NIETZSCHE AND THE BIRTH OF TRAGEDY

Nietzsche and
The Birth of Tragedy
Paul Raimond Daniels

Routledge
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“Autumn” and “Closing Piece” from the book of images by Rainer Maria Rilke,
translated by Edward Snow. Translation copyright © 1991 by Edward Snow. Reprinted
by permission of North Point Press, a division of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC.
“Part One, 26” and “Part Two, 29” from sonnets to orpheus by Rainer Maria Rilke,
translated by Edward Snow. Translation copyright © 2005 by Edward Snow. Reprinted by
permission of North Point Press, a division of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC.
Excerpts from Duino Elegies by Rainer Maria Rilke, translated by
David Young. ©1978 by W. W. Norton & Company Inc.
Used by Permission from W. W. Norton & Company Inc.
“Ariadne’s Complaint”, from Dithyrambs of Dionysus by Friedrich Nietzsche,
translated by R. J. Hollingdale. © R. J. Hollingdale 1984, 2001.
Used by permission of Anvil Press Poetry.
Quotes and passages from Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy
and Other Writings, edited by Raymond Geuss and Ronald Speirs,
translated by Ronald Speirs. Copyright © Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Used by permission of the editors and Cambridge University Press.
Excerpts from The Homeric Hymns, translated by Jules Cashford.
Translation copyright © Jules Cashford, 2003. Used by permission of Penguin.

Typeset in Minion Pro.

For Mrs Holdaway
 Contents

Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
Abbreviations xiii
1. Nietzsche and the influences on The Birth of Tragedy 1
2. Apollo and Dionysos in dialectic (§§1–6) 41
3. The tragic moment (§§7–10) 72
4. The decline and death of Greek tragedy (§§11–15) 106
5. Modernity and the rebirth of tragedy (§§16–25) 139

6. Appraising The Birth of Tragedy: Nietzsche in his later writings 167

Nietzsche’s life and works 209
Further reading 219
Bibliography 225
Index 235

vii
 Bibliography

Nietzsche in German

Friedrich Nietzsche Sämtliche Briefe: Kritische Studienausgabe in 8 Bänden, G. Colli & M.

Montinari (eds). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2003.
Friedrich Nietzsche Sämtliche Werke: Kritische Studienausgabe in 15 Bänden, G. Colli &
M. Montinari (eds). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2005.

Nietzsche in English

“Attempt at Self-Criticism”. In The Birth of Tragedy and Other Writings, R. Speirs (trans.),
R. Geuss & R. Speirs (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Beyond Good and Evil, R. J. Hollingdale (trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990.
Daybreak, R. J. Hollingdale (trans.), M. Clark & B. Leiter (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1997.
Dithyrambs of Dionysus, new edn, R. J. Hollingdale (trans.). London: Anvil Press Poetry,
2001.
Ecce Homo, R. J. Hollingdale (trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992.
Human, All Too Human, R. J. Hollingdale (trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1996.
“On Music and Words”, W. Kaufmann (trans.). In C. Dahlhaus, Between Romanticism
and Modernism: Four Studies in the Music of the Later Nineteenth Century, M. Whittall
(trans.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980.
On the Genealogy of Morality, C. Diethe (trans.), K. Ansell-Pearson (ed.). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1994.
“On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense”. In The Birth of Tragedy and Other Writings,
R. Speirs (trans.), R. Geuss & R. Speirs (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1999.
Philosophy and Truth: Selections from Nietzsche’s Notebooks of the Early 1870s, D. Breazeale
(trans. and ed.). Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1979.
Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, M. Cowan (trans.). Chicago, IL: Regnery,
1962.

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The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols and Other Writings, J. Norman (trans.),
A. Ridley & J. Norman (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
The Birth of Tragedy. In Basic Writings of Nietzsche, W. Kaufmann (trans. and ed.). New
York: Modern Library, 1992.
The Birth of Tragedy. In The Birth of Tragedy and Other Writings, R. Speirs (trans.), R.
Geuss & R. Speirs (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
The Birth of Tragedy. In The Birth of Tragedy and The Genealogy of Morals, F. Golfing
(trans.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1956.
The Birth of Tragedy, S. Whiteside (trans.). London: Penguin, 2003.
The Gay Science, J. Nauckhoff & A. del Caro (trans.), B. Williams (ed.). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2001.
The Pre-Platonic Philosophers, G. Whitlock (trans. and ed.). Urbana, IL: University of
Illinois Press, 2006.
The Will to Power, W. Kaufmann & R. J. Hollingdale (trans.), W. Kaufmann (ed.). New
York: Vintage, 1968.
Thus Spoke Zarathustra, R. J. Hollingdale (trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969.
Twilight of the Idols. In Twilight of the Idols/The Anti-Christ, R. J. Hollingdale (trans.).
Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990.
Untimely Meditations, R. J. Hollingdale (trans.), D. Breazeale (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1997.
Writings from the Early Notebooks, L. Löb (trans.), R. Geuss & A. Nehemas (eds).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Writings from the Late Notebooks, K. Sturge (trans.), R. Bittner (ed.). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Nietzsche’s letters and correspondence

Förster-Nietzsche, E. (ed.) The Nietzsche–Wagner Correspondence, C. V. Kerr (trans.).

New York: Liveright, 1949.
Nietzsche, F. Selected Letters of Friedrich Nietzsche, A. M. Ludovici (trans.), O. Levy (ed.).
Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1921.
Nietzsche, F. Selected Letters of Friedrich Nietzsche, C. Middleton (trans. and ed.). Chicago,
IL: University of Chicago Press, 1969. Reprinted, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1996.
Nietzsche, F. Unpublished Letters, K. F. Leidecker (trans. and ed.). New York: Philosophical
Library, 1959.

Nietzsche’s music

Der Musikalische Nachlass, C. P. Janz (ed.). Basel: Barenreiter, 1976.

Ancient literature

Aeschylus. Agamemnon. In Aeschylus 2, H.Weir Smyth (trans.), H. Lloyd-Jones (ed.).

London: William Heinemann, 1926.

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Aeschylus. Prometheus Bound. In Prometheus Bound and Other Plays, P. Vellacott (trans.).
Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961.
Aesop. The Complete Fables, O. Temple & R. Temple (trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin,
1998.
Anonymous. The Homeric Hymns, J. Cashford (trans.) (London: Penguin, 2003).
Aristophanes. The Clouds. In Lysistrata and Other Plays, rev. edn, A. H. Sommerstein
(trans.). London: Penguin, 2002.
Aristophanes. The Frogs. In Frogs and Other Plays, D. Barrett & S. Dutta (trans.). London:
Penguin, 2007.
Aristotle. Poetics, M. Heath (trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996.
Diogenes Laertius. Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, vol. 1, R. D. Hicks (trans.), J.
Henderson (ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.
Euripides. Medea. In Medea and Other Plays, P. Vellacott (trans.). Harmondsworth:
Penguin, 1963.
Hesiod. Theogony. In Hesiod: Theogony/Works and Days | Theognis: Elegies, D. Wender
(trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973.
Plato. Apology, G. M. A. Grube (trans.). In Plato: Complete Works, J. M. Cooper & D. S.
Hutchinson (eds). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1997.
Plato. Protagoras, S. Lombardo & K. Bell (trans.). In Plato: Complete Works, J. M. Cooper
& D. S. Hutchinson (eds). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1997.
Plato. Republic, G. M. A. Grube (trans.), C. D. C. Reeve (rev.). In Plato: Complete Works,
J. M. Cooper & D. S. Hutchinson (eds). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1997.
Plato. Symposium, A. Nehamas & P. Woodruff (trans.). In Plato: Complete Works, J. M.
Cooper & D. S. Hutchinson (eds). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1997.
Sophocles. Oedipus at Colonus. In The Three Theban Plays, R. Fagles (trans.).
Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984.
Sophocles. Oedipus the King. In The Three Theban Plays, R. Fagles (trans.). Harmondsworth:
Penguin, 1984.

Kant

Kant, I. Critique of Pure Reason, P. Guyer & A. Wood (trans. and ed.). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1998).

Schopenhauer

Schopenhauer, A. Manuscript Remains, vols 1–4, E. F. J. Payne (trans.), A. Hübscher

(ed.). Oxford: Berg, 1988.
Schopenhauer, A. On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, E. F. J. Payne
(trans. and ed.). La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1974.
Schopenhauer, A. Parerga and Paralipomena, vol. 1, E. F. J. Payne (trans.). Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1974.
Schopenhauer, A. Parerga and Paralipomena vol. 2, E. F. J. Payne (trans.). Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1974.
Schopenhauer, A. The World as Will and Representation, vol. 1, E. F. J. Payne (trans.).
New York: Dover, 1966.

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Schopenhauer, A. The World as Will and Representation vol. 2, E. F. J. Payne (trans.).

New York: Dover, 1966.

Burckhardt

Burckhardt, J. The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, S. G. C. Middlemore (trans.).

London: Penguin, 2004.

Rilke

Rilke, R. M. Duino Elegies, bilingual edition, D. Young (trans.). New York: W. W. Norton,
2006.
Rilke, R. M. Letters to a Young Poet & The Letter from the Young Worker, C. Louth (trans.
and ed.). London: Penguin, 2011.
Rilke, R. M. Rainer Maria Rilke: Werke, M. Engel, U. Fülleborn, H. Nalewski & A. Stahl
(eds). Frankfurt: Insel Verlag, 1996.
Rilke, R. M. Sonnets to Orpheus, E. Snow (trans.). New York: North Point Press, 2004.
Rilke, R. M. The Book of Images, rev. edn, E. Snow (trans.). New York: North Point Press,
1994.

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von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, U. “Future Philology! A Reply to Friedrich Nietzsche’s
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4(1/2) (2000): 1–32.
Wilkerson, D. Nietzsche and the Greeks. London: Continuum, 2006.
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Young, J. Nietzsche’s Philosophy of Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Young, J. Schopenhauer. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
Young, J. Willing and Unwilling: A Study in the Philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer. Dor-
drecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.

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Achilles 44, 141 Anaxagoras 157

Aeschylus 42, 72, 75–6, 87n, 89–93, Anschauung see intuition
103–4, 106–14, 116–17, 120, 122, Anthesteria 77–8
124–6, 129, 132, 150, 171, 176, 178, Antigone 84, 89, 204
197, 202 Apollo/Apolline 2–4, 6, 21, 41–61, 63–70,
as Aristophanes’ character, see 72–93, 96–100, 103–4, 106, 109–10,
Aristophanes, The Frogs 112–13, 116–17, 123, 125–6, 130–31,
Agamemnon 171 133, 135–7, 139–40, 142, 146–9,
Prometheus Bound 87n, 89–94, 111, 151–3, 155–7, 162–3, 165, 170–71,
116, 176 174, 178–9, 182–7, 190–92, 195
Prometheus the Fire-Bringer 93 and music 48–50, 54–5, 68
Prometheus Unbound 93 in mythology 2–3, 41, 43–50, 52,
The Persians 121 112–13, 133, 142
Aesop/Aesopian fable 133, 142 Archilochus 56–8, 110, 122, 137, 140,
aesthetic/aesthetics/aestheticism 3–5, 13, 147; see also lyric poetry
19–20, 34, 40–43, 49–52, 56–60, 63–7, Aristophanes 108–9, 119n, 120–25, 127
70–71, 74–5, 79, 81, 85–6, 88, 90, The Clouds 123–4
94–105, 107–10, 116–17, 119–20, 122, The Frogs 119n, 120–24
124–9, 132, 135, 139–40, 145, 148–50, The Wasps 124
153–4, 156–7, 160–67, 169–72, 174, The Women at Thesmophoria 124
178–86, 189–92, 195, 197–206 Aristotle 78, 117
phenomenon 4, 42, 59, 74, 139, 163, Asclepius 44
171, 182, 197, 203
Socratism 107, 122, 125, 129, 132, 178 Bacchus/Bacchic see Dionysos/Dionysiac
actor 57, 77–8, 80, 84 Bach, Johann Sebastian 31, 139
Admetus 112–16, 203 Bayreuth/Bayreuth Festspielhaus/Bayreuth
affirmation/affirmative 4, 19, 21, 74, 86, Festival 31–2, 34–5, 148
94–105, 108, 114, 125–6, 132, 136, Beethoven, Ludwig van 48, 139, 149, 151
142, 145, 153, 155, 157, 163–6, 167, Bruno, Giordano 129
169–73, 173–4, 177–8, 180, 190–98, Burckhardt, Jacob 7, 10, 22–6, 28–9, 35,
205–8 60, 63, 70, 78, 118–20
Alcestis 112–17, 203; see also Euripides, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
Alcestis 23
Alcibiades 137 see also cultural history

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Buddhism/Buddhistic 13n, 82, 139, ecstasy see intoxication

146–7, 151–2, 154, 166, 170, 172, 174, Einstein, Albert 13
180, 203 Enlightenment 5, 15, 51, 108, 129
epic/epic poetry 3, 42–3, 48, 51, 53–9,
Cassandra 45 68, 70, 73, 85–6, 99, 104, 184; see also
cheerfulness, Greek 114 Homer
chorus, tragic 72, 74–86, 99, 110, 117, 124, epistemology 5, 13–14, 63, 68, 100–102
146, 163, 184, 205 Erinnyes see Furies, the
Christ/Christian/Christianity 7, 10, 129, eternal recurrence 193, 195, 197, 207
173–80, 193, 196 eternal return see eternal recurrence
comfort, metaphysical see solace, ethics 13, 16, 19, 116, 130, 176, 196, 200;
metaphysical see also morality
concept/conceptual/conceptualization Euripides 4, 29, 75, 89n, 106–10, 112,
26, 27, 42, 56, 58, 59, 62, 64–9, 75, 120–28, 131, 135–6, 140, 142, 172,
100–103, 143, 157–66, 170–71, 180, 178, 190, 198
182, 185–92, 197, 200, 204–5 as Aristophanes’ character see
cultural history 23–8, 60, 63, 90, 99, 101, Aristophanes, The Frogs
103, 118–22, 166 Alcestis 115–16
Helen 10
David, Jacques-Louis 129 Medea 116–17
deception (die Täuschung) 87, 100, 146 The Bacchae 122, 142
Demeter 66, 114, 123
deus ex machina 112, 115–18, 124 Fall (mythology) see Christ/Christian/
Deussen, Paul 10, 22 Christianity
dialectic 3, 4, 41–3, 50, 52–3, 55, 59–60, fate 53, 73, 88, 92–3, 104, 109, 112–13,
64–70, 75–6, 79, 82–9, 97–9, 112, 116–17, 132–4, 171, 178, 205, 207
115–16, 121, 124, 126, 135–7, 147, Fates, the 92, 113
155, 165, 169, 178, 181, 183–4, 186, Fichte, J. G. 9, 12
188, 191–2, 194, 197, 206 Furies, the 92
dialogue, Platonic see Plato/Platonism,
Platonic dialogue Gilkey, Langdon 186
Diogenes Laertius 10, 123 gods, Greek 3, 5–6, 41–52, 62, 66, 74–8,
Dionysia, City 77–8, 106, 109 80, 85, 90, 92, 104, 107, 109, 114, 116,
Dionysos/Dionysiac 1–6, 21, 34, 36, 121, 124, 130, 133, 137, 139, 170,
40–61, 63–91, 93–4, 96–104, 106, 176–7, 181, 191, 193, 201–3
108–14, 116, 120–23, 125–7, 129–32, Goethe, J. W. 13
135–40, 142, 145, 147–57, 162–74,
178–9, 181–6, 188, 191–6, 198–200, Hades 66, 113, 121
202–4, 206–7 Haydn, Franz Joseph 31
as Aristophanes’ character see healing 5, 43–6, 52, 83, 130, 132, 164, 174
Aristophanes, The Frogs Hegel, G. W. F./Hegelian 26, 169, 181, 183,
in mythology 44, 46–8, 85, 89–91 186, 192
see also intoxication Helius 45
dithyramb 59, 77, 81, 84, 119n, 162, Heller, Erich ix, 25, 29n, 181n, 187
201; see also Nietzsche, Freidrich, Hephaestus 111
Dithyrambs of Dionysus Hermes 44, 47, 51, 91, 113
drive (der Triebe) 3, 4, 41–3, 46, 50–51, hero
53–4, 56–9, 66–8, 70, 73–5, 77, 81, dialectical 112, 135, 178
86, 100, 107, 123, 126, 131, 133n, 135, epic/Homeric 51, 86, 98
149, 178, 182–4, 193, 196 Euripidean 109–10, 115–16, 119n, 121,
Dürer, Albrecht 146 135, 178

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tragic 4, 42, 73, 76, 84–6, 88, 99, 106, knowledge

109, 113, 116, 121, 152, 176, 184 conceptual/scientific 5, 15, 26–7, 32, 39,
Herodotus 23 63, 67, 101, 107–8, 112, 126–7, 132,
Hesiod 89n, 112 136, 142–6, 158, 174, 176–8, 181–2,
Hölderlin, Friedrich 52 184–6, 196
Hollingdale, R. J. 28, 201n intuitive 27, 28, 32, 67, 127, 158
Homer/Homeric 6–7, 42–3, 45, 48, 50–59, Schopenhauerian aesthetic 19–21, 62,
69, 74, 79, 86, 89–91, 98–9, 104, 110, 164
121–2, 125, 127, 135, 137, 146, 150–51, tragic 19, 55, 82, 86, 100, 101, 146
179, 184, 190; see also Apollo/Apolline; see also epistemology; intuition
hero, epic/Homeric Kofman, Sarah 108, 128, 130, 134, 138,
206
idealism, transcendental see Kant,
Immanuel/Kantian philosophy language 40, 54, 57–9, 75, 86, 141, 147,
illusion 5, 18, 46, 52–3, 55, 69, 74, 135, 143, 149–51, 156–60, 162, 165, 170, 186,
148, 160–63, 186; see also deception 189
(die Täuschung) and music 57–8, 75, 147, 149–51
image see Apollo/Apolline; representation see also metaphor
individuality/individuation 15, 19, 42, law, divine versus human 88, 91, 93, 111,
46, 48–9, 54, 56–8, 60, 85–6, 90–92, 112
95, 102, 109, 127, 158–60, 177, 188, Lessing, G. E. 132
190, 196, 197; see also principium life, denial or affirmation of 19, 62,
individuationis 74, 82–6, 95, 99, 125, 146–7, 164,
innocence 104, 162, 176, 207; see also 177, 193–4, 198, 200, 203; see also
naivety affirmation/affirmative; Buddhism/
intellect see reason Buddhistic
intuition (die Anschauung) 27–8, 32, 63–5, Liszt, Franz 38
69, 79, 101, 120, 125, 127, 141, 143, logic see reason
160–65, 175, 181, 185, 188–9 Ludwig II, King of Bavaria 30–31, 34
irony 73, 124, 201, 206 lyric poetry 3, 41, 43, 53, 55–9, 68, 70, 75,
instinct 67, 101, 113, 119n, 126–7, 130–31, 79, 90, 98, 103, 140, 147, 149–50, 162,
142, 171, 174, 176–8, 182, 193, 196, 182–4; see also Archilochus
203, 206
intoxication 3, 42, 46, 48–9, 54–6, 79, 99, mad/madness see Dionysos/Dionysiac;
137; see also Dionysiac intoxication
maenads 47, 126, 181, 191
Jahn, Otto 38 Mahler, Gustav 13, 65, 204–5
Jesus see Christ/Christian/Christianity mask 56, 58, 72, 78, 84–6, 88, 90, 104, 116,
justice 73, 90, 92–3, 107, 109, 111–12, 126– 118, 123, 127, 136, 184
7, 129, 131–2, 176, 178, 190, 193, 195 Maya, veil of 16
poetic 109, 112, 117, 178, 198 melody 21, 48, 55, 182
justification, aesthetic 4, 42, 59, 74, 139, metaphor 6, 44n, 49–50, 66, 82, 84, 89, 91,
163, 171, 182–3, 197, 203 93, 103, 141, 147, 157–8, 160–63, 165,
182, 184–6, 189, 197, 199
Kant, Immanuel/Kantian philosophy 5, 7, metaphysics/metaphysical 1, 5, 13–14,
11–16, 26–7, 29, 40, 64n, 133, 138–40, 16, 19, 50, 61–2, 64n, 67–70, 89, 94,
143–4, 170, 172, 188 97, 101–3, 140–41, 147, 152, 162–4,
Kaufmann, W. 6n, 28, 64n, 74, 95, 108, 165, 170, 173, 180, 183–6, 188, 192–4,
115, 117, 128, 130–31, 134, 136, 187 196–8, 200, 208
Kitto, H. D. F. 88, 89 Midas 102
Klimt, Gustav 65 Möbius, August Ferdinand 9, 34

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Modernity/modern man/modern culture On the Genealogy of Morality 193

2, 5, 42, 57, 59–60, 76–7, 88, 93–94, “On Truth and Lying in an Non-Moral
100, 104–5, 108, 122, 127–30, 138–40, Sense” 62, 141, 144–5, 156–63, 165,
142, 146–8, 150–55, 162, 165–6, 171, 174, 189
181–2, 186–8, 193–8, 207 Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks
moira see fate 103
morals/morality 5, 17, 51, 102, 106, 116, The Gay Science 97, 195
125, 132, 175–6, 179, 193, 196, 204 The Will to Power x, 172
versus art 17, 51, 106, 116, 175–6, 179 Thus Spoke Zarathustra 193–4, 197–8,
versus instinct 51, 125, 132, 178 200–201, 204
Muses, the 29, 44, 47–9 Twilight of the Idols 22, 180, 193–4, 207
music 3, 6–11, 20–22, 30–36, 35n, 38, 40, Untimely Meditations 155
42–3, 47–50, 54–8, 60, 65–6, 68–9, 72, Writings from the Early Notebooks 70,
74–7, 79–81, 83–4, 88, 99, 106–7, 110, 75, 104, 108, 130
119, 133, 139–40, 142, 145, 147–55, Writings from the Late Notebooks x
158, 162, 166–8, 172, 182, 187–8, 192, nihilism/nihilistic 174–5, 193; see also
194, 204–6 Buddhism/Buddhistic
and dissonance or discord 33, 204, 205 noumena/noumenal see Kant, Immanuel/
see also Apollo/Apolline, and music Kantian philosophy; thing-in-itself
Mysteries 65, 85, 89, 123, 170 Nussbaum, Martha C. 60, 62, 69, 117, 144
myth/mythology 2, 7, 25, 41–5, 47, 49–54,
58, 65–7, 70, 76–8, 86–7, 89, 93, 98, Oedipus 44, 52–3, 72–4, 85, 88, 109, 128,
100–103, 108–17, 128, 131–7, 148, 133, 138, 204; see also Sophocles
150–52, 154, 162, 166, 170, 172, 174– Olympians, the/Olympus 6, 42–4, 47, 49,
80, 185–90, 192–3, 195–8, 200–201, 50–54, 56, 66, 69–70, 74, 78–9, 87,
203 89–91, 93n, 98–9, 103, 116–17, 146,
and tragedy 76, 78, 86–7, 109, 112–17, 185–6, 191, 204
131–2, 152, 172 opera 30, 34, 148–51, 162
decline and death of 86–7, 108, 117, optimism 5, 74, 101, 103–4, 107, 114,
131, 136, 152, 172, 174, 179–80 132, 136–9, 142–3, 147, 172, 174, 180,
rebirth of 140, 148, 151–2, 154, 166, 205–6
187–9, 192–3
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da 150
naivety 6, 52, 55, 69, 125, 135, 140, 154, Pandora ix, 100
179, 194, 204; see also innocence Paris 44
nature 3, 5, 16–17, 19–20, 42, 44, 46–8, Parthenon 59, 148
50, 53, 58, 66–7, 76–82, 88, 90, 92, 95, performativity 34, 54, 78–9, 103, 162, 188,
102, 110, 131–3, 143, 146–7, 149, 154, 203, 207
159–60, 163, 176, 188, 191 Persephone 66, 114
necessity see fate pessimism 3–5, 11, 13, 18–19, 41–3,
Nietzsche, Friedrich, life of 7–11, 21–3, 50–53, 59–60, 74–5, 80, 85, 94–6,
28–39 98–104, 128, 130–32, 145, 162, 171–6,
Nietzsche, Friedrich, works and writings 178, 191, 206; see also Buddhism/
“Attempt at Self-Criticism” 1, 29, 120, Buddhistic; nihilism/nihilistic
156, 167–71, 173, 178, 181, 184, 187–8 phenomenon, aesthetic see aesthetic/
Beyond Good and Evil 102 aesthetics/aestheticism, phenomenon
Daybreak 41 Pericles 125
Dithyrambs of Dionysus 201–2 Phidias 125
Ecce Homo 1, 22, 31–2, 167, 169–74, philology x, 1, 7–11, 22, 28–9, 35–9, 41,
177, 181, 184, 194, 197–8, 204, 206 43, 49–50, 71, 76, 155
Human, All Too Human 32, 100n Pindar 7, 58, 125

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Pisistratus 62 Parerga and Paralipomena 16, 18, 102

Plato/Platonism 7, 12, 13n, 20, 45, 57, The World as Will and Representation 11,
107–9, 122, 124, 127, 134–7, 142, 152, 13–21, 26–8, 63, 94, 144, 156, 164, 184
157, 160, 167, 183–4, 189, 193 Schrödinger, Erwin 13
and Platonic dialogue 124, 132–5, 137, Schumann, Robert 31
157, 183, 189 science (die Wissenschaft)/scientific
poetry see epic/epic poetry; lyric poetry paradigm 5, 11, 26–7, 32, 37, 63, 66,
Presocratic philosophers 7, 103 103, 106–8, 120, 127–8, 130–34, 137,
principium individuationis 54, 58, 60; see 139–47, 156, 161, 174–5, 185, 192, 203
also individuality/individuation sculpture 3, 20, 42, 49, 65
prologue 109–11, 114–15, 121, 198 semblance 42, 45–6, 56–8, 69, 86, 116, 179
Prometheus 53, 84–5, 88–94, 100, 109, Semitic culture 175–7
111–12, 114n, 138, 175–7, 204–5; see Silenus/Silenus’s wisdom see wisdom,
also Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound Dionysiac/pessimistic/Silenus’s/tragic
Pythia 125 Socrates 4–7, 29, 34, 40, 105–9, 119–20,
122–38, 140–43, 146–7, 151, 154, 156–
Raphael 25, 125, 175, 178–80 7, 161, 167–8, 172, 174, 178, 180–81,
Ranke, L. Von 23–4, 26 183, 185, 190, 192–4
Rausch see intoxication as Aristophanes’ character see
rationality see reason Aristophanes, The Clouds;
reason 5–6, 16, 24n, 27, 36, 67, 102, 106– Aristophanes, The Frogs
7, 111, 121, 124–5, 129, 134–5, 142–5, dying/death of 129, 142, 193
157, 178, 182, 185, 189, 192–4, 198; see and Euripides 4, 29, 107, 119n, 120–25,
also concept/conceptual; knowledge 127–9, 135, 140, 142, 172, 178, 190
redemption (die Erlösung) 13, 16, 21, 32, music-making (der musiktreibenden
54, 56, 59, 69, 73, 86, 139, 147, 166, Sokrates) 107, 133–4, 138, 141–3, 147,
172, 184 151, 192, 194
religion 11, 23, 41, 76, 78, 86–90, 120, 127, Socratic culture/Socratism 5, 107–8, 120,
130, 142, 174–5, 179–80, 194, 203; see 122, 124–5, 127–9, 131–3, 135–6, 139,
also Christ/Christian/Christianity 142, 144–5, 147, 153, 166, 178–80, 192;
representation 3, 14–16, 20–21, 27, 33, 42, see also modern/modernity
48, 50–51, 57, 60–61, 69–70, 73, 81, solace/metaphysical solace 79–80, 97, 147,
83, 85–7, 99, 102, 143–5, 152, 155–7, 164, 184–6, 188, 195, 208
162–5, 170, 174, 179–80 Soll, Ivan 75, 95, 172
revaluation 1, 4, 104, 127, 193, 197, 200, Sophocles 42, 72–3, 75–6, 89, 103–4,
207 106–7, 109–11, 113–14, 117, 120, 122,
Rilke, Rainer Maria 114, 187–92, 198– 125–6, 131, 150
200, 203–4 Antigone 89
Ritschl, Friedrich 8–10, 22, 35, 38–9 Oedipus the King 74
Rhode, Erwin 10–12, 21–2, 35n, 36–7, 39, Oedipus at Colonus 146
172, 181–2 spectator 65, 67, 77, 79–80, 82–3, 86, 99,
109–11, 113–14, 121, 128–9, 136, 203
Sallis, John 70, 138, 140, 155–6 ideal 77, 83
salvation see redemption Strength (mythology) 111
satyrs 47, 77–84, 86, 99, 106, 110, 115n, suffering 2–6, 18, 21, 27, 41, 52–3, 55, 57,
137, 163, 184 69, 73–4, 78, 80, 85, 88, 90–94, 96, 98,
Schiller, Friedrich 77–8, 82, 151, 182 100–102, 104, 106–9, 111–14, 116–17,
Schlegel, A. W. 77, 83 125, 132, 145–6, 152, 163–4, 171,
Schopenhauer, Arthur 174–8, 190, 199, 201–3, 206
On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of suicide 12, 19, 91, 113
Sufficient Reason 13, 164 of tragedy 106, 108, 118, 128–9

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see also life, denial or affirmation of Wagner, Richard/Wagnerian 6–8, 10–11,

superman see Übermensch 13, 20, 22–3, 30–38, 60, 70–71, 82,
139–41, 148–9, 152–3, 181, 188,
Terpander 59 192–3, 195–7, 206
theodicy 174–5, 179 and the “Tristan chord” 33
Theognis of Megara 10 Gesamtkunstwerk 30, 34–5, 148
theoretical man/mode/paradigm/ Götterdämmerung 193
worldview 1, 127–8, 132, 134–5, 147, Parsifal 32
156–7, 160–62, 167, 169–70, 172 Tristan und Isolde 31–3
thing-in-itself 5, 70, 158, 160–63, 184 Walter, Bruno 65
Titan/Titans 44, 47, 50, 53–6, 84–5, 87, Waterhouse, John William 64–5
89–91, 93, 98, 101, 109, 114n, 129, Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, Ulrich von
138, 152, 204–5 37–9, 155
tone painting 149–50 will, the/willing 3, 15–21, 27, 33–4, 43,
transcendence/transcendent 19, 186, 193, 50, 57–8, 60–62, 68–70, 73, 75, 81–6,
197–8, 206 94, 100, 102–3, 125, 140, 143, 145–7,
transcendental 13–15, 112, 143–4, 185 155–7, 162–5, 170–71, 174, 177, 180,
transfiguration 4, 54, 74, 94, 96–9, 102, 184, 193, 196–7, 207
104, 106–7, 113, 122, 171, 178–9, 194, denial of see Buddhism/Buddhistic
199 to life 19, 82, 94, 103, 196
truth 4–6, 14, 16, 21, 24–5, 27, 33, 42–3, to power 193, 196–7
45, 51, 55, 60, 62–3, 69, 80, 86–7, 93, wisdom
96–7, 99–100, 103, 122, 127, 132–3, Dionysiac/pessimistic/Silenus’s/tragic
142, 144, 147, 152, 156–63, 168, 171, 43, 51–3, 56, 68, 78–80, 87, 98–9, 101,
185–6, 189, 197; see also knowledge 103, 108–10, 112, 138, 143, 145–6,
151, 153, 155, 162, 166, 171, 179,
Übermensch 193–7 185–6, 191, 201, 203–4
unity, primordial 48, 56, 60; see also will, versus knowledge 107, 110, 125–6, 131,
the/willing 134, 145, 162, 186
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 13
value/values 5–6, 19, 25, 58, 81, 86,
102, 104, 120, 123, 125, 127–8, 140, Xenophon 108
156, 160–65, 171–2, 174, 176, 180,
185–6, 193–8, 200, 204, 207; see also Young, Julian 61, 75, 95–100, 172
revaluation
Zeus 29, 43–5, 47, 89n, 90–93, 111, 112n,
Wagner, Cosmia 36 116, 176

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