and blocks
3 Seminars on oral surgery subjects like TMJ, 2 no.
Tumors, Maxillofacial injuries, Infections,
Seminars
Salivary Gland diseases and Medico-legal
cosiderations
4 Observation of major surgery under GA do 3 cases
Observation
in the OT
5 Assistance Assistance of minor surgery under LA done 3cases

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 by staff member
6 Procedure Incision and drainage 3
7 Procedure Wound dressing 5
8 Observation of cases managed in the 3 cases
Observation
casualty

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f) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Types of Questions for University Written Examination:
Types of Questions and
Contents Total Marks
Distribution of Marks
One Question from Local
Anaesthesia Structured Essays
20
One Question from Oral 2x 10marks
Surgery
Two Questions from Oral
Surgery, One Question from
Short Notes
Local Anaesthesia, , One 20
4 x 5marks
Question from General
Anaesthesia
Questions from any of the Oral
& Maxillofacial Surgery
topics.(at least one question
Brief Notes
from management of medical 30
10x3marks
emergencies) One question
from Death Certification & legal
aspects of Forensic medicine.
Total 70
xi. Theory
University Written 70Marks
Viva Voce 20Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

xii. Clinical:
University Clinical Examination: 80 Marks
Extraction of one firm tooth (Maxillary/ Mandibular)
Case History 20 Marks
Local Anaesthesia technique 25 Marks
Extraction of firm tooth & patient management 25 Marks
Clinical Work Record & Seminar 10 Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks

Grand Total 200Marks

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20. CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS
a) OBJECTIVES:

i. Knowledge and Under Standing:

The graduate should acquire the following knowledge during the period of training,
(1) To diagnose and treat simple restorative work for teeth.
(2) To gain knowledge about aesthetic restorative material and to translate the same to
patients needs.
(3) To gain the knowledge about endodontic treatment on the basis of scientific foundation.
(4) To carry out simple endodontic treatment.
(5) To carry out simple luxation of tooth and its treatment and to provide emergency
endodontic treatment.
ii. Skills:
He should attain following skills necessary for practice of dentistry
(1) To use medium and high speed hand pieces to carry out restorative work.
(2) Poses the skills to use and familiarize endodontic instruments and materials needed for
carrying out simple endodontic treatment.
(3) To achieve the skills to translate patients esthetic needs along with function.
iii. Attitudes:
(1) Maintain a high standard of professional ethics &conduct and apply these in all aspects
of professional life.
(2) Willingness to participate in CDE programme to update the knowledge and professional
skill from time to time.
(3) To help and participate in the implementation of the national oral health policy.
(4) He should be able to motivate the patient for proper dental treatment and maintenance
of oral hygiene should be emphasise which will help to maintain the restorative work
and prevent future damage.
b) THEORY: 160 HOURS (II yr.25hrs, III Yr. 65 hrs, Final Yr. Part I. 40 hrs. Part II. 30hrs.)

Sl.No. Topic for II Year Hours

1. Introduction to Conservative Dentistry.
1
2. Definition, Aim & Scope of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
3. Nomenclature of dentition; Tooth Numbering systems
1
4. Restoration - Definition & Objectives

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 Hand Instruments - Classification, Nomenclature, Design, Formula of hand cutting
5. 2
instruments, Grasps and Rests, Sterilization.
Rotary Cutting instruments - Burs, Design, Types. Various speeds in tooth
6. 2
preparation. Hazards with cutting instruments.
7. Dental caries – Aetiology, classification, caries terminology 1
8. Fundamentals in Tooth preparation
Definition, Stages and steps , Classification of Tooth preparations, Nomenclature,
4
9. Concepts in tooth preparations for Silver Amalgam, Cast gold inlay, Composite
resins and Glass Ionomer
Tooth preparation for amalgam restorations. Stepwise procedure for Class I, II, III,
10. 6
IV, V amalgam restorations. Failure of amalgam restoration.
11. Contact and contour of teeth – different methods of tooth separation 1
12. Matrices, Retainers, Wedges – methods of wedging 1
13. Finishing & polishing of restorations. 1
14. Chair side positions – patient and operator positions 1
Management of deep carious lesions – Technique of caries excavation with hand
15. and rotary instruments, Affected and Infected dentin, Caries detector dyes, 2
Concept of Remaining Dentin Thickness, Pulp capping and Pulpotomy.
16. Access cavity and brief introduction of root canal instruments 2
Topic for III Year
Nomenclature of Dentition
17. 2
Tooth numbering systems: ADA, Zsigmondy- Palmer, and FDI systems
Gnathological concepts of Restoration
18. Physiology of occlusion, normal occlusion, ideal occlusion mandibular 3
movements and occlusal analysis. Occlusal rehabilitation and restoration.
Dental Caries
19. Aetiology, classification clinical features, morphological features, microscopic 6
features, clinical diagnosis and sequel of dental caries. Caries treatment.
Treatment Planning For Restorative Procedure:
Patient assessment, clinical examination, radiographic examination, tooth vitality
20. 3
tests, diagnosis and treatment planning, preparation of the case sheet. Patient
and operator position.
Preventive measures in restorative practice
21. 4
Plaque control, Pit and Fissure sealants, Fluorides, Dietary measures, restorative

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 procedures and periodontal health.
Armamentarium for Tooth Preparation:
General classification of operative instruments.
a) Hand cutting instruments
Terminology and classification
Design, formula and sharpening of instruments.
Grasp Rest and application.
b) Rotary cutting instruments
22. 6
Dental bur , mechanism of cutting
Common design characteristics
Diamond and other abrasive instruments
Cutting mechanism
Hazards and precautions
Sterilization and maintenance of instruments. Basic
Instrument tray set up.
Isolation of Operating Filed:
23. Control of moisture ,purpose and methods of isolation, rubber dam isolation in 3
detail, antisialogogues
Infection Control
Routes of transmission of dental infection
Personal barrier protection
Control of infection from aerosol, spatter
24. 4
Sterilization procedures for dental equipment and instruments, monitoring
sterilization, disinfection of operatory
Dental water line contamination and Biofilm
Disposal of waste
Pulp Protection
Liners, Varnishes, Bases.
25. 3
Affected and infected dentin, Caries detector dyes
Concepts of Remaining Dentin Thickness
26. Pain control in restorative procedures 3
Amalgam Restoration:
27. Indication, contraindication. 7
Physical and mechanical properties

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 Clinical behavior. Advantages and disadvantages.
Tooth preparation for Class I , II, V and III.
Step wise procedure for tooth preparation and restoration including modified
designs.
Bonded amalgam,
Failure and repair of amalgam restorations
Contacts and contour
28. Tooth separation 1
Matrices, retainers and wedges, methods of wedging
Management Of Deep Carious Lesions
29. Technique of caries excavation – Hand and rotary 1
Indirect and Direct Pulp Capping, Pulpotomy
Dentinal Hypersensitivity
30. Theories of hypersensitivity 1
Management
Complex amalgam restorations
Pin Amalgam Restoration
31. Indications, Contra Indication, Advantages, Disadvantages of pin amalgams, 4
types of pins, methods of placement, alternative means for providing retention
for complex amalgam restorations. Failure of pin amalgam restoration
Gingival Tissue Management
32. 2
Indication and methods, including recent techniques for gingival retraction.
Adhesion to tooth structure
Definition and mechanism
33. Enamel and Dentin bonding 3
Classification and recent development in dentin bonding systems components of
dentin bonding agents critical steps in dentin bonding.
Anterior Restorations
34. Selection of cases, selection of material, shade selection, Clinical technique for 2
anterior composite restorations.
Composite Restorations
Composition, classification, properties
35. 4
Recent advances in composite resins
Indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages

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 Step wise procedures of tooth preparation for composite restorations. Finishing
and polishing of composite restoration
Minimal Invasive Dentistry
36. 2
Principles of MID, caries risk assessment, materials and techniques
Alternate methods of tooth preparation for restorations
37. 1
Air abrasion, chemo mechanical method, lasers
Topic for Final year ( Part I)
Endodontics
38. Introduction, definition, scope and future of Endodontics 1
Rationale and principles of Endodontics
39. 2
Case selection, indication and contraindications for root canal treatments
Clinical diagnostic methods
Case history, diagnosis and treatment plan
40. Clinical diagnostic methods 3
Case history, diagnosis, pulp vitality assessment, recent advances and treatment
plan
41. Microbiology of endodontic infection 2
Isolation and infection control in Endodontics
42. 1
Rubber dam application
Endodontic instruments
Hand instruments
Power driven instruments
43. 3
Standardization
Principles of using endodontic instruments
Sterilization
Pulpal diseases
44. 2
Classification, etiology, diagnosis, management
Periapical diseases:
45. 2
Classification, etiology, diagnosis, management
Vital pulp therapy:
Indirect and direct pulp capping
46. Pulpotomy - types and medicaments used 3
Apexogenesis and apexification –multivisit and single visit apical barrier
techniques, revascularization ,regenerative endodontics

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 Esthetics in dentistry
Introduction and scope
Facial proportions, Golden proportions
Anatomy and physiology of smile
47. 4
Role of colour and translucency
Esthetic recontouring
Alteration of tooth form, shape, size and colour
Management of discoloured teeth
Composite restorations
Recent advances in posterior composite resins
Indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages
48. Stepwise procedure of tooth preparation for composite restoration. 4
Clinical technique for posterior direct composite restorations
Finishing and polishing of composite restoration
Indirect posterior composite restoration
Casts restorations
Indications, contraindications, advantage and disadvantages
Materials used
49. Class II cavity preparation for inlays 3
Types of bevels in cast restoration
Fabrication of wax patterns
Differences in tooth preparation for amalgam and cast restorations
Casting
Die materials and preparation of dies
Refractory materials
Alloys used for casting
50. 2
Casting machines
Casting procedure
Casting defects
Cementation of restoration
Temporisation or interim restoration
51. 1
Materials and procedure
Root Caries
52. 1
Etiology, clinical features and management

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 Non carious destruction of tooth structure
53. 2
Definition, etiology, diagnosis, clinical features and management
Ceramic Restorations
Recent advances in ceramic materials & techniques
including CADCAM (in brief)
54. 3
Ceramic laminates, inlays, onlays and crowns,
Indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages
and techniques (in brief)
Direct Filling gold Restorations
Introduction
55. Types of direct filling gold 1
Indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages
tooth preparation and restoration
Final year ( Part II)
Endodontics
56. Emergency endodontic procedures 2
Anatomy of pulp space
57. Root canal anatomy of maxillary and Mandibular teeth. 2
Classification of canal configuration and variations in pulp space.
Access preparation
Objectives
58. Principles 2
Instruments used
Sequential steps of access preparation for individual tooth
Preparation of root canal space
a. Determination of working length definition and methods of 1
determining working length
Cleaning and shaping of root canals
59. Objectives
Principles
2
Instruments used
Techniques – hand and rotary
Step back & Crown down methods

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 Disinfection of root canal space
a. Irrigants
Functions
1
Requirements
Types
60. Methods and techniques of irrigation
b. Intracanal medicaments
Functions
Requirements 1
Types
Method of placement and limitations
Problems during cleaning and shaping of root canal spaces
Perforation and its management
61. 2
Broken instruments and its management
Management of curved root canals
Obturation of the root canal system
a. Materials-
62. Ideal root canal filling material, classification of materials 2
b. Obturation techniques
Classification and procedure
Root canal sealers
Ideal properties
63. 2
Classification, functions
Manipulation and application of root canal sealers
Post endodontic restoration
64. Principles of post endodontic restorations 2
Post and core-materials and procedure(in brief)
Smear layer and its importance in endodontics
65. 1
and conservative treatment
Discoloured teeth and its management
66. Classification, etiology 1
Bleaching agents , Vital and non vital bleaching methods
Traumatized teeth
67. 2
Diagnosis, Classification ,management of of luxated ,avulsed teeth .root fracture,

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 vertical fracture
Endodontic surgeries
Indication contraindications,
pre operative preparation
Surgical instruments and techniques
68. Apicoectomy, retrograde filling 3
Post operative sequale
Trephination, hemisection
Radisectomy
Reimplantation (both intentional and accidental)
Endo-perio lesions
69. Portals of communication
Etiology ,clinical features, diagnosis, classification and management
Root resorption
70. 1
Etiology and management
71. Success and failures of endodontic treatments 1
72. Retreatment in Endodontics 1
Specialized equipments-lasers, magnification loupes, dental operating
73. 1
microscopes(DOM) in conservative dentistry and endodontics

c) Minimum requirement to appear for Final BDS Part II Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
University Examination:

Sl.No Clinical Procedure No.

1 Case history recording, diagnosis and treatment planning 10
2 Management of deep caries lesions 5
3. Glass ionomer restorations 20
4. Composite restorations in anterior teeth 5
5. Class I amalgam restorations 30
6. Class II amalgam restorations 20
7. Root canal treatment of anterior teeth 5

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d) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Types of Questions for University Written Examination:
Types of Questions and
Contents Total Marks
Distribution of Marks
One Question from
Conservative Topics Structured Essays
20
One Question from Endodontic 2x 10marks
Topics
Two Questions from
Conservative Topics including Short Notes
20
esthetics and Two Questions 4 x 5marks
from Endodontic Topics
Questions from any of the
Brief Notes
Conservative & Endodontic 30
10x3marks
topics.
Total 70
xiii. Theory
University Written 70Marks
Viva Voce 20 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

xiv. Clinical:
University Clinical Examination: 80 Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks

Grand Total 200 Marks

Details of Mark distribution for university Practical examination:

Clinical Exercise: 70 marks

Work Record : 10 marks

Clinical Exercises
1. Preparation for class II amalgam and restoration
Or
2. Anterior composite restoration
Or
3. Root canal treatment for anterior tooth up to selection of master cone

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 Mark distribution for the clinical examinations
1. Class II amalgam restoration
i) Case history recording, examination,
diagnosis and treatment planning : 15 min 10 marks
ii) Tooth preparation : 45 min 20 marks
iii) Base and matrix : 15 min 15 marks
iv) Restoration and carving : 30 min 25 marks
Total : 70 marks
2. Anterior composite restoration
i) Case history recording, examination,
diagnosis and treatment planning : 15 min 10 marks
ii) Tooth preparation : 30 min 25 mark
iii) Lining and matrix : 15 min 10 marks
iv) Restoration and finishing : 45 min 25 marks
Total : 70 marks
3. Anterior RCT
i) Case history recording, examination,
Diagnosis and treatment planning : 15 min 10 marks
ii) Access preparation : 30 min 25 marks
iii) Working length : 15 min 10 marks
iv) Cleaning and shaping,
Master cone selection : 45 min 25 marks
Total : 70 marks

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21. PROSTHODONTICS AND CROWN & BRIDGE

a) THEORY:160 HOURS (IIyr. 25 hrs, IIIyr.65 hrs, Part I.40 hrs, Part II. 30 hrs)

Sl.
Topic Description Hours
No.
Removable Complete Prosthodontics
Introduction
Biomechanics of the
1. Applied Anatomy and Physiology 3
edentulous state.
Residual ridge resorption
Understanding the patients,
2. Communicating with the patient mental attitude. 1
Instructing the patient.
With some teeth remaining.
With no teeth remaining.
Systemic status.
3. Diagnosis and treatment planning for patient. 2
Local factor.
The geriatric patient
Diagnostic procedures.
4. Articulators – discussion 3
Pre-operative examination.
Initial hard tissue & soft tissue
procedure,
Improving the patient’s denture foundation and Secondary hard & soft tissue
5. 3
ridge relation- an overview procedure
Implant procedure.
Congenital deformities
Postoperative procedure
6. Principles of Retention, Support and Stability 2
Muscles of facial expression.
Biologic considerations for
7. Impressions- detail. maxillary and Mandibular 7
impression including anatomy
landmarks and their
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 interpretation.
Impression objectives
Impression Materials
Impression techniques.
Maxillary and Mandibular
impression procedures
Preliminary impressions
Final impressions.
Laboratory procedures
involved with impression
making (Beading & Boxing,
and cast preparation).
Materials & techniques
8. Record bases and occlusion rims- in details. Useful guidelines and ideal 2
parameters.
Recording and transferring bases and occlusal
9. 1
rims
Mandibular movements.
Biological consideration in jaw relation& jaw Maxillo- Mandibular relation
10 3
movements – craniomandibular relations. including vertical and
horizontal jaw relations.
2
11 Concepts of occlusion- discuss in brief. Discuss in brief.

Face bow types & uses –

discuss in brief.
12. Relating the patient to the articulator 1
Face bow transfer procedure-
discus in brief.
Vertical relation
Centric relation records.
13. Recording Maxillo Mandibular relation. 4
Eccentric relation records.
Lateral relation records
Anterior teeth.
14. Tooth selection and arrangement. Posterior teeth. 2
Esthetic and functional

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 harmony.
Relating inclination of teeth to concept of Neutrocentric concept.
15. 2
occlusion- in brief. Balanced occlusal concept.
16. Trial dentures 3
Wax contouring.
Investing of dentures.
Preparing of mold.
Preparing & packing acrylic
resin.
Processing of dentures.
Recovery of dentures.
17. Laboratory procedures 3
Lab remount procedures
Recovering the complete
denture from the cast.
Finishing and polishing the
complete denture.
Plaster cast for clinical
denture remount procedure
Insertion procedures.
Clinical errors.
18. Denture insertion Correcting occlusal 3
disharmony.
Selective grinding procedures
Discuss in brief (tabulation/
19. Treating problems with associated denture use 1
flow chart form).
20 Treating abused tissues Discuss in brief 1
21 Relining and rebasing of dentures Discuss in brief 2
Immediate complete dentures construction
22 Discuss in brief 2
procedure
23 The single complete dentures Discuss in brief 2
24 Overdentures Discuss in brief 2
25 Implant Supported complete denture Discuss in brief 3
26 Reduction of residual ridge Discuss in brief 1
Removable Partial Prosthodontics

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1. Introduction 1
2 Terminologies and scope 1
3 Classification 2
Examination, Diagnosis & Treatment planning &
4 2
evaluation of diagnostic data.
Major connectors
Minor connectors
Components of a removable partial denture. Rest and rest seats
5 12
Direct retainers
Indirect retainers
Tooth replacement.
6. Principles of Removable Partial Denture Design 3
7 Survey and design – in brief 1
8 Surveyors 1
9 Surveying 1
10 Designing 3
11 Mouth preparation and master cast 1
Impression materials and procedures for
12 2
removable partial dentures
Preliminary jaw relation and esthetic try in for
13 2
some anterior replacement teeth
Laboratory procedures for framework
14 1
construction- in brief
15 Fitting the framework- in brief 1
16 Try in of the partial denture- in brief 1
17 Completion of the partial denture- in brief 1
18 Inserting the Removable partial denture in brief 1
19 Post insertion observations 1
20 Temporary Acrylic Partial Dentures 1
21 Immediate Removable Partial Denture 1
Removable partial Dentures opposing Complete
22 1
denture.
Fixed Partial Prosthodontics
1. Introduction 1

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2 Fundamentals of occlusion in brief. 1
3 Articulators In brief. 1
4 Treatment planning for single tooth restoration. 1 It is

Treatment planning for the replacement of

5 missing teeth including selection and choice of 2
abutment teeth.
6. Fixed partial denture configurations 1
7 Principles of tooth preparations. 2
8 Preparations for full veneer crowns 3
9 Preparations for partial veneer crowns In brief. 1
10 Provisional Restorations 1
11 Fluid Control and Soft Tissue Management 1
12 Impressions 1
13 Working Casts and Dies 1
14 Wax patterns 1
15 Pontics and Edentulous Ridges 1
16 Esthetic Considerations 1
17 Finishing and Cementation 1
18 Implant Supported Fixed Restorations 2
Miscellaneous Topics to Be Covered In Brief :
1 Solder Joints and Other Connectors
2 All - Ceramic Restorations
3 Metal - Ceramic Restorations
4 Preparations of intracoronal restorations.
5 Preparations for extensively damaged teeth.
6 Preparations for Periodontally weakened teeth `
35
7 The Functionally Generated Path Technique
8 Investing and Casting
9 Resin - Bonded Fixed Partials Denture
10 Digital impressions
11 3D printing in Prosthodontics
12 CAD-CAM in Prosthodontics

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 suggested that the above mentioned topics be dealt with wherever appropriate in the following
order so as to cover -
Definition
Diagnosis (of the particular situation /patient selection /treatment planning)
Types / Classification
Materials
Methodology - Lab /Clinical
Advantages & disadvantages
Indications, contraindications
Maintenance Phase
Recent advances
Failure

b) Mandatory requirement to appear for Final BDS part II Prosthodontics University

Examination:
1. Treating completely edentulous conditions with Complete Denture – Minimum 5 nos.
(including all clinical and laboratory procedures)
2. Treating partially edentulous conditions with Removable Partial Denture – Minimum 5 nos.
(including all clinical and laboratory steps)
3. Should have satisfactorily completed all the Preclinical Prosthodontic exercises
4. Minimum of one seminar presentation on any Prosthodontic topic. A hard copy of the
seminar to be submitted at the time of University examination.

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c) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Types of Questions for University Written Examination:
Types of Questions and
Contents Total Marks
Distribution of Marks
One Question From Complete
Structured Essays
Denture topics and one from 20
2x 10marks
either FPD or RPD
Two Questions from Complete
Short Notes
denture, One question from 20
4 x 5marks
RPD, One question from FPD.
Questions from any of the
Prosthodontic topics including
Brief Notes
implants, maxillofacial 30
10x3marks
prosthesis & applied Dental
materials
Total 70
xv. Theory
University Written 70 Marks
Viva Voce 20 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

xvi. Clinical:
University Clinical Examination: 80 Marks
Case History 5 Marks
Complete Denture clinical steps 45 Marks
Tooth Preparation on Typhodont 20 Marks
Clinical Work Record & Seminar 10Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks

Grand Total 200Marks

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22. PAEDIATRIC AND PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY

a) THEORY: 65 HOURS (III yr. 15 hrs. Final Yr. Part I. 20hrs Part II. 30 hrs.)
Theory topics for III Year
Sl. No. Topic Hour
s
Introduction to Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry
1
Definition, Scope, Objectives and Importance
Dental Anatomy and Histology
♦ Chronology of Eruption of teeth
♦ Differences between primary and permanent teeth
1. 1
♦ Eruption disorders and their management including teething, ectopic
eruption, ankylosis etc.
♦ Importance of first permanent molar
Growth and Development (will be covered by Department of
Orthodontics also)
♦ Importance of study of growth and development in Pedodontics
2. ♦ Prenatal and postnatal factors in growth and development 2
♦ Theories of growth and development
♦ Methods to measure growth
♦ Development of maxilla and mandible and age related changes
Development of occlusion from birth to adolescence
♦ Mouth of neonate, gumpads
♦ Primary Dentition period
3. 2
♦ Mixed dentition period
♦ Establishment of occlusion
♦ Study of variation and abnormalities
Case history recording
4. ♦ Principles of history taking, examination, investigations, 1
♦ diagnosis and treatment planning
Child Psychology
♦ Definition
5. ♦ Importance of understanding Child Psychology in Pedodontics 4
♦ Theories
♦ Psychological development from birth through adolescence

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 ♦ Dental fear, anxiety and their management, types of cry
♦ Application of Psychology principles in management of child
♦ patients in the dental office
♦ Psychological disorders including anorexia, bulimia
♦ Child abuse and neglect
Behaviour management
♦ Definition
♦ Classification and types of behaviour
♦ Factors influencing child behaviour
♦ Non- Pharmacologic management of behaviour
♦ Pharmacologic management of behaviour-
6. 4
♦ Conscious sedation including nitrous oxide- oxygen inhalational
anaesthesia
♦ Pharmacological principles in Paediatric Dentistry- drug dosage
formulae
♦ Analgesics, anti-inflammatory and antibiotics commonly prescribed
for children
Theory topics for Final Year Part I
Dental Caries
♦ Diagnostic procedures and caries detection
♦ Caries pattern in primary, young permanent and permanent teeth
♦ Early childhood Caries, rampant caries- definition, classification,
etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications and
7. 3
management
♦ Role of diet and nutrition in dental caries and sugar substitutes
♦ Diet counselling and diet modifications
♦ Caries activity tests , caries prediction, susceptibility and their clinical
application
8. Dental Radiology as related to Pedodontics 1
Dental materials used commonly in children and adolescents (Outline
1. 1
revision)
Paediatric Operative Dentistry
2. ♦ Principles of Operative Dentistry 5
♦ Isolation- Importance and techniques

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 ♦ Young Permanent Teeth and clinical considerations
♦ Modifications in cavity preparation and recent cavity designs for
primary and young permanent teeth
♦ Atraumatic / Alternative Restorative Technique (ART)
♦ Other methods of caries removal
♦ Restoration of carious teeth ( Primary, young permanent and
permanent teeth) using various restorative materials like glass
ionomers, composites, silver amalgam
♦ Preformed crowns: Stainless steel, polycarbonate and strip crowns
Gingival and Periodontal diseases in children
♦ Normal gingival and periodontium in children
3. ♦ Definition, classification 2
♦ Etiology, Pathogenesis and management of gingival and periodontal
condition seen in children and adolescents
Flourides
♦ Historical background
♦ Systemic fluorides: Availability, agents, concentrations, advantages
and disadvantages
4. ♦ Topical fluorides: agents, composition, method of application both 4
for professional and home use, advantages and disadvantages
♦ Mechanism of action and its anticariogenic effect
♦ Fluoride toxicity and its management
♦ Defluoridation techniques
Paediatric Endodontics
♦ Principles and diagnosis
♦ Classification of pulp pathology
♦ Management of pulpaly involved primary, young permanent and
permanent teeth including materials used and techniques followed:
5. 4
♦ Pulp capping
♦ Pulpotomy
♦ Pulpectomy
♦ Apexogenesis
♦ Apexification
Theory topics for Final Year Part II

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 Traumatic injuries to teeth
♦ Definition, classification
♦ Etiology and incidence
6. ♦ Management of trauma to primary teeth 5
♦ Sequelae and reaction following trauma to primary teeth
♦ Management of trauma to young permanent teeth
♦ Prevention of trauma: mouth protectors
Preventive Orthodontics
♦ Importance and functions of deciduous dentition
♦ Effects of premature loss of primary teeth
Preventive Orthodontics:
♦ Definition
♦ Preventive measures
♦ Space loss
7. 5
♦ Space maintenance and space management
♦ Space maintainers: definition, classification, indications and contra
indications, advantages and disadvantages including construction of
fixed space maintainers
♦ Space regainers
♦ Mixed dentition analysis
♦ Serial extraction
Interceptive Orthodontics
♦ Oral Habits in children
♦ Definition, classification and etiology of all habits
♦ Clinical features of deleterious oral habits including non- nutritive
sucking, mouth breathing, non functional grinding, masochistic and
8. 4
occupational habits
♦ Management of oral habits in children
♦ Other problems seen during primary and mixed dentition period and
their management

Dental management of children with special needs

9. ♦ Definition, classification, etiology, clinical features, special 5
considerations in the dental management of :

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 ♦ Physically handicapping conditions
♦ Mentally handicapping conditions
♦ Medically compromising conditions
♦ Genetic disorders and importance of genetic counseling including
cleft lip and palate and its management
Oral surgical procedures in children
♦ Indications and contra indications for extraction
10. 2
♦ Minor surgical procedures in children
♦ Knowledge of local and general anaesthesia
Preventive Dentistry
♦ Definition, principles and scope
♦ Levels and types of prevention
♦ Infant oral health care and first dental visit
Preventive measures:
11. 4
♦ Minimal intervention
♦ Pit and fissure sealants
♦ Preventive resin restorations
♦ Newer agents available for caries prevention and demineralization
♦ Caries vaccine
12. Nanodentistry – Introduction, principles and technique – an outline 1
13. Dental Health Education and school dental health programmes 1
14. Importance of Dental HOME and anticipatory guidance 1
15. Dental emergencies in children and their management 1
16. Setting up of paediatric dental practice including ethics 1

b) PRACTICALS/ CLINICALS
Student is trained to arrive at proper diagnosis by following a scientific and systematic procedure of
history taking and examination of orofacial region. Training is also imparted in management
whenever possible.

In view of the above each student shall maintain a record of work done, which shall be evaluated
for marks at the time of university examination.

The following is the minimum prescribed clinical and academic requirement.

1. Case taking : 25 cases

Long case-

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 Detailed history taking & clinical examination, formulating diagnosis and planning
comprehensive treatment for the child -3 nos.
A very detailed history taking including diet chart recording, space analysis etc - 2nos.
Short case-
History taking (briefly), clinical examination, formulating diagnosis and treatment planning-
20 nos.
1. Preventive measures
Oral prophylaxis after using disclosing agents - 25nos.
Topical fluoride application - 25 nos.
Pit and fissure sealant application – 2nos
2. Permanent Restorations:- 45 nos.
3. Removable orthodontic appliances
Space maintainers / Habit breakers / Hawley’s appliance - 10nos.
4. Dental Extractions under LA
Extraction of deciduous and permanent teeth –30nos.
5. Special Dentistry
Treatment for children with special health care needs - 1 no.
6. Assignments on the topics given below in the year wise split-up
7. Seminar
Presentation of seminars, preferably in power point, during the Final year Part II clinical
posting in the department. Seminar certified by the HOD should be submitted in a book
form along with the record at the time of University Practical Examination.-1 no.

Clinical requirement –Year wise split up

Sl. Topic Procedures in III year Minimum

No requirement
1. Case taking Long case-
Detailed history taking & clinical 2
examination, formulating diagnosis and
planning comprehensive treatment for the
child.
2. Preventive measures 1. Oral prophylaxis after using disclosing 5

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 agents 5
2. Topical fluoride application
3. Permanent Amalgam or glass ionomer cement 5
Restorations
4. Removable orthodontic Space maintainer /Habit breaker/Hawley’s 1
appliance appliance
5. Dental Extractions Extraction of mobile deciduous teeth 5
6. Assignments Assignments on Milestones of
development, Immunisation schedule,
Chronology of human dentition & Stages of
tooth development, Tooth numbering
systems, Eruption sequence, Early and
Delayed eruption, Sterilization in dental
office, Amalgam-types, composition and
setting reaction, GIC- types, composition
and setting reaction, Post operative
instructions for various clinical procedures-
after extractions, restorative work and
orthodontic appliance insertion (It should
be written in the clinical record and
submitted before the end of III year posting
in the department)
7. A study model/chart/ 1
poster
Procedures in Final year (Part I)
1. Case taking Long case- All patient records- clinical & 1
investigative records- like study models,
pre-treatment and post- treatment
photographs, prints of the radiographs etc 10
Short case-
History taking(briefly), clinical examination,
formulating diagnosis and treatment
planning
2. Preventive measures Oral prophylaxis 15

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 Topical fluoride application 15
3. Permanent Amalgam/GIC 20
Restorations
4. Dental Extractions Extraction of anterior or posterior 15
deciduous teeth under LA
5. Removable Space maintainers/ habit 5
orthodontic appliance breakers/Hawley’s appliance
6. Assignments Assignments on Dental age and Assessment
methods, Topical fluorides, Pulp vitality
tests
Procedures in Final Year (Part II)
1 Case taking A very detailed history taking including diet 2
. chart recording, space analysis etc
Short case - 10
2 Preventive measures Oral prophylaxis 5
. Topical fluoride application 5
3 Permanent Amalgam/GIC 20
. Restorations
4 Removable Space maintainer/Habit breakers/Hawley’s 4
. orthodontic appliance
appliances
5 Dental Extractions Extraction of teeth including permanent 10
. posterior teeth, root stumps, grossly
decayed deciduous teeth- under LA
6 Treatment for Treatment for children with cardiac 1
. children with special problem/bleeding disorders/neurological
health care needs problems/ mentally challenged/visual/
hearing impairment etc
7 Seminar Seminar on allotted topic should be 1
. presented with power point and the print
and soft copies should be submitted to the
Head of the department before the end of
Part II posting.

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 c) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Distribution of Topics and Types of Questions for University Written Examination:
Types of Questions and
Contents Total Marks
Distribution of Marks
Structured Essays
20
2x 10marks
Questions from any of the
Short Notes
Paediatric & Preventive 20
4 x 5marks
Dentistry Topics
Brief Notes
30
10x3marks
Total 70

xvii. Theory
University Written 70 Marks
Viva Voce 20 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

xviii. Clinical:
University Clinical Examination: 80 Marks
Case History, Clinical Examination, Diagnosis &
Treatment Planning 40 Marks
Clinical Procedure:
Oral prophylaxis and topical fluoride application/ 20 Marks
Restoration of decayed tooth/
Extraction of tooth
Chair side preparation & Measures taken for 5 Marks
infection control
Overall management of the
child patient & Post operative instructions 5 Marks
Clinical Work Record + Seminar + Chart/Poster/Study model 5+3+2=10 Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks

Grand Total 200Marks

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 2.7 Total number of Hours (split up)

Lecture Practical Clinical Total

Subjects
(hrs) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs)
General Human Anatomy including Embryology and
100 175 275
Histology

General Human Physiology 120 60 180

Biochemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics 70 60 130

Dental Anatomy, Embryology and Oral histology 105 250 355

Dental Materials 80 240 320

General and Dental Pharmacology & Therapeutics 70 20 90

General Pathology 55 55 110

General Microbiology 65 50 115

General Medicine 60 90 150

General Surgery 60 90 150

Oral Pathology &Oral Microbiology 145 130 275

Oral Medicine & Radiology 75 200 275

Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry 65 320 385

Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics 70 160 200 430

Periodontology 80 200 280

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 76 370 446

Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics 160 200 370 730

Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge 160 340 370 870

Public Health Dentistry 74 200 274

Total 1660 1740 2410 5840

Note:
There should be a minimum of 240 teaching days every academic year consisting of at least 6 working
hours a day excluding one hour of lunch break each day.

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 2.8 Branches if any with definition: Refer Course content
2.9 Teaching learning Methods
The BDS programme offers a spiral, vertically and horizontally integrated curriculum utilising a
blend of teaching and learning methods, which combine clinical skills training with the
acquisition of knowledge, skills and professional attributes at all levels of the programme. All
teaching and learning activities are patient and student-centered, and are specifically designed
for students to experience authentic and contextual learning. Refer Section 2.5 for detailed
outline.
2.10 Content of each Subjects in each year
First Year
a) General Human Anatomy including Embryology and Histology
b) General Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics
c) Dental Materials
d) Dental Anatomy, Embryology and Oral Histology
e) Preclinical Conservative Dentistry
f) Preclinical Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge

Second Year
a) General Pathology and Microbiology
b) General and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics
c) Dental Materials
d) Pre clinical Conservative Dentistry
e) Preclinical Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge
f) Pre clinical Orthodontics
g) Oral Pathology & Oral Microbiology
Third Year
a) General Medicine
b) General Surgery
c) Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology
d) Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
e) Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
f) Oral Medicine and Radiology
g) Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics
h) Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry
i) Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge
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 j) Periodontology
k) Public Health Dentistry

Final Year -Part I (One Year programme)

a) Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics
b) Oral Medicine & Radiology
c) Public Health Dentistry
d) Periodontology
e) Prosthodontics & Crown and Bridge
f) Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
g) Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
h) Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry

Final Year- part II (Six months programme)

a) Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge

b) Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
c) Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
d) Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry

Emphasis on Comprehensive Dental Care / Electives/ Research

For contents of each subject refer syllabus

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2.11 No. of hours per subject

I BDS
SI. Lecture Practical Clinical Total
Subjects
No. (hrs) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs)
General Human Anatomy including 275
1. 100 175 —
Embryology and Histology

2. General Human Physiology 120 60 — 180

3. Biochemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics 70 60 — 130

Dental Anatomy, Embryology and Oral

4. 105 250 — 355
histology

5. Dental Materials 20 40 — 60

Pre clinical Prosthodontics and Crown &

6. — 100 — 100
Bridge

7. Pre clinical Conservative Dentistry — 100 — 100

Total 415 785 — 1200

II B.D.S.
SI. Lecture Practical Clinical Total
Subjects
No. (hrs) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs)
1. General Pathology 55 55 — 110

2. General Microbiology 65 50 — 115

3. General and Dental Pharmacology &

70 20 — 90
Therapeutics
4. Dental Materials 60 200 — 260

5. Pre clinical Prosthodontics and Crown &

25 200 — 225
Bridge
6. Pre clinical Conservative Dentistry 25 100 — 125

7. Pre clinical Orthodontics — 160 — 160

8. Oral Pathology &Oral Microbiology 25 50 — 75

Total 325 835 — 1160

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III B.D.S.
SI. Lecture Practical Clinical Total
Subjects
No. (hrs) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs)
1. General Medicine 60 — 90 150

2. General Surgery 60 — 90 150

3. Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology 120 80 200

4. Oral Medicine and Radiology 25 — 60 85

5. Public Health Dentistry 24 — 60 84

6. Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics 20 — 60 80

7. Periodontology 30 60 90

8. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 26 — 110 136

9. Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry 15 — 60 75

10. Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 65 — 110 175

11. Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge 65 40 110 215

Total 480 120 810 1440

Final B.D.S. Part I

SI. Lecture Practical Clinical Total
Subjects
No. (hrs) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs)

1. Oral Medicine & Radiology 50 — 140 190

2. Public Health Dentistry 50 140 190

3. Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics 50 — 140 190

4. Periodontology 50 — 140 190

5. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 20 — 140 160

6 Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry 20 -- 140 160

7. Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 40 140 180

8. Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge 40 — 140 180

Total 320 — 1120 1440

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 Final B.D.S. Part II
SI. Lecture Practical Clinical Total
Subjects
No. (hrs) (hrs) (hrs) (hrs)
1. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 30 — 120 150

2. Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 30 — 120 150

3. Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge 30 — 120 150

4. Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry 30 — 120 150

Total 120 — 480 600

Note:
There should be a minimum of 240 teaching days every academic year consisting of at least 6 working
hours a day excluding one hour of lunch break each day.
Each institution should prepare a master time table a format of which is given in Annexure
Teaching schedule as per the syllabus and master time table is to be prepared in all the subjects of study
by the concerned HoD’s in consultation with the Principal of the institution.
2.12 Practical Training: Refer Syllabus
2.13 Records: Refer Section syllabus
2.14 Dissertation: Not Applicable.
2.15 Specialty training if any: Refer Syllabus
2.16 Project work to be done if any: Refer Syllabus
2.17 Any other requirements: Refer syllabus
2.18 Prescribed/Recommended textbooks for each subject
Subject: General Human Anatomy including Embryology and Histology
1) Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Snell (Richard S.), Little Brown & company,
Boston.
2) Anatomy, R J Last’s - McMinn,
3) Cunningham Manual of Practical Anatomy: Head & Neck & Brain.Vol.III, Romanes
(G.J) Oxford Medical publication.
4) Functional Histology, Wheater, Burkitt & Daniels, Churchill Livingstone.
5) Medical Embryology, Sadler, Langman’s,
6) Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, James E Anderson, Williams& Wilkins.
7) Gray's Anatomy, Williams, Churchill Livingstone.
8) Medical Genetics, Emery.
9) Essentials of Anatomy for Dentistry Students, D R Singh, Wolters Kluwer.

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Subject: Physiology
1) Text book of Physiology, Guyton
2) Review of Medical Physiology, Ganong
3) Human physiology, Vander
4) Concise Medical Physiology, Choudhari
5) Human Physiology, Chaterjee
6) Human Physiology for BDS students, A.K. Jain
Reference books;
1) Physiology, Berne & Levey
2) Physiological basis of Medical Practice,West-Best & Taylor's
Experimental Physiology:
1) Practical Physiology, Rannade
2) A text book of practical physiology, Ghai
3) Clinical Methods, Hutchison's

Subject: Biochemistry
1) Textbook of Biochemistry for Dental Students, DM Vasudevan, Sreekumari S
2) Text book of Biochemistry-U Satyanarayana
Reference books;
1) Harper’s Biochemistry, R.K.Murray et.al.
2) Text book of Biochemistry with clinical correlations T.N. Devlin
3) Basic and applied Dental Biochemistry, R.A.D. Williams & J.C.Elliot
4) Nutritional Biochemistry S. Ramakrishnan and S.V. Rao

Subject: Dental Anatomy, Embryology and Oral Histology

1) Orban's Oral Histology & Embryology - S.N.Bhaskar
2) Oral Development & Histology - James & Avery
3) Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology & Occlusion – Major M.Ash
4) Dental Anatomy - its relevance to dentistry - Woelfel & Scheid
5) Applied Physiology of the mouth – Lavelle
6) Physiology & Biochemistry of the mouth – Jenkins
7) Oral Histology- 'Development, Structure and Function- A. R. Tencate

Subject: General Pathology

1) Robbins - Pathologic Basis of Disease Cotran, Kumar, Robbins
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 2) Anderson's Pathology Vol 1 & 2 Editors - Ivan Damjanov & James Linder
3) Wintrobe's clinical Haematology Lee, Bithell, Foerster, Athens, Lukens

Subject: Microbiology
1) Text book of Microbiology - R.Ananthanarayan & C.K.Jayaram Paniker.
2) Medical Microbiology - David Greenwood et al.
3) Textbook of Microbiology for Dental students- surinder Kumar
Reference books;
1) Microbiology - Prescott, et al.
2) Microbiology - Bernard D. Davis, et al.
3) Clinical & Pathogenic Microbiology - Barbara J Howard, et al.
4) Mechanisms of Microbial diseases - Moselio Schaechter, et al.
5) Immunology an Introduction – Tizard
6) Immunology - Evan Roitt, et al.

Subject: Dental Materials

1) Phillips Science of Dental Materials - Kenneth J. Anusavice
2) Restorative Dental Materials -Robert G.Craig
3) Notes on Dental Materials - E.C. Combe
Reference books:-
1) Introduction to Dental Materials, Van Noort,
2) Applied Dental Materials, McCabe,
3) Materials used in Dentistry- Mahalaxmi.S

Subject: General and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics

1) Basic and Clinical pharmacology,Bertam G. Katzung, Appleton & Lange
2) Clinical Pharmacology, Lauerence DR, Churchill Livingstone
3) Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics Part I & Part II, Satoskar R.S. & Bhandarkar
S.D, Popular Prakashan Mumbai.
4) Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, Tripathi K.D, Jaypee Brothers
5) Medical Pharmacology, Udaykumar, CBS publishing

Subject: General Medicine

1) Textbook of Medicine Davidson
2) Textbook of Medicine Hutchinson
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Subject: General Surgery
1) Short practice of Surgery, Baily & Love
2) A Consice Text Book of Surgery, S.Das

Subject: Oral Pathology & Oral Microbiology

1) A Text Book of Oral Pathology Shafer, Hine & Levy
2) Oral Pathology - Clinical Pathologic correlations Regezi & Sciubba.
3) Oral Pathology Soames & Southam.
4) Oral Pathology in the Tropics Prabhu, Wilson, Johnson & Daftary
5) Synopsis of Oral Pathology, Bhaskar, CBS publishing
6) Textbook of Oral Pathology-Ghom,Mhaske

Subject: Public Health Dentistry

1) Dentistry Dental Practice and Community by David F. Striffler and Brain A. Burt, W. B.
Saunders Company
2) Principles of Dental Public Health by James Morse Dunning, Harward University
Press.
3) Dental Public Health and Community Dentistry Ed by Anthony Jong Publication by
The C. V. Mosby Company
4) Community Oral Health-A system approach by Patricia P. Cormier and Joyce I. Levy
published by Apple ton-Century-Crofts/ New York,
5) Community Dentistry-A problem oriented approach by P. C.
6) Dental Hand book series Vol.8 by Stephen L. Silverman and Ames F. Tryon, Series
editor-Alvin F. Gardner, PSG Publishing company Inc. Littleton Massachusetts,
7) Dental Public Health- An Introduction to Community Dentistry. Edition by Geoffrey L.
Slack and Brain Burt, Published by John Wright and sons Bristol.
8) Oral Health Surveys- Basic Methods, 1997, published by W. H. O Geneva available at
the regional office New Delhi.
9) Preventive Medicine and Hygiene-By Maxcy and Rosenau, published by Appleton
Century Crofts,
10) Preventive Dentistry-by J. O. Forrest published by John Wright and sons Bristoli,
11) Preventive Dentistry by Murray,.
12) Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine by Park and park,
13) Community Dentistry by Dr. Soben Peter.
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 Public Health dentistry, Sikri. CBS Publishing

Subject: Research methodology and Bio-statistics

1) Introduction to Bio-statistics by B. K. Mahajan
2) Introduction to Statistical Methods by Grewal

Subject: Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry

1) Dentistry for the Child and Adolescence - Mc. Donald.
2) Pediatric Dentistry (Infancy through Adolescence) - Pinkham.
3) Pediatric Dentistry : Total Patient Care – Stephen H.Y. Wei
4) Clinical Pedodontics – Sidney B. Finn
5) Fundamentals of Pediatric Dentistry – R.J. Mathewson
6) Handbook of Clinical Pedodontics - Kenneth. D.
7) Text Book of Pedodontics- Shobha Tandon
8) Pediatric Dentistry - Damle S. G.
9) Kennedy's Pediatric Operative Dentistry - Kennedy & Curzon.
10) Handbook of Pediatric Dentistry – Cameron and Widmer
11) Pediatric Dentistry - Richard R. Welbury
12) Pedodontics: A Clinical Approach - Goran Koch
13) Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry (Colour Guide) - D Millet & R Welbury
14) Color Atlas of Oral Diseases in Children and Adolescents - George Laskaris
15) Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient –J.W. Little
16) Pediatric Dentistry – Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice – Stewart and
Barber.
17) Clinical Use of Fluorides - Stephen H. Wei.
18) Understanding of Dental Caries - Niki Foruk.
19) Essentials of Community & Preventive Dentistry - Soben Peters.
20) Behaviour Management – Wright
21) Traumatic Injuries - Andreason.
22) Occlusal Guidance in Pediatric Dentistry - Stephen H. Wei / Nakata
23) Pediatric Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery - Kaban.
24) Pediatric Medical Emergencies - P. S. Whatt.
25) An Atlas of Glass Ionomer Cements - G. J. Mount..
26) Textbook of Pediatric Dentistry - Braham Morris.
27) Primary Preventive Dentistry - Norman O. Harris.
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 28) Preventive Dentistry - Forrester.
29) Contemporary Orthodontics - Profitt..
30) Preventive Dentistry - Depaola.
31) Endodontics - Ingle.
32) Pathways of Pulp - Cohen.
33) Management of Traumatized anterior Teeth - Hargreaves.

Subject: Oral Medicine and Radiology

Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine & Oral Pathology
1) Oral Medicine, Burkit, J.B. Lippincott Company
2) Principles of Oral Diagnosis, Coleman, Mosby Year Book
3) Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases, Jones, W.B. Saunders company
4) Oral Diagnosis & Oral Medicine, Mitchell
5) Oral Diagnosis, Kerr
6) Oral Diagnosis & Treatment ,Miller
7) Clinical Methods, Hutchinson
8) Shafers, Oral Pathology
9) Principles and practice of Oral Medicine, Sonis.S.T., Fazio.R.C. and Fang.L

Oral Radiology
1) Oral Radiology White & Goaz, Mosby year Book
2) Dental Radiology, Weahrman,C.V. Mosby Company
3) Oral Roentgenographs Diagnosis,Stafne,W.B.Saunders Co
4) Fundamentals of Dental radiology, Sikri, CBS Publishing.

Subject: Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics

1) Contemporary Orthodontics- William R. Proffit
2) Orthodontics For Dental Students- White And Gardiner
3) Handbook Of Orthodontics- Moyers
4) Orthodontics - Principles And Practice- Graber
5) Design, Construction And Use Of Removable Orthodontic Appliances- C. Philip
Adams
6) Clinical Orthodontics: Vol 1 & 2- Salzmann

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Subject: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
(1) Impacted teeth, Alling John et al
(2) Principles of Oral&maxillofacial Surgery vol1,2&3 Peterson LJ et al
(3) Text book of Oral&maxillofacial Surgery, Srinivasan B
(4) Hand book of Medical emergencies in the dental office, Melamed SF
(5) Killey’s Fracture of the Mandible, Banks
(6) Killey’s Fractures of the Middle 3 of the Facial Skeleton; Banks P
(7) The Maxillary Sinus and its Dental Implications; Mc Govanda
(8) Killey and Kays Outline of Oral Surgery - Fart l& 2; Seward GR & et al
(9) Essentials of Safe Dentistry for the Medically Compromised Patients; Mc Carthy FM
(10) Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Vol l& 2; Laskin DM
(11) Extraction of Teeth; Howe GL
(12) Minor Oral Surgery; Howe GL
(13) Contemporary Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeiy; Peterson LJ
(14) Text book of Oral &Maxillofacial Surgery , Neelima Anil Malik
(15) Text book of Oral &Maxillofacial Surgery, SM Balaji
(16) Principles of Oral Surgery; Moore J'R
(17) Handbook of Local Anaesthesia, Malamed
(18) Sedation; Malamed
(19) Text book of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; Gustav O Kruger
(20) A Practical guide to Hospital Dentistry, Dr. George Varghese, Jaypee brothers
publishing, New Delhi.
(21) A Practical guide to the Management of Impacted Tooth, Dr. George Varghese,
Jaypee brothers publishing, New Delhi.
(22) Textbook of Local Anaesthesia; Monheim

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Subject: Prosthodontics, and Crown & Bridge
1) Syllabus of Complete denture -Charles M.Heartwell Jr. and Arthur O. Rahn
2) Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients- Carl O.Boucher
3) Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics by - Sheldon Winkler.
4) Maxillofacial prosthetics by - Willam R.Laney.
5) McCraken's Removable partial Prosthodontics
6) Removable partial Prosthodontics by - Ernest L. Miller and Joseph E.Grasso.
7) Stewart’s Clinical Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Quintessence Publishing Co.
8) Fundementals of Fixed Prosthodontics, Shillingburg, Quintessence Publishing Co.
9) Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion, Jeffery P.Okeson,
Mosby Year book,Inc.
10) A Primer on Complete Denture Prosthodontics, K Chandrasekharan Nair, Ahuja
Publishing house.
11) Textbook of Prosthodontics,V Rangarajan & TV Padmanabhan,Elsevier.

Subject: Periodontology
1) Glickman's Clinical Periodontology-Carranza
Reference books
1) Essentials of Periodontology and periodontics- Torquil MacPhee
2) Contemporary periodontics- Cohen
3) Periodontal therapy- Goldman
4) Orbans' periodontics- Orban
5) Oral Health Survey- W.H.O.
6) Preventive Periodontics- Young and Stiffler
7) Advanced Periodontal Disease- John Prichard
8) Clinical Periodontology- Jan Lindhe
9) Periodontics- Baer & Morris.

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 Subject: Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
1) The Art & Science of Operative Dentistry,Sturdevant,MosbyU.S.A
2) Principle & Practice of Operative Dentistry, Charbeneu,Varghese Publishing,
Mumbai.
3) Sturdevant’s Art & Science of Operative Dentistry, Heymann, Swift, Ritter &
Gopikrishna- South Asia Edition.
4) Fundementals of Operative Dentistry- Summit, Robbins, Hilton, Schwartz.
5) Grossman’s Endodontic Practice, B.Suresh Chandra & V.GopiKrishna,Wolters Kluwer
6) Endodontics in Clinical Practice- Harty

Subject: Esthetic Dentistry

1) Esthetic guidelines for restorative dentistry; Scharer & others
2) Esthetics of anterior fixed prosthodontics; Chiche (GJ) & Pinault (Alain)
3) Esthetic & the treatment of facial form, Vol 28; Mc Namara (JA)
4) Contemporary Esthetic Dentistry – George. A. Freedman.
Subject: Forensic Odontology
1) Practical Forensic Odontology- Derek.H.Clark,Butterworth-Heinemann
2) Manual of Forensic Odontology, C Michael Bowers, Gary Bell

Subject: Behaviourial Science

1) General Psychology- Hans Raj, Bhatia
2) Behavioural Sciences in Medical Practice- Manju Mehta
3) General psychology — Hans Raj, Bhatia
4) General psychology —Munn
5) Sciences basic to psychiatry -- Basanth Puri & Peter J Tyrer

Subject: Ethics
1) Medical Ethics, Francis C M, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi
Subject: Implantology
1) Contemporary Implant Dentistry, Carl. E.Misch, Mosby
2) Osseointegration and Occlusal Rehabilitation, Hobo S., Ichida. E. andGarcia L.T.
Quintessence Publishing Company,
Note:
1. Book titles will keep on adding in view of the latest advances in the Dental Sciences.
2. Standard books from Indian authors are also recommended
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2.19 Reference books: Included along with recommended books
2.20 Journals
List of Journals
1) Journal of Dentistry
2) British Dental Journal
3) International Dental Journal
4) Dental Abstracts
5) Journal of American Dental Association
6) British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
7) Oral Surgery, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine
8) Journal of Periodontology
9) Journal of Endodontics
10) American journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
11) Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
12) International Journal of Prosthodontics
13) Journal of Public Health Dentistry
14) Endodontics and Dental Traumatology
15) Journal of Dental Education
16) Dental Update
17) Journal of Dental Material
18) International Journal of Pediatric Dentistry
19) International Journal of Clinical Pediatric dentistry
Note: This is the minimum requirement. More journals both Indian and Foreign are
recommended for imparting research oriented education.
2.21 Logbook: Refer syllabus

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 3. EXAMINATIONS

3.1 Eligibility to appear for University examinations

a) Preface:

i. Evaluation is a continuous process, which is based upon criteria developed by with

certain objectives to assess the performance of the learner. This also indirectly helps in
the measurement of effectiveness and quality of the concerned B.D.S. programme.
ii. Evaluation is achieved by two processes
1) Formative or internal assessment
2) Summative or university examinations.
Formative evaluation is done through a series of tests and examinations conducted
periodically by the institution.
Summative evaluation is done by the university through examination conducted at the
end of the specified course.

b) Methods of evaluation:

Evaluation may be achieved by the following tested methods:

i. Written test
ii. Practical examination
iii. Clinical examination
iv. Viva voce

c) Eligibility criteria:

For a candidate to be eligible to write the university examination of an year of study for the
first time he/she should have minimum 80% attendance in all the subjects in which
examination is being held for the year of study and a minimum of 70% in Lectures and
Practical/ Clinical separately in all the non-exam subjects for the year (Refer Section 1.8).
However candidates with such 80% attendance in all the subjects of study for which university
examination is held for a particular year will be eligible to attempt the university examination
only in those subjects in which he/she has secured the minimum requirement of 40% of
internal assessment marks. A candidate can reappear for university examination in the failed
subjects provided he/she has secured minimum 70% attendance (theory & practical
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 separately) and have scored minimum 40% marks in internal assessment conducted for the
subject during the supplementary period.

3.2 Schedule of regular/Supplementary examinations

The University examination for a subject shall be conducted twice in a year as per the
schedule approved by the Board of Examinations at an interval of not less than four to six
months as notified by the university from time to time.

3.3 Scheme of examination Showing Maximum and Minimum Marks

The scheme of examination for B.D.S. Course shall be divided into 1 st B.D.S. examination at
the end of the first, 2nd B.D.S. examination at the end of second, 3rd B.D.S. examination at the
end of third and Final BDS Part I examination at the end of fourth academic year. The Final
B.D.S part II examination will be held on completing six months of the fifth academic year. The
examination shall be open to a candidate who satisfies the requirements of attendance,
progress and other rules governing the institution and The University.
1. Distribution of Marks
i. For each paper in which written examination is held:
Theory
University written examination 70
University Viva Voce 20
Internal assessment 10
Total 100
Practical/ clinical
University Practical/ Clinical examination 80
Internal assessment 20
Total 100
Aggregate marks for each paper 200

ii. For Preclinical Examination in Prosthodontics/Conservative Dentistry & Orthodontics

University Practical examination 60

Viva voce 20
Internal assessment Practical 20
Total 100
preclinical examination in each subject is to be conducted separately.

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Detailed mark distribution of each paper for each subject is given in Table below
Distribution of marks in University examination and internal assessment for various subjects from
first year to fifth year.
Year Theory Marks Practical/ Clinical Marks
Grand
of Universi
Subjects Viva Internal University Internal Total
Study ty Total Total
Voce Assessment examination Assessment Marks
written
General Anatomy including
70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
Embryology and Histology
General Section A
35 10 5 50 40 10 50
Human Physiology
Physiology 200
I BDS Section B
and 35 10 5 50 40 10 50
Biochemistry Biochemistry

Dental Anatomy, Embryology

70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
and Oral Histology

General Section A
35 10 5 50 40 10 50
Pathology Pathology
200
and Section B
35 10 5 50 40 10 50
Microbiology Microbiology
General and Dental
70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Section A
II 35 10 5 50 40 10 50
Prosthodontics
BDS Dental
Section B 200
Materials
Conservative 35 10 5 50 40 10 50
dentistry
Pre Clinical Conservative
- 20 - 20 60 20 80 100
Dentistry
Pre Clinical Prosthodontics - 20 - 20 60 20 80 100
Pre Clinical Orthodontics - 20 - 20 60 20 80 100
General Medicine 70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
III General Surgery 70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
BDS Oral Pathology & Oral
70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
Microbiology
Oral Medicine and Radiology 70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
Final Periodontology 70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
BDS Orthodontics & Dentofacial
70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
part I Orthopaedics
Public Health Dentistry 70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
Prosthodontics & Crown and
70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
Bridge
Final
Conservative Dentistry and
BDS 70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
Endodontics
part
Paediatric & Preventive
II 70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200
Dentistry
Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200

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3.4 Papers in each year
I B.D.S. Examination:
i. General Anatomy including Embryology and Histology
ii. General Human Physiology and Biochemistry
iii. Dental Anatomy, Embryology and Oral Histology
II B.D.S. Examination:
Only a candidate who has successfully completed and passed all the 1 st B.D.S. subjects
can appear.
i. General Pathology and Microbiology
ii. General and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics
iii. Dental Materials
iv. Pre Clinical Conservative Dentistry( Only Practical and Viva)
v. Pre Clinical Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge (Only Practical and Viva )
vi. Pre Clinical Orthodontics (Only Practical and Viva)
III B.D.S. Examination:
Only a candidate who has successfully completed and passed all the 2 nd B.D.S.
subjects can appear.
i. General Medicine
ii. General Surgery
iii. Oral Pathology & Oral Microbiology
Final BDS - Part I Examination:
Only a candidate who has successfully completed and passed all the 3rd BDS subjects
can appear.
i. Oral Medicine and Radiology
ii. Periodontology
iii. Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics
iv. Public Health Dentistry
Final BDS - Part II Examination:
Only a candidate who has appeared for the Final BDS Part I examination can appear.
i. Prosthodontics & Crown and Bridge
ii. Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
iii. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
iv. Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry

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3.5 Details of theory examination (written)
1. The written examination in each paper will be of three hours duration and shall have
maximum marks of 70. Type of Questions and Distribution of marks for written examination
should be as given in table I given below.
2. The paper of Physiology & Biochemistry will be divided into two Sections, Section A (Gen.
Physiology) and Section B (Biochemistry) of equal marks. Type of Questions and Distribution
of marks for written examination should be as given in table II below.
3. The paper of Pathology & Microbiology will be divided into two Sections, Section A (Gen.
Pathology) and Section B (Microbiology) of equal marks. Type of Questions and Distribution
of marks for written examination should be as given in table III below.
4. The paper of Dental Materials will be divided into two Sections, Section A (Prosthodontics)
and Section B (Conservative Dentistry) of equal marks. Type of Questions and Distribution of
marks for written examination should be as given in table IV below.
5. The question paper should contain different types of questions like essay, short note and
brief note.
6. The nature of questions should be aimed to evaluate students of different standards ranging
from average to excellent.
7. The questions should cover as broad an area of content of the course as possible. The essay
questions should be properly structured and the marks specifically allotted.

Table I.
Type of Questions No. of Questions Marks / Question Total Marks
Structured Essay 2 10 20
Short note 4 5 20
Brief note 10 3 30
Grand Total 70
Table II.
Physiology and Biochemistry
Type of No. of Marks of Total
Subject
Questions Questions Questions Marks
Structured Essay 1 10 10
Section A Short note 2 5 10
Physiology Brief note 5 3 15
Grand Total 35

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 Type of No. of Marks of Total
Subject
Questions Questions Questions Marks
Structured Essay 1 10 10
Section B Short note 2 5 10
Biochemistry Brief note 5 3 15
Grand Total 35
Table III.
Pathology and Microbiology
Type of No. of Marks of Total
Subject
Questions Questions Questions Marks
Structured Essay 1 10 10
Section A Short note 2 5 10
Pathology Brief note 5 3 15
Grand Total 35

Type of No. of Marks of Total

Subject
Questions Questions Questions Marks
Structured Essay 1 10 10
Section B Short note 2 5 10
Microbiology Brief note 5 3 15
Grand Total 35
Table IV.
Dental Materials
Type of No. of Marks of Total
Subject
Questions Questions Questions Marks
Structured Essay 1 10 10
Section A Short note 2 5 10
Prosthodontics Brief note 5 3 15
Grand Total 35

Type of No. of Marks of Total

Subject
Questions Questions Questions Marks
Structured Essay 1 10 10
Section B
Short note 2 5 10
Conservative
Brief note 5 3 15
Dentistry
Grand Total 35
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3.6 Model question paper for each subject
Given as Annexure

3.7 Internal assessment

The internal assessment examinations in theory and practical/ clinical may be held at least
twice in a particular year followed by a model examination in the pattern of university
examination to be held at the end of the year of study. Internal assessment marks for a
candidate in a subject will be calculated as the average of, marks obtained in the model
examination and the highest among all other internal examinations, in the subject. This
average mark will be reported to the University. The Heads of the Department and College
Principal should ensure that the class average of internal assessment marks reported to the
University in each subject/paper is not more than 75% in both theory and practical/clinical
separately. For a student to be eligible to appear for the University examination he/she
should have secured at least 40% of maximum marks in internal assessment for both theory
and practical/clinical in all subjects/papers, separately (i.e. minimum 4/10 in theory and
8/20 in practical/clinical). (For calculating internal assessment mark in papers where subjects
are combined viz. General Human Physiology & Biochemistry, General Pathology &
Microbiology and Dental Materials, marks obtained in the two subjects will be counted
together for reporting to University and for applying all other stipulations mentioned above)

3.8 Details of Practical/Clinical examinations

1. Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation:

The clinical /practical examination should include different procedures for the
candidate to express one's skills. A number of examination stations with specific
instructions to be carried out may be provided. This can include clinical procedures,
laboratory experiments, spotters etc. Evaluation must be made objective and
structured. The method of objective structured clinical examinations should be
followed. This will avoid examiner bias because both the examiner and the examinee
are given specific instructions on what is to be observed at each station.
2. Records/Log Books:
The candidate should be given credit for his records based on the scores obtained in
the record. The marks obtained for the record in the first appearance can be carried
over to the subsequent appearances if necessary.

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 3. Scheme of clinical and practical examinations:
The specific scheme of clinical/practical examinations, the type of clinical
procedures/experiments to be performed and marks allotted for each are given in
Scheme of examination for each subject (Section 2.6). Changes if any should be
discussed and finalized by the Chairman and members of the board of examiners and to
be published prior to the conduct of the examinations along with the publication of
time table for practical examination. This scheme should be brought to notice of the
external examiner as and when the examiner reports. The practical/clinical
examinations should be evaluated by two examiners of which one shall be an external
examiner appointed from other zones of the university or outside University. Each
candidate should be evaluated by each examiner independently and marks computed
at the end of the examination.

3.9 Number of Examiners (internal & external)and their qualifications

For practical/Clinical and Viva voce examination there shall be two examiners for each paper, one
internal and one external, from Medical/ Dental Institutions approved/recognized by the
Dental Council of India for B.D.S. Course. The internal examiner will be from within the
institution. The external examiner can be from a different zone of the University or from
outside University. When the number of candidates registered for a subject/s in a particular
examination exceeds 75, two sets of examiners (one external & one internal each) may be
appointed for the subject/s, such that the practical and viva examination for the first half of
candidates may be conducted by one set of examiners and that of the remaining candidates
may be done be the other set of examiners. No person shall be an External Examiner to the
same college for more than 3 consecutive years. However, if there is a break of one year the
person can be reappointed.
Note:
1) In case of Physiology and Biochemistry if Internal examiner is from Physiology, External
examiner should be from Biochemistry and vice versa
2) In case of Pathology and Microbiology if Internal examiner is from Pathology, External
examiner should be from Microbiology and vice versa
In case of Dental Materials, if Internal examiner is from Prosthodontics, External
examiner should be from Conservative Dentistry and vice versa

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 Qualification and experience to be eligible for examinership for BDS examination:
1) M.D.S. Degree in the concerned subject from a DCI recognized Institution.
2) Four years teaching experience in the subject after MDS in the concerned subject in
a Dental College approved/recognized by the Dental Council of India for BDS.
3) Should be qualified as per DCI to hold the post of Reader or above in a Dental
Institution approved/recognised by the Dental Council of India for B.D.S.
4) In case of medical subjects the qualification of examiners shall be the same as that
prescribed by the Dental Council of India for the concerned subject.
5) Age not more than 65 years or as prescribed by DCI from time to time.

3.10 Details of Viva.

Viva voce is an excellent mode of assessment because it permits a fair broad coverage and it
can assess the problem solving capacity of the student. An assessment related to the affective
domain is also possible through viva voce. It is desirable to conduct the viva voce
independently by each examiner. In order to avoid vagueness and to maintain uniformity of
standard and coverage, questions can be pre-formulated before administering them to each
student. Twenty marks are exclusively allotted for viva voce and that can be divided amongst
the two examiners.

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 4. INTERNSHIP

COMPULSORY PAID ROTATING INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME (CRRI)

4.1 Eligibility for Internship:

Candidates who fulfill the following criteria are eligible to start Internship (CRRI):
1. Must have successfully completed all the Final BDS Part I and Part II examinations
within the stipulated time frame, if any.
2. Must have obtained temporary registration from Kerala Dental Council.
3. Must have satisfied all other criteria, if any, for starting internship put forth by the
Institution, University and DCI from time to time.
4.2 Details of Internship Training Programme:
1. Start of Internship programme

As far as possible the internship programme will commence within 10 days after
the declaration of Final BDS part II result by the University. Before commencement of
the Internship training Programme the Dean/ Principal shall conduct Orientation
Workshop for the interns to get acquainted with the details of Internship training
Programme. The Orientation Workshop shall cover Ethical issues, Patient Management,
Public Relation issues, Emergency Care of the patients (including CPR), Medico-legal
issues, Public Health and National Oral Health Policy. It shall be mandatory for the all the
interns to attend the Orientation Workshop. The period of the workshop shall be
included in the period of one year Internship.

2. Curriculum of Dental internship programme

1. The duration of Internship shall be one year (365 days), not relaxable under any pretext.
2. All parts of internship shall be done in a Dental College duly recognized/ approved by
the Dental Council of India for the purpose of imparting education and training to Dental
graduates in the country.
3. During the internship period the candidates will be posted in all the clinical departments
of the institution.
4. Each Intern shall be paid stipendiary allowance during the period of internship not
extending beyond a period of one year.
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 5. The internship shall be compulsory and rotating as per the regulations prescribed for the
purpose.
6. During the internship period they will have to attend to the routine clinical activities of
the department under the supervision of faculty members.
7. The interns will also be posted in the Dental Casualty for attending to the emergency
services of the institution and may also include rural postings at satellite dental clinics of
the institution.
8. Internship is considered as an integral part of BDS course and hence the B.D.S. degree
shall be conferred only on satisfactory completion of internship.
9. As far as possible the Internship training Programme shall be commenced by the
concerned Dean/ Principal not later than 10 days from the date of declaration of Final
B.D.S. Part II result by KUHS.

3. Determinants of Curriculum for internship:

1. The curricular contents of internship training shall be based on:

2. Dental health needs of the society.
3. Financial, material and manpower resources available for the purpose.
4. National Dental Health Policy.
5. Socio-economic conditions of the people in general.
6. Existing Dental facilities at par with the primary health care concept for the delivery of
health services.
7. Task analysis of what dental graduates are expected to do in Dentistry in various practice
settings. (Private and Government service.)
8. Epidemiological studies conducted to find out prevalence of different dental health
problems, taking into consideration the magnitude of dental problems, severity of
dental problems and social disruption caused by these problems.

4. Objectives –
A. To facilitate reinforcement of learning and acquisition of additional
knowledge:-

a. Reinforcement of knowledge.
b. Techniques & resources available to the individual and the community: Social and
cultural setting.
c. Training in a phased manner, from a shared to a full responsibility.

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 B. To facilitate the achievement of basic skills: attaining competence vs. maintaining
competence in:-

a. History taking.
b. Clinical Examination.
c. Performance and interpretation of essential laboratory data.
d. Data analysis and inference.
e. Communication skills aimed at imparting hope and optimism in the patient.
f. Attributes for developing working relationship in the Clinical setting and Community
team work.

C. To facilitate development of sound attitudes and habits:-

a. Emphasis on individual and human beings, and not on disease/symptoms.

b. Provision of comprehensive care, rather than fragmentary treatment
c. Continuing Dental Education and Learning of accepting the responsibility,

D. To facilitate understanding of professional and ethical principles including: -

a. Rights and dignity of patients

b. Consultation with other professionals and referral to seniors/institutions.
c. Obligations to peers, colleagues, patients, families and Community.
d. Provision of free professional services in an emergent situation.

E. To initiate individual and group action, leading to disease prevention and oral and
dental health promotion, at the level of individuals, families and the Community.
F. To maintain day to day record, in the form of a performance log book,the quantum of
work done and any other assignment allotted to each intern by the department.
HOD/Teaching staff supervising the intern shall duly certify the work done by awarding
grades.
(Complete record of all cases treated department wise to be prepared and presented in
the form of performance Log book and case files at the time of completion of internship
programme.)

5. Content (subject matter) –

The compulsory rotating paid Dental Internship shall include training in Oral Medicine &
Radiology; Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; Prosthodontics; Periodontics; Conservative
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 Dentistry; Paediatric Dentistry; Oral Pathology & Microbiology; Orthodontics and
Community Dentistry .

6. Duties & responsibilities of Intern posted in various departments:-

i. Attending to the routine O.P in the Department

ii. Carrying out the routine clinical procedures in the department
iii. Carrying out Patient and instrument Preparation for clinical procedures.
iv. Carrying out all Clinical procedures including impression making, and pouring casts ( i.e.
steps including mixing of impression materials & gypsum products, mixing of restorative
materials and removal of casts from impressions to be done by the intern without
seeking assistance)
v. Fabrication insertion and follow up of removable orthodontic appliances.
vi. Attending to the casualty duties of the institution
vii. Maintenance of log book and records
viii. Carrying out any other duty as instructed by the Head of the Department.
ix. Maintenance of proper dress code and attire.
Note: The entire clinical work done by intern will be under the supervision of faculty
members. In the absence of faculty the intern will be under the supervision of
Senior/Junior Resident.

7. General Guidelines: -
It shall be task-oriented training. The interns should participate in various institutional
and field programmes and be given due responsibility to perform the activities in all
departments of the Dental College and associated Institutions.
In order to facilitate achievement of basic skills and attitudes, following facilities should
be provided to all dental graduates:

I. History taking, examination, diagnosis, charting and recording treatment plan of cases.
II. Presentation of cases in a group or Seminar.
III. Care and sterilization of instruments used in dental practice.
IV. Performance and interpretation of essential laboratory tests and other relevant
investigations.
V. Data analysis and inference.

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 VI. Proper use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and other drugs, as well as other
therapeutic modalities.
VII. Education of patients, their relatives and community on all aspects of dental health care
while working in the institution as also in the field.
VIII. Communication aimed at inspiring hope, confidence and optimism.
IX. Legal rights of patients and obligations of dental graduate under forensic jurisprudence.
X. It shall be binding on the interns to follow strictly the ‘Code of Conduct’ prescribed by the
institution/ University/ Govt. for the regulation of the conduct of a Dental student in the
State of Kerala.

Breach of Code of Conduct / discipline by the intern shall disqualify him/her from
pursuing Internship Training Programme for a period as may be specified by the
institutions/ University in such cases.

XI. The University has laid down the minimum quantum of work to be done by each intern
department wise; however the clinical work allotted by the department has to be
necessarily carried out by the intern.
XII. Workshops to be arranged by the colleges immediately after publication of final BDS
part II result to orient the interns about ethical issues, patient management issues,
public relation issues, emergency care of the patients, medico-legal issues, record
keeping, public health & national oral health policy etc.

8. Duration of internship in each department.

Sl.No. Department No. of Days

1. Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge 60
2. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 60
3. Conservative dentistry& Endodontics 45
4. Periodontics 45
5. Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry 30
6. Oral Medicine & Radiology 30
7. Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics 30
8. Public Health Dentistry/ Rural services/Palliative care 30
9. Oral Pathology & Oral Microbiology including Forensic Odontology 15
10. Elective ( any of the subjects listed from 1 to 7 ) 20

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 9. Leave
Leave is not the right of an intern. For any kind of leave prior permission from the
head of the department where the intern is posted is mandatory. An intern shall be
entitled for a maximum of 15 days leave during one year period of internship posting. An
intern will not be permitted to avail more than 3 days leave in any department. Period of
leave in excess of 3 days in a department will have to be repeated in the same
department as extension posting. Under any circumstances including maternity leave
this period will not be condoned by any authority.

10. Internship completion certificate

An intern will be issued internship completion certificate (Refer Annexure III) by
the office of the Dean / Principal only on completion of internship training programme
satisfactorily. It is mandatory for the intern to attend at least one workshop on Basic Life
Support and emergency management for issue of the internship certificate.

11. Registration with council

On Successful completion of both Final BDs Part I & II examinations the
candidates can apply for issue of provisional degree certificate from the University.
Before starting internship a temporary registration from the Kerala Dental council is
mandatory. On successful completion of One year internship programme the candidate
can apply for permanent degree certificate.

12. Stipend
As per the norms of the government/ KUHS framed from time to time.

13. Eligibility for award of degree

A candidate, who has successfully completed all the subjects of the course and
one year internship with in the specified period, if any, will be eligible for the award of
degree.
14. Transcript
To be issued by the institution where the candidate underwent training.

4.3 Model of Internship mark list

Not Applicable

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 4.4 Extension rules
The duration of Internship shall be one year (365 days), not relax able under any pretext. An
intern shall be entitled for a maximum of 15 days leave during one year period of internship
posting. Period of leave in excess of 3 days in a department will be considered as absence
and the candidate will have to do extension posting in the same department for the number
of days he was absent in the department.

4.5 Details of training given:

1. Detailed distribution of minimum expected work to be completed (Department-wise):-

a) Oral Medicine & Radiology
The Intern during his/her posting in oral surgery shall perform the following procedures
(minimum requirement):

a) Standardized examination of patients 5 cases

b) Exposure to clinical, pathological laboratory procedures and biopsies/ 5 cases
c) cytology
d) Effective training in taking of Radiographs & processing : (Intra-oral) I.O, Full mouth and
(Extra oral) E.O
e) Cephalogram – with interpretation 1
f) Interpretation of X-rays 25 nos.
g) Orientation to additional investigation techniques like CT Scan/MRI/ Sialography / USG/
Doppler- (optional : where there is scope/ facility)

b) Oral and Maxillofacial surgery

A. An Intern during his/her posting in oral surgery shall perform the following
procedures (minimum requirement):

a) Extractions 50
b) Trans-alveolar extractions 2
c) Assisting / observing & other minor surgery 2

B. the Intern shall perform the following on Cancer Patients (preferential)

a) Maintain file work

b) Do extractions for radiotherapy cases
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 c) Perform biopsies
d) Observe varied cases of oral cancers

C. An intern shall have 15 days posting in emergency services of a dental/ dental wing of
general hospital with extended responsibilities in emergency dental care in the wards.
During this period he/she shall attend to emergencies under the direct supervision of
oral & maxillofacial surgeon. Emergencies to be assisted and observed:

a) Toothache
b) Trigeminal neuralgia
c) Bleeding from mouth due to trauma, post extraction, bleeding disorder or haemophilia
d) Airway obstruction due to fracture mandible and maxilla; dislocation of mandible;
syncope or vasovagal attacks; Ludwig's angina; tooth fracture; post intermaxillary
fixation after general Anaesthesia.
e) observes the work in I.C.U. with particular reference to resuscitation procedures.
f) conducts tutorials on medico-legal aspects including reporting on actual cases coming to
casualty.

c) Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge

The interns during their internship posting in Prosthodontics shall perform the following
procedures (minimum requirement):

a) Complete denture (upper & lower) (Clinical Procedures & laboratory work) 3 Cases
b) Removable Partial Denture (Clinical Procedures & laboratory work) 4 Cases
c) Planned (cast) partial denture (designing on model only) 1 Case
d) Learning use of Face bow and Semi anatomic articulator technique
e) Management of TMD cases etc.( preferable)
f) Miscellaneous-like Reline/Rebasing / Overdenture/ repairs of Denture/immediate
complete denture.

d) Periodontics
An intern shall perform the following procedures (minimum requirement):

A. Prophylaxis 10 cases
B. Assist / observe or perform :
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 a) Flap Operation 2 cases
b) Root Planning 1 case
c) Currettage 1 case
d) Gingivectomy 1 case
e) Perio-Endo cases 1 case

e) Conservative Dentistry& Endodontics

To facilitate reinforcement of learning and achievement of basic skills, the interns shall
perform at least the following procedures independently or under the guidance of
supervisors (minimum requirement):

a) Routine Restoration work 40 cases

b) Restoration of extensively mutilated teeth 2 cases
c) inlay and onlay preparations 1 case
d) Use of tooth colored restorative materials 4 cases
e) Treatment of discolored vital and non-vital teeth 1 case each
f) Management of pulpless, single-rooted teeth without periapical lesion 1 case
g) Management of acute dentoalveolar Infections 4 cases / as per
availability
h) Management of pulpless, single-rooted tooth with periapical lesion 1 case
i) Non-surgical management of traumatised teeth during formative period. 1 case

f) Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry

During their posting in Paediatric Dentistry the intern shall perform (minimum
requirement):

a) Topical application of fluorides 5 cases

b) Oral prophylaxis 10 cases
c) Restorative procedures of carious deciduous teeth in children 10 cases
d) Pulpotomy / Pulpectomy 1 case

e) Management of traumatized permanent anterior teeth (RCT) 1 case

f) Fabrication and insertion of Preventive /Interceptive orthodontic appliances 2 cases

g) Extractions 30 cases
h) Minor oral surgical procedures

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 i) (Surgical exposure of unerupted teeth, mucocoele excision, frenectomy etc ) 1 case
j) Management of Dento alveolar fractures 1 case
k) Management of Special children 2 cases
l) Comprehensive treatment including case discussion, maintenance of clinical records,
Primary, secondary & tertiary levels of prevention including diet recording and diet
counseling 1 case
g) Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology including Forensic Odontology

An intern shall perform the following (minimum requirement):

a) History-recording and clinical examination 5 cases
b) Blood. Urine and Sputum examination 5 cases
c) Exfoliative Cytology and smears study 2 cases
d) Biopsy -Laboratory procedure & reporting 1 case
e) Preparation of ground section 2
Interns may also be posted in the Forensic Medicine Department of the attached
Medical College.

h) Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics

A. an intern shall observe the following procedures during their posting in Orthodontics
(minimum requirement):

a) Detailed diagnostic procedures 5 patients

b) Laboratory techniques including wire-bending for removable appliances. Soldering and
processing of myo-functional appliances.
c) Treatment plan options and decisions.
d) Making of bands, bonding procedures and wire insertions.
e) Use of extra oral anchorage and observation of force values.
f) Retention.
g) Observe handling of patients with oral habits causing malocclusions.

B. an intern shall do the following laboratory work (minimum requirement):

a) Wire bending for removable appliances and space-maintainers including welding and
heat treatment procedure 5 cases
b) Soldering exercises, banding & bonding procedures 2 cases
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 c) Cold-cure and heat-cure acrylisation of simple orthodontic Appliances 5 cases

C. an Intern shall carry out the following clinical work (minimum requirement):

a) Diagnosis and treatment plan including cephalometric analysis 5 cases

b) Fabrication of removable appliances with different problems 4 cases
c) Orthodontic impressions and bite-recordings. 5 cases

i) Public Health Dentistry

1. The intern shall conduct health education sessions for individuals and groups on oral
health, public health nutrition, behavioural sciences, environmental health, preventive
dentistry and oral epidemiology.
2. They shall conduct a short-term epidemiological survey in the community or in the
alternate, participate in the planning and methodology
3. They shall arrange effective demonstration of (minimum requirement):

a) Preventive and interceptive procedures for prevalent dental diseases.

b) Mouth-rinsing and other oral hygiene demonstrations 5 cases
c) Tooth brushing techniques 5 cases

4. Conduction of oral health education programmes at (minimum requirement):-

a) School setting 2
b) Community setting 2
c) Adult education programmes 2

5. Preparation of Health Education materials 5

6. Exposure to team concept and National Health Care systems:

a) Observation of functioning of health infrastructure.

b) Observation of functioning of health care team including multipurpose; workers
(male and female), health educators and other workers.
c) Observation of atleast one National Health Programme.
d) Observation of interlinkages of delivery of oral health care with Primary Health Care
and visit to a water treatment plant.
Mobile dental clinics should be made available for this training.

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 j) Elective Posting
An Intern shall be posted for 20 days in any of the above clinical dental departments as
per choice and availability.

2. Organisation of content
The Curriculum during the 4 ½ years of B.D.S. training is subject-based with more
emphasis on learning practical skills. During one-year internship the emphasis will be on
competency-based community-oriented training. The practical skills to be mastered by
an intern along with the minimum performance level are given under the course content
of different departments of Dental Education. The supervisors should see to it that
proper facilities are provided in all departments and attached institutions for their
performance.

3. Specification of teaching activities

Didactic lectures are delivered during the four and half years training in B.D.S. These
shall be avoided. During the internship programme emphasis shall be on the chair-side
teaching, small group teaching and discussions: tutorials, seminars, ward posting,
laboratory posting, field visits and self-learning.
4. Use of Resource Materials
Overhead projectors, slide projectors, film projectors, charts, diagrams, photographs,
posters, specimens, models and other audio-visual aids shall be provided in all the
Dental Colleges and attached institutions and field areas. If possible, television and video
tapes showing different procedures and techniques to be mastered by the internshould
be provided. Use of computers/ advance facilities may be encouraged.
The intern shall submit minimum one educative chart/ model to any one department.
The chart/model should have importance from the view of public awareness.
The intern shall prepare and submit minimum one scientific paper (Library dissertation)
under the guidance of teacher by utilizing resources from library/ Internet etc.

5. Evaluation –
1. Formative Evaluation:
Day-to-day assessment of each intern during their internship posting should be done.
The objective is that all the interns must acquire necessary minimum skills required for
carrying out day-to-day professional work competently. This can be achieved
by maintaining records and performance data book by each intern. This will not only
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 provide a demonstrable evidence of the processes of training but also more importantly,
of the intern's own acquisition of competencies as related to performance. It shall form
a part of formative evaluation and shall also constitute a component of final grading of
interns.
Cases treated by interns in respective department to be thoroughly observed and
grades to be awarded on the same day by the in charge of the Internship Training
Programme.

6. Skill Tests:
Evaluation systems shall assess the skills of candidates while performing clinical
procedure over the patient during the course of treatment and during the posting in
that department. Head of the Department and senior teacher of respective departments
shall enlist minimum 10 skills relevant to that specialty and gradation to be given.
Scoresto be given for performing not less than 5 skills with proficiency and to the
satisfaction of the teacher. Maximum 5 marks for each skill and score less than 3 marks
will be considered as unsatisfactory performance by the intern.
Gradation of each skill should be done as under:-
a) Poor 1
b) Below average 2
c) Average 3
d) Above average (Good) 4
e) Excellent 5
If a candidate is declared as unsuccessful due to unsatisfactory performance in
any of the Department he/ she shall be required to repeat the posting in continuation in
that Department for a period as deemed fit by Head of the Department in consultation
with Dean/ Principal.
Only after satisfactory performance of the skill during subsequent evaluation, the
intern shall be eligible for award of internship completion certificate (refer section XII).

7. Summative Evaluation
It shall be based on the observations of the Head and supervising teachers of the
Department. The final grading shall be done on the basis of records and performance log
book maintained by the intern. In case of dispute, the Dean/Principal in consultation
with the concerned Head of the Department and teacher in charge of Internship Training
Programme shall take the decision, which shall be final and binding.
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 5. ANNEXURE

5.1 Check List For Monitoring: Log Book, Seminar Assessment Etc. to be
formulated by the Curriculum Committee of the Concerned Institution

5.2 Model Master time table for BDS

5.3 Format of Condonation register

5.4 Format for CRRI certificate

5.5 Model Question papers

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 MODEL MASTER TIME TABLE FOR BDS

I BDS
Week days 8 am – 9 am 9 am -10 am 10 am -11 am 11 am -12 noon 12 noon -1 1 pm -2 pm
pm
Monday Physiology Anatomy Biochemistry Practicals Anatomy Practicals
Tuesday Dental Anatomy Biochemistry Physiology Anatomy Practicals
Anatomy
Wednesday Biochemistry Physiology Physiology Practicals Dental Anatomy Practicals
Thursday Dental Prosthodontics PC Practicals Dental Materials Practicals
Anatomy
Friday Dental Anatomy Practicals Dental Anatomy Dental
Anatomy Materials
Saturday C.D PC Practicals Dental Anatomy Practicals

II BDS
Week days 8 am – 9 am 9 am -10 am 10 am -11 am 11 am -12 noon 12 noon -1 1 pm -2 pm
pm
Monday Pathology Microbiology Pharmacology Practicals Pathology Practicals
Tuesday Microbiology Pharmacology Microbiology Practicals Oral Pathology Practicals
Wednesday Pharmacology Pathology Orthodontics PC Practicals Prosthodontics PC Practicals
Thursday Oral Pathology Dental Materials Practicals C.D PC Prosthodontics PC Practicals
Friday Dental Dental Materials Practicals Prosthodontics
Materials PC Praticals
Saturday Dental CD PC Practicals Prosthodontics Orthodontics PC Practicals
Materials PC

III BDS
Week days 8 am – 9 am 9 am -10 am 10 am -11 am 11 am -12 noon 12 noon -1 pm 1 pm -2 pm
Monday Surgery Medicine Medicine Clinics Oral Pathology
Tuesday Medicine Surgery Surgery Clinics OMR
Wednesday Oral Pathology Periodontics Clinics
Thursday Pedodontics Oral Pathology OMFS Clinics
Friday Prosthodontics CD Clinics
Saturday PHD Orthodontics PHD/OMFS Oral Pathology Practicals Prosthodontics
PC Practicals
Final BDS Part I
Week days 8 am – 9 am 9 am -10 am 10 am -11 am 11 am -12 noon 12 noon -1 pm 1 pm -2 pm
Monday OMR Clinics OMFS
Tuesday PHD Clinics Pedodontics
Wednesday Orthodontics Clinics
Thursday Periodontics Clinics
Friday CD Clinics
Saturday Prosthodontics Clinics

Final BDS Part II

Week days 8 am – 9 am 9 am - 2 pm
Monday OMFS Clinics
Tuesday CD Clinics
Wednesday Prosthodontics Clinics
Thursday Pedodontics Clinics
Friday Prosthodontics Clinics
Saturday OMFS Clinics

At least 30% of theory classes to be handled by Assoc. Professors & above.

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208
Condonation register format
Page No.
Condonation Register
Name of
College:________________________________________________________________________________

Examination
KUHS Year and date Dated
& subjects for
Name of registration of request for Reason for Signature
Sl.No. which Remarks
Student number of availing condoning of the
condonation
student condonation Principal
is availed

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209
 Name of College of
Dental Sciences

Compulsory Rotating Resident Internship Certificate

This is to certify that__________________________________ was a bona fide student of
name of college for BDS course from__________ to __________. He/She passed the Final
BDS Part II examination of the KERALA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
Thrissur, held in _______________ and has successfully completed twelve months of
Compulsory Paid Rotating Resident Internship Programme in various departments from
________to ________ as shown below:
Extension Posting
Department From to
From to

Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

Conservative Dentistry& Endodontics ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

Periodontics ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

Public Health Dentistry ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

Orthodontics& Dentofacial Orthopaedics ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

Oral Medicine & ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

radiology
Oral pathology& Oral Microbiology
including Forensic Odontology ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

Elective ( _____________________) ____________ _____________ ____________ _____________

The character, conduct and professional performance of him/her during the period of
training was _________________.

Place:
Date: Office seal Principal

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210
QP Code: Reg. No……………
First Year BDS Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
General Human Anatomy including Embryology and Histology
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)

1. Describe the middle ear in detail under the following headings: • Shape and size • Parts and
communications • Contents • Blood supply and nerve supply • Applied anatomy
(2+2+3+2+1)
2. Describe the mandibular nerve in detail under the following headings: • Functional
components • Course and relations • Branches and distribution • Applied anatomy
(2+3+3+2)
Short notes (4x5=20)
3. Enumerate the para nasal sinuses and mention its functions. Where do each of them open.
Mention its clinical importance. (2+2+1)
4. Describe the palatine tonsil under the following headings: • Location • Features • Blood
supply (1+3+1)
5. Describe the tongue under the following headings: • External features • Extrinsic muscles.
(2+3)
6. Describe the extra ocular muscles including: • Origin and insertion • Actions (3+2)

Brief notes: (10x3=30)

7. Sub mandibular ganglion
8. Microscopic structure of hyaline cartilage
9. Graafian follicle
10. Tentorium cerebelli
11. Inter peduncular fossa
12. Chromosomes
13. Bell’s palsy
14. Pharyngeal pouches
15. Cavity of larynx
16. Structures within the parotid gland

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211
Reg. No……………
First Year BDS Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
General Human Physiology and Biochemistry
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
 Answer all questions
 Draw diagrams wherever necessary
 Write section A and section B in separate answer books (32 pages). Do
not mix up questions from section A and section B

QP Code: Section: A Physiology Max Marks: 35

Essay: (10)
1. Enumerate the hormones secreted by pituitary gland. Discuss the actions of growth
hormone. Add a note on disorders produced by hyper secretion of growth hormone.
(2+6+2)
Short notes: (2x5=10)
2. Describe the endometrial changes during different phases of menstrual cycle, giving its
hormonal basis. (3+2)
3. Draw a neat, labeled spirogram. Explain different lung volumes and capacities. (2+3)

Brief notes: (5x3=15)

4. Molecular basis of muscle contraction.
5. Chemical regulation of respiration
6. Factors influencing spermatogenesis
7. O2-Hb Dissociation curve
8. Neuromuscular junction

QP Code: Section: B Biochemistry Max Marks: 35

Essay: (10)
9. What is the normal blood pH? Which are blood buffers? Explain renal regulation of blood
pH. (1+2+7)
Short notes: (2x5=10)
10. Explain beta oxidation.
11. Classify jaundice and explain different types. Mention the laboratory findings for each
category.
Brief notes: (5x3=15)
12. Deficiency diseases of vitamin A
13. BMR
14. Functions of calcium
15. Dietary fibers
16. Gout
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212
QP Code: Reg. No……………
First Year BDS Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
Dental Anatomy, Embryology and Oral Histology
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)

1. Enumerate and explain in detail the stages in the life cycle of ameloblast with the help of
neat diagrams. (2+6+2)
2. Explain in detail the anatomy of permanent maxillary canine with neat diagrams. Add a note
on its chronology. (8+2)

Short notes (4x5=20)

3. Cap stage of tooth development
4. Types of dentin
5. Permanent maxillary lateral incisor
6. Development of roots of the teeth

Brief notes: (10x3=30)

7. Enamel spindles
8. Nasmyth’s membrane
9. Cell rests of Serre
10. Reciprocal induction
11. Reduced enamel epithelium
12. Perikymata
13. Hydrodynamic theory of tooth sensitivity
14. Traits in dentition
15. Three differences between permanent mandibular central and lateral incisor
16. Define : Cusp, cingulum & Mammelons

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213
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Second Year BDS Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
Dental Materials
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
 Answer all questions
 Draw diagrams wherever necessary
 Write section A and section B in separate answer books (32 pages). Do
not mix up questions from section A and section B

QP Code: Section: A Prosthodontics Max Marks: 35

Essay: (10)
1. Define impressions in Prosthodontics. Classify Impression Materials. Enumerate in detail the
composition, Properties and uses of any one elastic impression material. (2+3+5)

Short notes: (2x5=10)

2. Classify Dental casting investment materials. Explain in detail about Phosphate bonded
investments. (2+3)
3. Enumerate the materials used as denture base resins. Add a brief note on curing cycle of
denture base resins. (3+2)

Brief notes: (5x3=15)

4. CAD- CAM in Prosthodontics
5. Wrought metal alloys
6. Green stick impression compound
7. Stress and strain
8. Describe Hue , value and Chroma.

QP Code: Section: B Conservative Dentistry Max

Marks: 35
Essay: (10)
9. Classify Dental Cements. Explain in detail the composition, properties ,manipulation and
uses of Poly carboxylate cement. (3+2+2+2+1)
Short notes: (2x5=10)
10. ADA classification of Dental Casting Alloys. Describe in detail advantages and disadvantages
of base metal alloys. (2+3)
11. Explain in detail various methods of trituration of amalgam and the setting reaction of
amalagam. (3+2)

Brief notes: (5x3=15)

12. Classify casting defects
13. Composition and uses of Gutta percha
14. Rake angle
15. Inlay casting wax
16. Gold foil
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214
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Second Year BDS Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
General & Dental pharmacology and therapeutics
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
 Answer all questions
 Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)

1. Classify non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Mention the mechanism of action, adverse effects,
and therapeutic uses of aspirin. (4+2+2+2)
2. Classify fluoroquinolones. Enumerate the mechanism of action, adverse effects, and therapeutic
uses of ciprofloxacin. (4+2+2+2)

Short notes (4x5=20)

3. Classify the local anaesthetics. Explain the mechanism of action of lignocaine (3+2)
4. Classify diuretics and mention the mechanism of action of loop diuretics (3+2)
5. Classify oral hypoglycaemic agents. Mention the mechanism of action and adverse effects of
glibenclamide. (3+2)
6. Classify antiseptics and mention its therapeutic applications. (3+2)

Brief notes: (10x3=30)

7. Therapeutic uses of digoxin.
8. Therapeutic uses and contraindications of adrenaline.
9. Intravenous general anesthetics
10. Explain briefly about the drugs used in helicobacter pylori therapy
11. Oral iron preparations
12. Mention four calcium channel blockers and its therapeutic uses
13. Explain about the local haemostatics
14. Explain the therapeutic uses of cotrimoxazole
15. Explain briefly on dentifrices
16. Mention the drugs used in insomnia and explain the mechanism of action

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215
Reg. No……………
First Year BDS Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
General Pathology and General Microbiology
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
 Answer all questions
 Draw diagrams wherever necessary
 Write section A and section B in separate answer books (32 pages). Do
not mix up questions from section A and section B

QP Code: Section: A General Pathology Max Marks: 35

Essay: (10)
1. Define inflammation. Enumerate the chemical mediators of inflammation. Discuss the
cellular events in acute inflammation. (2+3+5)
Short notes: (2x5=10)
2. Classify anemia. Discuss the peripheral smear picture in iron deficiency anemia. (2+3)
3. Describe healing by primary intention with the help of a diagram. Mention four
complications of wound healing. (4+1)

Brief notes: (5x3=15)

4. Pathologic classification
5. Septic shock
6. Giant cell tumor
7. Metastatic cascade
8. Actinomycosis

QP Code: Section: B General Microbiology Max Marks: 35

Essay: (10)
9. Define and classify sterilization. Describe moist heat sterilization (2+3+5)

Short notes: (2x5=10)

10. Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis. (2+3)
11. Define hypersensitivity and types of Hypersensitivity reaction. Describe the mechanism of
anaphylaxis. (1+2+2)

Brief notes: (5x3=15)

12. Candidiasis
13. Laboratory diagnosis of Diphtheria
14. Classical compliment pathway
15. Drug resistance
16. Laboratory diagnosis of HIV
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216
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Third Year BDS Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
Oral pathology and Microbiology
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)

1. Classify odontogenic tumors. Discuss the clinical & radiographic features & histopathology
of ameloblastoma. (3+2+1+4)
2. Define Dental Caries. Describe the types & histopathology of dentinal caries.
(2+4+4)
Short notes (4x5=20)
3. What is amelogenesis imperfecta. Discuss the causes of enamel hypoplasia. (1+4)
4. Grading and histopathology of oral squamous cell carcinoma. (1+4)
5. Discuss the radiographic features and histopathology of dentigerous cyst . (2+3)
6. Age estimation (5)

Brief notes: (10x3=30)

7. Actinomycosis
8. Dysplasia
9. Oral thrush
10. Tzanck cells
11. Focal infection
12. Clinical features of Pagets disease
13. Histopathology of lichen planus
14. Investigation of sjogren syndrome
15. Radiographic features of osteosarcoma
16. Hemophilia

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217
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Third Year BDS Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
General Medicine
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)

1. Discuss the etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations and treatment of thyrotoxicosis.

(2+5+2+1)
2. Define heart failure. Discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis
and treatment of heart failure. (1+2+1+3+2+1)
Short notes (4x5=20)
3. Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of lung abscess.(2+2+1)
4. Discuss the etiology, clinical features, investigations and treatment of acute adrenal
insufficiency. (1+2+1+1)
5. Discuss the classification & diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and mention the oral
hypoglycemic agents in brief. (1+2+2)
6. Describe in detail the etiology, clinical features, investigations and treatment of enteric
fever. (1+1+2+1)

Brief notes: (10x3=30)

7. Migraine
8. Amoebiasis
9. Hypocalcaemia
10. Anticonvulsant drugs
11. Anaphylactic shock
12. Osteomalacia
13. Fallot’s tetralogy
14. Nephrotic syndrome
15. Mumps
16. Sleep apnea

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218
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Third Year BDS Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
General Surgery
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)

1. Classify salivary tumors. Discuss the pathology, clinical features, investigations and
treatment of pleomorphic adenoma. (3+2+3+1+1)
2. Classify shock. Discuss the clinical features and management of septic shock
(2+5+3)
Short notes (4x5=20)
3. What is reactionary haemorrhage and how do you manage it. Mention the indications and
complications of massive blood transfusion (2+1+2)
4. Classify wounds. Discuss the management of wounds (3+2)
5. Discuss the pathology, investigations and treatment of tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
(2+1+2)
6. Discuss briefly the development, arterial supply and venous drainage of thyroid gland.
(3+2)

Brief notes: (10x3=30)

7. Ranula
8. Brachytherapy
9. Robert Koch
10. Fine needle aspiration cytology
11. Sternomastoid tumor
12. Branchial cyst
13. Keloid
14. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
15. Ludwig’s angina
16. Informed consent

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219
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Final Year BDS (Part I) Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
Public Health Dentistry
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)
1. Define health education. Add a note on principles and approaches in health education
(2+4+4)
2. Define water fluoridation. Enumerate and describe in detail various systemic
fluoridation methods. (3+7)

Short notes: (4x5=20)

3. Changing concepts in public health
4. Biomedical waste management
5. Define primary health care. Add a note on principles of primary health care.
6. Describe prevention of dental caries based on levels of prevention.

Brief notes: (10x3=30)

7. Turku sugar study
8. WHO index age groups and its significance.
9. Prevention and management of pressure sores.
10. Principles of ethics
11. Mobile dental van
12. Normal curve
13. Management of oral conditions in chronic/terminal illness
14. School Dental Nurse
15. Balanced diet
16. Percentile

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220
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Final Year BDS (Part I) Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
Periodontology
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)
1. Define localized aggressive periodontitis. Explain the clinical features, radiographic features
and treatment of localized aggressive periodontitis. (1+2+2+5)
2. Classify bone grafts. Explain in detail the various bone graft materials used in periodontics.
(3+7)
Short notes: (4x5=20)

3. Explain the procedure of external bevel gingivectomy.

4. Classify periodontal pocket. Briefly describe the signs and symptoms of periodontal pocket.
5. Free gingival autograft.
6. Treatment of Class II furcation involvement.
Brief notes: (10x3=30)
7. Radius of action.
8. Factors determining the probing depth.
9. Steps in Resective osseous surgery.
10. DNA probe.
11. Plaque hypotheses.
12. Stages of gingivitis.
13. Pericoronitis.
14. Interdental cleansing aids.
15. Chlorhexidine.
16. Pyogenic granuloma.

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221
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Final Year BDS (Part I) Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary
Essay: (2x10=20)
1. Define interceptive orthodontics. Enumerate various interceptive orthodontic procedures.
Discuss serial extraction in detail. (2+2+6)
2. An 11 year old girl was brought to your clinic by her mother complaining of protruded
upper teeth, on examination there was convex profile, incompetent lips and increased
overjet. Cephalometric findings showed an SNA of 83, ANB of 6 degree and FMA of 26
degrees. What is your diagnosis? Write a note on treatment plan and elaborate on
mechanotherapy. (3 +2+ 5)
Short notes: (4x5=20)
3. Methods to reinforce anchorage
4. CVMI
5. Therapeutic extractions
6. Merits and demerits of Angle’s Classification
Brief notes: (10x3=30)
7. EH Angle
8. Six keys to normal occlusion
9. Moment to force ratio
10. Modifications of Adams Clasp
11. Rule of 10 in CLCP management
12. Twin study
13. Elements of Valid consent
14. Schools of retention
15. List essential diagnostic aids
16. VTO
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222
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Final Year BDS (Part I) Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
Oral Medicine & Radiology
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary
Essay: (2x10=20)
1. Classify white lesions of oral cavity. Mention about etiopathogenesis, Clinical features,
investigations and management of oral submucous fibrosis. (4+1+2+1+2)
2. Write in detail about faulty radiographs and methods of rectification of faults. (5+ 5)
Short notes: (4x5=20)
3. Trigeminal neuralgia
4. Sialolithiasis
5. Bisecting angle technique
6. Latent image
Brief notes: (10x3=30)
7. Vital staining
8. Penny test
9. Ely’s cyst
10. Intensifying screens
11. James- Ramsey Hunt syndrome
12. Radiographic features of fibrous dysplasia
13. TNM staging for oral cancer
14. Dosimeters
15. Antifungal agents
16. Image receptors

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223
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Final Year BDS (Part II) Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
Prosthodontics
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)
1. Define Centric Relation. Explain the various techniques for recording centric relation.
Describe the importance of centric relation in complete denture treatment. (2+5+3)
2. Classify Direct retainers. Explain in detail the parts of a circumferential clasp. Describe the
functions of each component of the clasp. (3+3+4)

Short notes: (4x5=20)

3. Define and Classify pontics. (1+4)

4. Describe the principles of tooth preparation.
5. Post insertion complaints of complete denture treatment.
6. Maxillofacial prosthetic materials.
Brief notes: (10x3=30)
7. Obturator.
8. Indirect retention.
9. Combination syndrome.
10. Osseointegration.
11. Denture stomatitis.
12. Kennedy’s Classification.
13. Colour coding in RPD designing.
14. Gingival retraction.
15. Digital impressions in prosthodontics.
16. Compensatory curves.

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224
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Final Year BDS (Part II) Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)

1. Describe nerve conduction and mechanism of action of local anesthetics.

Enumerate theories of local anesthesia. Classify local anesthetics based on their action.
(2+2+3+3)
2. Classify mandibular fractures. Describe clinical features, diagnosis and management of
displaced angle fracture. (2+2+2+4)

Short notes: (4x5=20)

3. Describe clinical features, diagnosis and management of trigeminal neuralgia
4. Discuss the importance of pre-anaesthetic evaluation before administration of general
anaethesia
5. Describe clinical features, diagnosis and management of pterygomandibular space infection
6. Describe landmarks and technique of infra orbital nerve block. Add a note on the possible
complications of infra orbital nerve block.
Brief notes: (10x3=30)
7. CPR
8. Principles of antimicrobial therapy in OMFS
9. Chronic oro-antral fistula
10. Genioplasty
11. Osteoradionecrosis
12. Dry Socket
13. Autoclave
14. Fine needle aspiration cytology
15. Trismus
16. Dental investigations in mass disaster incidents

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225
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Final Year BDS (Part II) Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)
1. What is the concept of a Dental Home? Define anticipatory guidance and chart out the
anticipatory guidance of children age wise. (3+2+5)
2. Discuss the Ellis and Davey classification of dental trauma. Explain the emergency oral soft
tissue injury management and management of fractured permanent incisors without pulp
exposure. (3+3+4)

Short notes: (4x5=20)

3. List out the various fixed space regainers and explain briefly on Gerber space regainer.
4. Define defluoridation. Outline the types of defluoridation techniques
5. Explain in detail diet counseling in a child with ECC.
6. What are the clinical features of a child with Down syndrome. Outline dental management
of this child in the clinic.

Brief notes: (10x3=30)

7. AAPD definition of dental neglect and role of dentist in child abuse
8. Stainless Steel Crowns- composition and types
9. Causes of delayed eruption of teeth
10. Uses of hypnodontics
11. Storage media for avulsed teeth
12. Causes of midline diastema
13. Primate space and Leeway space of Nance
14. Tongue blade Therapy
15. Frankl Rating Scale
16. Define oral habits. Management of a child with lip biting.

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226
QP Code: Reg. No……………
Final Year BDS (Part II) Degree Examinations - Month Year
New Scheme (2016 admission onwards)
Conservative dentistry and Endodontics
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 70
• Answer all questions
• Draw diagrams wherever necessary

Essay: (2x10=20)
1. Define working length. Enumerate the methods of working length determination. Discuss in
detail radiographic technique (2+3+5)
2. What are the methods of isolation of operating field. Discuss the significance of isolation
with respect to the various materials used ( 6+4)

Short notes: (4x5=20)

3. Rationale of endodontics
4. Principles of cast restorations
5. What re the principles of biomechanical preparation
6. Classify hand cutting instruments in operative dentistry. Discuss instrument formula

Brief notes: (10x3=30)

7. Pulp polyp
8. Bevels
9. Standardisation of endodontic instruments
10. Retention form in amalgam
11. Cavity liners
12. Sodium hypochlorite
13. Thermal test
14. Flaps in surgical endodontics
15. Metal modified glass ionomer
16. Pins used with amalgam

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227